ARAB, ar'ab, _n._ a native of Arabia: an Arab horse, noted for its
gracefulness and speed: a neglected or homeless boy or girl--usually STREET
or CITY ARAB.--_adj._ of or belonging to Arabia.--_adj._ AR[=A]B'IAN,
relating to Arabia.--_n._ a native of Arabia.--_adj._ AR'ABIC, relating to
Arabia, or to its language.--_n._ the language of Arabia.--_ns._ AR'ABISM,
an Arabic idiom; AR'ABIST, one skilled in the Arabic language or
literature; AR'ABY, a poetical form of _Arabia_. [L. _Arabs_,
_Arab-em_--Gr. _Araps_.]
ARABA, ar-ä'ba, _n._ a heavy screened wagon used by the Tartars.--Also
AR'BA and AR[=O]'BA. [Ar. and Pers. _ar[=a]bah_.]
[Illustration]
ARABESQUE, ar'ab-esk, _adj._ after the manner of Arabian designs.--_n._ a
fantastic painted or sculptured ornament among the Spanish Moors,
consisting of foliage and other parts of plants curiously
intertwined.--_adj._ AR'ABESQUED, so ornamented. [Fr.--It. _arabesco_;
_-esco_ corresponding to Eng. _-ish_.]
ARABINE, ar'ab-in, _n._ the essential principle of gum-arabic.
ARABLE, ar'a-bl, _adj._ fit for ploughing or tillage. [L.
_arabilis_--_ara-re_, cog. with Gr. _aro-ein_, to plough, A.S. _erian_,
Eng. EAR (v.t.), Ir. _araim_.]
ARACHNIDA, a-rak'ni-da, _n.pl._ a sub-class of Tracheate Arthropoda,
embracing spiders, scorpions, mites, &c., first separated by Lamarck from
the Insecta of Linnæus.--_adj._ ARACH'NIDAN.--_n._ and _adj._ ARACH'NOID,
like a cobweb.--_adjs._ ARACHNOI'DAL, ARACHNOLOG'ICAL.--_n._
ARACHNO'LOGIST, one who devotes himself to the study of
arachnida.--ARACHNOID MEMBRANE, one of the three coverings of the brain and
spinal cord, situated between the dura-mater and the pia-mater,
non-vascular, transparent, thin. [Gr. _arachn[=e]_, spider.]
ARAGONITE, ar'a-gon-[=i]t, _n._ a variety of calcium carbonate. [_Aragon_,
in Spain.]
ARAISE, a-r[=a]z', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to raise from the dead. [Pfx. _a-_, and
RAISE.]
ARAMAIC, ar-a-m[=a]'ik, _adj._ relating to _Aramæa_, the whole of the
country to the north-east of Palestine, or to its language--also
ARAM[=E]'AN, AR'AMITE.--_n._ ARAM[=A]'ISM, an Aramaic idiom.
ARANEIFORM, ar-a-n[=e]'i-form, _adj._ in the form of a spider.--_adj._
ARAN[=E]'IDAN.--_n._ ARANEOL'OGIST = ARACHNOL'OGIST.--_adj._ ARAN'EOUS,
like a spider's web. [L. _ar[=a]nea_, spider, and FORM.]
ARAPHOROSTIC, ar-af-or-os'tik, _adj._ (_Lytton_) seamless.--Also
AROPHOS'TIC. [Formed from Gr. _arraphos_, unsewed--_a_, neg., and
_hropt-ein_, to sew.]
ARAUCARIA, ar-aw-k[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of lofty evergreen trees of the
natural order Coniferæ or Pines, natives of S. America and Australasia.
[_Arauco_, name of a province, whence _Araucania_, a district in S. Chili.]
ARBALEST, är'bal-est, _n._ a crossbow of steel or horn used in war and the
chase--also AR'BALIST, AR'BLAST, ARC[=U]'BALIST.--_ns._ AR'BALISTER,
AR'BALESTER, one armed with an arbalest. [O. Fr. _arbaleste_--L.
_arcuballista_--_arcus_, bow, and _ballista_, engine for throwing
missiles.]
ARBITER, är'bit-[.e]r, _n._ one chosen by parties in controversy to decide
between them: a judge having absolute power of decision: an arbitrator:
umpire:--_fem._ AR'BITRESS.--_ns._ AR'BITRAGE, exercise of the functions of
the arbiter; ARBIT'RAMENT, ARBIT'REMENT, the decision of an arbiter:
determination: choice.--_v.i._ AR'BITRATE, to act as an arbiter: to
determine.--_ns._ ARBITR[=A]'TION; AR'BITR[=A]TOR (same as
ARBITER):--_fem._ AR'BITR[=A]TRIX.--ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE, the
determination of the rate of exchange between two currencies when there are
one or more intermediate places through which the operations must pass.--TO
SUBMIT TO ARBITRATION, to defer a matter of private, public, or
international controversy to the judgment of certain persons selected.
[L.--_ar_ = _ad_, to, and _bit-[)e]re_ (cog. with Gr. _bai-nein_), to go or
come; sig. one who comes to look on, a witness, a judge.]
ARBITRARY, är'bi-trar-i, _adj._ not bound by rules: despotic, absolute,
arising from accident rather than from rule, varying, uncertain.--_adv._
AR'BITRARILY.--_n._ AR'BITRARINESS. [L. _arbitrarius_, arbiter.]
ARBLAST. See ARBALEST.
ARBOR, är'bur, _n._ the Latin word for tree.--_adjs._ ARBOR[=A]'CEOUS,
ARB[=O]R'EAL, of tree-like character.--_n._ ARBOR-DAY, in many of the
United States, a day yearly set apart for the general planting of trees by
school children--in Canada, the first Friday in May.--_adj._ ARB[=O]R'EOUS,
of or belonging to trees.--_ns._ ARBORES'CENCE, ARBORIS[=A]'TION, tree-like
growth.--_adj._ ARBORES'CENT, growing or formed like a tree: (_archit._)
branching like a tree.--_ns._ AR'BORET (_obs._), shrubbery: (_Spens._) a
little tree, shrub; ARBOR[=E]'TUM, a place in which specimens of trees and
shrubs are cultivated:--_pl._ ARBOR[=E]'TA.--_adj._ ARBORICUL'TURAL.--_ns._
AR'BORICULTURE, forestry, the culture of trees, esp. timber-trees;
ARBORICUL'TURIST; AR'BORIST, one who studies trees.--_adj._ AR'BOROUS,
formed by trees.--ARBOR VITÆ, a popular name of several evergreen shrubs of
the genus Thuja. When the human cerebellum is cut vertically, a tree-like
appearance seen receives this name.
ARBOR, är'bur, _n._ the main support of a machine: an axis or spindle on
which a wheel revolves. [L.]
ARBOUR, är'bur, _n._ an enclosed seat in a garden, covered with branches of
trees, plants, &c.: a bower: a shaded walk.--_adj._ AR'BOURED. [See
HARBOUR.]
ARBUTE, är'b[=u]t, _n._ the strawberry-tree: an evergreen shrub, which
bears a scarlet fruit somewhat resembling the strawberry.--Also AR'BUTUS.
[L. _arbutus_, akin to _arbor_, tree.]
ARC, ärk, _n._ a segment of a circle or other curve. [O. Fr.--L. _arcus_, a
bow.]
ARCADE, ärk-[=a]d', _n._ a row of arches supported by columns--the Gothic
counterpart to the classical colonnade: the row of piers, or columns and
arches, by which the aisles are divided from the nave of a church, or by
which cloisters are enclosed: a walk arched over: a long arched gallery
lined with shops on both sides. [Fr.--L. _arcata_, arched. See ARCH.]
ARCADIAN, ark-[=a]d'i-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Arcadia_ (_poet._ AR'CADY),
a district in Greece whose people were primitive in manners and given to
music and dancing: pastoral: simple, innocent.--_n._ ARCAD'IANISM.--_adv._
ARCAD'IANLY.
ARCANUM, ärk-[=a]n'um, _n._ a secret: a mystery: a secret remedy or
elixir:--_pl._ ARCAN'A.--_adj._ ARCANE' (_rare_). [L.--_arcanus_--_arca_, a
chest.]
ARCATURE, ar-ka-t[=u]r, _n._ French for arcade, a small arcade: a blind
arcade for decorating wall spaces.
ARCH, ärch, _n._ a concave construction of stones or other materials, built
or turned on a centering over an open space, so as by mutual pressure to
support each other and sustain a superincumbent weight.--_v.t._ to cover
with an arch: to bend into the form of an arch.--_p.adj._ ARCHED, made with
an arch, or like an arch.--_ns._ ARCH'LET, a little arch; ARCH'WAY, an
arched or vaulted passage, esp. that leading into a castle.--ARCHES, or
COURT OF ARCHES, the ecclesiastical court of appeal for the province of
Canterbury, formerly held at the church of St-Mary-le-Bow (or 'of the
Arches'), from the arches that support its steeple. [O. Fr.,--L. _arca_,
chest.]
ARCH, ärch, _adj._ cunning: waggish: roguish: shrewd, now mostly of women
and children.--_adv._ ARCH'LY.--_n._ ARCH'NESS. [Derived from the prefix
_arch-_, in its use in words like _arch_-rogue, &c.]
ARCH, ärch (ärk in _archangel_), _adj._ used as a prefix, now chiefly as an
intensive in an odious sense: the first or chief.--_ns._ ARCH'-EN'EMY, a
chief enemy: Satan--also ARCH'-FOE; ARCH'-FIEND, the supreme fiend: Satan;
ARCH'-FL[=A]'MEN, a chief flamen or priest; ARCH-HE'RESY; ARCH'-HE'RETIC, a
leader of heresy; ARCH'-MOCK' (_Shak._), the height of mockery;
ARCH'-P[=I]'RATE, a chief pirate; ARCH'-P[=O]'ET, a chief poet: (_obs._) a
poet-laureate; ARCH'-PREL'ATE, a chief prelate; ARCH'-PRIEST', a chief
priest: in early times, a kind of vicar to the bishop--later, a rural dean:
the title given to the superiors appointed by the Pope to govern the
secular priests sent into England from the foreign seminaries during the
period 1598-1621; ARCH'-TRAIT'OR, a chief traitor, sometimes applied esp.
to the devil, or to Judas. [A.S. _arce_, _ærce_, through L. from Gr.
_archi_, cog. with _arch-ein_, to begin.]
ARCHÆOLOGY, ärk-e-ol'oj-i, _n._ a knowledge of ancient art, customs, &c.:
the science which deduces a knowledge of past times from the study of their
existing remains.--_adj._ ARCHÆOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ARCHÆOLOG'ICALLY.--_n._
ARCHÆOL'OGIST. [Gr. _archaios_, ancient--_arch[=e]_, beginning, and
_logos_, discourse.]
ARCHÆOPTERYX, [=a]r-k[=e]-op't[.e]r-iks, _n._ the oldest known fossil bird,
found in the Jurassic limestone of Bavaria, having a long bony tail of
twenty vertebræ. [Gr. _archaios_, ancient, _pteryx_, wing.]
ARCHAIC, -AL, ärk-[=a]'ik, -al, _adj._ ancient: obsolete, esp. of
language.--_adj._ ARCHÆAN (ärk-[=e]'an), of or belonging to the earliest
zoological period.--_n._ ARCHÆOG'RAPHY.--_adj._ ARCHÆOZ[=O]'IC. (Gr.
_z[=o][=e]_, life), pertaining to the era of the earliest living beings on
the earth.--_adv._ ARCH[=A]'ICALLY.--_n._ ARCH[=A]'ICISM.--_v.t._
AR'CH[=A]ISE, to imitate the archaic.--_ns._ ARCH[=A]'ISM, an archaic or
obsolete word or phrase; ARCH[=A]'IST (_Mrs Browning_).--_adj._
ARCH[=A]IS'TIC, affectedly or imitatively archaic. [Gr.
_archaikos_--_archaios_, ancient--_arch[=e]_, beginning.]
ARCHANGEL, ärk-[=a]n'jel, _n._ an angel of the highest order.--_adj._
ARCHANGEL'IC. [ARCH, chief, and ANGEL.]
ARCHBISHOP, ärch-bish'up, _n._ a chief bishop: a metropolitan bishop who
superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also
exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.--_n._ ARCHBISH'OPRIC.
[ARCH, chief, and BISHOP.]
ARCHDEACON, ärch-d[=e]'kn, _n._ a chief deacon: the ecclesiastical
dignitary having the chief supervision of a diocese or part of it, next
under the bishop--the 'bishop's eye.'--_ns._ ARCHDEAC'ONRY, the office,
jurisdiction, or residence of an archdeacon; ARCHDEAC'ONSHIP, the office of
an archdeacon.--_adj._ ARCHID[=I]AC'ONAL.--_n._ ARCHID[=I]AC'ONATE. [ARCH,
chief, and DEACON.]
ARCHDIOCESE, ärch-d[=i]'o-s[=e]z, _n._ the diocese of an archbishop. [ARCH,
chief, and DIOCESE.]
ARCHDUKE, ärch-d[=u]k', _n._ a duke of specially exalted rank: a prince of
Austria:--_fem._ ARCHDUCH'ESS.--_adj._ ARCHD[=U]'CAL.--_ns._ ARCHDUCH'Y,
ARCHDUKE'DOM, the territory of an archduke or archduchess. [ARCH, chief,
and DUKE.]
ARCHER, ärch'[.e]r, _n._ one who shoots with a bow and arrows:--_fem._
ARCH'ERESS.--_ns._ ARCH'ER-FISH, an acanthopterygious fish of India which
catches insects by shooting water at them from its mouth; ARCH'ERY, the art
of shooting with the bow: a company of archers. [O. Fr. _archier_--L.
_arcari-um_, _arcus_, a bow.]
ARCHETYPE, ärk'e-t[=i]p, _n._ the original pattern or model, a
prototype.--_adj._ ARCHETYP'AL. [Gr. _archetypon_, _archi-_, and _typos_, a
model.]
ARCHIEPISCOPAL, ärk-i-ep-is'kop-al, _adj._ belonging to an
archbishop.--_ns._ ARCHIEPIS'COPACY, ARCHIEPIS'COPATE, dignity or province
of an archbishop. [See EPISCOPAL.]
ARCHIL, är'kil, _n._ a colouring substance obtained from various species of
lichens. [Corrupt form of ORCHIL--O. Fr. _orchel_, _orseil_ (Fr.
_orseille_)--It. _orcello_, origin undetermined.]
ARCHILOCHIAN, är-ki-l[=o]'ki-an, _adj._ pertaining to the Greek lyric poet
_Archilochus_ of Paros (714-676 B.C.), the supposed originator of iambic
metre, noted for the bitterness of his satire--hence the proverbial
phrases, 'Archilochian bitterness' and 'Parian verse:' a _lesser
Archilochian verse_ = a dactylic hexameter alternating with a penthemim; a
_greater Archilochian_, a verse consisting of four dactyls and three
trochees.
ARCHIMAGE, är'ki-m[=a]j, _n._ a chief magician or enchanter. [Gr. _archi-_,
chief, and L. _magus_, a magician.]
ARCHIMANDRITE, är-ki-man'dr[=i]t, _n._ in the Greek Church, the superior of
a monastery, an abbot: sometimes the superintendent of several monasteries.
[Late Gr. _archimandrit[=e]s_--pfx. _archi_, first, and _mandra_, an
enclosure, a monastery.]
[Illustration]
ARCHIMEDEAN, ärk-i-me-d[=e]'an, _adj._ pertaining to _Archimedes_, a
celebrated Greek mathematician of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.).--ARCHIMEDEAN
SCREW, a machine for raising water, in its simplest form consisting of a
flexible tube bent spirally round a solid cylinder, the ends of which are
furnished with pivots, so as to admit of the whole turning round its
axis.--PRINCIPLE OF ARCHIMEDES, a fundamental law in Hydrostatics, that a
body when immersed in a fluid weighs less than it does _in vacuo_ by the
weight of the fluid it displaces.
ARCHIPELAGO, ärk-i-pel'a-g[=o], _n._ the chief sea of the Greeks, or the
Ægean Sea: a sea abounding in small islands, also a group of such
islands:--_pl._ ARCHIPEL'AGOES.--_adj._ ARCHIPELAGIC (-aj'ik). [An Italian
compound from Gr. _archi-_, chief, _pelagos_, sea.]
ARCHITECT, ärk'i-tekt, _n._ a master-builder: one who designs buildings and
superintends their erection: a maker: any contriver, as the
Creator.--_adjs._ ARCHITECTON'IC, pertaining to architecture: constructive:
controlling, having direction: (_metaph._) pertaining to the arrangement of
knowledge.--_n._ the science of architecture: the systematic arrangement of
knowledge.--_adj._ ARCHITECT'URAL.--_n._ ARCHITECT'URE, the art or science
of building: structure: in specific sense, one of the fine arts, the art of
architecture--also used of any distinct style, e.g. Gothic, Byzantine
architecture. [Gr. _architekt[=o]n_--_archi-_, chief, and _tekt[=o]n_, a
builder.]
ARCHITRAVE, ärk'i-tr[=a]v, _n._ (_archit._) the lowest division of the
entablature resting immediately on the abacus of the column: collective
name for the various parts, jambs, lintels, &c. which surround a door or
window.--_p.adj._ ARCH'ITRAVED. [It. from Gr. _archi-_, chief, and L.
_trab-em_, _trabs_, a beam.]
ARCHIVES, ärk'[=i]vz, _n._ the place in which government records are kept:
(_pl._) public records--also figuratively in both senses.--_adj._
ARCH'IVAL, pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records.--_n._
ARCH'IVIST, a keeper of archives or records. [Fr.--Gr. _archeion_,
magisterial residence--_arch[=e]_, government.]
ARCHIVOLT, är'ki-volt, _n._ the band or moulding which runs round the lower
part of the archstones of an arch. [Fr. _archivolte_, It. _archivolto_--L.
_arcus_, an arch, _volta_, a vault.]
ARCHOLOGY, ärk-ol'oj-i, _n._ (_rare_) doctrine of the origin of things: the
science of government. [Gr. _arch[=e]_, beginning, _logos_, discourse.]
ARCHON, ärk'on, _n._ one of nine chief magistrates of ancient
Athens.--_ns._ ARCH'ONSHIP, the office of an archon; ARCH'ONTATE, the
archon's tenure of office. [Gr. _arch-ein_, to be first, to rule.]
ARCHWISE, ärch'w[=i]z, _adv._ in the form of an arch. [ARCH, and WISE,
way.]
ARCTIC, ärk'tik, _adj._ relating to the constellation the Great Bear, or to
the north, used figuratively to express extreme cold.--ARCTIC CIRCLE, a
circle drawn round the North Pole, at a distance of 23½ degrees. [O. Fr.
_artique_--L. _arcticus_--Gr. _arktikos_--_arktos_, a bear.]
ARCTURUS, ärk-t[=u]'rus, _n._ the Bear-ward, a yellow star in the northern
hemisphere, fourth in order of brightness in the entire heavens. [Gr.
_arktouros_--_arktos_, a bear, and _ouros_, ward, guard (from its situation
at the tail of the bear).]
ARCUATE, är'k[=u]-[=a]t, ARCUATED, är'k[=u]-[=a]t-ed, _adj._ bent in the
form of a bow.--_n._ ARCU[=A]'TION. [L. _arcuatus_, pa.p. of _arcu-[=a]re_,
to bend like a bow--_arcus_, a bow.]
ARCUBALIST. See ARBALEST.