An Arab “Vendetta.” — Coquetry at the Wells. — A Bridal
Procession. — The Okbah Pass.
_September 12th_.—It was late in the day before the camels
which I had engaged to take my luggage to Derna were ready, and
much time was lost, even after a start was made, before they were
fairly in march. This is almost always the case the first day of
a journey with new camels, as their owners are never content with
the distribution of the luggage, each seeking to lighten his own
load at the expense of his fellows.
The road for an hour and a half follows the direction of Safsaf,
and then turning to the right proceeds over an undulating country,
from which, occasionally, ravines run down to the lower ground,
and in these the cedar or cypress trees afford a welcome shade. I
have already spoken of these trees, the universal ornament of this
country; but I must not omit to mention that they are of a peculiar
species. The wood is of a pale yellowish colour, like that of the
cypress, and has the same perfume; but the tree itself assumes
an infinity of shapes, and in this respect is certainly the most
beautiful that I have ever seen. It rarely grows in the straight
spiral form of the common cypress; more frequently its branches
stretch out at right angles to the trunk, like the cedar of Lebanon,
and sometimes it assumes a parasol form, like the stone pine; but
whatever its form, it always throws a deep broad shade. At two hours
and three-quarters from Grennah are the ruins of a square fortalice;
these, and large heaps of squared stones in the neighbourhood,
marking the site of other buildings, seem to show that it was a place
of some size. Beneath the ruin is a well, called Labrak, in a wide
grassy plain, where some twenty years ago a bloody battle was fought,
which resulted in the establishment of my friend Abou Bekr’s
power, and in the total overthrow of the tribe of Beni Hadhra,
seven hundred of whom are said to be buried in this spot. The
remainder, with their chief, a cousin-german of the conqueror,
fled to Egypt, where they obtained a settlement in the Fazoum; but
they are ready to return the instant a chance of obtaining revenge
presents itself. This may not be distant, as the Bey has a feud
with another branch of his family, which feud the government of
Benghazi is endeavouring to put an end to, but with small hopes of
success, his enemies having sworn, “by the divorce,” to destroy
Abou Bekr or leave the country. The continuance of his rule hardly
seems desirable, as both he and his son are accused of the wildest
excesses and basest meannesses of which Arabs can be guilty, in
addition to systematic oppression of the people. Our excellent
Vice-Consul in Derna told me that, a few days before my arrival,
one of the sons of my host of Cariab came to beg a little sugar of
him. He was then living in the Bazaar, and came to the Consul’s
residence outside the town, hoping thus to save himself the few
piastres, with which he could have bought what he wanted. These men
will ask for or take, according to circumstances, whatever they see,
were it only a scrap of cotton enough to make a skull-cap.
An hour and a quarter from Labrak lies Gabiout Younes, marked
by large ruins, among which are many arches; a large building
which, from its style, I thought Byzantine; and another, certainly
Saracenic, approached by a lofty arched gateway. This building is
composed of vaulted chambers, and was the first specimen of Saracenic
architecture I had met with, but it is entirely destitute of other
decoration than the beautiful light arch of the gateway. Here,
as in every spot where ancient buildings are found, are large
reservoirs. Only three-quarters of an hour further on are the more
extensive ruins called by the Arabs Tirt (like dirt), in the maps
Tereth, containing four castle-like buildings and many tombs. Two
old reservoirs serve as a Zavia, or habitation of Derwishes, of
the same order as my friends of Grennah, and I found here the
largest encampment of Bedawy (of the ’Ailet Ghaith) which I
have yet seen. They suffered me to wander about the ruins without
molestation, but showed no signs of friendliness—thanks, doubtless,
to the instructions of the Derwishes, who have been of late years
very active in these countries in spreading a feeling of hostility
to Christians. Northwards from the ruins extends a plain called
Haou el Zouz. From here, continuing nearly eastwards, in two hours
and a quarter we passed the ruins of Lamloudeh, formerly Limnis,
covering a large space of ground, but, as usual in this country,
without a trace of inscriptions. There is a tolerably preserved
castle, which seems to have received at a period long subsequent to
its erection an additional fortification in a sloping embankment,
some eight feet high, of small unsquared stones piled against
the walls. Here, and at Tirt, I remarked large numbers of round
and oval flat stones hollowed on one side to a depth of about six
inches, with a square hole in the centre. Excepting one which lies
flat and, I think, in its original position, all the others are
sticking upright in the ground. They are more like mill-stones than
anything else; but, besides some of them being oval, their size
is so large, varying from forty-five to sixty inches in diameter,
and their number is so great, that I can hardly think this their
original destination. There is to be seen in Rome a stone called the
“Bocca della verità” which has nearly the same form as these;
it was the mouth of a sewer, according to the general account, and
perhaps these stones may have served as the covers of cisterns; but
I found none connected with any existing excavation. The ruins are
built on the side of a hill and contain many arches, all bearing
the impress of the Roman period. Beneath the town lay four very
large reservoirs connected with each other, partly cut in the rock,
partly built. A little to the east is a subterraneous passage,
now very much choked up, which the Arabs pretend communicates with
the citadel, and near it are many broken sarcophagi and cave tombs,
as far as I was able to see, all devoid of ornament.
From Lamloudeh the road passes through a beautiful wood of arbutus,
over long low hills, which, leaving Zimah to the right, gradually
descend into a plain, watered by two fountains, which is called the
Kubbeh. The stream issues in considerable volume from the rock, in
front of which still stands a portico (El Kubbeh) supported by five
(formerly eight) square pillars. In front the ground is covered
with remains of buildings apparently connected with the fountain,
and the rocks behind contain a great many large tombs, as well as
a flight of steps leading to the ground above. Round the fountain I
found large flocks of sheep and goats, with their shepherds, who were
busy drawing water, with which they filled troughs formed of stones
taken from the old buildings; women also, who, with their donkeys,
had come for the supply of water required for their households. Here
I seated myself on the top of the portico, in the shade of the
rock, against which it is built, waiting for my camels to come
up, and found amusement enough in watching the coquetries of the
ladies and the awkward gallantries of the men. The well is still,
as in the days of Rebecca, the place for flirtations. The filling
two skins and tying them on the donkey were so adroitly managed,
that, with many words and much laughter, the men seeming to aid,
but really impeding the operation, at least two hours were consumed
at the well. The Bedawin, as I have already said, are very sparing
in their use of water, their bread even being generally made with
milk, so that the visits to the wells, often at a great distance,
are only made once in three or four days. Whilst I sat on the Kubbeh,
a wedding party conducting a bride to her husband came in sight, and
for two hours I had the amusement of watching them, as it is a point
of honour to consume the whole day on the road from the bride’s
house to her husband’s tent; and as this was at no great distance,
and the Kubbeh a sort of public place, it took the party two hours
to go over a space which I rode along in five minutes. The bride
was invisible, shut up in an arched box called a carmout, placed
on a camel, the centre part or arch covered with black hair-cloth,
the ends with white cotton, the housings of the camel being also of
a dark colour. The cortège consisted of six horsemen (among whom
were neither her father nor her husband), several men, and eight or
ten women on foot. At every hundred paces the procession stopped,
the women raised the wild cry of rejoicing called Zaghazhit, and
some of the men performed a sort of awkward dance in front of the
camel, which ended with a discharge of guns. Whilst in sight they
once varied the entertainment with a mimic fight, when there was
much waste of powder, and once, on a level piece of ground, the
horsemen gave chase to each other, the only graceful feature in
their sports. Then, with a fresh burst of the Zaghazhit from the
ladies, the procession moved on. From what I hear of the fair sex
in this country, they do not seem to have much degenerated from
the reputation which Herodotus has given to their predecessors the
Gindanes. Of course I am unwilling to believe all the scandalous
tales which were told me, but the existence of such stories seems
to prove that irregularities, unknown or carefully concealed in
other Mussulman countries, here excite little attention. Divorces
are frequent, but they arise most frequently from the caprice of
the men, and, far from being considered disgraceful to the lady,
many persons prefer those who have already made the happiness
of second husbands to inexperienced maidens, as their successive
dowers, paid in full at each divorce, frequently make them, for
the country, wealthy. The usual _corbeil_ given to a bride consists
of four rotoli of silver, half a rotolus of gold, and some pieces
of stuff for dresses. Only a part of the metal is in general paid
down, the remainder a debt due, in case of divorce, to the lady,
or, in case of her death, to her heirs, that is, her children, or,
if she have left none, to her family.
To the north of El-Kubbeh, not in the direct road to Derna, lies
Messakit, where are some curious caves, one of them containing
rudely-carved emblems, of Christian origin. A gently-undulating
plain leads eastward to Beit Thamr, near which are many excavations,
one of them evidently part of a country house, where the apparatus
for pressing oil is still to be seen, hewn in the living rock. This
is one of the places where bees are reared in great numbers, for
the sake principally of their wax. Our English bees would, perhaps,
rebel, if one attempted to house them in the long wooden boxes, which
here supply the place of the elegant and commodious habitations they
are accustomed to; but their fellows of the Cyrenaica, though less
pampered, produce larger supplies of wax, and the honey almost vies
in flavour with that of Hymettus. After passing Beit Thamr, the road
enters a valley, called Brouk, filled with small streams, the last
which are met with till close upon Derna. Above, on the heights,
are ruins of a castle, and along the valley many excavations,
one of which, containing a fountain, has a number of niches, as
if for votive offerings or statues. Here the road begins to ascend
through a beautiful wooded country, affording cover to numbers of
the red-legged partridge, of which we started whole coveys at every
turn. The grave of a Marābut, called Sidi Yadem, on the top of
this ridge, was our sleeping place. From this point to the summit
of the steep descent which leads to the coast, is a journey of four
hours and a half, over rising grounds, affording, in the breaks of
the hills, occasional glimpses of the sea; and on the heights are
many remains of ruined fortalices. The descent, called the Okbah,
though certainly steep, is not the fearful pass which it has been
described; and in all this journey I never had occasion, from the
badness of the road, to dismount from horseback. In the last years,
I believe something has been done to improve this piece of road,
which may be considered good by any one who is acquainted with the
passes of the Lebanon.