When Edward M. Stanton was associated at Cincinnati in 1857 with Abraham
Lincoln in the great McCormick Reaper patent suit, it was commonly
assumed that this was the first time the two men had met. Such was
Lincoln's view, for his memory was apt to have blind patches in it. But
in fact there had been a meeting fifteen years before, the recollection
of which in Stanton's mind had been so overlaid by the accumulations of
a busy life that it did not awake till after the President's death.
In the early fall of 1842 Stanton had occasion to visit Illinois. He was
then twenty-five years of age, and had already attained the position of
leading lawyer in his native town of Steubenville in Ohio and acted as
reporter of the Supreme Court of that State. He was a solemn reserved
young man, with a square fleshy face and a strong ill-tempered jaw. His
tight lips curved downwards at the corners and, combined with his bold
eyes, gave him an air of peculiar shrewdness and purpose. He did not
forget that he came of good professional stock--New England on one side
and Virginia on the other--and that he was college-bred, unlike the
common backwoods attorney. Also he was resolved on a great career, with
the White House at the end of it, and was ready to compel all whom
he met to admit the justice of his ambition. The consciousness of uncommon
talent and a shining future gave him a self-possession rare in a young
man, and a complacence not unlike arrogance. His dress suited his
pretensions--the soft rich broadcloth which tailors called doeskin, and
linen of a fineness rare outside the eastern cities. He was not popular
in Ohio, but he was respected for his sharp tongue, subtle brain, and
intractable honesty.
His business finished, he had the task of filling up the evening, for he
could not leave for home till the morrow. His host, Mr. George Curtin,
was a little shy of his guest and longed profoundly to see the last of
him. It was obvious that this alert lawyer regarded the Springfield folk
as mossbacks--which might be well enough for St. Louis and Chicago,
but was scarcely becoming in a man from Steubenville. Another kind of
visitor he might have taken to a chickenfight, but one glance at Stanton
barred that solution. So he compromised on Speed's store.
“There's one or two prominent citizens gathered there most nights,” he
explained. “Like as not we'll find Mr. Lincoln. I reckon you've heard of
Abe Lincoln?”
Mr. Stanton had not. He denied the imputation as if he were annoyed.
“Well, we think a mighty lot of him round here. He's Judge Logan's
law partner and considered one of the brightest in Illinois. He's been
returned to the State Legislature two or three times, and he's a dandy
on the stump. A hot Whig and none the worse of that, though I reckon
them's not your politics.... We're kind of proud of him in Sangamon
county. No, not a native. Rode into the town one day five years back
from New Salem with all his belongings in a saddle-bag, and started
business next morning in Joe Speed's back room.... He's good company,
Abe, for you never heard a better man to tell a story. You'd die of
laughing. Though I did hear he was a sad man just now along of being
crossed in love, so I can't promise you he'll be up to his usual, if
he's at Speed's to-night.”
“I suppose the requirements for a western lawyer,” said Mr. Stanton
acidly, “are a gift of buffoonery and a reputation for gallantry.” He
was intensely bored, and had small desire to make the acquaintance of
provincial celebrities.
Mr. Curtin was offended, but could think of no suitable retort, and as
they were close on Speed's store he swallowed his wrath and led the way
through alleys of piled merchandise to the big room where the stove was
lighted.
It was a chilly fall night and the fire was welcome. Half a dozen men
sat smoking round it, with rummers of reeking toddy at their elbows.
They were ordinary citizens of the place, and they talked of the last
horseraces. As the new-comers entered they were appealing to a figure
perched on a high barrel to decide some point in dispute.
This figure climbed down from its perch, as they entered, with a sort
of awkward courtesy. It was a very tall man, thin almost to emaciation,
with long arms and big hands and feet. He had a lean, powerful-looking
head, marred by ugly projecting ears and made shapeless by a mass of
untidy black hair. The brow was broad and fine, and the dark eyes set
deep under it; the nose, too, was good, but the chin and mouth were
too small for the proportions of the face. The mouth, indeed, was so
curiously puckered, and the lower lip so thick and prominent, as to give
something of a comic effect. The skin was yellow, but stretched so firm
and hard on the cheek bones that the sallowness did not look unhealthy.
The man wore an old suit of blue jeans and his pantaloons did not meet
his coarse unblacked shoes by six inches. His scraggy throat was adorned
with a black neckerchief like a boot-lace.
“Abe,” said Mr. Curtin, “I would like to make you known to my friend Mr.
Stanton of Ohio.”
The queer face broke into a pleasant smile, and the long man held out
his hand.
“Glad to know you, Mr. Stanton,” he said, and then seemed to be stricken
with shyness. His wandering eye caught sight of a new patent churn which
had just been added to Mr. Speed's stock. He took two steps to it and
was presently deep in its mechanism. He turned it all ways, knelt beside
it on the floor, took off the handle and examined it, while the rest of
the company pressed Mr. Stanton to a seat by the fire.
“I heard Abe was out at Rochester helping entertain Ex-President Van
Buren,” said Mr. Curtin to the store-keeper.
“I reckon he was,” said Speed. “He kept them roaring till morning. Judge
Peck told me he allowed Mr. Van Buren would be stiff for a month with
laughing at Abe's tales. It's curious that a man who don't use tobacco
or whisky should be such mighty good company.”
“I wish Abe'd keep it up,” said another. “Most of the time now he goes
about like a sick dog. What's come to him, Joe?”
Mr. Speed hushed his voice. “He's got his own troubles.... He's a
deep-feeling man, and can't forget easily like you and me.... But things
is better with him, and I kind of hope to see him wed by Thanksgiving
Day.... Look at him with that churn. He's that inquisitive he can't keep
his hands off no new thing.”
But the long man had finished his inquiry and rejoined the group by the
stove.
“I thought you were a lawyer, Mr. Lincoln,” said Stanton, “but you seem
to have the tastes of a mechanic.”
The other grinned. “I've a fancy for any kind of instrument, for I was a
surveyor in this county before I took to law.”
“George Washington also was a surveyor.”
“Also, but not LIKEWISE. I don't consider I was much of a hand with the
compass and chains.”
“It is the fashion in Illinois, I gather, for the law to be the last
in a series of many pursuits--the pool where the driftwood from many
streams comes to rest.” Mr. Stanton spoke with the superior air of one
who took his profession seriously and had been trained for it in the
orthodox fashion.
“It was so in my case. I've kept a post-office, and I've had a store,
and I've had a tavern, and I kept them so darned bad that I'm still
paying off the debts I made in them.” The long man made the confession
with a comic simplicity.
“There's a deal to be said for the habit,” said Speed. “Having followed
other trades teaches a lawyer something about human nature. I reckon Abe
wouldn't be the man he is if he had studied his books all his days.”
“There is another side to that,” said Mr. Stanton and his precise
accents and well-modulated voice seemed foreign in that homely place.
“You are also a politician, Mr. Lincoln?”
The other nodded. “Of a kind. I'm a strong Henry Clay man.”
“Well, there I oppose you. I'm no Whig or lover of Whigs. But I'm
a lover of the Constitution and the law of the country, and that
Constitution and that country are approaching perilous times. There's
explosive stuff about which is going to endanger the stability of the
noble heritage we have received from our fathers, and if that heritage
is to be saved it can only be by those who hold fast to its eternal
principles. This land can only be saved by its lawyers, sir. But they
must be lawyers profoundly read in the history and philosophy of their
profession, and no catchpennny advocates with a glib tongue and
an elastic conscience. The true lawyer must approach his task with
reverence and high preparation; for as his calling is the noblest of
human activities, so it is the most exacting.”
The POINT-DEVICE young man spoke with a touch of the schoolmaster, but
his audience, who had an inborn passion for fine words, were impressed.
Lincoln sat squatted on his heels on a bit of sacking, staring into the
open door of the stove.
“There's truth in that,” he said slowly. His voice had not the mellow
tones of the other's, being inclined to shrillness, but it gave the
impression of great power waiting on release somewhere in his massive
chest. “But I reckon it's only half the truth, for truth's like a
dollar-piece, it's got two sides, and both are wanted to make it good
currency. The law and the constitution are like a child's pants. They've
got to be made wider and longer as the child grows so as to fit him. If
they're kept too tight, he'll burst them; and if you're in a hurry and
make them too big all at once, they'll trip him up.”
“Agreed,” said Stanton, “but the fashion and the fabric should be kept
of the same good American pattern.”
The long man ran a hand through his thatch of hair.
“There's only one fashion in pants--to make them comfortable. And some
day that boy is going to grow so big you won't be able to make the old
ones do and he'll have to get a new pair. If he's living on a farm he'll
want the same kind of good working pants, but for all that they'll have
to be new made.”
Stanton laughed with some irritation
“I hate arguing in parables, for in the nature of things they can't
be exact. That's a mistake you westerners make. The law must change in
detail with changing conditions, but its principles cannot alter, and
the respect for these principles is our only safeguard against relapse
into savagery. Take slavery. There are fools in the east who would
abolish it by act of Congress. For myself I do not love the system,
but I love anarchy and injustice less, and if you abolish slavery you
abolish every right of legal property, and that means chaos and
barbarism. A free people such as ours cannot thus put the knife to their
throat. If we were the serfs of a monarchy, accustomed to bow before
the bidding of a king, it might be different, but a republic cannot do
injustice to one section of its citizens without destroying itself.”
Lincoln had not taken his eyes from the stove. He seemed to be seeing
things in the fire, for he smiled to himself.
“Well,” he drawled, “I reckon that some day we may have to find some
sort of a king. The new pants have got to be made.”
Mr. Stanton shrugged his shoulders, and the other, quick to detect
annoyance, scrambled to his feet and stood looking down from his great
height at his dapper antagonist. A kindly quizzical smile lit his homely
face. “We'll quit arguing, Mr. Stanton, for I admit I'm afraid of
you. You're some years younger than me, but I expect you would have me
convinced on your side if we went on. And maybe I'd convince you too,
and then we'd be like old Jim Fletcher at New Salem. You'll have heard
about Jim. He had a mighty quarrel with his neighbour about a hog, Jim
alleging it was one of his lot and the neighbour claiming it for his.
Well, they argued and argued, and the upshot was that Jim convinced the
neighbour that the hog was Jim's, and the neighbour convinced Jim that
the hog was the neighbour's, and neither of them would touch that hog,
and they were worse friends than ever.”
Mr. Curtin rose and apologised to his companion. He had to see a man
about a buggy and must leave Mr. Stanton to find his way back alone.
“Don't worry, George,” said the long man. “I'm going round your way and
I'll see your friend home.” As Mr. Stanton professed himself ready for
bed, the little party by the stove broke up. Lincoln fetched from
a corner a dilapidated carpet-bag full of papers, and an old green
umbrella, handle-less, tied with string about the middle, and having his
name sewn inside in straggling letters cut out of white muslin. He and
Stanton went out-of-doors into the raw autumn night.
The town lay very quiet in a thin fog made luminous by a full moon. The
long man walked with his feet turned a little inwards, accommodating
his gait to the shorter stride of his companion. Mr. Stanton, having
recovered from his momentary annoyance, was curious about this odd
member of his own profession. Was it possible that in the whirligig of
time a future could lie before one so uncouth and rustical? A democracy
was an unaccountable thing, and these rude westerners might have to be
reckoned with.
“You are ambitious of a political career, Mr. Lincoln?” he asked.
The other looked down with his shy crooked smile, and the Ohio lawyer
suddenly realised that the man had his own attractiveness.
“Why, no, sir. I shouldn't like to say I was ambitious. I've no call to
be, for the Almighty hasn't blessed me with any special gifts. You're
different. It would be a shame to you if you didn't look high,
for you're a young man with all the world before you. I'm getting
middle-aged and I haven't done anything to be proud of yet, and I reckon
I won't get the chance, and if I did I couldn't take advantage of it.
I'm pretty fond of the old country, and if she wants me, why, she's only
got to say so and I'll do what she tells me. But I don't see any clear
road I want to travel. ...”
He broke off suddenly, and Stanton, looking up at him, saw that his face
had changed utterly. The patient humorous look had gone and it was like
a tragic mask, drawn and strained with suffering. They were passing by a
little town cemetery and, as if by some instinct, had halted.
The place looked strange and pitiful in the hazy moonlight. It was badly
tended, and most of the headstones were only of painted wood, warped and
buckled by the weather. But in the dimness the rows of crosses and slabs
seemed to extend into the far distance, and the moon gave them a cold,
eerie whiteness as if they lay in the light of another world. A great
sigh came from Lincoln, and Stanton thought that he had never seen on
mortal countenance such infinite sadness.
“Ambition!” he said. “How dare we talk of ambition, when this is the end
of it? All these people--decent people, kind people, once full of joy
and purpose, and now all forgotten! It is not the buried bodies I mind,
it is the buried hearts....I wonder if it means peace....”
He stood there with head bowed and he seemed to be speaking to himself.
Stanton caught a phrase or two and found it was verse--banal verses,
which were there and then fixed in his fly-paper memory. “Tell me, my
secret soul,” it ran:
“Oh, tell me, Hope and Faith,
Is there no resting-place
From sorrow, sin, and death?
Is there no happy spot
Where mortals may be blessed,
Where grief may find a balm
And weariness a rest?”
The figure murmuring these lines seemed to be oblivious of his
companion. He stood gazing under the moon, like a gaunt statue of
melancholy. Stanton spoke to him but got no answer, and presently took
his own road home. He had no taste for histrionic scenes. And as he went
his way he meditated. Mad, beyond doubt. Not without power in him,
but unbalanced, hysterical, alternating between buffoonery and these
schoolgirl emotions. He reflected that if the American nation contained
much stuff of this kind it might prove a difficult team to drive. He was
thankful that he was going home next day to his orderly life.
II
Eighteen years have gone, and the lanky figure of Speed's store is
revealed in new surroundings. In a big square room two men sat beside a
table littered with the debris of pens, foolscap, and torn fragments
of paper which marked the end of a Council. It was an evening at the
beginning of April, and a fire burned in the big grate. One of the two
sat at the table with his elbows on the mahogany, and his head supported
by a hand. He was a man well on in middle life with a fine clean-cut
face and the shapely mobile lips of the publicist and orator. It was the
face of one habituated to platforms and assemblies, full of a certain
selfconscious authority. But to-night its possessor seemed ill at ease.
His cheeks were flushed and his eye distracted.
The other had drawn his chair to the fire, so that one side of him was
lit by the late spring sun and one by the glow from the hearth. That
figure we first saw in the Springfield store had altered little in the
eighteen years. There was no grey in the coarse black hair, but the
lines in the sallow face were deeper, and there were dark rings under
the hollow eyes. The old suit of blue jeans had gone; and he wore now
a frock-coat, obviously new, which was a little too full for his gaunt
frame. His tie, as of old, was like a boot-lace. A new silk hat, with
the nap badly ruffled, stood near on the top of a cabinet.
He smiled rather wearily. “We're pretty near through the appointments
now, Mr. Secretary. It's a mean business, but I'm a minority President
and I've got to move in zig-zags so long as I don't get off the pike.
I reckon that honest statesmanship is just the employment of individual
meannesses for the public good. Mr. Sumner wouldn't agree. He calls
himself the slave of principles and says he owns no other master. Mr.
Sumner's my notion of a bishop.”
The other did not seem to be listening. “Are you still set on
re-enforcing Fort Sumter?” he asked, his bent brows making a straight
line above his eyes.
Lincoln nodded. He was searching in the inside pocket of his frock-coat,
from which he extracted a bundle of papers. Seward saw what he was
after, and his self-consciousness increased.
“You have read my letter?” he asked.
“I have,” said Lincoln, fixing a pair of cheap spectacles on his nose.
He had paid thirty-seven cents for them in Bloomington five years
before. “A mighty fine letter. Full of horse sense.”
“You agree with it?” asked the other eagerly.
“Why, no. I don't agree with it, but I admire it a lot and I admire its
writer.”
“Mr. President,” said Seward solemnly, “on one point I am adamant. We
cannot suffer the dispute to be about slavery. If we fight on that issue
we shall have the Border States against us.”
“I'm thinking all the time about the Border States. We've got to keep
them. If there's going to be trouble I'd like to have the Almighty on my
side, but I must have Kentucky.”
“And yet you will go forward about Sumter, which is regarded by everyone
as a slavery issue.”
“The issue is as God has made it. You can't go past the bed-rock facts.
I am the trustee for the whole property of the nation, of which Sumter
is a piece, and if I give up one stick or stone to a rebellious demand I
am an unfaithful steward. Surely, Mr. Secretary, if you want to make
the issue union or disunion you can't give up Sumter without fatally
prejudicing your case.”
“It means war.”
Lincoln looked again at the document in his hand. “It appears that you
are thinking of war in any event. You want to pick a quarrel with France
over Mexico and with Spain over St. Domingo, and unite the nation in a
war against foreigners. I tell you honestly I don't like the proposal.
It seems to me downright wicked.
“If the Lord sends us war, we have got to face it like men, but God
forbid we should manufacture war, and use it as an escape from our
domestic difficulties. You can't expect a blessing on that.”
The Secretary of State flushed. “Have you considered the alternative,
Mr. President?” he cried. “It is civil war, war between brothers in
blood. So soon as the South fires a shot against Sumter the sword is
unsheathed. You cannot go back then.”
“I am fully aware of it. I haven't been sleeping much lately, and I've
been casting up my accounts. It's a pretty weak balance sheet. I would
like to tell you the main items, Mr. Secretary, so that you may see that
I'm not walking this road blindfold.”
The other pushed back his chair from the table with a gesture of
despair. But he listened. Lincoln had risen and stood in front of the
fire, his shoulders leaning on the mantelpiece, and his head against the
lower part of the picture of George Washington.
“First,” he said, “I'm a minority President, elected by a minority
vote of the people of the United States. I wouldn't have got in if the
Democrats hadn't been split. I haven't a majority in the Senate. Yet
I've got to decide for the nation and make the nation follow me. Have I
the people's confidence? I reckon I haven't--yet. I haven't even got the
confidence of the Republican party.”
Seward made no answer. He clearly assented.
“Next, I haven't got much in the way of talents. I reckon Jeff Davis
a far abler man than me. My friends tell me I haven't the presence and
dignity for a President. My shaving-glass tells me I'm a common-looking
fellow.” He stopped and smiled. “But perhaps the Lord prefers
common-looking people, and that's why He made so many of them.
“Next,” he went on, “I've a heap of critics and a lot of enemies. Some
good men say I've no experience in Government, and that's about true.
Up in New England the papers are asking who is this political huckster,
this county court advocate? Mr. Stanton says I'm an imbecile, and when
he's cross calls me the original gorilla, and wonders why fools wander
about in Africa when they could find the beast they are looking for in
Washington. The pious everywhere don't like me, because I don't hold
that national policy can be run on the lines of a church meeting. And
the Radicals are looking for me with a gun, because I'm not prepared
right here and now to abolish slavery. One of them calls me 'the slave
hound of Illinois.' I'd like to meet that man, for I guess he must be a
humorist.”
Mr. Seward leaned forward and spoke earnestly. “Mr. President, no man
values your great qualities more than I do or reprobates more heartily
such vulgar libels. But it is true that you lack executive experience.
I have been the Governor of the biggest State in the Union, and possess
some knowledge of the task. It is all at your service. Will you not
allow me to ease your burden?”
Lincoln smiled down kindly upon the other. “I thank you with all my
heart. You have touched on that matter in your letter.... But, Mr.
Secretary, in the inscrutable providence of God it is I who have been
made President. I cannot shirk the duty. I look to my Cabinet, and
notably to you for advice and loyal assistance, and I am confident that
I shall get it. But in the end I and I only must decide.”
Seward looked up at the grave face and said nothing. Lincoln went on:
“I have to make a decision which may bring war--civil war. I don't know
anything about war, though I served a month or two in the Black Hawk
campaign and yet, if war comes, I am the Commander-in-Chief of the
Union. Who among us knows anything of the business? General Scott is
an old man, and he doesn't just see eye to eye with me; for I'm told
he talks about 'letting the wayward sisters go in peace.' Our army and
navy's nothing much to boast of, and the South is far better prepared.
You can't tell how our people will take war, for they're all pulling
different ways just now. Blair says the whole North will spring to arms,
but I guess they've first got to find the arms to spring to.... I was
reviewing some militia the other day, and they looked a deal more like a
Fourth of July procession than a battlefield. Yes, Mr. Secretary, if we
have to fight, we've first got to make an army.
Remember, too, that it will be civil war--kin against kin, brother
against brother.”
“I remember. All war is devilish, but ours will be the most devilish
that the world has ever known. It isn't only the feeding of fresh young
boys to rebel batteries that grieves me, though God knows that's not a
thing that bears thinking about. It's the bitterness and hate within the
people. Will it ever die down, Mr. Secretary?”
Lincoln was very grave, and his face was set like a man in anguish.
Seward, deeply moved, rose and stood beside him, laying a hand on his
shoulder.
“And for what, Mr. President?” he cried. “That is the question I ask
myself. We are faced by such a problem as no man ever before had
to meet. If five and a half million white men deeply in earnest are
resolved to secede, is there any power on earth that can prevent them?
You may beat them in battle, but can you ever force them again inside
the confines of the nation? Remember Chatham's saying: 'Conquer a free
population of three million souls--the thing is impossible.' They stand
on the rights of democracy, the right of self-government, the right to
decide their own future.”
Lincoln passed a hand over his brow. His face had suddenly became very
worn and weary.
“I've been pondering a deal over the position of the South,” he said. “I
reckon I see their point of view, and I'll not deny there's sense in it.
There's a truth in their doctrine of State rights, but they've got
it out of focus. If I had been raised in South Carolina, loving the
slave-system because I had grown up with it and thinking more of my
State than of the American nation, maybe I'd have followed Jeff Davis.
I'm not saying there's no honesty in the South, I'm not saying there's
not truth on their side, but I do say that ours is the bigger truth and
the better truth. I hold that a nation is too sacred a thing to tamper
with--even for good reasons. Why, man, if you once grant the right of a
minority to secede you make popular government foolish. I'm willing to
fight to prevent democracy becoming a laughing-stock.”
“It's a fine point to make war about,” said the other.
“Most true points are fine points. There never was a dispute between
mortals where both sides hadn't a bit of right. I admit that the margin
is narrow, but if it's made of good rock it's sufficient to give us a
foothold. We've got to settle once for all the question whether in a
free Government the minority have a right to break up the Government
whenever they choose. If we fail, then we must conclude that we've
been all wrong from the start, and that the people need a tyrant, being
incapable of governing themselves.”
Seward wrung his hands. “If you put it that way I cannot confute you.
But, oh, Mr. President, is there not some means of building a bridge?
I cannot think that honest Southerners would force war on such a narrow
issue.
“They wouldn't but for this slavery. It is that accursed system that
obscures their reason. If they fight, the best of them will fight out of
a mistaken loyalty to their State, but most will fight for the right to
keep their slaves.... If you are to have bridges, you must have solid
ground at both ends. I've heard a tale of some church members that
wanted to build a bridge over a dangerous river. Brother Jones suggested
one Myers, and Myers answered that, if necessary, he could build one to
hell. This alarmed the church members, and Jones, to quiet them, said he
believed his friend Myers was so good an architect that he could do it
if he said he could, though he felt bound himself to express some doubt
about the abutment on the infernal side.”
A queer quizzical smile had relieved the gravity of the President's
face. But Seward was in no mood for tales.
“Is there no other way?” he moaned, and his suave voice sounded cracked
and harsh.
“There is no other way but to go forward. I've never been a man for
cutting across lots when I could go round by the road, but if the
roads are all shut we must take to open country. For it is altogether
necessary to go forward.”
Seward seemed to pull himself together. He took a turn down the room and
then faced Lincoln.
“Mr. President,” he said, “you do not know whether you have a majority
behind you even in the North. You have no experience of government
and none of war. The ablest men in your party are luke-warm or hostile
towards you. You have no army to speak of, and will have to make
everything from the beginning. You feel as I do about the horror of
war, and above all the horrors of civil war. You do not know whether
the people will support you. You grant that there is some justice in the
contention of the South, and you claim for your own case only a balance
of truth. You admit that to coerce the millions of the South back into
the Union is a kind of task which has never been performed in the world
before and one which the wise of all ages have pronounced impossible.
And yet, for the sake of a narrow point, you are ready, if the need
arises, to embark on a war which must be bloody and long, which must
stir the deeps of bitterness, and which in all likelihood will achieve
nothing. Are you entirely resolved?”
Lincoln's sad eyes rested on the other. “I am entirely resolved. I
have been set here to decide for the people according to the best of my
talents, and the Almighty has shown me no other road.”
Seward held out his hand.
“Then, by God, you must be right. You are the bravest man in this land,
sir, and I will follow you to the other side of perdition.”
III
The time is two years later--a warm evening in early May. There had been
no rain for a week in Washington, and the President, who had ridden in
from his summer quarters in the Soldiers' Home, had his trousers grey
with dust from the knees down. He had come round to the War Department,
from which in these days he was never long absent, and found the
Secretary for War busy as usual at his high desk. There had been
the shortest of greetings, and, while Lincoln turned over the last
telegrams, Stanton wrote steadily.
Stanton had changed much since the night in the Springfield store. A
square beard, streaked with grey, covered his chin, and his face had
grown heavier. There were big pouches below the short-sighted eyes, and
deep lines on each side of his short shaven upper lip. His skin had an
unheathly pallor, like that of one who works late and has little
fresh air. The mouth, always obstinate, was now moulded into a settled
grimness. The ploughs of war had made deep furrows on his soul.
Lincoln, too, had altered. He had got a stoop in his shoulders as if
his back carried a burden. A beard had been suffered to grow in a ragged
fringe about his jaw and cheeks, and there were silver threads in it.
His whole face seemed to have been pinched and hammered together, so
that it looked like a mask of pale bronze--a death mask, for it was hard
to believe that blood ran below that dry tegument. But the chief change
was in his eyes. They had lost the alertness they once possessed, and
had become pits of brooding shade, infinitely kind, infinitely patient,
infinitely melancholy.
Yet there was a sort of weary peace in the face, and there was still
humour in the puckered mouth and even in the sad eyes. He looked less
harassed than the Secretary for War. He drew a small book from his
pocket, at which the other glanced malevolently.
“I give you fair warning, Mr. President,” said Stanton. “If you've come
here to read me the work of one of your tom-fool funny men, I'll fling
it out of the window.”
“This work is the Bible,” said Lincoln, with the artlessness of a
mischievous child. “I looked in to ask how the draft was progressing.”
“It starts in Rhode Island on July 7, and till it starts I can say
nothing. We've had warning that there will be fierce opposition in New
York. It may mean that we have a second civil war on our hands. And of
one thing I am certain--it will cost you your re-election.”
The President did not seem perturbed. “In this war we've got to take
one step at a time,” he said. “Our job is to save the country, and to do
that we've got to win battles. But you can't win battles without armies,
and if men won't enlist of their own will they've got to be compelled.
What use is a second term to me if I have no country.... You're not
weakening on the policy of the draft, Mr. Stanton?”
The War Minister shrugged his shoulders. “No. In March it seemed
inevitable. I still think it is essential, but I am forced to admit the
possibility that it may be a rank failure. It is the boldest step you
have taken, Mr. President. Have you ever regretted it?”
Lincoln shook his head. “It don't do to start regretting. This war is
managed by the Almighty, and if it's his purpose that we should win
He will show us how. I regard our fallible reasoning and desperate
conclusions as part of His way of achieving His purpose. But about that
draft. I'll answer you in the words of a young Quaker woman who against
the rules had married a military man. The elders asked her if she was
sorry, and she replied that she couldn't truly say that she was sorry,
but that she could say she wouldn't do it again. I was for the draft,
and I was for the war, to prevent democracy making itself foolish.”
“You'll never succeed in that,” said Stanton gravely.
“If Congress is democracy, there can't be a more foolish gathering
outside a monkey-house.”
The President grinned broadly. He was humming the air of a nigger song,
“The Blue-tailed Fly,” which Lamon had taught him.
“That reminds me of Artemus Ward. He observes that at the last election
he voted for Henry Clay. It's true, he says, that Henry was dead, but
since all the politicians that he knew were fifteenth-rate he preferred
to vote for a first-class corpse.”
Stanton moved impatiently. He hated the President's pocket humorists
and had small patience with his tales. “Was ever a great war fought,” he
cried, “with such a camp-following as our Congressmen?”
Lincoln looked comically surprised.
“You're too harsh, Mr. Stanton. I admit there are one or two rascals
who'd be better hanged. But the trouble is that most of them are too
high-principled. They are that set on liberty that they won't take the
trouble to safeguard it. They would rather lose the war than give up
their little notions. I've a great regard for principles, but I have no
use for them when they get so high that they become foolishness.”
“Every idle pedant thinks he knows better how to fight a war than the
men who are labouring sixteen hours a day at it,” said Stanton bitterly.
“They want to hurry things quicker than the Almighty means them to go. I
don't altogether blame them either, for I'm mortally impatient myself.
But it's no good thinking that saying a thing should be so will make it
so. We're not the Creator of this universe. You've got to judge results
according to your instruments. Horace Greeley is always telling me what
I should do, but Horace omits to explain how I am to find the means. You
can't properly manure a fifty-acre patch with only a bad smell.”
Lincoln ran his finger over the leaves of the small Bible he had taken
from his pocket. “Seems to me Moses had the same difficulties to contend
with. Read the sixteenth chapter of the book of Numbers at your leisure,
Mr. Secretary. It's mighty pertinent to our situation. The people have
been a deal kinder to me than I deserve and I've got more cause for
thankfulness than complaint. But sometimes I get just a little out of
patience with our critics. I want to say to them as Moses said to Korah,
Dathan, and Abiram--'Ye take too much upon you, ye sons of Levi!'”
Lincoln's speech had broadened into something like the dialect of his
boyhood. Stanton finished the paper on which he had been engaged and
stepped aside from his desk. His face was heavily preoccupied and he
kept an eye always on the door leading to his private secretary's room.
“At this moment,” he said, “Hooker is engaged with Lee.” He put a finger
on a map which was stretched on a frame behind him. “There! On the
Rappahannock, where it is joined by the Rapidan.... Near the hamlet of
Chancellorsville.... Battle was joined two days ago, and so far it has
been indecisive. Tonight we should know the result. That was the news
you came here to-night about, Mr. President?”
Lincoln nodded. “I am desperately anxious. I needn't conceal that from
you, Mr. Stanton.”
“So am I. I wish to God I had more confidence in General Hooker. I never
liked that appointment, Mr. President. I should have preferred Meade
or Reynolds. Hooker is a blustering thick-headed fellow, good enough,
maybe, for a division or even a corps, but not for an army.”
“I visited him three weeks back,” said Lincoln, “and I'm bound to say
he has marvellously pulled round the Army of the Potomac. There's a new
spirit in their ranks. You're unjust to Joe Hooker, Mr. Stanton. He's
a fine organiser, and he'll fight--he's eager to fight, which McClellan
and Burnside never were.”
“But what on earth is the good of being willing to fight if you're going
to lose? He hasn't the brains to command. And he's opposed by Lee and
Jackson. Do you realise the surpassing ability of those two men? We have
no generals fit to hold a candle to them.”
“We've a bigger and a better army. I'm not going to be depressed, Mr.
Stanton. Joe has two men to every one of Lee's, he's safe over the
Rappahannock, and I reckon he will make a road to Richmond. I've seen
his troops, and they are fairly bursting to get at the enemy. I insist
on being hopeful. What's the last news from the Mississippi?”
“Nothing new. Grant has got to Port Gibson and has his base at Grand
Gulf. He now proposes to cut loose and make for Vicksburg. So far he has
done well, but the risk is terrific. Still, I am inclined to think you
were right about that man. He has capacity.”
“Grant stops still and saws wood,” said Lincoln “He don't talk a great
deal, but he fights. I can't help feeling hopeful to-night, for it seems
to me we have the enemy in a fix. You've heard me talk of the shrinking
quadrilateral, which is the rebel States, as I see the proposition.”
“Often,” said the other drily.
“I never could get McClellan rightly to understand it. I look on
the Confederacy as a quadrilateral of which at present we hold two
sides--the east and the south--the salt-water sides. The north side
is Virginia, the west side the line of the Mississippi. If Grant and
Farragut between them can win the control of the Father of Waters,
we've got the west side. Then it's the business of the Armies on the
Mississippi to press east and the Army of the Potomac to press south.
It may take a time, but if we keep a stiff upper lip we're bound to have
the rebels whipped. I reckon they're whipped already in spite of Lee.
I've heard of a turtle that an old nigger man decapitated. Next day
he was amusing himself poking sticks at it and the turtle was snapping
back. His master comes along and says to him, 'Why, Pomp, I thought
that turtle was dead.' 'Well, he am dead, massa,' says Pompey, 'but
the critter don't know enough ter be sensible ob it.' I reckon the
Confederacy's dead, but Jeff Davis don't know enough to be sensible of
it.”
A young man in uniform came hurriedly through the private secretary's
door and handed the Secretary for War a telegram. He stood at attention,
and the President observed that his face was pale. Stanton read the
message, but gave no sign of its contents. He turned to the map behind
him and traced a line on it with his forefinger.
“Any more news?” he asked the messenger.
“Nothing official, sir,” was the answer. “But there is a report that
General Jackson has been killed in the moment of victory.”
The officer withdrew and Stanton turned to the President. Lincoln's face
was terrible in its strain, for the words “in the moment of victory” had
rung the knell of his hopes.
When Stanton spoke his voice was controlled and level. “Unlike your
turtle,” he said, “the Confederacy is suddenly and terribly alive. Lee
has whipped Hooker to blazes. We have lost more than fifteen thousand
men. To-day we are back on the north side of the Rappahannock.”
Lincoln was on his feet and for a moment the bronze mask of his face was
distorted by suffering.
“My God!” he cried. “What will the country say? What will the country
say?”
“It matters little what the country says. The point is what will the
country suffer. In a fortnight Lee will be in Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Your quadrilateral will not shrink, it will extend. In a month we shall
be fighting to hold Washington and Baltimore, aye, and Philadelphia.”
The bitterness of the words seemed to calm Lincoln. He was walking up
and down the floor, with his hands clasped behind his back, and his
expression was once again one of patient humility.
“I take all the blame,” he said. “You have done nobly, Mr. Stanton, and
all the mistakes are mine. I reckon I am about the poorest effigy of a
War President that ever cursed an unhappy country.”
The other did not reply. He was an honest man who did not deal in smooth
phrases.
“I'd resign to-morrow,” Lincoln went on. “No railsplitter ever laid
down his axe at the end of a hard day so gladly as I would lay down my
office. But I've got to be sure first that my successor will keep
faith with this nation. I've got to find a man who will keep the right
course.”
“Which is?” Stanton asked.
“To fight it out to the very end. To the last drop of blood and the
last cent. There can be no going back. If I surrendered my post to any
successor, though he were an archangel from heaven, who would weaken on
that great purpose, I should deserve to be execrated as the betrayer of
my country.”
Into Stanton's sour face there came a sudden gleam which made it almost
beautiful.
“Mr. President,” he said, “I have often differed from you. I have used
great freedom in criticism of your acts, and I take leave to think that
I have been generally in the right. You know that I am no flatterer. But
I tell you, sir, from my inmost heart that you are the only man to lead
the people, because you are the only man whose courage never fails. God
knows how you manage it. I am of the bull-dog type and hold on because
I do not know how to let go. Most of my work I do in utter hopelessness.
But you, sir, you never come within a mile of despair. The blacker the
clouds get the more confident you are that there is sunlight behind
them. I carp and cavil at you, but I also take off my hat to you, for
you are by far the greatest of us.”
Lincoln's face broke into a slow smile, which made the eyes seem
curiously child-like.
“I thank you, my old friend,” he said. “I don't admit I have your
courage, for I haven't half of it. But if a man feels that he is only
a pipe for Omnipotence to sound through, he is not so apt to worry.
Besides, these last weeks God has been very good to me and I've been
given a kind of assurance. I know the country will grumble a bit about
my ways of doing things, but will follow me in the end. I know that we
shall win a clean victory. Jordan has been a hard road to travel, but
I feel that in spite of all our frailties we'll be dumped on the right
side of that stream. After that...”
“After that,” said Stanton, with something like enthusiasm in his voice,
“you'll be the first President of a truly united America, with a power
and prestige the greatest since Washington.”
Lincoln's gaze had left the other's face and was fixed on the blue dusk
now gathering in the window.
“I don't know about that,” he said. “When the war's over, I think I'll
go home.”
IV
Two years passed and once again it was spring in Washington--about
half-past ten of the evening of the 14th of April--Good Friday--the
first Eastertide of peace. The streets had been illuminated for victory,
and the gas jets were still blazing, while a young moon, climbing the
sky, was dimming their murky yellow with its cold pure light. Tenth
Street was packed from end to end by a silent mob. As a sponge cleans a
slate, so exhilaration had been wiped off their souls. On the porch of
Ford's Theatre some gaudy posters advertised Tom Taylor's comedy, Our
American Cousin, and the steps were littered with paper and orange peel
and torn fragments of women's clothes, for the exit of the audience had
been hasty. Lights still blazed in the building, for there was nobody to
put them out. In front on the side-walk was a cordon of soldiers.
Stanton elbowed his way through the throng to the little house, Mr.
Peterson's, across the street. The messenger from the War Department
had poured wild news into his ear,--wholesale murder, everybody--the
President--Seward--Grant. Incredulous he had hurried forth and the sight
of that huge still crowd woke fear in him. The guards at Mr. Peterson's
door recognised him and he was admitted. As he crossed the threshold he
saw ominous dark stains.
A kitchen candle burned below the hat-rack in the narrow hall, and
showed further stains on the oilcloth. From a room on the left hand came
the sound of women weeping.
The door at the end of the passage was ajar. It opened on a bare little
place, once perhaps the surgery of some doctor in small practice, but
now a bedroom. A door gave at the farther side on a tiny verandah, and
this and the one window were wide open. An oil lamp stood on a table by
the bed and revealed a crowd of people. A man lay on the camp-bed, lying
aslant for he was too long for it. A sheet covered his lower limbs, but
his breast and shoulders had been bared. The head was nearest to the
entrance, propped on an outjutting bolster.
A man was leaving whom Stanton recognised as Dr. Stone, the Lincoln
family physician. The doctor answered his unspoken question. “Dying,” he
said. “Through the brain. The bullet is now below the left eye. He may
live for a few hours--scarcely the night.”
Stanton moved to the foot of the bed like one in a dream. He saw that
Barnes, the Surgeon-General, sat on a deal chair on the left side,
holding the dying man's hand. Dr. Gurley, the minister, sat beside
the bed. He noted Sumner and Welles and General Halleck and Governor
Dennison, and back in the gloom the young Robert Lincoln. But he
observed them only as he would have observed figures in a picture. They
were but shadows; the living man was he who was struggling on the bed
with death.
Lincoln's great arms and chest were naked, and Stanton, who had thought
of him as meagre and shrunken, was amazed at their sinewy strength.
He remembered that he had once heard of him as a village Hercules. The
President was unconscious, but some tortured nerve made him moan like
an animal in pain. It was a strange sound to hear from one who had been
wont to suffer with tight lips. To Stanton it heightened the spectral
unreality of the scene. He seemed to be looking at a death in a stage
tragedy.
The trivial voice of Welles broke the silence. He had to give voice to
the emotion which choked him.
“His dream has come true,” he said--“the dream he told us about at the
Cabinet this morning. His ship is nearing the dark shore. He thought it
signified good news from Sherman.”
Stanton did not reply. To save his life he could not have uttered a
word.
Then Gurley, the minister, spoke, very gently, for he was a simple man
sorely moved.
“He has looked so tired for so long. He will have rest now, the deep
rest of the people of God.... He has died for us all.... To-day nineteen
hundred years ago the Son of Man gave His life for the world.... The
President has followed in his Master's steps.”
Sumner was repeating softly to himself, like a litany, that sentence
from the second Inaugural--“With malice toward none, with charity for
all.”
But Stanton was in no mood for words. He was looking at the figure on
the bed, the great chest heaving with the laboured but regular breath,
and living again the years of colleagueship and conflict. He had been
Loyal to him: yes, thank God! he had been loyal. He had quarrelled,
thwarted, criticised, but he had never failed him in a crisis. He had
held up his hands as Aaron and Hur held up the hands of Moses....
The Secretary for War was not in the habit of underrating his own
talents and achievements. But in that moment they seemed less than
nothing. Humility shook him like a passion. Till his dying day his one
boast must be that he had served that figure on the camp-bed. It had
been his high fortune to have his lot cast in the vicinity of supreme
genius. With awe he realised that he was looking upon the passing of
the very great.... There had never been such a man. There could never
be such an one again. So patient and enduring, so wise in all great
matters, so potent to inspire a multitude, so secure in his own soul....
Fools would chatter about his being a son of the people and his career
a triumph of the average man. Average! Great God, he was a ruler of
princes, a master, a compeller of men.... He could imagine what noble
nonsense Sumner would talk.... He looked with disfavor at the classic
face of the Bostonian.
But Sumner for once seemed to share his feelings. He, too, was looking
with reverent eyes towards the bed, and as he caught Stanton's gaze he
whispered words which the Secretary for War did not condemn: “The beauty
of Israel is slain upon thy high places.”
The night hours crawled on with an intolerable slowness. Some of the
watchers sat, but Stanton remained rigid at the bed-foot. He had not
been well of late and had been ordered a long rest by his doctor, but
he was not conscious of fatigue. He would not have left his post for a
king's ransom, for he felt himself communing with the dying, sharing the
last stage in his journey as he had shared all the rough marches. His
proud spirit found a certain solace in the abasement of its humbleness.
A little before six the morning light began to pale the lamps. The
window showed a square of grey cloudy sky, and outside on the porch
there was a drip of rain. The faces revealed by the cold dawn were as
haggard and yellow as that of the dying man. Wafts of the outer air
began to freshen the stuffiness of the little room.
The city was waking up. There came the sound of far-away carts and
horses, and a boy in the lane behind the house began to whistle, and
then to sing. “When I was young,” he sang--
“When I was young I used to wait
At Magea'n table 'n' hand de plate
An' pais de bottie when he was dry,
An' brush away de blue-tailed fly.”
“It's his song,” Stanton said to himself, and with the air came a rush
of strange feelings. He remembered a thousand things, which before had
been only a background of which he had been scarcely conscious. The
constant kindliness, the gentle healing sympathy, the homely humour
which he once thought had irritated but which he now knew had soothed
him.... This man had been twined round the roots of every heart.
All night he had been in an ecstasy of admiration, but now that was
forgotten in a yearning love. The President had been part of his being,
closer to him than wife or child. The boy sang--
“But I can't forget, until I die
Ole Massa an' de blue-tailed fly.”
Stanton's eyes filled with hot tears. He had not wept since his daughter
died.
The breathing from the bed was growing faint. Suddenly the
Surgeon-General held up his hand. He felt the heart and shook his head.
“Fetch your mother,” he said to Robert Lincoln. The minister had dropped
on his knees by the bedside and was praying.
“The President is dead,” said the Surgeon-General, and at the words it
seemed that every head in the room was bowed on the breast.
Stanton took a step forward with a strange appealing motion of the arms.
It was noted by more than one that his pale face was transfigured.
“Yesterday he was America's,” he cried. “Our very own. Now he is all the
world's.... Now he belongs to the ages.”
EPILOGUE
Mr. Francis Hamilton, an honorary attache of the British Embassy, stood
on the steps of the Capitol watching the procession which bore the
President's body from the White House to lie in state in the great
Rotunda. He was a young man of some thirty summers, who after a
distinguished Oxford career was preparing himself with a certain
solemnity for the House of Commons. He sought to be an authority
on Foreign affairs, and with this aim was making a tour among the
legations. Two years before he had come to Washington, intending to
remain for six months, and somewhat to his own surprise had stayed on,
declining to follow his kinsman Lord Lyons to Constantinople. Himself a
staunch follower of Mr. Disraeli, and an abhorrer of Whiggery in all its
forms, he yet found in America's struggle that which appealed both to
his brain and his heart. He was a believer, he told himself, in the
Great State and an opponent of parochialism; so, unlike most of his
friends at home, his sympathies were engaged for the Union. Moreover he
seemed to detect in the protagonists a Roman simplicity pleasing to a
good classic.
Mr. Hamilton was sombrely but fashionably dressed and wore a gold
eyeglass on a black ribbon, because he fancied that a monocle adroitly
used was a formidable weapon in debate. He had neat small sidewhiskers,
and a pleasant observant eye. With him were young Major Endicott
from Boston and the eminent Mr. Russell Lowell, who, as Longfellow's
successor in the Smith Professorship and one of the editors of The North
American Review, was a great figure in cultivated circles. Both were
acquaintances made by Mr. Hamilton on a recent visit to Harvard.
He found it agreeable to have a few friends with whom he could have
scholarly talk.
The three watched the procession winding through the mourning streets.
Every house was draped in funeral black, the passing bell tolled from
every church, and the minute-guns boomed at the City Hall and on Capitol
Hill. Mr. Hamilton regarded the cortege at first with a critical eye.
The events of the past week had wrought in him a great expectation,
which he feared would be disappointed. It needed a long tradition to do
fitting honour to the man who had gone. Had America such a tradition? he
asked himself.... The coloured troops marching at the head of the line
pleased him. That was a happy thought. He liked, too, the business-like
cavalry and infantry, and the battered field-pieces.... He saw his Chief
among the foreign Ministers, bearing a face of portentous solemnity....
But he liked best the Illinois and Kentucky delegates; he thought the
dead President would have liked them too.
Major Endicott was pointing out the chief figures. “There's Grant...
and Stanton, looking more cantankerous than ever. They say he's
brokenhearted.” But Mr. Hamilton had no eye for celebrities. He was
thinking rather of those plain mourners from the west, and of the
poorest house in Washington decked with black. This is a true national
sorrow, he thought. He had been brought up as a boy from Eton to see
Wellington's funeral, and the sight had not impressed him like this. For
the recent months had awakened odd emotions in his orderly and somewhat
cynical soul. He had discovered a hero.
The three bared their heads as the long line filed by. Mr. Lowell said
nothing. Now and then he pulled at his moustaches as if to hide some
emotion which clamoured for expression. The mourners passed into the
Capitol, while the bells still tolled and the guns boomed. The cavalry
escort formed up on guard; from below came the sound of sharp commands.
Mr. Hamilton was shaken out of the admirable detachment which he had
cultivated. He wanted to sit down and sob like a child. Some brightness
had died in the air, some great thing had gone for ever from the world
and left it empty. He found himself regarding the brilliant career
which he had planned for himself with a sudden disfavour. It was
only second-rate after all, that glittering old world of courts and
legislatures and embassies. For a moment he had had a glimpse of
the firstrate, and it had shivered his pretty palaces. He wanted now
something which he did not think he would find again.
The three turned to leave, and at last Mr. Lowell spoke.
“There goes,” he said, “the first American!”
Mr. Hamilton heard the words as he was brushing delicately with his
sleeve a slight berufflement of his silk hat.
“I dare say you are right, Professor,” he said. “But I think it is also
the last of the Kings.”
*****
Original Transcriber's Notes:
This is best viewed at 10 point rather than 12. DB
From: mary starr
Subject: The Path of the King
There are many old-fashioned spellings in this book as well as many
English spellings.
I have made notes of some of the things that might be assumed to be
errors.
Notes:
ise instead of ize such as in realise
ence, instead of ense as in offence
chapt 2..firstfruits is one word
chapter 4. Soldan of Egypt is correct
travelled is correct with 2 l's
defence is correct... practise is correct
chapter 6, He, drawer!” is correct, the He is accented.
chapter 7, instalment is the way it's spelled in the book.
Tchut in chapt 9 is correct
tittuped in chapt 11 is correct
accompt-book chapt 11 is correct
offences is correct throughout the book
O-hio in chapter 12 is correct
Her husband, Tom Linkhorn, thought she mending, Chapt 13 is correct (no
was in the line.)
sensible ob it ....ch 14 is correct