Colonial Homes
in
North Carolina
_By
John V. Allcott_
_Professor of Art
University of North Carolina_
_A Publication of_
_The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission
Raleigh, North Carolina_
1963
_Reprinted by_
_Division of Archives and History
North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources_
1975
DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
Grace J. Rohrer, _Secretary_
DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY
Larry E. Tise, _Acting Director_
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION
T. Harry Gatton, _Chairman_
Gertrude S. Carraway
Helen G. Edmonds
Frontis W. Johnston
J. C. Knowles
Robert M. Lineberger
Edward W. Phifer, Jr.
The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission was established by the
North Carolina General Assembly to “make plans and develop a program
for celebration of the tercentenary of the granting of the Carolina
Charter of 1663....” As part of this program the commission arranged
for the publication of a number of historical pamphlets for use in
stimulating interest in the study of North Carolina history during the
period 1663-1763. This publication was part of that project.
CONTENTS
_Page_
Foreword vii
Introduction viii
Acknowledgments ix
CHAPTER
I. Colonial North Carolina Seen from the Air—_Old Maps of the
State and of Colonial Towns_ 1
II. A Visit to a Colonial Home 18
III. Kinds of Construction—_Log Houses, Houses with a Wooden
Frame, Brick and Stone Houses, Roofs_ 26
IV. Plan Ideas—_The Study of Floor Plans_ 55
V. Interiors 84
VI. A Note on Later Colonial Architecture 96
VII. The Study of Old Architecture 101
FOREWORD
The following statement was published in the original printing of
_Colonial Homes of North Carolina_: “The Carolina Charter Tercentenary
Commission was established by the North Carolina General Assembly ‘to
make plans and develop a program for celebration of the tercentenary of
the granting of the Carolina Charter of 1663....’ As part of this
program the Commission arranged for the publication of a number of
historical pamphlets for use in stimulating interest in the study of
North Carolina history during the period 1663-1763. This publication is
part of that project.” Because of the widespread acceptance of this
particular pamphlet and continuing demand for it, the Division of
Archives and History of the North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources is reprinting it. When the Carolina Charter Tercentenary
Commission went out of existence at the end of 1663, its stock of
publications was turned over to what was then the State Department of
Archives and History. Since that time several of the pamphlets
originally published by the commission have been reprinted.
Because of monetary limitations, it has not been possible to update this
publication. Readers should be aware of the fact that a number of
projects in progress at the time Dr. Allcott wrote the booklet, such as
the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts in Winston-Salem and Tryon
Palace in New Bern, have been completed.
Chairman of the Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission was the
Honorable Francis E. Winslow of Rocky Mount; executive secretary was
Brig. Gen. John D. F. Phillips, U.S. Army (Ret.).
The awareness of the importance of structures of historical significance
has increased with the recent emphasis on historic preservation. It is
appropriate, therefore, that Dr. John V. Allcott’s work on North
Carolina’s colonial homes be kept in print.
Memory F. Mitchell
_Historical Publications Administrator_
July 1, 1975
INTRODUCTION
This booklet, planned for young student readers, discusses a group of
colonial homes scattered over North Carolina, which remain and can be
seen today. They begin in the early 18th century, for earlier homes have
long since disappeared. The fate of these first buildings is likewise
the fate of most of the churches, courthouses, and other non-domestic
structures built during colonial times. Homes, therefore, chiefly
constitute the first group or body of architecture remaining from the
early and mid-18th century.
Architecture of the final years of the colonial period will be mentioned
only lightly. During this later time new ideas of elegance came into
North Carolina architecture, as in the well known Tryon Palace, to which
we will refer later. For many people who have not thought very much
about colonial architecture, these elegant later buildings, and also
those of the early Republic, stand somehow for all or the best of
“colonial” architecture, and the exciting architecture of an earlier,
bustling, genuinely colonial period is not recognized. It will be useful
in this booklet, therefore, to focus on the architecture of the earlier
18th century and see the simple, vigorous ideas of this period.
These buildings are of surprising variety—they are made of brick, stone,
or wood; they are large and small, plain or fancy in one way or another.
A reason for such diversity is that the colonists, coming from different
foreign countries and settlements in America, brought with them
differing ideas about what a building should look like and how it should
be constructed. These early buildings, however, do hold together as a
group. More important, they show the rise of architectural ideas
especially suited to the hot Carolina summers. Thus, we view our
material both as expressive of a genuine “colonial” period, and as
establishing ideas which reflect Southern life.
[Illustration: Inspecting a house plan]
Besides talking about colonial architecture as an important aspect of
colonial history, this booklet has two special purposes. One is to
interest the student in architecture itself. Some people go through
their whole lives without ever being conscious about buildings they like
or dislike; they do not wonder why one building looks gay, another
sober, and others pompous or unpretentious. This study will provide a
number of approaches to architecture. Using everyday vision, so to
speak, we will see photographs of buildings from outside and inside, in
long-shot and close-up. We will see buildings in plan views and diagrams
which show in a few lines what a photograph cannot. We will look down on
buildings and cities from high in the air (via maps). And we will look
with X-ray eyes into the construction of buildings. In these and other
ways a person begins to experience the manifold realities of
architecture and to understand how architecture ranks with painting and
sculpture as a great, compelling art. Buildings and cities are the
material frame created by man, in which he can breathe and live life as
he desires it.
[Illustration: Inspecting a house foundation]
The other special purpose of this booklet is to induce the student to
investigate old buildings in his or her area—to find them, prowl through
their basements and attics to see how they were made, make sketches and
take photos of them, look up records, and talk to old citizens about
them. People who do this are detectives in a sense; it may take months
before the mysteries of a particular building are solved. This is very
important work. Each day old buildings are destroyed without any record
for architectural history. Such a record can be made only by someone on
the spot over an extended period of time—someone like the reader of this
study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In this booklet we enter the world of two dedicated students of North
Carolina architecture, Professor Louise Hall of Duke University, and Mr.
W. S. Tarlton, Superintendent of the Historic Sites Division of the
State Department of Archives and History. The manuscript was read by
Professor Hall and Mr. Tarlton, and also by Professor Joseph C. Sloane
and Miss Priscilla Roetzel, two of the author’s colleagues at the
University of North Carolina, and by General John D. F. Phillips,
Executive Secretary of the Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission.
These people, warmly interested in our project, made numerous important
suggestions which are reflected in the present booklet. Other North
Carolinians have aided our study of individual buildings:—Mr. Donald
Carrow and Don Carrow Jr., of Bath; Mrs. Guy Springle, Miss Annie L.
Morton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hatsell, and Mr. and Mrs. Marlin Reed of
Beaufort; Dr. and Mrs. William Wassink of Camden; Dr. William Jacocks,
Mrs. Jane Bahnsen, and Mr. William Powell of Chapel Hill; Miss Mary
Louise Phillips of Charlotte; Miss Elizabeth Vann Moore and Mr. David
Warren of Edenton; Mr. and Mrs. John M. Stuart of Elizabeth City; Mr.
and Mrs. L. A. Chenoweth, near Hertford; Mr. and Mrs. Chester Haworth of
High Point; Dr. Mary Claire Engstrom and Mrs. Edward Lloyd of Hillsboro;
Miss Gertrude S. Carraway, Mr. and Mrs. Tull Richardson, and Mr. William
F. Ward of New Bern; Mr. George W. Alexander of Nixonton; Mrs. Sprague
Silver and Miss Sue Todd of Raleigh; Mr. Frank L. Horton of Salem; Mrs.
Henry Fairley, Sr., and Mr. William D. Kizziah of Salisbury; Mrs.
Katherine N. McCall of Southern Pines; Mr. Edmund H. Harding of
Washington; the Misses Eleanora and Joanna MacMillan, near Wilmington;
Mrs. Peter Rascoe of Windsor; and Mr. Henry Jay MacMillan of Wilmington.
Illustrations in this booklet are gratefully acknowledged below. Figures
21, 24, 31, 33 and 60 are photographs by Frances Benjamin Johnston.
These photographs, and also photographs 67 and 70, the maps, figures 1,
2, and 49, and photostats of maps, figures 3, 4, and 10, are in the
Carolina Room, The University of North Carolina Library. Other
photographs come from State agencies in Raleigh: figures 12, 13, and 48
are from the Department of Conservation and Development, and figures 11,
28, 57, 58, 59 and 62 from the Department of Archives and History. Of
other photographs, figure 27 is from Old Salem, Inc.; figures 15, 32,
and 36 are by William Brinkhous; figure 35, from Mrs. John M. Stuart:
figure 71 is by William H. Jennings and is used with his permission.
Figure 5 is used with permission of Harcourt, Brace and Company. Figure
25 is reproduced by permission of Harvard University Press. Other
photographs and drawings are by the author.
CHAPTER I
Colonial North Carolina Seen from the Air
[Illustration: Aerial mapping]
We begin our study from the air. First, like an astronaut high in his
rocket ship, we will look down on colonial maps of North Carolina and
survey the whole 500-mile sweep of the land from mountains in the west
to meandering sea coast in the east. Next, as if in an airplane, we will
look at maps of colonial towns. Then, coming closer to the earth, as in
a helicopter, we will hover over a single home with its several
outbuildings and see what it is like. From this point on, with our feet
on the ground, we will look at buildings close-up.
OLD MAPS OF NORTH CAROLINA
There are quite a number of old maps of North Carolina. Some are
small—the size of a piece of typing paper; others are huge—assemblages
of several large sheets of paper. Early maps, not very accurate in
detail, show a few settlements. Later maps are more accurate and show
the new towns as they were established.
Back of a colonial map stands a surveyor who travelled over the land
making careful drawings. He made the map for the King or other official
of government, for mariners or merchants, or for people like ourselves
who are curious about life on the land. These maps suggest the life of
the colonists, and their architecture, as will be seen.
The study of North Carolina maps has been facilitated by a recent book,
_The Southeast in Early Maps_, by William P. Cumming. Mr. Cumming, a
professor at Davidson College, spent many years searching for maps in
the libraries of our country and Europe. Much of the information and
inspiration for this booklet comes from his work.
One point before we begin looking at maps—words are often “misspelled.”
This happens because some words (as Indian names) were new and spelling
had to be invented for them. There are other reasons, the most appealing
one being that eighteenth-century writers enjoyed a freedom about
spelling.
Figure 1, “A New & Accurate Map of North ... Carolina...” is a detail
from a map of southeastern North America, “drawn from late Surveys ...
by Eman. Bowen.” This map was included in a geography book which Bowen
published in London in 1747. The scale of our illustration is slightly
smaller than that of the original map.
The map gives a grand and sober image of the New World. In the west are
the great “Charokee Mountains.” Individual peaks are shaded on one side,
making them seem massive and solid as they thrust up forcibly from the
land. At the eastern side of the range are little trees, delicate signs
of green timber growth. Big letters tell us that “Virginia” is at the
north, “North Carolina” is in the middle area, and “South” indicates the
beginning of South Carolina, below. A meandering, dotted line bounds
North Carolina, which was not considered as extensive then, as it is
today.
[Illustration: FIGURE 1. DETAIL FROM “A NEW & ACCURATE MAP OF NORTH
... CAROLINA,” LONDON, 1747.]
In the middle and upper part of the map many rivers begin their courses
to the sea. Six or seven of them may be counted. They fan out as they
flow onward, the upper ones moving to the east, the lower ones more to
the south. Fatter and wider they become, finally creating Albemarle
Sound, “Pamticoe” Sound, and other features of the intricate shore line.
The sounds and wide river mouths provided good places for small ships to
land and for towns to be established. Light vessels could push far up
some of the rivers, and farmers and planters along the banks could ship
from their own private docks.
This seaboard area is densely labeled with names of places, an
indication of the extensive settlement of the region. Follow down the
coast, and one finds Edenton, Bath Town, New Bern, Beaufort Town, and
farther to the south are Wilmington and Brunswick Town. All these places
were founded well within the first half of the 18th century. Those who
spend vacations at Topsail Beach, Hatteras, Ocracoke, and other Carolina
beaches, will be surprised at the number of such places which had
already been given their names by 1747. To the west of our map are
unfamiliar Indian names of forts and settlements. Others have
English-sounding names. This map of 1747 does not show towns like
Hillsboro and Halifax, founded in the 1750’s, nor towns farther west,
like Salem, Salisbury, and Charlotte, founded in the 1760’s. In studying
early maps like this, one can feel the westward growth of North Carolina
in colonial times.
Since the map is rather small, it does not show all of the settlements
which did exist at its time, 1747. For example, Campbell Town, which
later became part of Fayetteville, is not shown. Our mapmaker, Mr.
Bowen, was too high in the air, so to speak, to note this place and
hundreds of individual farms. To see in greater detail the richness of
life on the land below, we will descend lower in our next map.
[Illustration: FIGURE 2. ALBEMARLE SOUND REGION, FROM “MAP OF NORTH
AND SOUTH CAROLINA....” MOUZON, 1775.]
Figure 2, the Albemarle Sound region, is a detail from a famous map of
North and South Carolina by Henry Mouzon, Jr., made in 1775. Like the
previous map, it was printed in England and is also reproduced in
slightly smaller size than the original. Mr. Cumming states that it may
be called the Revolutionary War map of North and South Carolina, because
it was used by American, British and French forces. So, in looking at
the fragment, reproduced here, a person might imagine that he is a
Revolutionary War general, studying the little towns, the ports, and
roads that wander through the country, and try to understand why a town
is where it is, what military importance it has, or how it might be
protected or destroyed.
Through Albemarle Sound runs a dotted line indicating the course for
ships. It may be seen where they could escape to or enter from the
Atlantic through the narrow, hazardous Roanoke Inlet.
At the left, near where the Chowan River empties into the Sound, is the
town of Edenton. Several roads came together here, and the little black
rectangles suggest buildings. There is a church in the town, with a
tower and steeple in front. Other churches shown elsewhere on the map
have exactly the same form as the one at Edenton, so one realizes that
this form is not meant to show what a specific church looked like, but
is a standard symbol for a church. Incidentally, notice how churches or
chapels stand alone at various places in the countryside.
Courthouses, like churches, are shown in towns, and here and there in
the country. They are indicted by a symbol which could be described as a
letter “U” which is squared rather than rounded. The courthouse at
Edenton is hard to identify; one can not be sure about it.
To the northeast of Edenton, on the Perquimans River, is the town of
_Hartford_, now called Hertford. Farther to the east is Nixonton, its
houses lying along both sides of a single road. Follow the road to the
south and see the farms which lie along Little River. Each farm is
marked by a spot representing the house, and carries the name of the
owner—the names Morris, Evans, Ancoup, and so on, can be read. In the
north, above this area, is the Great Dismal Swamp, looking very great
and dismal indeed.
Vivid as this map proves to be, we have not seen individual towns very
clearly. To get sharper ideas about them, we descend lower to the earth
and look at maps of individual towns.
MAPS OF COLONIAL TOWNS—TOWN PLANS
A map of a town shows streets and broad avenues crossing and interlacing
in some pattern, wide or narrow lots in rows along streets, and
buildings which are placed at the front or deep within the lots. Such
matters make one section of a town look different from another and are
part of the design or the _plan_ of a town.
Lewis Mumford, a man who has a great interest in cities and towns and
who has written a number of books on them, considers a town as a work of
art. He believes that just as a picture is a work of art, and a house is
a work of art, so is a town. The design of a town—the arrangement of
streets and lots—expresses the ideas of the people about the right
framework in which a good life can be lived.
For our study of colonial towns we are fortunate in having beautiful
maps of ten North Carolina towns, all made by the surveyor Claude Joseph
Sauthier. The Hillsboro map, figure 3, is one of these drawings.
Sauthier traveled over North Carolina between 1768 and 1770, surveyed
and made maps of Bath, Beaufort, Brunswick, Edenton, Cross Creek (now
Fayetteville), Halifax, Hillsboro, New Bern, Salisbury, and Wilmington.
The drawings were commissioned by Governor Tryon; most of them have
found their way to the great British Museum, in London.
[Illustration: FIGURE 3. SAUTHIER’S “PLAN OF ... HILLSBOROUGH,”
1768.]
The majority of the buildings shown on the maps have disappeared. The
maps thus enable us to see—what otherwise we could never see—North
Carolina towns as they once were. Sauthier did make occasional mistakes;
and some details (for example, the design of a flower garden) are not to
be read as literal fact; but for the most part the drawings may be
studied as aerial photographs. By great good fortune they were made at
the right time for us, and have survived.
To get some general ideas about colonial towns, we will look at the map
of Hillsboro. Our remarks about this map reflect observations of Dr.
Mary Claire Engstrom, scholar of 18th-century subjects, and a
vice-president of the Hillsboro Historical Society. The Sauthier map of
Hillsboro, dated October 1768, was made after the spring uprising of the
Regulators in that town and immediately following Governor Tryon’s
arrival there in September. From this it may be suspected that, in
commissioning the map, Governor Tryon had military thoughts in mind.
Hillsboro—the danger spot—was the first map in Sauthier’s series of ten
maps. The others were made as he travelled with Governor Tryon.
The little town is shown on the Eno River in the wooded land of Orange
County. The big star at upper left shows north, south, east, and west,
and one notes that the town seems to be laid out “properly” on these
directions. Roads leading to neighboring towns are carefully marked.
There are the Roads from Salisbury ... to Virginia ... to Halifax ... to
New Bern ... to the Quaker Settlement ... to Cross Creek. At lower left
is “Oakaneetche Mountain,” a great hump of earth overlooking Hillsboro.
Another of the Occoneechee mountains is seen at the edge of the map. The
Occoneechee Indians were one of several Indian tribes in the area.
Today, boy scouts in this part of Orange County belong to the
Occoneechee Council. They sometimes have camporees at the Hillsboro race
ground, not far from the “Race Ground” marked on our map. This Race
Ground lies neatly within a bend in the Eno River, as though the river
wanted to mark out this area of flat land for such special use.
Scattered here and there outside the town are farms. The rectangular
plots of farm land are clearly marked, and the farm houses and secondary
buildings are placed at corners convenient to the road.
For a better view of the actual town itself we look at an enlarged
section of the map, Figure 4. Buildings are indicated by small
rectangles which have heavy outlines on two sides—the right side and the
lower side. These two heavy lines may be regarded as a shadow cast by
the bulk of the building. They are a convention used by Sauthier to show
bulk or mass. The various rectangles which are shown within gardens also
employ this same thick-thin line convention, suggesting a mass of green
foliage rising above the surrounding paths.
The buildings marked “A,” ... “B,” ... “C,” and so on, are identified
under corresponding letters listed under “Reference” at the upper right
of the total map. “A, Church” is toward the northern part of the town,
removed from the business area below. In assigning to the Church the “A”
(number one) position on his list, Sauthier pays respect to the idea of
the primacy of the spiritual order over civil law. At “A” is a rectangle
containing a number of crosses. This seems to suggest a fenced-off
cemetery. One does not find an actual church building, but a church did
exist on this ground shortly after Sauthier’s visit.
[Illustration: FIGURE 4. DETAIL FROM SAUTHIER’S PLAN OF
HILLSBOROUGH.]
“B, Court House” is located close to the crossing of two wide
streets—those two main streets from which roads lead off to the other
towns of the Colony. The courthouse was a “plain, barn-like structure.”
The present and very famous Old Courthouse, dating from near the
mid-19th century, stands near this site.
“C” marks the jail. The word _jail_ used to be spelled _gaol_, but
Sauthier spells it _goal_. It is shown within a small rectangle, perhaps
indicating a fenced-in yard. The jail may possibly have been a new
structure, for Dr. Engstrom has discovered that about six months before
Sauthier’s visit a former jail, at another location down town, was sold
to a private individual to use for business purposes. The new jail was
probably not an impressive building, perhaps only a log cabin, but
Sauthier thought it important to note that the town had this institution
to take care of wayward people. Incidentally, the jail seems a little
wayward itself, having strayed into the otherwise clear, wide street.
When the jail was built that street was perhaps just a well worn path,
and the jail may have been erected hastily without careful checking of
stakes for the street. In other colonial towns (for example, in the
placement of the church at Bath) it sometimes seems as though buildings
are incorrectly placed. The Hillsboro jail, for many years in the
general position shown, has recently been moved back to a less assertive
site.
“D, Market House,” directly at the main intersection and adjacent to the
courthouse, is shown as square. The “X” inscribed within this square
perhaps indicates that the market had a pyramidal, four-sided roof. The
building may have had open sides, like markets in certain other colonial
towns. The open market building is an idea brought from Europe. Other
buildings around this main intersection were stores or warehouses. At
the southwest corner was Johnston and Thackston’s store where Edmund
Fanning, the Clerk of Court and a Tory leader, took refuge from the
Regulators in 1770.
At “E, Mills” there are curious parallel straight lines which can be
read as canals. The mills, probably with water wheels, are built over
the canals. Where the river widens out at the left there may have been a
dam to hold back the flow of water in the river, and force it through
the canals. The curious marks on the canals could be gates.
The mills are the last structures identified on the map. Sauthier does
not mention the Commons, a field set aside for pasturing of the cattle
owned by people in a colonial town. On some of his other maps he
identifies such places as Tann Yard, ... School House, ... Tobacco
Store, ... Windmill.
The homes shown in the map are all built near the street. Behind are
fields or gardens divided into orderly plots. Most of the buildings are
simple rectangles in shape. Occasionally a building has an irregular
shape, perhaps meaning that an original rectangular structure was given
an addition. Similarly, lots with irregular shape may indicate additions
or subdivision of an original tract.
By way of contrast to the Hillsboro town plan, Figure 5 is a drawing of
Grenoble, a medieval French city. This drawing is reproduced from _The
Culture of Cities_, by Lewis Mumford. The winding streets are natural
paths that have become fixed as streets. Some curving streets mark the
location of early town walls, removed as the town grew and as larger
encircling walls were erected. Mr. Mumford speaks of this kind of town
as having a natural circular plan, with irregular blocks dictated by
topography and the original circular wall.
[Illustration: FIGURE 5. MAP OF GRENOBLE, FRANCE, FROM _The Culture
of Cities_ BY LEWIS MUMFORD.]
When American colonial towns like Hillsboro were founded, the streets
and lots were laid out in advance. The uniform rectangular lots were
easy to measure and ideal for fixing sale prices and for the assessment
of taxes. Later expansion of the town could also be orderly. The idea of
the colonial gridiron town speaks of “modern” men and their
institutions, as opposed to medieval men.
Figures 6, 7, and 8 suggest planning ideas found in early North Carolina
towns. Figure 6, recalling Hillsboro, could be called a plan for an
inland town. In our diagram two slightly wider streets mark a crossing
at the center of the town. The dot in the center of the crossing is to
indicate the placement of the courthouse. Such placement is not what we
saw at Hillsboro, but is shown on several of the Sauthier maps of North
Carolina towns (for example, Salisbury and Wilmington). This was a good
arrangement, for the courthouse, symbol of the civil law and order of
the area, might be seen from a long way off as the town was approached
from various directions. However, the early towns which began with the
courthouse astride the main crossing generally found later that this
location impeded the flow of traffic. Consequently, some courthouses
have been moved from their original sites, allowing traffic to flow
across the intersection. Pittsboro, however—although a relatively late
colonial town, having been laid out in 1785—still has its courthouse in
the central position.
Figure 7, to suggest the plan of a port town, seems like half of the
inland plan, above. A principal street of the town runs along or near
the water. It might be called Water Street, as at Bath.
Figure 8 indicates an idea found at Salem, laid out in 1765, and
elsewhere in the American colonies. A central square is left open and
principal town buildings are built around it. At Raleigh, laid out in
1792, the square is very large, and contains the State Capitol. A
central green belonging to the people, a place in which they might
gather, is still a pleasant reminder of community life and order in
those towns which possess them.
[Illustration: FIGURE 6.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 7.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 8.]
Since colonial days our old towns have changed much. In the 19th century
mills and warehouses dwarfed the original buildings. The railroad, that
glamorous invention of the industrial revolution, appeared in the towns,
bisecting them. Especially in the 20th century, faster change and
“progress” have all but obliterated the charm of old towns. Downtown
streets become impossibly congested. Old residential areas are invaded
by filling stations and supermarkets. In a free country a man can buy a
beautiful old home, blast it out of existence, and erect an unsightly
factory over its ruins. Such “progress” has blighted and disfigured many
towns. But townspeople are becoming horrified by this, and now there are
citizen committees which bring about zoning laws under which the plans
for the use of land and for new buildings must be approved. Some towns
have Planning Boards, with a Planning Director in charge, who think not
only of the present but also of the far future. At the University of
North Carolina there is a Department of City and Regional Planning; it
trains young men and women for positions in planning.