ABOUT--To go about is to tack.
ADRIFT--Broken loose, as the boat is adrift, the sheet is adrift,
etc.
AFT--Back or behind, as come aft, haul the mainsheet aft, meaning
to pull it towards the stern.
AFTER--As after sails, meaning the sails set behind the mast. In a
sloop the mainsail is an after sail and the jib a foreward one.
AHEAD--In front of, as a buoy is ahead when steering towards it.
A-LEE--An order to put the helm over towards the lee side. The
helm is hard a-lee when it is as far over towards the lee side as
it will go.
ALOFT--Up above.
ALONGSIDE--Close to the side.
AMIDSHIPS--In line with the keel.
ANCHOR--The instrument used to hold a vessel to the bottom,
usually made of iron.
ASTERN--Behind the vessel.
ATHWART--Across, as athwartships, meaning that a thing is lying
across the vessel.
AVAST--An order to stop.
A-WEATHER--An order to put the helm towards the windward side.
BALLAST--Weight placed in or hung to the bottom of a boat to keep
her upright.
BEATING--Tacking. Sailing towards the source of the wind by making
a series of tacks.
BECALMED--Being without enough wind to propel the boat.
BEEHOLE--A hole bored in a spar for a rope to pass through and
move freely.
BELAY--To make a rope fast to cleat or pin.
BEND--To bend is to fasten, as to bend a sail, i. e., lace it to
the spars. Bend the cable, meaning to fasten it to the anchor.
BIGHT--The slack or loop of a rope.
BILGE--The inside of the lower part of the bottom of a boat, where
the water she leaks in stands.
BINNACLE--A box for the steering compass which can be lighted at
night.
BLOCKS--The instrument through which ropes are rove so as to
facilitate the hoisting and trimming of the sails, called by
landsmen pulleys.
BOARD--A tack.
BOBSTAY--A rope generally of wire extending from the end of the
bowsprit to the stem to hold the spar down.
BOLT-ROPE--The rope sewn round the edge of a sail to strengthen it.
BOOM--The spar used to extend the foot of the mainsail or foresail.
BOW--The forward end of a boat.
BOWSPRIT--The spar thrust out from the bow upon which the jib is
set.
BURGEE--The ensign or house flag of a yacht club.
BY THE HEAD--A boat is said to be by the head, when she is drawing
more water forward than aft, or is out of trim owing to her bows
being overloaded and depressed.
BY THE STERN--The opposite to by the head.
BY THE WIND--Same as on the wind, or close-hauled.
CABLE--A rope or chain used to anchor a boat.
CAPSIZE--To upset.
CAST OFF--To loosen, as cast off that line.
CASTING--To pay a boat's head off from a mooring by getting the
sails aback or by using a spring line.
CAT RIG--A vessel with one mast, placed right in the bow, and
carrying a single sail.
CENTERBOARD--A keel that can be lifted up and down. It is hung in
a trunk or box which is built up inside the boat to keep the water
out.
CLEAT--A piece of wood, iron or brass used to fasten or belay
ropes to.
CLEWS--The corners of a sail.
CLOSE-HAULED--A vessel is close-hauled when she is sailing as
close to the wind as possible.
COIL--To gather a rope into a series of circles so that it will
roll out again without getting tangled.
CON--To direct a helmsman how to steer.
COURSE--The direction or path which a boat sails.
CRINGLE--An eye worked in the bolt rope of a sail for a small line
to pass through.
CROTCH--Two pieces of wood put together like a pair of scissors
and used to hold the boom up when the vessel is at anchor.
DOWNHAUL--A rope used to haul a sail down.
DRAUGHT--The depth of water necessary to float a boat, the amount
in feet and inches a vessel's hull is immersed.
DRIFT--To move sideways or sternways, as when a boat is becalmed.
The drift of a tide or current is its velocity.
ENSIGN--The national flag always flown furthest aft, either from
the gaff end or on a flagpole over the stern.
FATHOM--Six feet. A measure used by seamen principally to
designate depths of water.
FLUKES--The broad, arrow-shaped parts of an anchor.
FORE--The part of a vessel nearest to the bow.
FORE AND AFT--Parallel to the keel. A fore-and-after is a vessel
without square sails like a sloop or schooner.
FOUL--Entangled or caught, as a rope is foul, meaning it is caught
in someway. To foul another boat is to run into it.
FURL--To roll up and make sails fast so that the wind cannot
distend them.
GAFF--The spar that extends the head of a main or foresail.
GASKET--A short piece of rope used to tie up sails with,
frequently called a stop.
GRIPE--A boat is said to gripe when she tries to force her bow up
in the wind, and has to be held off by putting the helm up.
HALYARDS--Ropes used to hoist a sail.
HANKS--Rings made fast to the luff of a jib to hold it to the stay
up which it is hoisted. On small boats snap-hooks are generally
used.
HAUL--To pull.
HEEL--A vessel is said to heel when she leans to one side. This
term is often confused with careen.
HELM--The tiller.
HITCH--To hitch is to make fast. A hitch is a simple turn of rope
used to make fast with.
HOVE-TO--Brought to the wind and kept stationary by having the
sails trimmed so that part of the canvas pushes the vessel
backward and part pushes her forward; often confused with lying-to.
HULL--The body of a vessel.
IRONS--A vessel is in irons when having lost steerageway she
refuses to obey the helm.
JIBING--Passing a sail from one side to the other when a vessel is
sailing free.
KEEL--The largest and lowest timber of a vessel, upon which the
hull is erected.
LEACH--The after edge of a sail.
LEEWARD--The direction toward which the wind is blowing.
LONG LEG--The tack upon which a vessel in beating to windward
remains longest, owing to her point of destination not lying
directly in the wind. See diagram.
LOG--The record kept of a vessel's work. A ship's diary. Also an
instrument for ascertaining a vessel's speed through the water.
LUFF--The fore edge of a sail, also an order to bring a vessel
closer to the wind.
LYING-TO--A vessel is lying-to when she is brought close to the
wind under short sail and allowed to ride out a storm. See hove-to.
MOOR--To anchor a vessel with two or more anchors. To tie up to a
mooring.
MOORING--A permanent anchor.
NEAR--A vessel is said to be near when her sails are not properly
full of wind, owing to her being steered too close.
MISS-STAY--To fail to tack or go about.
OFF AND ON--When beating to windward to approach the land on one
tack and leave it on the other.
OVERHAUL--To haul a rope through a block so as to see it all
clear. To overtake another vessel.
PAINTER--The rope attached to the bow of boat by which it is made
fast.
PART--To part a rope is to break it.
PAY OFF--To pay off is to recede from the wind or from a dock.
PEAK UP--To peak up a sail is to haul on the peak halyards so as
to elevate the outer end of the gaff.
POOPING--A vessel is said to be pooped when, owing to her not
moving fast enough ahead, the sea breaks over her stern.
PORT--The left-hand side of a vessel looking forward, formerly
called larboard. Designating color, red.
PREVENTER--A rope used to prevent the straining or breaking of a
spar or sail.
PENNANT--A narrow flag, also a short piece of rope commonly
spelled pendant.
QUARTER--See diagram A.
RAKE--The inclination of a spar out of the perpendicular.
REEF--To reduce a sail by rolling up and tying part of it to a
spar.
REEVE--To pass a rope through a block.
RIDE--As to ride at anchor.
RIGHT--A vessel is said to right when after being on her side she
regains an upright position.
RIGHT THE HELM--To put it amidships.
RODE--A hawser used to anchor with.
SCOPE--The length of cable a vessel is riding to when at anchor.
SERVE--To wind cord or canvas round a rope or spar to protect it
from chafing.
SEIZE--To make fast by taking a number of turns with small line.
SHEER--To sheer is to move away from the proper course. The sheer
of a vessel is the fore-and-aft curve of the deck line.
SHIP--To ship is to take on board.
SHIVER--To shake the canvas by bringing the luff in the wind.
SLACK--The part of a rope that hangs loose.
SLIP--To slip is to let go of a cable without taking it on board.
SNUB--To check the cable when running out.
SOUND--To try the depth of water by casting the lead.
SPILL--To throw the wind out of a sail by putting the helm down or
by easing the sheet.
SPRING--To spring a spar is to crack it.
SPRING--A rope used to cast or turn a vessel.
STAND ON--To keep a course--to proceed in the same direction.
STAND-BY--To be ready for action, as stand-by to let go the anchor.
STARBOARD--The right-hand side looking forward. Designating color,
green.
STEER--To direct a vessel by employing the helm.
STOW--To furl. Properly speaking, a boom sail or any sail that
lowers down is stowed. Square sails are furled.
SWIG--To haul a rope by holding a turn round a cleat and pulling
off laterally.
TACK--To beat to windward. See diagram.
TACKLE--An assemblage of blocks and rope used to hoist and control
sails, lift spars, etc.
TAUT--Tight.
TENDER--The small boat carried by a yacht generally called a
dingey.
TOW--To drag behind.
TRUCK--The uttermost upper end of the mast through which the
signal halyard is rove.
UNBEND--To untie, as--unbend the cable.
WAKE--The furrow left by the passage of the vessel through the
water.
WEAR OR VEER--The opposite of tacking--to turn from the wind.
WARP--A hawser used to make fast with. To warp is to haul or move
a vessel by pulling on such a rope.
WATCH--A division of the crew, also the space of time they are on
duty.
WAY--A vessel's progress through the water. To get underway--to
set sail, to move off.
WEATHER--To weather a vessel or object is to pass to windward of
it.
WEATHER SIDE--The side upon which the wind blows.
WEATHER SHORE--The weather shore is the shore from off of which
the wind blows if viewed from the sea, but it is the shore upon
which the wind blows if viewed from the land.
WEIGH OR WAY--To way the anchor is to lift it from the bottom.
WIND'S EYE--The exact direction from which the wind blows.
WINDWARD--Toward the place from where the wind comes. To go to
windward of another vessel is to pass between her and the source
of the wind.
YAW--To swerve from side to side as a vessel does when running
free.
_Diagrams and Plans_
[Illustration: DIAGRAM D.--BOAT, FROM 1 TO 6, IS BEARING AWAY OR
KEEPING OFF FROM THE WIND; BOAT, FROM 8 TO 13, IS LUFFING OR NEARING
THE WIND.]
_DIAGRAM C._
1--Close-hauled on port tack.
2--Wind forward of the beam.
3--Wind abeam.
4-- " abaft the beam.
5-- " on the quarter.
6-- " astern.
7-- " dead astern.
8--Jibed over to starboard tack.
9--Wind on the quarter.
10-- " abaft the beam.
11-- " abeam.
12-- " forward of the beam.
13--Close-hauled on starboard tack.
[Illustration: SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF CAT BOAT.]
_SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF CAT BOAT._
1--Hull.
2--Cabin house.
3--Main mast.
4-- " boom.
5-- " gaff.
6--Companionway or hatch.
7--Main sheet.
8--Topping lift.
9--Lazy jacks.
10--Peak halyards.
12-- " " bridle.
11--Throat "
13--Jaws of gaff.
15--Head stay.
16--Shroud.
17--Strut.
18--Bitts.
19--Cockpit.
[Illustration: SAIL PLAN OF CAT BOAT.]
_SAIL PLAN OF CAT BOAT._
1--Mainsail.
2-- " luff.
3-- " leach.
4-- " head.
5-- " foot.
6--Mainsail throat.
7-- " peak.
8-- " tack.
9-- " clew.
[Illustration: SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF POLE MAST SLOOP.]
_SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF SLOOP._
1--Freeboard.
2--Rail.
3--Mast.
4--Main boom.
5--Gaff.
6--Bowsprit.
7--Bobstay.
8--Strut.
9--Main sheet.
10--Peak halyards.
11--Throat "
12--Topping lift.
13--Lazy jacks.
14--Preventer or shifting backstay.
15--Gaff jaws.
16--Boom jaws or gooseneck.
17--Shroud to hounds.
18-- " to mast head.
19--Peak halyard bridle.
20--Fore stay.
21--Jib stay.
22--Fore staysail halyards.
23--Jib halyards.
24--Cockpit coaming.
[Illustration: SAIL PLAN OF POLE MAST SLOOP.]
_SAIL PLAN OF POLE MAST SLOOP._
1--Mainsail.
4-- " peak.
5-- " throat.
6-- " tack.
7-- " clew.
2--Fore staysail.
8-- " " head.
9--Fore staysail tack.
10-- " " clew.
3--Jib.
11-- " head.
12-- " tack.
13-- " clew.
[Illustration: SAIL PLAN OF TOPSAIL SLOOP.]
_SAIL PLAN OF TOPSAIL SLOOP._
1--Mainsail.
6-- " peak.
7-- " throat.
8-- " tack.
9-- " clew.
2--Fore staysail.
10-- " " head.
11-- " " tack.
12-- " " clew.
3--Jib.
13-- " head.
14--Jib tack.
15-- " clew.
4--Jib topsail.
16-- " " head.
17-- " " tack.
18-- " " clew.
5--Topsail.
19-- " head.
20-- " clew.
21-- " tack.
[Illustration: SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF YAWL.]
_SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF YAWL._
1--Hull.
2--Cabin house.
3--Cockpit rail or coaming.
4--Main mast.
5--Mizzen mast.
6--Main boom.
7-- " gaff.
8--Mizzen boom.
9-- " gaff.
10--Main sheet.
11--Mizzen "
12--Main peak halyards.
13--Main throat halyards.
14--Mizzen peak "
15-- " throat "
16--Main topping lift.
17--Mizzen " "
18--Main shrouds.
19--Mizzen "
20--Jib stay.
21-- " halyards.
22--Bowsprit.
23--Bobstay.
24--Boomkin.
25-- " stay.
[Illustration: SAIL PLAN OF YAWL.]
_SAIL PLAN OF YAWL._
1--Mainsail.
4-- " peak.
5-- " tack.
6-- " throat.
8-- " clew.
2--Mizzen.
9-- " peak.
10--Mizzen throat.
11-- " tack.
12-- " clew.
3--Jib.
13-- " head.
14-- " tack.
15-- " clew.
[Illustration: _SAIL PLAN OF KETCH._]
_SAIL PLAN OF KETCH._
1--Mainsail.
7-- " peak.
8-- " throat.
9-- " tack.
10-- " clew.
2--Mizzen.
11-- " peak.
12-- " throat.
13-- " tack.
14-- " clew.
3--Fore staysail.
15--" " head.
16--" " tack.
17--Fore staysail clew.
4--Jib.
18-- " head.
19-- " tack.
20-- " clew.
5--Jib topsail.
21-- " " head.
22-- " " tack.
23-- " " clew.
6--Topsail.
24-- " head.
25-- " clew.
26-- " tack.
[Illustration: SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF SCHOONER.]
_SPAR AND RIGGING PLAN OF SCHOONER._
1--Freeboard.
2--Rail.
3--Cabin house.
4--Wheel.
5--Fore hatch.
6-- " mast.
7-- " topmast.
8-- " truck.
9-- " doublings.
10--Main mast.
11-- " topmast.
12-- " truck.
13--Head of main mast and doublings.
14--Fore boom.
15-- " gaff.
16--Main boom.
17-- " gaff.
18--Fore sheet.
19-- " peak halyards.
20-- " throat "
21-- " peak halyard bridles.
22--Main sheet.
23-- " peak halyards.
24-- " throat "
25-- " peak halyard bridles.
26--Fore topping lift.
27--Main " "
28--Preventer backstay or runner.
29--Topmast preventer backstay.
30--Bowsprit.
31--Bobstay.
32--Fore stay.
33--Fore staysail halyards.
34--Jib stay.
35-- " halyards.
36-- " topsail stay.
37--" " halyards.
38--Triatic stay.
39--Spring stay.
40--Main topmast stay.
[Illustration: SAIL PLAN OF SCHOONER.]
_SAIL PLAN OF SCHOONER._
1--Mainsail.
9-- " peak.
10-- " throat.
11-- " tack.
12-- " clew.
2--Fore sail.
13-- " " peak.
14-- " " tack.
15-- " " clew.
3--Fore staysail.
16-- " " head.
17-- " " tack.
18-- " " clew.
4--Jib.
19-- " head.
20-- " tack.
21-- " clew.
5--Jib topsail.
22--" " head.
23--Jib topsail tack.
24-- " " clew.
6--Main topsail.
25-- " " head.
26-- " " clew.
27-- " " tack.
7--Fore topsail.
28-- " " head.
29-- " " clew.
8--Main topmast staysail.
30-- " " " head.
31--Upper tack.
32--Lower tack.
33--Clew.
_LIST OF BOOKS._
The following books are recommended to the young yachtsman. From them
he can obtain information of value, and a study of their pages will
materially aid him in gaining a thorough knowledge of the seaman's art:
On Yachts and Yacht Handling _Day_
Hints to Young Yacht Skippers _Day_
Small Boat Sailing _Knight_
Boat Sailor's Manual _Qualtrough_
Knots and Splices _Jutsum_
Canoe Handling _Vaux_
Elements of Navigation _Henderson_
How to Swim _Dalton_
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In each issue is a design of a sailing or power craft, and at
least four times a year a complete set of working drawings is
given, so that the unskilled can try a hand at building with a
certainty of making a success of the attempt.
In the last two years over 500 boats have been built from designs
printed in the magazine, and in almost every case have given
satisfaction.
Outside of the strictly practical, the magazine has always a cargo
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The editor desires to increase the size of the magazine and to add
to its features. In order to do this it is necessary that it be
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The cost of a subscription, $2 a year rolled or $2.50 mailed flat,
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CONTENTS
[Illustration]
On Seamanship
On Boats in General
On One-Man Boats
On Seagoing Boats
On Sails as an Auxiliary
On Reefing
On Anchors and Anchoring
On Rigging
On Stranding
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ELEMENTS OF YACHT DESIGN
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fully and clearly. Good book for a beginner; excellent for an old hand.
Lines and plans of several fast boats by different designers. Plans
of skiff used to follow models. Bound in cloth, size of page 9 × 12
inches. Large, clearly-drawn plans.
_Price_ =$1.00= _postpaid_
THE RUDDER PUBLISHING CO.
Nine Murray Street, New York, U. S. A.
RUDDER WHAT-TO SERIES
Designs and plans of many of the best boats whose lines have appeared
in THE RUDDER during the last nine years. Invaluable to the man who is
planning to build. It will save him time, money and worry. Should be in
every yachtsman's library as a book of reference. Handy and handsome.
_The Cat Book_
Containing the designs and plans of twelve Cabin Cats
_Price, $1.00_
_The Yawl Book_