THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
The supreme difficulty under which Russia labored during the early
months of the war was the enormous distance from her military base to
the battle front. The only line of land communication between Russia and
Manchuria was the single-track Siberian railroad, and when war began
this line was broken by the ice-locked Lake Baikal. Russia had need of
300,000 men in Manchuria as soon as they could be rushed there, and with
Lake Baikal frozen to the depth of nine feet, less than four thousand
and more often not more than one thousand men could cross it in a day.
Lake Baikal, this weakest link of a very weak chain, is the largest body
of fresh water in the Old World, except the Victoria Nyanza in Africa.
It is nearly 15,000 square miles in extent, and therefore inferior only
to Superior and Huron among the great American lakes. It is 600 versts
long, with a width varying from 27 to 85 versts. It is 3,185 feet deep.
The railroad was broken by the southern end of this lake, where it is
about 40 miles wide. This is the gap that disastrously impairs the
utility of the Trans-Siberian for the moving of troops and war supplies
to the Manchurian and Korean frontier.
The lake begins to freeze in November, is completely ice-bound by the
middle of December, remaining so for five months. The ice freezes to a
thickness of nine feet, which would make sledge traffic perfect, were it
not for the fact that wide fissures break its surface, which have a way
of frequently closing up and piling the ice high into impassable
windrows. These crevices have a width of three to six feet, and are
often more than a verst in length, forming a serious impediment to
progress on the ice and rendering next to impossible the marching of
troops across the lake or the safe sledging of supplies. A thunderous
crash, as of an explosion, marks the forming of the crevice, followed by
a long, rolling reverberation. The rift instantly fills with water to
the level of the ice, and is so agitated at the surface by currents or
other forces that eight to fourteen days are required for it to freeze
over, when the operation of cracking begins anew, and is repeated
throughout the coldest portion of the winter.
The obvious solution to this difficulty was to build a railroad round
the end of the lake, a detour of nearly 150 miles, and necessitating the
construction of four tunnels. This was out of the question. A powerful
ice-crusher, the “Baikal,” modeled after the ice-crushers successfully
used in the Straits of Mackinac, had been built. She could break ice
four feet thick, but on the nine-foot ice of the Russian inland sea she
made no successful impression. The result was that a line of track had
to be laid across the lake, and that before this was completed the
troops had to be marched across the forty-mile stretch of wind-swept
ice, while their supplies and baggage had to be dragged after them in
sledges. Many of the men, wandering on to treacherous ice, were drowned;
many were frost-bitten, and all suffered extremely from the arduous
labor of the march and the bitter cold.
[Illustration:
UNLOADING ARMY TRANSPORT WAGONS AT THE LAKE
]
[Illustration:
OFFICERS CROSSING THE ICE IN RUSSIAN SLEDGES
]
[Illustration:
DETACHMENT OF INFANTRY STOPPING FOR A MEAL OF HOT SOUP WHILE ON THE
MARCH
]
RUSSIANS CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL IN MIDWINTER
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN CAVALRY CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN CAVALRY READY TO CROSS THE LAKE
]
[Illustration:
DRAGGING FREIGHT CARS ACROSS THE ICE
]
[Illustration:
MOUNTED COSSACKS AT LAKE BAIKAL
]
WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT
[Illustration:
ARTILLERY CAISSONS AND SLEDGES ABOUT TO CROSS LAKE BAIKAL
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN SOLDIERS MARCHING ACROSS FROZEN LAKE BAIKAL
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN INFANTRY WARMING UP WITH HOT TEA BEFORE STARTING ACROSS LAKE
BAIKAL
]
[Illustration:
A “PEKING CAR,” THE MOST LUXURIOUS METHOD OF TRAVELING
]
[Illustration:
TYPICAL RUSSIAN INFANTRYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER
]
[Illustration:
DETACHMENT OF RUSSIAN INFANTRY ENTERING NEWCHWANG
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SWINGING THROUGH THE STREETS OF MUKDEN
]
THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
[Illustration:
THE TRAVELING SOUP KITCHEN AND SOUP-KETTLE OVENS USED BY THE RUSSIANS
]
[Illustration:
THE ENTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FORCES INTO NEWCHWANG
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN INFANTRY, IN SUMMER UNIFORMS, MARCHING THROUGH LIAO-YANG
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN TROOPS ENTERING YINKOW EARLY IN APRIL
]
WITH THE RUSSIANS DURING THE EARLY ADVANCE TO THE FRONT
[Illustration:
CHINESE COOLIES WITH RUSSIAN OVERSEER READY FOR WORK
]
[Illustration:
SQUAD OF COSSACKS DISMOUNTED AND LINED UP FOR INSPECTION
]
[Illustration:
GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION OF RUSSIAN CAVALRY AT ANTUNG
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN ARTILLERY ADVANCING TOWARD THE YALU
]
[Illustration:
RUSSIAN COBBLERS AT WORK IN THE FIELD ON SOLDIERS’ BOOTS
]
[Illustration:
DINNER TIME WITH THE NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS
]
[Illustration:
GENERAL SASSULITCH AND STAFF IN COMMAND AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU
]