=REFERENCE WORK AND CIRCULATION.=
=Reference Work.=—By “reference work” is meant work done in assisting
the public to use the resources of the library. Dewey defines it as
“systematic aid to readers.” A reference book according to Dr. E. C.
Richardson “is a book which is to be consulted for definite points of
information, rather than read through, and is arranged with explicit
reference to ease in finding specific facts.” In this class fall
dictionaries, encyclopaedias and hand-books of all kinds. The same
answer to almost any question may be found in a number of books in the
library by taking the time to examine them carefully, but the object of
the reference department is to serve the public as expeditiously and
satisfactorily as possible and reference books are the means to that
end. Any book referred to becomes for the time being a reference book;
but the term “reference book” as used in a library refers to the “ready
reference book,” i. e. the books that were specifically written for
reference use and to which the definition given above refers.
The reference collection is usually a small but exceedingly valuable
portion of the library and the reference work does not confine itself
to the use of the reference books, but to any book in the library which
may contain something which will help towards the desired answer. The
reference collection is generally placed in the reading room of the
library and in that part of the room most convenient to the public and
to the librarian.
The reference department is the heart of the library, and the more
alive and efficient the members of the department are, the stronger is
the beat of its pulse and the more far reaching the results of its
work. All other departments exist to make more efficient the work of
the reference department. The accessions department purchases books
that there may be live material to work with in the reference
department. The classifier groups the books so that all the material on
the various subjects in the library is placed most conveniently on the
shelves. The cataloging department catalogs the books so that the
reference department may by the simplest means find what is contained
in the library. Without the work of the other departments the reference
department would be tied hand and foot and might as well not exist.
With their cooperation it becomes the very life of the library,
reaching out in various ways into the community to make the influence
of the library more strongly felt.
=Importance of Reference Work.=—The average reader is uninformed as to
the use and helpfulness of any but the commonest reference books. The
duty of instructing the readers in the use of the ordinary library
tools devolves upon the assistants at the reference desk. They must
interpret the catalog to the public and incite in the readers a desire
to help themselves after they have been initiated into the use of a
dictionary card catalog and have had the use of some of the more
important reference books explained to them. If an education consists
not so much in getting knowledge as in knowing how and where to get it
when the need arises, then it is clear that the assistants at the
reference desk fill an important place in the library staff. They have
a great opportunity for helpfulness. Other divisions of the library may
labor successfully to build up the collections, and have them properly
classified and cataloged, but if the service at the reference desk is
inefficient the usefulness of the library is sadly impaired. The
reference assistants can make or mar the library’s reputation for
service.
Of course there is such a thing as doing too much for the patrons of a
library, thereby preventing their learning how to help themselves. Let
the readers understand that it is necessary to dig into the contents of
the books and discover things that the bibliographies and card catalogs
cannot point out.
Don’t say off hand, “I don’t know that we have anything on the
subject,” for fear that before long you will be saying categorically
that “The library has nothing on the subject.” You should aid the
inquirer by beginning the search. Say rather, “Let us see what the
library has on the subject.”
When the books are purchased and on the shelves, and the catalog is in
perfect shape for use, the library is still a riddle to the public.
There must be one or more capable persons to meet the public and put
the contents of the library at its disposal. “Knowledge is of two
kinds,” said Dr. Johnson. “We know our subject and we know where we can
find information upon it.” The latter is the knowledge necessary to the
reference librarian. Her knowledge of her library must be such that she
can find something about any question asked, if there is material on
the subject in the library. What great novel is there on the period of
the Norman conquest? Where can I find a map of the city of Seattle? Who
was the last man elected to the French Academy? What is the point of
resemblance between Maeterlinck’s writings and Coleridge’s Ancient
Mariner? Was Rabbi Ben Ezra a mathematician? Such are the questions for
which she must be ready, from morning till night, to help find the
answers.
The efficiency of the department is many times increased if it can have
on its staff those who in addition to their knowledge of the library
have had a broad education. The broader the better for there is no
subject on which she may not at some time be asked to find material.
The more versatile the members of the department are the greater is its
efficiency.
In no department of the library does personality count for as much as
in the reference department. The reference librarian may be a brilliant
student and have a thorough grasp of the various fields of knowledge,
but of what use will it be to her if she has not the ability to meet
people and to sink her own personality to a large extent? There is no
profession which throws one into the society of more varied types than
that of librarianship. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, the
educated and the ignorant, the cultured and unrefined all come to the
library for aid. The reference librarian must “be all things to all
people.” She must meet her public in such a way that if they come once
they will come again, feeling themselves cordially welcome. She must
have all the qualities which will make the library a place to which the
public will want to come, and herself the person they will seek for
assistance.
=How to Meet the Public.=—“The whole library should be permeated with
a cheerful and accommodating atmosphere. Treat boy and girl, man and
woman, ignorant and learned, gracious and rude, with uniform good
temper, without condescension, never pertly. Anticipate all inquiries
when possible, and especially put the shrinking and embarrassed visitor
at once at ease.
“Reference work in libraries large and small has for its first rule:
Meet the inquirer more than half way. To the stranger a library is
often an oppressive place, an awesome place—in his imagination. He
comes in shyly; everyone appears busy, his question suddenly seems to
him trivial; he won’t trouble these wise and busy people with it—and
goes out.
“A good second rule is: Learn at once just exactly what the inquirer
wishes to know. This is not always easy. Tact and a little patience
will generally effect it.
“A third good rule is: Whenever possible show the inquirer how the
answer is found, so that he may next time in some measure help himself.
It is surprising how many, especially of the younger people in a
community, can be taught within one year, on their occasional visits,
to make the proper use of at least a few reference books.
“Another rule of very good application is: Go first to a dictionary. In
many cases a question answers itself, or betrays where its answer may
best be found, if it is once plainly stated. And nothing is better than
reference to a few words in a dictionary for the clear statement of a
question. The larger dictionaries, and notably the Century, will answer
many more inquiries than even great readers often suppose.”—John
Cotton Dana, in his “Library primer” and elsewhere.
=Reference Books.=—In helping to answer an inquiry or to find material
on a subject, the first question in the mind of the reference assistant
should be, not where, or in what particular book, shall I find the
information, but rather: In what kind of a book, or in what class of
books? While it is necessary that the assistant should early become
acquainted with the most important or most convenient works of
reference on the various subjects of general interest it is especially
desirable to know the point of view of the inquirer, and what sort of
books, whether reference or research, will be needed.
Reference books—meaning ready reference books—may be generally
divided into two great classes: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. The
first includes those works which treat of words used as language; their
meaning, history, pronunciation and use. The second class treats of
subjects, such as countries, men, animals, sciences, arts, trades and
substances; their character, history, distribution, etc. In both of
these classes the arrangement of the matter is generally alphabetical.
The term “dictionary” is frequently used for a cyclopedia of a special
subject, as in the case of dictionaries of biography, antiquities and
architecture. Books of facts, almanacs, yearbooks and census returns,
belong to this class.
Of the general, or universal encyclopedias, devoted to all classes of
subjects without regard to country, age, or character, every public or
school library, no matter how small, should have at least one, and the
larger libraries should possess several, as they differ considerably in
their treatment of the subjects. Encyclopedias published in the United
States, England, France and Germany, while treating of matters of
interest in all these countries, would naturally favor their own
nationality and include subjects in which their immediate readers would
be most interested.
A third class, to which the general name of bibliography is usually
given, includes not only the indexes to the literature of a subject but
catalogs of libraries, special collections, selected lists, etc.
Frequently these are the books to be consulted first, as they direct
the searcher to works and articles of far more importance than any of
the general ready reference books.
One of the most important and useful books with which the reference
assistant should become acquainted is Miss Kroeger’s “Guide to the
study and use of reference books,” (A. L. A. Publishing board, 1908;
Supplement, by Isadore G. Mudge, 1910). It is divided into classes by
formal subjects, but the annotations to the titles included are
generally sufficient to show the character of the works, and to what
kind of needs they would be best adapted. The Michigan State board of
Library Commissioners has published a handy “Annotated list of
reference books for school and public libraries,” 1910, which will be
found useful by those in charge of smaller libraries.
There are certain ready reference books which should be within reach of
every reading room assistant and with which all should be familiar.
Among these the following may be mentioned:
Baker, E. A. A guide to the best fiction in English. New ed. N. Y.
Macmillan. 1913. $5.50.
Bliss, W. D. P. and Binder, R. M. New encyclopedia of social
reform. New ed. N. Y. Funk. 1908. $7.50.
American year book. N. Y. Appleton. 1910-date. $3.50. Annual.
Statesman’s year book. N. Y. Macmillan. $3. Annual.
Whitaker, Joseph. Almanack. Lond. Whitaker. 2s. 6d. Annual.
World almanac. N. Y. The N. Y. World. 25c paper. Annual.
Christy, Robert. Proverbs, maxims and phrases of all ages. N. Y.
Putnam. 1905. 2 v. in 1. $2.50.
Hopkins, A. A. Scientific American cyclopedia of formulas. N. Y.
Munn. 1911. $5.00.
Kent, William. Mechanical engineer’s pocket-book. Ed. 8. N. Y.
Wiley. 1910. $5.
Trautwine, J. C. Civil engineer’s pocket-book. Ed. 19. N. Y. Wiley.
1911. $5.
Standard handbook for electrical engineers. Ed. 3. Rev. and enl. N.
Y. McGraw. 1910. $4.
Bartlett, John. Familiar quotations. Ed. 9. Bost. Little. 1911. $3.
Granger, Edith. Index to poetry and recitations. Chic. McClurg.
1904. $5.
Hoyt, J. K. Cyclopedia of practical quotations; English, Latin, and
modern foreign languages. New ed. enl. N. Y. Funk. 1896. $6.
Schauffler, R. H. Our American holidays. N. Y. Moffat. $1 a vol. A
volume on each of the important holidays: Arbor Day, Christmas,
Flag Day, Independence Day, Lincoln’s Birthday, Memorial Day,
Thanksgiving and Washington’s Birthday.
Walsh, W. S. International encyclopedia of prose and poetical
quotations. Phil. Winston. 1908. $3.
Brewer, E. C. Historic note-book: with an appendix on battles.
Phil. Lippincott. 1891. $3.50.
Haydn, Joseph. Dictionary of dates and universal information
relating to all ages and nations. Ed. 24. N. Y. Putnam. 1906. $6.
Larned, J. N. History for ready reference from the best historians
and specialists. Rev. and enl. ed. Springfield (Mass.) Nichols.
1901-1910. 7 v. $35.
Ploetz, Karl. Epitome of ancient, mediaeval and modern history: tr.
and enl. by W. H. Tillinghast, with additions covering recent
events. Bost. Houghton. 1905. $3.
Peck, H. T. Harper’s dictionary of classical literature and
antiquities. N. Y. American Book Co. 1897. $6.
A. L. A. portrait index; index to portraits contained in printed
books and periodicals. Wash. Lib. of Cong. 1906. $3.
Thomas, Joseph. Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and
mythology. Phil. Lippincott. 1901. 2 v. $15.
Who’s who. N. Y. Macmillan. $2.50 n. Annual.
Appleton’s cyclopedia of American biography. N. Y. Appleton.
1888-1900. 7 v. $36.
Who’s who in America; a biographical dictionary. Chic. Marquis. $4.
Biennial.
Moulton, C. W. Library of literary criticism of English and
American authors. Buffalo. Moulton pub. co. 1901-05. 8 v. $5. a vol.
Harper’s encyclopedia of U. S. History from 458 A. D. to 1902. N.
Y. Harper. 1902. 10 v. $31.
=Poole’s Index and the Reader’s Guide.=—In 1848 William F. Poole, at
that time a junior at Yale, and librarian of one of the undergraduate
literary societies, began indexing by topics such magazines as were
available “for the purpose of helping students in the preparation of
their written exercises and society discussions.” Mr. Poole had noticed
that the sets of standard periodicals with which the library was well
supplied were not used, although they were replete with information on
subjects about which inquiries were made in vain every day. Mr. Poole’s
manuscript index soon showed serious signs of wear and in order to
preserve it recourse was had to printing. An edition of 500 copies,
printed in 1848 was soon exhausted, and in 1853 an edition of 1000 of a
much enlarged index was published. Mr. Poole’s increasing duties as
librarian of the Boston Athenaeum, and later of the public libraries of
Cincinnati and Chicago, left him no leisure for carrying on the index,
and so at the first meeting of the American Library Association in 1876
he proposed that the work be carried on by co-operation. This plan was
adopted and with Mr. Poole as editor-in-chief and Mr. W. I. Fletcher as
assistant and with the cooperation of some fifty libraries the work was
carried on until Mr. Poole’s death in 1894. The first volume of this
cooperative venture appeared in 1882, with supplements in 1888, 1893,
1897, 1903, and 1908, after which the publication was suspended.
In 1901 the H. W. Wilson Company of Minneapolis began the publication
of a monthly “Readers’ guide to Periodical literature,” with the view
to supplying the needs of the very small libraries. It was to be
cumulated quarterly and it increased rapidly in scope. In 1903 there
was incorporated with it the “Cumulative index to periodicals” which
had been published in Cleveland for several years. Two five-year
cumulations covering 1900-04 and 1905-09 have been published and have
grown rapidly in favor. This publication will henceforward continue the
work of the Poole Index.
=Public Documents.=—Among the sources of reliable information most
prized by the properly trained desk attendant must be reckoned the
various series of documents published by the United States Government.
While hitherto many depository libraries have been swamped with the
output of the Government Printing Office for which the libraries could
not provide proper shelf-room, the libraries are now, by a process of
selection and elimination, coming to learn what volumes are of most use
to their particular clientele. It is better for a small library to buy
these from the Government Printing Office than to have a whole lot of
documents for which they have no call dumped down on them. Among the
United States documents the following will be found the most useful for
the average public library:
Congressional record.
Bound volumes; contain daily proceedings of Congress. If the
daily edition is procurable it ought to be filed with the daily
newspapers. An index is issued every two weeks, and, with the
bound volume, one for the entire session. Obtainable through the
local Congressman.
Census Bureau. Reports and bulletins.
Cotton ginning reports. Contain comparative tables of the amount
of cotton ginned from the crops grown.
Forest products. This publication shows statistics on lumber and
timber products.
Tobacco reports.
Special reports. Complete statistical reports on subjects of
great importance. The abstract of the census is an exceedingly
useful reference manual supplementing the annual statistical
abstract.
Statistical abstract of the United States.
A comprehensive manual of general information issued annually.
Advance edition in paper binding available through Congressman.
Civil Service Commission. Reports.
Administrative and statistical, with discussion of public
questions coming within the scope of the Commission.
Commissioner of Education. Reports and bulletins.
Embody the results of the Commissioner’s investigations and
labors, with statistics and special articles, and recommendations
which will promote the purpose for which the office was
established. While chiefly devoted to the educational system of
the United States, there are papers on important educational
movements in other countries. The bulletins include the annual
bibliography of Education.
Department of Agriculture.
Yearbook. A most interesting and valuable compend of scientific
knowledge, practically applied to agricultural life. It contains
also much statistical information of use to farmers and others.
It has been issued annually, beginning with 1894, and has become
very widely known.
Farmers’ bulletins and bulletins of the Weather Bureau, Forestry,
Plant Industry, Chemistry, Entomology, etc. The Farmers’
bulletins give brief popular articles in simple concise language
on a great variety of topics. Over six and a half million copies
of these bulletins are issued annually.
Commissioner of Labor. Reports and bulletins.
Give information as to labor and economic problems at home and
abroad. To be had free of charge upon application.
Library of Congress. Select list of references on various subjects.
General publications.
Smithsonian Institution.
National Museum. Reports. Annual. Administrative report on the
progress and condition of the Museum. The Congressional edition
bears the same document number as the Smithsonian report, though
the law calls for separate publication. The earlier volumes
contained a number of articles on American archaeology, but the
general appendix of scientific papers has not been printed since
1904.
Bureau of Ethnology. Reports and bulletins. Reports. Annual.
Contain collections of illustrated papers, relating to the
habits, customs, languages, folk-lore, religious ceremonials,
etc., of the North American Indians. Bulletins. Papers relating
to the North American Indians. Similar to the annual reports in
character and contents.
Geological Survey.
Maps. Geologic atlas of United States. Issued in parts or folios
as surveys are completed for various areas. Each folio comprises
topographic, geologic, economic, and structural maps of the
quadrangle, and occasionally other illustrations, with a general
description.
Bulletins. Cover a wide range of geologic investigation.
Monographs. Comprehensive and exhaustive treatises on geologic
subjects.
Official gazette of the Patent Office.
Official postal guide.
Private publication, authorized by Post Office Department.
Albany, N. Y., J. B. Lyon Co., $3.50 per year.
Congressional directory.
For the current session of Congress. Several editions embodying
changes and corrections are issued during each session of
Congress.
General biographical directory of Congress, 1774-1911.
Official register of the United States.
The list of American and English genealogies in the Library of
Congress, 1910; also, Heads of families, 1790, in the thirteen
original states.
Constitution of the United States, Jefferson’s Manual and Rules of
procedure for the Senate and House of Representatives.
Heitman’s Dictionary of the United States army, 1789-1903.
Hamersly’s Register of the graduates of West Point, continued to
1900.
=State Documents.=—In addition to the United States Documents referred
to above there are a number of State Documents which will prove
especially helpful as reference sources in a public library. They are
generally to be secured through the Secretary of State, and for
Michigan the following might be specified:
Constitutional Convention, 1907-8, Journal and Debates (4 vols).
The Journal contains comparative text of the Constitutions of 1908
and 1850.
Compiled Laws, and index, 1897 (4 vols.), and Index to the Compiled
Laws and Acts to 1906.
Legislature. Journals of the Senate and the House of
Representatives and the Public and Local Acts at the biennial
sessions after 1897.
Michigan Manual. Official directory and legislative manual compiled
by the Secretary of State. Biennial. Contains statistical
information prepared especially for the members of the Legislature,
with maps of legislative districts, lists of state officers, etc.
Desirable in every library.
Census of Michigan. 1904 and every ten years.
State Pioneer and Historical Collections, annual volumes.
Reports of the following:
State Board of Agriculture Commissioner of Banking Department
Board of Corrections and Charities Dairy and Food Commissioner
Superintendent of Public Instruction State Board of Health
Commissioner of Insurance Bureau of Labor and Industrial
Statistics Commissioner of Railroads Agricultural Experiment
Station, and Bulletins State Library—and State Library
Commission.
=Loan Systems.=—The function of the loan department has been thus
defined: “To give to the reader the books he wants to take home and to
make sure that he will return them promptly for the sake of other
readers.” To this end a systematic record of books loaned is kept.
This record may be made to answer certain questions which arise in
different kinds of libraries. (1) What books are due on a certain day?
This is the “time record.” It is the record usually kept and is
necessary to insure the library against loss and to safeguard the
interests of the community. (2) What books are out, or, is a certain
book out? Who has it and when is it due? It is the “book record” and
this kind of a record is kept in most college libraries. (3) What books
does a certain person have out? This is called the “readers or
borrowers record.” Although some libraries keep all three of these
records, many keep only two and the majority only one.
It is not possible to say that there is one best charging system
although some form of the Newark or the Brown system is commonly used.
All systems require a register of the “borrowers,” kept either
numerically in a book or alphabetically on cards or both. Some
libraries require a sponsor or guarantor for each one drawing books,
but this is going out of favor and only an identification is demanded.
When the library is small or the patronage is large it is customary to
limit the number of volumes a person can have out at one time to two,
one volume of fiction and one non-fiction. These volumes can be kept
from seven to fourteen days with the privilege of renewing them for an
equal length of time. Other libraries give much more freedom in the
number of books one person may draw and in the length of time they may
be retained.
Most charging systems require that each book in the library be fitted
with a pocket into which is slipped a “book card” on which may appear
the author and title of the book, the class and book numbers and the
accession number. When the book is drawn out this card is removed from
the book and is kept in the library. On it may be entered the
borrower’s name or number and the date the book is drawn or to be
returned. A card may also be issued to each reader for purposes of
identification or to aid in charging the book. Such a card is a
“reader’s card” or “borrower’s card.”