A Visit to a Colonial Home
[Illustration: FIGURE 9. CONJECTURAL SKETCH OF THE PALMER HOUSE,
BATH.]
After looking at maps of North Carolina and its towns, we visit a
colonial home to see what it is like. The Palmer-Marsh house in Bath is
chosen for this purpose because it offers exceptional possibilities for
the kind of visit we want to make.
Figure 9 is a sketch of the big, sturdy house, its out-buildings,
orchard, and gardens which, taken together, look like a self-sufficient
farm. Our sketch of the surroundings is an estimate, based on the plan
of the “Col. Palmer” property seen in Sauthier’s 1769 map of Bath
(figure 10). The map shows the Palmer property “down town” on Water, or
Main Street, which runs along Bath Creek, the house being placed
directly on this business thoroughfare. The front room of the house was
planned for business purposes, and so it has its own door to the street.
Thus the chimney, which ordinarily would have been on this end wall, has
been moved around the corner to the side. The house, thought to have
been built in 1744, was sold to Colonel Palmer in 1764, just a few years
before Sauthier came to Bath.
[Illustration: FIGURE 10. (BELOW), COL. PALMER’S HOUSE, SEEN IN A
DETAIL FROM SAUTHIER’S “PLAN OF BATH, 1769.”]
Of the four out-buildings in a group, a well house is in the foreground.
The drawing shows the well covered by a square, open-sided structure
with pyramidal or hipped roof. The other square building with hipped
roof is a smoke house—where meat was hung and smoked. A smoke house
which exists today on the property is thought to contain the wood frame
of this original structure. Of the two out-buildings with ordinary gable
roofs, one could be a dairy and the other a barn. At the back of the
property are the extensive gardens and the orchard—represented in such
charming fashion on Sauthier’s map. We know that in 1911 the yard of the
house was full of pear, apple, and other fruit trees, the descendants,
perhaps, of the original trees in the orchard.
In the 19th century porches were added to the house (figure 11); but the
porches have recently been removed during a project to restore the house
to what it originally was (figure 12). The juxtaposition of these two
photographs brings the above ideas forcibly to our attention. It is
important to know that almost every colonial house has undergone changes
during the years, and to know the meaning of conscientious restoration.
In the 19th century the house was “modernized” in several ways. The
porches were a very natural addition, especially for hot Carolina
summers. The shutters were removed because they were considered archaic.
In the windows the small 18th century panes of glass were replaced by
larger panes available in the 19th century. Also, the street façade of
the house was made more up-to-date, as can be seen. The gable projects
emphatically and has two horizontal strips at the lower corners. The
gable suggests (vaguely) a pediment on a Greek or Roman temple. (A
_pediment_ is the low triangular gable end of a classical temple). Note
that the supports of the side porch also are classical; they are clean,
elegant Doric columns. The classical ideas mentioned above were popular
in the post-colonial period.
[Illustration: FIGURE 11. THE PALMER HOUSE BEFORE RESTORATION.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 12. AFTER RESTORATION.]
By contrast, the restored house of today is much closer to what is
characteristic of the earlier 18th century in North Carolina. The whole
street façade of the house registers in the viewer’s mind as one simple
plane, without strong overhang at the top, and without any suggestion of
a classical pediment. It is interesting to note that the design and
color of the restored shutters are based on one old red shutter found in
the attic of the house.
Figure 13 shows the back of the house, with its famous double chimney,
an unusual feature rarely found. The windows in the chimney give light
to closets on the first and second floors. In the plan of the first
floor, figure 14, it may be seen how a closet is placed between two
bedrooms, serving one of them. On the floor above, the closet serves the
bedrooms on the other side, thus demonstrating a desire to play fair
with bedrooms on both sides of the house.
At the front of the house is the room planned for business. At various
times through the years it was used for store, courtroom, and parlor. In
the center of the house is a large hall room; it has two outside doors,
and an open stairway to the second floor. The dotted line (· · ·)
indicates a great, central beam used in the construction of the house,
having the exceptional length of 51 feet. The dashed line (- - -)
indicates the former location of a partition; the back bedrooms were
lengthened at the expense of the hall. In the recent restoration of the
house the location of the original partition was discovered, and it has
been restored.
If one compares the plan of the house in figure 14 with that shown on
the Sauthier map, figure 10, it is seen at once that the general
proportions are not the same. Sauthier made a mistake; he got the main
facts, but was unable to take time to measure every single building he
showed.
[Illustration: FIGURE 13. PALMER HOUSE, SHOWING FAMOUS CHIMNEY.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 14. PALMER HOUSE, PLAN.]
Figure 15 shows an interior of the Palmer house. Glance at the plan,
figure 14, and see how this room fits within the total house. Notice the
great beam running across the ceiling and, parallel with it, the beam at
the side wall. Notice also that the side entrance door is framed at the
right by a post which rises to the ceiling. Such exposed beams and posts
suggest the wood skeleton of the house. Skeletal structure is concealed
in most colonial homes that remain today, but is found occasionally as
here in the Palmer house. More will be said later about exposed
construction and about interiors.
[Illustration: FIGURE 15. PALMER-MARSH HOUSE, INTERIOR.]
Our visit to the Palmer house has provided a glimpse into modern,
careful restoration. The house was restored by the Historic Bath
Commission, in co-operation with The Beaufort County Historical Society,
and with assistance from the Historic Sites Division of the North
Carolina Department of Archives and History. The restoration project
included much more work than we have shown. For example, archaeological
study of old foundations in the yard around the house revealed various
uses of the basement and the existence of a 19th-century outside dining
room and kitchen, as was common during this later time.