STATE. | Governor. | End of term. |Salary.
———————————————+———————————————————————————+————————————————+———————
Alabama | _Edw. A. O’Neal_ | Dec. 1, 1884 | $3,000
Arkansas | _James H. Berry_ | Jan. 2, 1885 | 3,000
California | _George Stoneman_ | Jan. 4, 1887 | 6,000
Colorado | _James B. Grant_ | Jan. 9, 1885 | 5,000
Connecticut | _Thos. M. Waller_ | Jan. 3, 1885 | 2,000
Delaware | _Chas. C. Stockley_ | Jan. 31, 1887 | 2,000
Florida | _Wm. D. Bloxham_ | Jan. 6, 1885 | 3,500
Georgia | _H. D. McDaniel_ | Nov. 3, 1885 | 3,000
Illinois | John M. Hamilton | Jan. 12, 1885 | 6,000
Indiana | Albert G. Porter | Jan. 12, 1885 | 5,000
Iowa | B. R. Sherman | Jan. 14, 1884 | 3,000
Kansas | _George W. Glick_[7] | Jan. 9, 1885 | 3,000
Kentucky | _L. P. Blackburn_ | Sept. 5, 1883 | 5,000
Louisiana | _S. D. McEnery_ | May 19, 1884 | 4,000
Maine | Frederick Robie | Jan. 7, 1885 | 2,000
Maryland | _W. T. Hamilton_ | Jan. 2, 1884 | 4,500
Massachusetts | _Benj. F. Butler_[8] | Jan. 2, 1884 | 4,000
Michigan | _Josiah W. Begole_[9] | Jan. 1, 1885 | 1,000
Minnesota | L. F. Hubbard | Jan. 7, 1884 | 3,800
Mississippi | _Robert Lowry_ | Jan. 5, 1886 | 4,000
Missouri | _T. T. Crittenden_ | Jan. 12, 1885 | 5,000
Nebraska | James W. Dawes | Jan. 8, 1885 | 2,500
Nevada | _Jewett D. Adams_ | Jan. 2, 1887 | 6,000
N. Hampshire | Samuel W. Hale | June 3, 1885 | 1,000
New Jersey | _Geo. C. Ludlow_ | Jan. 15, 1884 | 5,000
New York | _Grover Cleveland_ | Jan. 1, 1886 | 10,000
No. Carolina | _Thomas J. Jarvis_ | Jan. 1, 1885 | 3,000
Ohio | Charles Foster | Jan. 14, 1884 | 4,000
Oregon | Zenas F. Moody | Jan. 1, 1887 | 1,500
Pennsylvania | _R. E. Pattison_ | Jan. 18, 1887 | 10,000
Rhode Island | A. H. Littlefield[10] | May 29, 1883 | 1,000
So. Carolina | _H. S. Thompson_ | Dec. 30, 1884 | 3,500
Tennessee | _Wm. B. Bate_ | Jan. 15, 1885 | 4,000
Texas | _John Ireland_ | Jan. 15, 1885 | 4,000
Vermont | John L. Barstow | Oct. 4, 1884 | 1,000
Virginia | _W. E. Cameron_[11] | Jan. 1, 1886 | 5,000
West Virginia | _Jacob B. Jackson_ | March 4, 1885 | 3,700
Wisconsin | J. M. Rusk | Jan. 5, 1885 | 5,000
| | |
Territories— | | |
Arizona | Frederick Tritle | Feb. 6, 1886 | 2,600
Dakota | Neh. G. Ordway | May 22, 1884 | 2,600
Idaho | John B. Neil | July 12, 1884 | 2,600
Montana | J. S. Crosby | Aug. 4, 1886 | 2,600
New Mexico | Lionel A. Sheldon | May 5, 1885 | 2,600
Utah | Eli H. Murray | Jan. 27, 1884 | 2,600
Washington | Wm. A. Newell | April 26, 1884 | 2,600
Wyoming | William Hale | Aug. 3, 1886 | 2,600
———————————————+———————————————————————————+————————————————+———————
FIRST FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.
CEDAR FALLS.
Tell us who brought forward the first fugitive slave law.
P. G. KLOCK.
_Answer._—In the constitutional convention of 1787 Mr. Pierce Butler,
a delegate from South Carolina, moved the adoption of clause 3,
section 2, article 4 of the Constitution, which reads: “No person
held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor
may be due.” The first law to give effect to this constitutional
provision was prepared by a committee of the Senate appointed in
November, 1792. This committee was composed of Mr. Johnston, of
North Carolina; Mr. Cabot, of Massachusetts, and Mr. Read, of
Delaware. In December Mr. Johnston reported a bill which was not
entirely satisfactory. Mr. Taylor, of Virginia, and Mr. Sherman,
of Connecticut, were added to the committee. On Jan. 3, 1793, Mr.
Johnston reported a bill, which, after several days’ consideration,
was passed without a single dissenting voice. On the 4th of February
following, this bill passed the House by a vote of 48 to 7. We cannot
give the text of it, but it gave slave-masters and their agents
summary power to seize, hold, and return fugitives from slavery
to their former bondage, whatever laws the States in which they
were found might pass to the contrary, the matter being one under
jurisdiction of the United States courts.
THE WORLD’S PRINCIPAL TIN MINES.
ALTONA, Ill.
Where are the principal tin mines, and of what is this metal
composed?
JONATHAN TREXLAR.
_Answer._—Pure tin is an elementary metal, as much so as lead, iron,
silver, or gold. The principal tin-producing country is England.
The Phœnicians traded with England for tin 1,100 years before the
Christian era. There is reason to believe that they got tin from
Spain also; but England was depended on for nearly all the tin used
in Europe until this ore was discovered in Germany in 1240. It was
discovered in Northern Africa, in the Barbary States, in 1640; in
India in 1740; in New Spain in 1782. Tin was mined in Mexico before
the Spanish conquest, and used in T shaped pieces for money, and
in a bronze composition for sharp tools; the principal mines being
at Tasco. Peru has valuable mines of this metal, so have New South
Wales, Australia, and Banca, and Malacca in the Malay peninsula. Tin
has been discovered in Pennsylvania, Missouri, California, and other
States of the Union, but not in quantities to tempt capital to engage
in mining it. The chief tin-producing countries are the following,
arranged in the order of importance: England, about 10,000 tons a
year; Malacca, about 8,500 tons; Australia, about 6,000 tons; Banca,
about 4,000 tons, and Billiton, about 3,000 tons. Both of these
last-named places are islands of the Dutch East Indies.
THE ZERO POINT OF THERMOMETERS.
O’KANE, Neb.
Why was not zero on thermometers placed at the freezing point
instead of 32 degrees below?
M.
_Answer._—Zero is placed at freezing point on some thermometers,
although this is not the case on the Fahrenheit scale, the one in
common use in England and the United States. When Fahrenheit graded
his thermometer he supposed that there was no greater degree of cold
than had been observed in Iceland, or discovered by experimenting
with freezing mixtures. This point he marked zero; i. e., empty
or nought, as denoting the absence of all heat. It is 32 degrees
below freezing, and corresponds to the cold produced by a freezing
mixture composed of snow and salt, or sal-ammoniac; from which
it has been inferred that this was the test used by Fahrenheit,
the instrument-maker of Amsterdam, who introduced this scale into
common use, and after whom it is named, but who never actually
divulged the secret of his process. It is now known that this is
an arbitrary point, far above the lowest temperature in the polar
regions and several hundred degrees above the greatest cold produced
by artificial methods. In the Reaumer thermometer, generally used
in Germany, and the Centigrade thermometer, commonly used in France
and by scientists of all nations, zero marks the freezing point of
distilled water at the sea level, or under an atmospheric pressure of
14.73 pounds to the square inch. To reduce Fahrenheit to Centigrade,
subtract 32 and multiply by 100/180, or 5/9. Conversely, to reduce
Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5 and add 32.
THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
RIVERSIDE, Cal.
I noticed in the _Century_ for December, 1882, page 172, that Chief
Justice Rutledge was “President of South Carolina from 1776 to
1778.” What form of government had South Carolina at that time?
J. M. BAHER.
_Answer._—In 1776 South Carolina, in a Constitutional State
Convention, of which John Rutledge was a member, took on the form of
an independent republic, and soon after Rutledge was made President
and Commander-in-chief of the State forces. He held this office until
1778, when he was succeeded by Rawlins Lownds. The constitution was
modified March 19, 1778, and thereafter the chief State executives
were known as Governors.
OLD-TIME FALCONRY—HAWK’S BELLS.
PANA, Ill.
In Barnes’ History of the United States, in the narrative of
the discovery of Cuba, it is stated the natives bartered their
valuables for “hawk’s bells.” Please explain the term “hawk’s
bells.”
A SUBSCRIBER.
_Answer._—Falconry, or hawking, was a favorite sport with the
nobility and gentry of Europe down to the first half of the
seventeenth century, when the introduction of fowling pieces of a
light and elegant pattern and the art of shooting flying gradually
replaced it. Hawks were trained to mount and pursue game and bring
it to their masters and mistresses, coming and going at the call of
the latter with marvelous docility. The hawks were tricked out with
gay hoods and held until ordered to pursue “the quarry,” or game, by
leathern straps fastened with rings of leather around each leg, just
above the talons, and silken cords called “jesses.” To each of these
leathern straps, or “bewets,” was attached a small bell, shaped in
most cases like the nearly closed sleigh bells of the present time.
In a flight of hawks it was often so arranged that the different
bells made “a consort of sweet sounds.” Bells of this description,
but of the cheapest kind, were among the most popular trinkets used
by the early explorers and traders in bartering with the natives of
America.
SOURCES OF BRITISH REVENUE.
SYCAMORE, Ill.
As England receives little or nothing from a tariff, where does
the money come from to pay the expenses of the government? Who are
taxed and who are not?
R. A. S.
_Answer._—It is a mistake to suppose that the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland derives “little or no revenue from tariff” or
custom dues. The following table shows the sources of the national
revenue for the year ending March 31, 1882:
Customs £19,287,000
Excise 27,240,000
Stamps 12,260,000
Land and house tax 2,725,000
Income tax 9,945,000
Postoffice 7,000,000
Telegraphs 1,630,000
Crown lands 380,000
Interest on advances and Suez Canal shares 1,219,262
Miscellaneous 4,136,019
———————————
Total £85,822,281
Here is the sum of £19,287,000, or almost $100,000,000, received from
customs, as against $220,410,730.25 collected from the same source
in the United States. 2, The inland revenue, composed of “excise,
stamps, and taxes,” is so distributed as to touch pretty much
everybody.
KANSAS GOVERNORS AND SENATORS.
SHERMAN CITY, Kan.
Please give the names of all the Territorial and State Governors of
Kansas, and the names of Senators from the first.
INQUIRER.
_Answer._—The Territorial Governors of Kansas were A. H. Reeder,
1855; (John L. Dawson, appointed but declined), Wilson Shannon, 1857;
John W. Geary, 1856; R. J. Walker, 1857; J. W. Denver, 1858; Samuel
Medary, 1858. The following is a full list of the State Governors:
Charles Robinson 1861
Thomas Carney 1861-1864
S. J. Crawford 1864-1869
James M. Harvey 1869-1873
Thomas A. Osborne 1873-1877
George T. Anthony 1877-1879
John P. St. John 1879-1883
George W. Glick 1883-1885
The several Senators in Congress have been or are:
James H. Lane 1861-1866
Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861-1873
E. G. Ross 1866-1871
Alexander Caldwell 1871-1873
Robert Crozier 1873-1874
John J. Ingalls 1873-1885
James M. Harvey 1874-1877
Preston B. Plumb 1877-1883
Senator Caldwell resigned March 24, 1874, during investigation
for bribery, in securing his election, and was followed by Robert
Crozier, appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy. Senator
Crozier was succeeded by James M. Harvey, elected by the Legislature
for the remainder of Mr. Caldwell’s full term.
REPUBLICS AND PRESIDENTS.
BARNARD, Ill.
Is President the title of the highest officer in every republican
government?
ANNA SIERLE.
_Answer._—Yes, unless we take into account the pigmy republics,
or semi-republics, of San Marino and Andorra, the former a rough,
craggy mountain among the Appenines, with a total area of 21 square
miles and a total population of 7,816 persons, and the latter an
isolated valley in the Eastern Pyrenees, shut in between the two
great, jealous powers, France and Spain, with an area of about
300 square miles, and a population variously estimated at from
4,000 to 12,000. Andorra is governed by “the Sovereign Council” of
twenty-four members, which elects one of its members to be Syndic for
life, the chief executive of the State. San Marino is governed by
“the Sovereign Grand Council,” composed of sixty members, of whom
one-third are nobles. There are two heads of this mammoth republic,
called, “Captains Regent,” one chosen from the nobles and the other
from the “bourgeoisie,” or common people, each holding office for
only six months.
THE TAY BRIDGE HORROR.
MOUNT VERNON, Iowa.
Were there ever any bodies found after the disaster of the great
bridge over the Frith of Tay? How long had the bridge been built,
what were its dimensions, cost, and particulars of the calamity?
C. N. WARREN.
_Answer._—The enormous but ill-constructed bridge across the Tay at
Dundee, Scotland, was authorized by an act passed in 1870. Work was
begun in June, 1871. It was much injured by a gale Feb. 4, 1877, but
was pushed forward and declared to be completed Aug. 30, 1877. It was
tried on the 25th of the following month, and opened for business on
May 31, 1878. Twenty lives were lost in its construction, and it cost
£350,000, or about $1,750,000. It was 10,612 feet long, and rested
on 85 spans, some of which were 90 feet above low tide. At about
7:15 p. m. on Dec. 28, 1879, less than seventeen months after it was
first opened to traffic—while a North British mail train was crossing
in the midst of a fierce gale—the structure gave way, leaving a gap
of 3,000 feet. The train plunged into the surging sea, and not one
of the ill-fated passengers escaped. There were between 75 and 90
persons on board; exactly how many was never ascertained. Forty-six
bodies were recovered up to April 27, 1880. After the official
inquiry Mr. H. C. Rothery declared that “the bridge had been badly
planned, badly constructed, and badly maintained.” A new bridge, of a
much more substantial character, is now in process of construction.
CAN A SOLDIER ENTER A HOMESTEAD.
FORT PEMBINA, D. T.
Can a soldier in the regular army take up a homestead or
pre-emption claim, and get some other person to make the
improvements required by law on either of said claims? By answering
this question you will settle a dispute and greatly oblige,
HENRY BROWN, Serg’t Co. B, Fifteenth Inf.
_Answer._—Soldiers now in the regular army may perform certain
preliminary acts relating to homestead entries, but they cannot
perfect title to such land until their terms of service have expired.
See instructions in “Copp’s Land Owner,” vol. 2, p. 133, and case
of Charles Harris, “Land Owner,” vol. 6, p. 190. The soldier or
his family must reside on the land at least one year, under any
circumstances, before he can acquire title.
POPULATION OF PEKING.
CHICAGO, Ill.
Please state what is the population of Peking, China, and settle a
dispute.
DAVID MCGOWAN.
_Answer._—According to the “American Almanac,” which in turn refers
to the famous “Bevolkerung der Erde,” of Gotha, edited by Messrs.
Behm & Wagner, the population of Peking in 1880 was 500,000. Until
within a comparatively recent date the estimates of the population
of that city never ranged below 1,000,000. Cyclopedias generally
estimated it at 1,500,000, and some of them as high as 2,000,000.
Messrs. Behm & Wagner have carefully revised their former statistics
of China, and have reduced their estimate of the total population
of the country fully 55,000,000. The Almanach de Gotha gives the
population of Pekin as uncertain, estimates varying between 500,000
and 1,650,000.
HEBREW NOT A LIVING LANGUAGE.
RAPID CITY, D. T.
A Jewish gentleman and myself have had an argument, he asserting
that Hebrew is a spoken language at the present time. I am of the
impression that Hebrew ceased to be a spoken language during the
seventy years’ captivity in Babylon, while he declares that he has
seen a Jew, directly from Jerusalem, who could talk nothing but
Hebrew. Can you give us any light on this subject?
H. H. J.
_Answer._—Hebrew, like Latin and classic Greek, is a literary, and
not a colloquial language. The precise time when Hebrew ceased to
be the living, vernacular language of the Jews is not known. Some
learned Hebraists maintain that they lost the living use of the
Hebrew during the Babylonish captivity, but the weight of argument is
in favor of the belief that they retained the partial use of it for
some time after their return to Palestine, and lost it by degrees. No
decisive evidence, however, shows exactly when it became a virtually
dead language; although there are satisfactory reasons for declaring
that it gave place to a corrupted form of the Aramaic language,
a mixture of Syrian and Chaldean or Babylonish speech called the
Syro-Chaldaic dialect, several hundred years before the Christian
era, and that more than a century before this era it ceased to be
used even as a written language and was thenceforth studied only as
the language of the sacred books, by the learned.
ABANDONMENT OF HOMESTEAD.
OWATONNA, Minn.
To settle a dispute, please state whether a person who has “filed”
on a quarter section of public land, under the homestead laws, and
has let it go back to the government, can make another homestead
entry?
OLD SUBSCRIBER.
_Answer._—According to “Copp’s Public Land Laws,” as the law allows
but one homestead privilege, “a settler relinquishing or abandoning
his claim cannot thereafter make a second entry; but where an entry
is canceled as invalid for some reason other than abandonment, and
not the wilful act of the party, he is not thereby debarred from
entering again, if in other respects entitled, and may be allowed
credit for fees and commissions already paid, on a new homestead
entry.” Such a claimant must be prepared to show that he did not
voluntarily abandon his first entry.
PHARMACY LAWS AND TRAINED DRUGGISTS.
HODGES PARK, Ill.
What States have pharmacy laws, and what is the proportion of
trained druggists in this country?
A SUBSCRIBER.
_Answer._—Probably all the States have pharmacy laws; that is, laws
regulating the compounding and sale of drugs, but these are loosely
administered in most States, the laws themselves being radically
defective. Most prescription clerks pick up their knowledge of
pharmacy between errands and “by practice,” as it is called, without
even an elementary knowledge of chemistry or any systematic course of
training. There are in all fourteen schools of pharmacy in the United
States; 1 in San Francisco, 1 in Chicago, 1 in Louisville, 1 in New
Orleans, 1 in Baltimore, 1 in Boston, 1 in Ann Arbor, Mich., 1 in
St. Louis, 2 in New York City, 1 in Cincinnati, 1 in Philadelphia, 1
in Pittsburg, 1 in Nashville, and 1 in Washington. All told, they
had only 1,347 students in 1880, of whom they graduated but 186.
There are 284 retail drug stores in Chicago, and it is estimated
that there are more than 1,600 in the State and about 25,600 such
stores in the United States with twice that number of persons
compounding medicines; so that it is a clear case that comparatively
few druggists and prescription clerks are properly educated for their
duties.
AGNOSTICISM.
ARTHUR, Ill.
Be so good as to define the word “agnosticism,” as used in
theological or religio-scientific discourses. I have examined
several dictionaries and one encyclopedia, and have failed to find
the word.
E. J. A.
_Answer._—Agnosticism is a sort of supernatural knownothingism. It is
true that this word is not defined in either Webster’s or Worcester’s
unabridged dictionaries, except in the supplements to the latest
editions, and does not appear in the regular order of subjects in
the popular encyclopedias. It is derived from a Greek word that
signifies “to know not.” Agnosticism then, as used by Herbert Spencer
and his disciples, is the doctrine that, professing ignorance of the
supernatural, neither asserts nor denies the existence of a personal
Deity, and claims that such doctrine can be neither proved nor
disapproved, because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished
by rational and material nature to warrant a positive conclusion:
or, as others say, because of the necessary limits of the human
mind. Agnosticism is opposed both to the positive assertion of the
skeptic, who denies the existence of a personal God, and the opposite
declaration of the Christian church, or dogmatic theism, affirming
such existence.
PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS.
Give a brief sketch of Ptolemy Philadelphus, a celebrated King of
Egypt, often referred to in books and lectures.
F. F. SLOAT.
_Answer._—He was the son of that able general of Alexander the Great
who, after the death of that monarch, became King of Egypt under
the title of Ptolemy I. Ptolemy II., surnamed Philadelphus, was
distinguished for his love of learning, patronage of men of letters
and artists, and encouragement of trade and all the arts of peace.
He founded the famous library of Alexandria, the greatest treasury
of ancient learning, and through his efforts the Hebrew Scriptures
were translated into Greek by seventy eminent Hebrew scholars. This
is what is known as the Septuagint version of the Holy Scriptures. He
reigned from 285 to 247 B. C., a period in which the Egyptian Kingdom
reached the highest point of military glory, prosperity, and wealth.
AN INCUBATOR SUCCESS.
VESPER, N. Y.
For the benefit of readers of THE INTER OCEAN I will give my
experience with an incubator that I built last June, the materials of
which cost $5.50. It holds 234 eggs at a hatching. It took me three
days to build it. As a test trial, about the 15th of June I placed
nine dozen of eggs in the incubator, and in due time I obtained
86 per cent of chicks as the result, which I considered extremely
satisfactory. About the 10th of July I made another trial, using this
time eleven dozen of eggs, and the result was 87 per cent of chicks.
About 6 per cent of the eggs from these two trials which did not
hatch were found on examination to be unfertile, leaving 7 per cent
with dead chicks in the various stages of maturity. These two trials
proved satisfactory, even beyond my most sanguine expectations. On
the 15th of January I procured 204 eggs from the farmers, and placed
them in the incubator for my third trial, but, owing to the extremely
cold weather during the time the eggs were laid, they had become
chilled before being gathered, and, as the result, I only succeeded
in getting forty chicks, or a little less than 20 per cent. To avoid
a second failure, I determined to wait until the cold weather was
over before securing eggs for my next hatching.
D. A. ROWLAND.
NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.
SANTA BARBARA, Cal.
How far west of St. Paul are the cars now running on the Northern
Pacific Railroad? What is the name of the present western terminus?
How many miles are completed from the west end? When is it expected
to be completed?
E. S. SHEFFIELD.
_Answer._—The company is now running trains with Pullman sleepers
and dining-room cars to Livingston, 1,030 miles west of St. Paul. It
is also running trains from Portland to Second Crossing, 527 miles.
From Livingston to Second Crossing passengers are carried by stage as
follows:
From Livingston to Bozeman, 25 miles, 4 hours.
From Bozeman to Helena, 108 miles, 18 hours.
From Helena to Missoula, 130 miles, 22 hours.
From Missoula to Second Crossing, 80 miles, 16 hours.
The total distance from St. Paul to Portland is 1,900 miles, and the
time 180 hours. The fare from St. Paul to Missoula by rail and stage
is $47.10. The road is to be completed this year.
AMERICAN LITERATI.
OCONTO, Mich.
What literary characters has our country produced during this past
century?
CARRIE STROUD.
_Answer._—There is space here to mention only a few of the most
prominent American writers of this century. First in poetry stand
Bryant, Prentice, Sigourney, Willis, Holmes, Longfellow, Whittier,
Morris, and Miller. Among the most conspicuous historians are Irving,
Sparks, Lossing, Bancroft, Cooper, Motley, Prescott, Parkman, Parton,
Ramsay, and Greeley. Among novelists, Cooper, Irving, Hawthorne,
Holland, and Mrs. Stowe hold the front rank, although there is
a legion just behind them, some of whom press close upon them.
In the field of essayists, literary, political, theological, and
metaphysical, the catalogue of noted names is too long to admit of
personal designation.
THE ASHTABULA HORROR.
COTTAGE, Iowa.
Was there anything in the death of Mr. P. P. Bliss in voluntarily
remaining with his wife at the time of the railway accident at
Ashtabula that justifies the charge that he committed suicide? Give
particulars.
M. L. PERCIVAL.