[1] In Africa also, among the non-Mahommedan negroes of the west
coast and the Bahima of the Victoria Nyanza, the seclusion of women
of the upper classes has been practised in states (e.g. Ashanti and
Buganda) possessing a considerable degree of civilization.
HARFLEUR, a port of France in the department of Seine-Inferieure, about
6 m. E. of Havre by rail. Pop. (1906) 2864. It lies in the fertile
valley of the Lezarde, at the foot of wooded hills not far from the
north bank of the estuary of the Seine. The port, which had been
rendered almost inaccessible owing to the deposits of the Lezarde, again
became available on the opening of the Tancarville canal (1887)
connecting it with the port of Havre and with the Seine. Vessels drawing
18 ft. can moor alongside the quays of the new port, which is on a
branch of the canal, has some trade in coal and timber, and carries on
fishing. The church of St Martin is the most remarkable building in the
town, and its lofty stone steeple forms a landmark for the pilots of the
river. It dates from the 15th and 16th centuries, but the great portal
is the work of the 17th, and the whole has undergone modern restoration.
Of the old castle there are only insignificant ruins, near which, in a
fine park, stands the present castle, a building of the 17th century.
The old ramparts of the town are now replaced by manufactories, and the
fosses are transformed into vegetable gardens. There is a statue of Jean
de Grouchy, lord of Monterollier, under whose leadership the English
were expelled from the town in 1435. The industries include distilling,
metal founding and the manufacture of oil and grease.
Harfleur is identified with _Caracotinum_, the principal port of the
ancient Calates. In the middle ages, when its name, Herosfloth,
Harofluet or Hareflot, was still sufficiently uncorrupted to indicate
its Norman derivation, it was the principal seaport of north-western
France. In 1415 it was captured by Henry V. of England, but when in 1435
the people of the district of Caux rose against the English, 104 of the
inhabitants opened the gates of the town to the insurgents, and thus got
rid of the foreign yoke. The memory of the deed was long perpetuated by
the bells of St Martin's tolling 104 strokes. Between 1445 and 1449 the
English were again in possession; but the town was recovered for the
French by Dunois. In the 16th century the port began to dwindle in
importance owing to the silting up of the Seine estuary and the rise of
Havre. In 1562 the Huguenots put Harfleur to pillage, and its registers
and charters perished in the confusion; but its privileges were restored
by Charles IX. in 1568, and it was not till 1710 that it was subjected
to the "taille."
HARIANA, a tract of country in the Punjab, India, once the seat of a
flourishing Hindu civilization. It consists of a level upland plain,
interspersed with patches of sandy soil, and largely overgrown with
brushwood. The Western Jumna canal irrigates the fields of a large
number of its villages. Since the 14th century Hissar has been the local
capital. During the troubled period which followed on the decline of the
Mogul empire, Hariana formed the battlefield where the Mahrattas,
Bhattis and Sikhs met to settle their territorial quarrels. The whole
country was devastated by the famine of 1783. In 1797-1798 Hariana was
overrun by the famous Irish adventurer George Thomas, who established
his capital at Hansi; in 1801 he was dispossessed by Sindhia's French
general Perron; in 1803 Hariana passed under British rule. On the
conquest of the Punjab Hariana was broken up into the districts of
Hissar, Rohtak and Sirsa, which last has in its turn been divided
between Hissar and Ferozepore.
HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (1561-1612), English writer, was born at Kelston,
near Bath, in 1561. His father, John Harington, acquired considerable
estates by marrying Etheldreda, a natural daughter of Henry VIII., and
after his wife's death he was attached to the service of the Princess
Elizabeth. He married Isabella Markham, one of her ladies, and on Mary's
accession he and his wife were imprisoned in the Tower with the
princess. John, the son of the second marriage, was Elizabeth's godson.
He studied at Eton and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he took the
degree of M.A., his tutor being John Still, afterwards bishop of Bath
and Wells, formerly reputed to be the author of _Gammer Gurton's
Needle_. He came up to London about 1583 and was entered at Lincoln's
Inn, but his talents marked him out for success at court rather than for
a legal career. Tradition relates that he translated the story of
Giocondo from Ariosto and was reproved by the queen for acquainting her
ladies with so indiscreet a selection. He was to retire to his seat at
Kelston until he completed the translation of the entire work. _Orlando
Furioso_ in English heroical verse was published in 1591 and reprinted
in 1607 and 1634. Harington was high sheriff of Somerset in 1592 and
received Elizabeth at his house during her western progress of 1591. In
1596 he published in succession _The Metamorphosis of Ajax_, _An
Anatomie of the Metamorphosed Ajax_, and _Ulysses upon Ajax_, the three
forming collectively a very absurd and indecorous work of a
Pantagruelistic kind. An allusion to Leicester in this book threw the
writer into temporary disgrace, but in 1598 he received a commission to
serve in Ireland under Essex. He was knighted on the field, to the
annoyance of Elizabeth. Harington saved himself from being involved in
Essex's disgrace by writing an account of the Irish campaign which
increased Elizabeth's anger against the unfortunate earl. Among some
papers found in the chapter library at York was a _Tract on the
Succession to the Crown_ (1602), written by Harington to secure the
favour of the new king, to whom he sent the gift of a lantern
constructed to symbolize the waning glory of the late queen and James's
own splendour. This pamphlet, which contains many details of great
interest about Elizabeth and gives an unprejudiced sketch of the
religious question, was edited for the Roxburghe Club in 1880 by Sir
Clements Markham. Harington's efforts to win favour at the new court
were unsuccessful. In 1605 he even asked for the office of chancellor of
Ireland and proposed himself as archbishop. The document in which he
preferred this extraordinary request was published in 1879 with the
title of _A Short View of the State of Ireland written in 1605_.
Harington was before his time in advocating a policy of generosity and
conciliation towards that country. He eventually succeeded in obtaining
a position as one of the tutors of Prince Henry, for whom he annotated
Francis Godwin's _De praesulibus Angliae_. Harington's grandson, John
Chetwind, found in this somewhat scandalous production an argument for
the Presbyterian side, and published it in 1653, under the title of _A
Briefe View of the State of the Church, &c._
Harington died at Kelston on the 20th of November 1612. His _Epigrams_
were printed in a collection entitled _Alcilia_ in 1613, and separately
in 1615. The translation of the _Orlando Furioso_ was carried out with
skill and perseverance. It is not to be supposed that Harington failed
to realize the ironic quality of his original, but he treated it as a
serious allegory to suit the temper of Queen Elizabeth's court. He was
neither a very exact scholar nor a very poetical translator, and he
cannot be named in the same breath with Fairfax. The _Orlando Furioso_
was sumptuously illustrated, and to it was prefixed an _Apologie of
Poetrie_, justifying the subject matter of the poem, and, among other
technical matters, the author's use of disyllabic and trisyllabic
rhymes, also a life of Ariosto compiled by Harington from various
Italian sources. Harington's Rabelaisian pamphlets show that he was
almost equally endowed with wit and indelicacy, and his epigrams are
sometimes smart and always easy. His works include _The Englishman's
Doctor, Or the School of Salerne_ (1608), and _Nugae antiquae_,
miscellaneous papers collected in 1779.
_A biographical account of Harington is prefixed to the Roxburghe Club
edition of his tract on the succession mentioned above._
HARIRI [Abu Mahommed ul-Qasim ibn 'Ali ibn Mahommed al-Hariri,] i.e.
"the manufacturer or seller of silk"] (1054-1122), Arabian writer, was
born at Basra. He owned a large estate with 18,000 date-palms at Mashan,
a village near Basra. He is said to have occupied a government position,
but devoted his life to the study of the niceties of the Arabic
language. On this subject he wrote a grammatical poem the _Mulhat
ul-'Irab_ (French trans. _Les Recreations grammaticales_ with notes by
L. Pinto, Paris 1885-1889; extracts in S. de Sacy's _Anthologie arabe_,
pp. 145-151, Paris, 1829); a work on the faults of the educated called
_Durrat ul-Ghawwas_ (ed. H. Thorbecke, Leipzig, 1871), and some smaller
treatises such as the two letters on words containing the letters _sin_
and _shin_ (ed. in Arnold's _Chrestomathy_, pp. 202-9). But his fame
rests chiefly on his fifty _maqamas_ (see ARABIA: _Literature_, section
"Belles Lettres"). These were written in rhymed prose like those of
Hamadhani, and are full of allusions to Arabian history, poetry and
tradition, and discussions of difficult points of Arabic grammar and
rhetoric.
The Maqamas have been edited with Arabic commentary by S. de Sacy
(Paris, 1822, 2nd ed. with French notes by Reinaud and J. Derenbourg,
Paris, 1853); with English notes by F. Steingass (London, 1896). An
English translation with notes was made by T. Preston (London, 1850),
and another by T. Chenery and F. Steingass (London, 1867 and 1898).
Many editions have been published in the East with commentaries,
especially with that of Sharishi (d. 1222). (G. W. T.)
HARI-RUD, a river of Afghanistan. It rises in the northern slopes of the
Koh-i-Baba to the west of Kabul, and finally loses itself in the Tejend
oasis north of the Trans-Caspian railway and west of Merv. It runs a
remarkably straight course westward through a narrow trough from
Daolatyar to Obeh, amidst the bleak wind-swept uplands of the highest
central elevations in Afghanistan. From Obeh to Kuhsan 50 m. west of
Herat, it forms a valley of great fertility, densely populated and
highly cultivated; practically all its waters being drawn off for
purposes of irrigation. It is the contrast between the cultivated aspect
of the valley of Herat and the surrounding desert that has given Herat
its great reputation for fertility. Three miles to the south of Herat
the Kandahar road crosses the river by a masonry bridge of 26 arches now
in ruins. A few miles below Herat the river begins to turn north-west,
and after passing through a rich country to Kuhsan, it turns due north
and breaks through the Paropamisan hills. Below Kuhsan it receives fresh
tributaries from the west. Between Kuhsan and Zulfikar it forms the
boundary between Afghanistan and Persia, and from Zulfikar to Sarakhs
between Russia and Persia. North of Sarakhs it diminishes rapidly in
volume till it is lost in the sands of the Turkman desert. The Hari-Rud
marks the only important break existing in the continuity of the great
central water-parting of Asia. It is the ancient Arius. (T. H. H.*)
HARISCHANDRA, in Hindu mythology, the 28th king of the Solar race. He
was renowned for his piety and justice. He is the central figure of
legends in the Aitareyabrahmana, Mahabharata and the Markandeyapurana.
In the first he is represented as so desirous of a son that he vows to
Varuna that if his prayer is granted the boy shall be eventually
sacrificed to the latter. The child is born, but Harischandra, after
many delays, arranges to purchase another's son and make a vicarious
sacrifice. According to the Mahabharata he is at last promoted to
Paradise as the reward for his munificent charity.
HARITH IBN HILLIZA UL-YASHKURI, pre-Islamic Arabian poet of the tribe of
Bakr, famous as the author of one of the poems generally received among
the Mo'allakat (q.v.). Nothing is known of the details of his life.
HARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON (13th cent.), called also al-Harizi, a Spanish
Hebrew poet and traveller. He translated from the Arabic to Hebrew some
of the works of Maimonides (q.v.) and also of the Arab poet Hariri. His
own most considerable work was the _Tahkemoni_, composed between 1218
and 1220. This is written in Hebrew in unmetrical rhymes, in what is
commonly termed "rhymed prose." It is a series of humorous episodes,
witty verses, and quaint applications of Scriptural texts. The episodes
are bound together by the presence of the hero and of the narrator, who
is also the author. Harizi not only brought to perfection the art of
applying Hebrew to secular satire, but he was also a brilliant literary
critic and his _makame_ on the Andalusian Hebrew poets is a fruitful
source of information.
See, on the _Tahkemoni_, Kaempf, _Nicht-andalusische Poesie
andalusischer Dichter_ (Prague, 1858). In that work a considerable
section of the _Tahkemoni_ is translated into German. (I. A.)
HARKNESS, ALBERT (1822-1907), American classical scholar, was born at
Mendon, Massachusetts, on the 6th of October 1822. He graduated at Brown
University in 1842, taught in the Providence high school in 1843-1853,
studied in Berlin, Bonn (where in 1854 he was the first American to
receive the degree of Ph.D.) and Gottingen, and was professor of Greek
language and literature in Brown University from 1855 to 1892, when he
became professor emeritus. He was one of the founders in 1869 of the
American Philological Association, of which he was president in
1875-1876, and to whose _Transactions_ he made various contributions;
was a member of the Archaeological Institute's committee on founding the
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and served as the second
director of that school in 1883-1884. He studied English and German
university methods during trips to Europe in 1870 and 1883, and
introduced a new scholarly spirit into American teaching of Latin in
secondary schools with a series of Latin text-books, which began in 1851
with a _First Latin Book_ and continued for more than fifty years. His
_Latin Grammar_ (1864, 1881) and _Complete Latin Grammar_ (1898) are his
best-known books. He was a member of the board of fellows of Brown
University from 1904 until his death, and in 1904-1905 was president of
the Rhode Island Historical Society. He died in Providence, Rhode
Island, on the 27th of May 1907.
His son, ALBERT GRANGER HARKNESS (1857- ), also a classical scholar,
was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on the 19th of November 1857. He
graduated at Brown University in 1879, studied in Germany in 1879-1883,
and was professor of German and Latin at Madison (now Colgate)
University from 1883 to 1889, and associate professor of Latin at Brown
from 1889 to 1893, when he was appointed to the chair of Roman
literature and history there. He was director of the American School of
Classical Studies in Rome in 1902-1903.
HARKNESS, ROBERT (1816-1878), English geologist, was born at Ormskirk,
Lancashire, on the 28th of July 1816. He was educated at the high
school, Dumfries, and afterwards (1833-1834) at the university of
Edinburgh where he acquired an interest in geology from the teachings of
Robert Jameson and J. D. Forbes. Returning to Ormskirk he worked
zealously at the local geology, especially on the Coal-measures and New
Red Sandstone, his first paper (read before the Manchester Geol. Soc. in
1843) being on _The Climate of the Coal Epoch_. In 1848 his family went
to reside in Dumfries and there he commenced to work on the Silurian
rocks of the S.W. of Scotland, and in 1849 he carried his investigations
into Cumberland. In these regions during the next few years he added
much to our knowledge of the strata and their fossils, especially
graptolites, in papers read before the Geological Society of London. He
wrote also on the New Red rocks of the north of England and Scotland. In
1853 he was appointed professor of geology in Queen's College, Cork, and
in 1856 he was elected F.R.S. During this period he wrote some articles
on the geology of parts of Ireland, and exercised much influence as a
teacher, but he returned to England during his vacations and devoted
himself assiduously to the geology of the Lake district. He was also a
constant attendant at the meetings of the British Association. In 1876
the syllabus for the Queen's Colleges in Ireland was altered, and
Professor Harkness was required to lecture not only on geology,
palaeontology, mineralogy and physical geography, but also on zoology
and botany. The strain of the extra work proved too much, he decided to
relinquish his post, and had retired but a short time when he died, on
the 4th of October 1878.
"Memoir," by J. G. Goodchild, in _Trans. Cumberland Assoc._ No. viii.
(with portrait). In memory of Professor Harkness his sister
established two Harkness scholarships. One scholarship (of the value
of about L35 a year, tenable for three years) for women, tenable at
either Girton or Newnham College, Cambridge, is awarded triennially to
the best candidate in an examination in geology and palaeontology,
provided that proficiency be shown; the other, for men, is vested in
the hands of the university of Cambridge, and is awarded annually, any
member of the university being eligible who has graduated as a B.A.,
"provided that not more than three years have elapsed since the 19th
day of December next following his final examination for the degree of
bachelor of arts."
HARLAN, JAMES (1820-1899), American politician, was born in Clark
county, Illinois, on the 26th of August 1820. He graduated from Indiana
Asbury (now De Pauw) University in 1845, was president (1846-1847) of
the newly founded and short-lived Iowa City College, studied law, was
first superintendent of public instruction in Iowa in 1847-1848, and was
president of Iowa Wesleyan University in 1853-1855. He took a prominent
part in organizing the Republican party in Iowa, and was a member of the
United States Senate from 1855 to 1865, when he became secretary of the
interior. He had been a delegate to the peace convention in 1861, and
from 1861 to 1865 was chairman of the Senate committee on public lands.
He disapproved of President Johnson's conservative reconstruction
policy, retired from the cabinet in August 1866, and from 1867 to 1873
was again a member of the United States Senate. In 1866 he was a
delegate to the loyalists' convention at Philadelphia. One of his
principal speeches in the Senate was that which he made in March 1871 in
reply to Sumner's and Schurz's attack on President Grant's Santo
Domingan policy. He was presiding judge of the court of commissioners of
Alabama claims (1882-1885). He died in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, on the 5th
of October 1899.
HARLAN, JOHN MARSHALL (1833- ), American jurist, was born in Boyle
county, Kentucky, on the 1st of June 1833. He graduated at Centre
College, Danville, Ky., in 1850, and at the law department of
Transylvania University, Lexington, in 1853. He was county judge of
Franklin county in 1858-1859, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress
on the Whig ticket in 1859, and was elector on the Constitutional Union
ticket in 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he recruited and
organized the Tenth Kentucky United States Volunteer Infantry, and in
1861-1863 served as colonel. Retiring from the army in 1863, he was
elected by the Union party attorney-general of the state, and was
re-elected in 1865, serving from 1863 to 1867, when he removed to
Louisville to practise law. He was the Republican candidate for governor
in 1871 and in 1875, and was a member of the commission which was
appointed by President Hayes early in 1877 to accomplish the recognition
of one or other of the existing state governments of Louisiana (q.v.);
and he was a member of the Bering Sea tribunal which met in Paris in
1893. On the 29th of November 1877 he became an associate justice of the
United States Supreme Court. In this position he showed himself a
liberal constructionist. In opinions on the Civil Rights cases and in
the interpretation of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the
Constitution, he dissented from the majority of the court and advocated
increasing the power of the Federal government. He supported the
constitutionality of the income tax clause in the Wilson Tariff Bill of
1894, and he drafted the decision of the court in the Northern
Securities Company Case, which applied to railways the provisions of the
Sherman Anti-Trust Law. In 1889 he became a professor in the Law School
of the Columbian University (afterwards George Washington University) in
Washington, D.C.
HARLAND, HENRY (1861-1905), American novelist, was born in St
Petersburg, Russia, in March 1861, and was educated in New York and at
Harvard. He went to Europe as a journalist, and, after publishing
several novels, mainly of American-Jewish life (under the name of Sidney
Luska), first made his literary reputation in London as editor of the
_Yellow Book_ in 1894. His association with this clever publication, and
his own contributions to it, brought his name into prominence, but it
was not till he published _The Cardinal's Snuff-box_ (1900), followed
by _The Lady Paramount_ (1902), that his lightly humorous touch and
picturesque style as a novelist brought him any real success. His health
was always delicate, and he died at San Remo on the 20th of December
1905.
HARLAY DE CHAMPVALLON, FRANCOIS DE (1625-1695), 5th archbishop of Paris,
was born in that city on the 14th of August 1625. Nephew of Francois de
Harlay, archbishop of Rouen, he was presented to the abbey of Jumieges
immediately on leaving the College de Navarre, and he was only
twenty-six when he succeeded his uncle in the archiepiscopal see. He was
transferred to the see of Paris in 1671, he was nominated by the king
for the cardinalate in 1690, and the domain of St Cloud was erected into
a duchy in his favour. He was commander of the order of the Saint Esprit
and a member of the French Academy. During the early part of his
political career he was a firm adherent of Mazarin, and is said to have
helped to procure his return from exile. His private life gave rise to
much scandal, but he had a great capacity for business, considerable
learning, and was an eloquent and persuasive speaker. He definitely
secured the favour of Louis XIV. by his support of the claims of the
Gallican Church formulated by the declaration made by the clergy in
assembly on the 19th of March 1682, when Bossuet accused him of
truckling to the court like a valet. One of the three witnesses of the
king's marriage with Madame de Maintenon, he was hated by her for using
his influence with the king to keep the matter secret. He had a weekly
audience of Louis XIV. in company with Pere la Chaise on the affairs of
the Church in Paris, but his influence gradually declined, and
Saint-Simon, who bore him no good will for his harsh attitude to the
Jansenists, says that his friends deserted him as the royal favour
waned, until at last most of his time was spent at Conflans in company
with the duchess of Lesdiguieres, who alone was faithful to him. He
urged the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and showed great severity
to the Huguenots at Dieppe, of which he was temporal and spiritual lord.
He died suddenly, without having received the sacraments, on the 6th of
August 1695. His funeral discourse was delivered by the Pere Gaillard,
and Mme de Sevigne made on the occasion the severe comment that there
were only two trifles to make this a difficult matter--his life and his
death.
See Abbe Legendre, _Vita Francisci de Harlay_ (Paris, 1720) and _Eloge
de Harlay_ (1695); Saint-Simon, _Memoires_ (vol. ii., ed. A. de
Boislisle, 1879), and numerous references in the _Lettres_ of Mme de
Sevigne.
HARLECH (perhaps for _Hardd lech_, fair slate, or _Harleigh_, an
Anglicized variant), a town of Merionethshire, Wales, 38 m. from
Aberystwyth, and 29 from Carnarvon on the Cambrian railway. Pop. 900.
Ruins of a fortress crown the rock of Harlech, about half a mile from
the sea. Discovery of Roman coins makes it probable that it was once
occupied by the Romans. In the 3rd century Bronwen (white bosom),
daughter of Bran Fendigaid (the blessed), is said to have stayed here,
perhaps by force; and there was here a tower, called Twr Bronwen, and
replaced about A.D. 550 by the building of Maelgwyn Gwynedd, prince of
North Wales. In the early 10th century, Harlech castle was, apparently,
repaired by Colwyn, lord of Ardudwy, founder of one of the fifteen North
Wales tribes, and thence called Caer Colwyn. The present structure
dates, like many others in the principality, from Edward I., perhaps
even from the plans of the architect of Carnarvon and Conway castles,
but with the retention of old portions. It is thought to have been
square, each side measuring some 210 ft., with towers and turrets.
Glendower held it for four years. Here, in 1460, Margaret, wife of Henry
VI., defeated at Northampton, took refuge. Dafydd ap Ieuan ap Einion
held it for the Lancastrians, until famine, rather than Edward IV., made
him surrender. From this time is said to date the air "March of the men
of Harlech" (_Rhyfelgerdd gwyr Harlech_). The castle was alternately
Roundhead and Cavalier in the civil war. Edward I. made Harlech a free
borough, and it was formerly the county town. It is in the parish of
Llandanwg (pop. in 1901, 931). Though interesting from an antiquarian
point of view, the district around, especially Dyffryn Ardudwy (the
valley), is dreary and desolate, e.g. Drws (the door of) Ardudwy,
Rhinog fawr and Rhinog fach (cliffs); an exception is the verdant Cwm
bychan (little combe or hollow). The Meini gwyr Ardudwy (stones of the
men of Ardudwy) possibly mark the site of a fight.
HARLEQUIN, in modern pantomime, the posturing and acrobatic character
who gives his name to the "harlequinade," attired in mask and
parti-coloured and spangled tights, and provided with a sword like a
bat, by which, himself invisible, he works wonders. It has generally
been assumed that Harlequin was transferred to France from the
"Arlecchino" of Italian medieval and Renaissance popular comedy; but Dr
Driesen in his _Ursprung des Harlekins_ (Berlin, 1904) shows that this
is incorrect. An old French "Harlekin" (Herlekin, Hellequin and other
variants) is found in folk-literature as early as 1100; he had already
become proverbial as a ragamuffin of a demoniacal appearance and
character; in 1262 a number of harlekins appear in a play by Adam de la
Halle as the intermediaries of King Hellekin, prince of Fairyland, in
courting Morgan le Fay; and it was not till much later that the French
Harlekin was transformed into the Italian Arlecchino. In his typical
French form down to the time of Gottsched, he was a spirit of the air,
deriving thence his invisibility and his characteristically light and
aery whirlings. Subsequently he returned from the Italian to the French
stage, being imported by Marivaux into light comedy; and his various
attributes gradually became amalgamated into the latter form taken in
pantomime.
HARLESS (originally HARLES), GOTTLIEB CHRISTOPH (1738-1815), German
classical scholar and bibliographer, was born at Culmbach in Bavaria on
the 21st of June 1738. He studied at Halle, Erlangen and Jena. In 1765
he was appointed professor of oriental languages and eloquence at the
Gymnasium Casimirianum in Coburg, in 1770 professor of poetry and
eloquence at Erlangen, and in 1776 librarian of the university. He held
his professorship for forty-five years till his death on the 2nd of
November 1815. Harless was an extremely prolific writer. His numerous
editions of classical authors, deficient in originality and critical
judgment, although valuable at the time as giving the student the
results of the labours of earlier scholars, are now entirely superseded.
But he will always be remembered for his meritorious work in connexion
with the great _Bibliotheca Graeca_ of J. A. Fabricius, of which he
published a new and revised edition (12 vols., 1790-1809, not quite
completed),--a task for which he was peculiarly qualified. He also wrote
much on the history and bibliography of Greek and Latin literature.
His life was written by his son, Johann Christian Friedrich Harless
(1818).
HARLESS, GOTTLIEB CHRISTOPH ADOLF VON (1806-1879), German divine, was
born at Nuremberg on the 21st of November 1806, and was educated at the
universities of Erlangen and Halle. He was appointed professor of
theology at Erlangen in 1836 and at Leipzig in 1845. He was a strong
Lutheran and exercised a powerful influence in that direction as court
preacher in Dresden and as president of the Protestant consistory at
Munich. His chief works were _Theologische Encyklopadie und
Methodologie_ (1837) and _Die christliche Ethik_ (1842, Eng. trans.
1868). He died on the 5th of September 1879, having, a few years
earlier, written an autobiography under the title _Bruchstucke aus dem
Leben eines suddeutschen Theologen_.
HARLINGEN, a seaport in the province of Friesland, Holland, on the
Zuider Zee, and the terminus of the railway and canal from Leeuwarden
(15-1/2 m. E.). It is connected by steam tramway by way of Bolswaard
with Sneek. Pop. (1900) 10,448. Harlingen has become the most
considerable seaport of Friesland since the construction of the large
outer harbour in 1870-1877, and in addition to railway and steamship
connexion with Bremen, Amsterdam, and the southern provinces there are
regular sailings to Hull and London. Powerful sluices protect the inner
harbour from the high tides. The only noteworthy buildings are the town
hall (1730-1733), the West church, which consists of a part of the
former castle of Harlingen, the Roman Catholic church, the Jewish
synagogue and the schools of navigation and of design. The chief trade
of Harlingen is the exportation of Frisian produce, namely, butter and
cheese, cattle, sheep, fish, potatoes, flax, &c. There is also a
considerable import trade in timber, coal, raw cotton, hemp and jute for
the Twente factories. The local industries are unimportant, consisting
of saw-mills, rope-yards, salt refineries, and sail-cloth and margarine
factories.
HARMATTAN, the name of a hot dry parching wind that blows during
December, January and February on the coast of Upper Guinea, bringing a
high dense haze of red dust which darkens the air. The natives smear
their bodies with oil or fat while this parching wind is blowing.
HARMODIUS, a handsome Athenian youth, and the intimate friend of
Aristogeiton. Hipparchus, the younger brother of the tyrant Hippias,
endeavoured to supplant Aristogeiton in the good graces of Harmodius,
but, failing in the attempt, revenged himself by putting a public
affront on Harmodius's sister at a solemn festival. Thereupon the two
friends conspired with a few others to murder both the tyrants during
the armed procession at the Panathenaic festival (514 B.C.), when the
people were allowed to carry arms (this licence is denied by Aristotle
in _Ath. Pol._). Seeing one of their accomplices speaking to Hippias,
and imagining that they were being betrayed, they prematurely attacked
and slew Hipparchus alone. Harmodius was cut down on the spot by the
guards, and Aristogeiton was soon captured and tortured to death. When
Hippias was expelled (510), Harmodius and Aristogeiton became the most
popular of Athenian heroes; their descendants were exempted from public
burdens, and had the right of public entertainment in the Prytaneum, and
their names were celebrated in popular songs and scolia (after-dinner
songs) as the deliverers of Athens. One of these songs, attributed to a
certain Callistratus, is preserved in Athenaeus (p. 695). Their statues
by Antenor in the agora were carried off by Xerxes and replaced by new
ones by Critius and Nesiotes. Alexander the Great afterwards sent back
the originals to Athens. It is not agreed which of these was the
original of the marble tyrannicide group in the museum at Naples, for
which see article GREEK ART, Pl. I. fig. 50.
See Kopp in _Neue Jahrb. f. klass. Altert._ (1902), p. 609.
HARMONIA, in Greek mythology, according to one account the daughter of
Ares and Aphrodite, and wife of Cadmus. When the government of Thebes
was bestowed upon Cadmus by Athena, Zeus gave him Harmonia to wife. All
the gods honoured the wedding with their presence. Cadmus (or one of the
gods) presented the bride with a robe and necklace, the work of
Hephaestus. This necklace brought misfortune to all who possessed it.
With it Polyneices bribed Eriphyle to persuade her husband Amphiaraus to
undertake the expedition against Thebes. It led to the death of
Eriphyle, of Alcmaeon, of Phegeus and his sons. Even after it had been
deposited in the temple of Athena Pronoia at Delphi, its baleful
influence continued. Phayllus, one of the Phocian leaders in the Sacred
War (352 B.C.) carried it off and gave it to his mistress. After she had
worn it for a time, her son was seized with madness and set fire to the
house, and she perished in the flames. According to another account,
Harmonia belonged to Samothrace and was the daughter of Zeus and
Electra, her brother Iasion being the founder of the mystic rites
celebrated on the island (Diod. Sic. v. 48). Finally, Harmonia is
rationalized as closely allied to Aphrodite Pandemos, the love that
unites all people, the personification of order and civic unity,
corresponding to the Roman Concordia.
Apollodorus iii. 4-7; Diod. Sic. iv. 65, 66; Parthenius, _Erotica_,
25; L. Preller, _Griech. Mythol._; Crusius in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
HARMONIC. In acoustics, a harmonic is a secondary tone which accompanies
the fundamental or primary tone of a vibrating string, reed, &c.; the
more important are the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and octave (see SOUND; HARMONY). A
harmonic proportion in arithmetic and algebra is such that the
reciprocals of the proportionals are in arithmetical proportion; thus,
if a, b, c be in harmonic proportion then 1/a, 1/b, 1/c are in
arithmetical proportion; this leads to the relation 2/b = ac/(a + c). A
harmonic progression or series consists of terms whose reciprocals form
an arithmetical progression; the simplest example is: 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 +
1/4 + ... (see ALGEBRA and ARITHMETIC). The occurrence of a similar
proportion between segments of lines is the foundation of such phrases
as harmonic section, harmonic ratio, harmonic conjugates, &c. (see
GEOMETRY: II. _Projective_). The connexion between acoustical and
mathematical harmonicals is most probably to be found in the Pythagorean
discovery that a vibrating string when stopped at 1/2 and 2/3 of its
length yielded the octave and 5th of the original tone, the numbers,
1-2/3, 1/2 being said to be, probably first by Archytas, in harmonic
proportion. The mathematical investigation of the form of a vibrating
string led to such phrases as harmonic curve, harmonic motion, harmonic
function, harmonic analysis, &c. (see MECHANICS and SPHERICAL
HARMONICS).
HARMONICA, a generic term applied to musical instruments in which sound
is produced by friction upon glass bells. The word is also used to
designate instruments of percussion of the Glockenspiel type, made of
steel and struck by hammers (Ger. _Stahlharmonika_).
The origin of the glass-harmonica tribe is to be found in the
fashionable 18th century instrument known as musical glasses (Fr.
_verrillon_), the principle of which was known already in the 17th
century.[1] The invention of musical glasses is generally ascribed to an
Irishman, Richard Pockrich, who first played the instrument in public in
Dublin in 1743 and the next year in England, but Eisel[2] described the
_verrillon_ and gave an illustration of it in 1738. The _verrillon_ or
_Glassspiel_ consisted of 18 beer glasses arranged on a board covered
with cloth, water being poured in when necessary to alter the pitch. The
glasses were struck on both sides gently with two long wooden sticks in
the shape of a spoon, the bowl being covered with silk or cloth. Eisel
states that the instrument was used for church and other solemn music.
Gluck gave a concert at the "little theatre in the Haymarket" (London)
in April 1746, at which he performed on musical glasses a concerto of
his composition with full orchestral accompaniment. E. H. Delaval is
also credited with the invention. When Benjamin Franklin visited London
in 1757, he was so much struck by the beauty of tone elicited by Delaval
and Pockrich, and with the possibilities of the glasses as musical
instruments, that he set to work on a mechanical application of the
principle involved, the eminently successful result being the glass
harmonica finished in 1762. In this the glass bowls were mounted on a
rotating spindle, the largest to the left, and their under-edges passed
during each revolution through a water-trough. By applying the fingers
to the moistened edges, sound was produced varying in intensity with the
pressure, so that a certain amount of expression was at the command of a
good player. It is said that the timbre was extremely enervating, and,
together with the vibration caused by the friction on the finger-tips,
exercised a highly deleterious effect on the nervous system. The
instrument was for many years in great vogue, not only in England but on
the Continent of Europe, and more especially in Saxony, where it was
accorded a place in the court orchestra. Mozart, Beethoven, Naumann and
Hasse composed music for it. Marianne Davies and Marianna Kirchgessner
were celebrated virtuosi on it. The curious vogue of the instrument, as
sudden as it was ephemeral, produced emulation in a generation
unsurpassed for zeal in the invention of musical instruments. The most
notable of its offspring were Carl Leopold Rollig's improved harmonica
with a keyboard in 1786, Chladni's euphon in 1791 and clavicylinder in
1799, Ruffelsen's melodicon in 1800 and 1803, Franz Leppich's
panmelodicon in 1810, Buschmann's uranion in the same year, &c. Of most
of these nothing now remains but the name and a description in the
_Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung_, but there are numerous specimens of
the Franklin type in the museums for musical instruments of Europe. One
specimen by Emanuel Pohl, a Bohemian maker, is preserved in the Victoria
and Albert Museum, London.