Machault, Guillaume de, and counterpoint, 229_n._

Machiavellism, and mimicry, 371

Macpherson, James, autumnal accent, 241

Macrocosm, idea, 163-165;

cultural and intercultural, 165;

expression, 180;

and style-problem, 214-216.

_See also_ History; Morphology; Nature; Symbolism; World-conceptions

Maderna, Stefano, sculpture, 244;

God-feeling, 395

Madonna, in Western art, 136, 267, 280.

_See also_ Marycult; Motherhood

Madrid, culture city, 32, 109

Madrigals, character, 229

Mæcenas, park, 34

Magdeburg Cathedral, Viking Gothic, 213

Magian soul, explained, 183. _See also_ Arabian Culture

Magnetism, Cabeo’s theory, 414

Magnitude, emancipation of Western mathematic, 74-78;

and relations, 84, 86

Mahavansa, as historical work, 12

Mainz Cathedral, and styles, 205

Makart, Hans, copyist, 295

Malatestas, Hellenic sorriness, 273

Malthus, Thomas R., and Darwinism, 350, 369, 371

Manchester system, and Western Civilization, 151, 371;

and Darwinism, 369

Mandæans, as Arabian, 72;

music, 228;

contemporaries, table i

Manet, Édouard, unpopularity, 35;

and body, 271;

landscapes, 288;

_plein-air_ painting, 288-290;

weak style, 291;

striving, 292;

and Wagner, 292;

irreligion, 358

Mani, and mystic benefits, 344_n._;

and Jesus, 347;

contemporaries, table i

Manichæanism, as Arabian, 72;

architectural expression, 209, 211;

music, 228;

dualism, 306;

and home, 335

Mankind, as abstraction, 21, 46

Mantegna, Andrea, technique, 221, 239;

and colour, 242;

and portrait, 271;

and statics, 414

Marble, and later Western sculpture, 232, 276_n._;

Greek use, 248_n._, 253;

Michelangelo’s attitude, 276.

_See also_ Stone

Marcellus II, pope, and Church music, 268_n._

Marcion, and Jesus, 347;

contemporaries, table i

Marcus Aurelius, and monotheistic tendency, 407

Marées, Hans, significance of colour, 252;

portraiture, 266, 271, 271_n._, 309;

and grand style, 289, 290;

striving, 292

Marenzio, Luca, music, 251

Marius, C., and economic motive, 36;

contemporaries, table iii

Mars Ultor, temple, ornament, 215

Marseillaise, morale, 355

Marsyas, Myron’s, lack of depth, 226

Marwitz, Friedrich A. L. von der, and Hardenberg, 150_n._

Marx, Karl, and practical philosophy, 45;

and earlier and final Socialism, 138;

and superficially incidental, 144;

character of Nihilism, 352, 357;

and Hegelianism, 367;

socio-economic ethics, 372, 373;

contemporaries, table i

Mary-cult, as symbol, 136;

Madonna in Western art, 267, 280

Masaccio, and artistic change, 237, 279, 287

Mashetta, castle, façade, 215

Mask, and Classical drama, 316, 317_n._, 318, 323

ass, Western functional concept, 415;

effect of quantum theory, 419

Materialism, and Goethe’s living nature, 111_n._;

Buddhism as, 356;

in Western ethics, 368;

and Socialism, 370

Mathematics, spatial concept, 6_n._, 7;

plurality, cultural basis, 15, 59-63, 67, 70, 101, 314;

position, 56;

and extension, 56;

and nature, 57;

wider-culture vision and analogy, 57, 58;

beginning of number-sense, 59;

as art, 61, 62, 70;

vision, 61;

of Classical Culture, positive, measurable numbers, 63-65, 69, 77;

and time and becoming, 64, 125, 126;

symbolism in Classical, 65-67, 70;

religious analogy, 66, 70, 394;

and empirical observation, 67;

character of Arabian, 71-73;

primitive levels, 73;

Western, and infinite functions, 74-76;

Western need of new notation, 76;

as expression of world-fear, 79-81;

and Western meaning of space, 81-84, 88;

and proportion and function, 84;

construction _versus_ function, 85;

virtuosity, 85;

and physiognomic morphology, 85;

Western, and limit as a relation, 86;

Western abstraction, 86, 87;

Western conflict with perception limitations, 87, 170, 171;

culmination of Western, groups, 89, 90, 426;

paradigm of Classical and Western, 90;

and the how, what, and when, 126;

cultural relation to art, 129, 130;

Classical sculpture and Western music as, 284;

impressionism, 286;

vector and Baroque art, 311;

esoteric Western, 328;

and philosophy, 366;

replacement by economics, 367;

theory of aggregates, and logic, 426;

cultural contemporary epochs, table i.

_See also_ Nature; Number; branches by name

Matter. _See_ Body; Natural science

Matthew Passion. _See_ Schütz, Heinrich

Maxwell-Hertz equations, 418

Maya Culture. _See_ Mexican

Mayer, Julius Robert, and theory, 378;

and conservation of energy, 393, 412, 417

Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, morale, 349

Mazdaism, as Arabian, 209;

architectural expression, 211;

and pneuma, 216;

music, 228;

contemporaries, table i

Mazdak, contemporaries, table i

Meander, motive, 316, 345

Mechanics, and fourth dimension, 124.

_See also_ Motion; Natural science

Mediæval History, as term, 16, 22

Medicis, Hellenic sorriness, 273

Megalopolitanism, and Civilization of a Culture, 32-35, 38;

and systematism, 102.

_See also_ Civilization

Melody, Classical and Western, 227

Memlinc, Hans, in Italy, 236;

and Renaissance, 274

Memory, conception, 103;

as organ of history, 132;

as term, 132

Mencius, practical philosophy, 45

Mendicant Orders, as exception, 348

Menes, contemporaries, table iii

Menzel, Adolf F. E., and body, 271;

impressionism, 286;

and grand style, 290, 291

Merovingian-Carolingian Era, contemporary art epochs, table ii

Mesopotamia, synagogues, 210

Messenians, provided history, 11

Metaphysics, and scientific research, 154;

and symbolism, 163;

Western and pairs of concepts, 311;

basis of Classical, 311;

period in philosophy, 365-367.

_See also_ Ethics; Philosophy.

Mexican (Maya) Culture, and historical scheme, 16, 18;

and time measurement, 134_n._;

ornament, 196;

and tutelage, 213

Meyer, Eduard, on Spengler, x;

on Classical Culture and geography, 10_n._

Meyerbeer, Giacomo, Rossini on Huguenots, 293

Michelangelo, liberation of architecture, beginning of Baroque, 87,

206, 225_n._, 313;

materiality, obsession by the architectural, 128;

St. Peter’s, 206, 238;

and passing of sculpture, 223, 244;

anticipations, 263;

and physiognomy of muscles, 264;

nude, and portrait, 272;

sonnets, 273;

as dissatisfied thinker, 274;

unsuccessful quest of the Classical, 275-277, 281;

and marble, 276;

architecture as final expression, 277;

and popularity, 327;

God-feeling, 395;

contemporaries, table ii

Michelozzo, Bartolommeo di, and Classical, 415

Michelson, Albert A., experiments, 419

Middle Kingdom, contemporaries, tables i-iii

Milesians, physical theory, 386

Miletus, form-type of Didymæum, 204;

and Egypt, 225

Milinda, King, and Nagasena, 356

Military art, Western, 333_n._

Mill, John Stuart, and economic ascendency, 367, 373

Millennianism, as Western phenomenon, 363, 423

Mineralogy, and geology, 96

Minerva Medica, Syrian workmen, 211

Ming-Chu, contemporaries, table iii

Ming-ti, contemporaries, table iii

Minkowski, Hermann, imaginary time, 124_n._;

and Relativity, 419

Minnesänger, rules, 193;

imitative music, 229

Mino da Fiesole, and portrait, 272

Minoan art, character, 198;

contemporaries, 241

Minstrels, imitative music, 229

Mirabeau, Comte de, and imperialism, 149;

contemporaries, table iii

Miracles, cultural attitude toward, 392, 393

Missionarism, Stoic, 344_n._;

and diatribe, 360

Mithraists, and pneuma, 216;

form-language of mithræa, 224;

music, 228;

cult in Rome, 406, 406_n._

Mitylene, episode and Classical time-sense, 133_n._

Moab, Castle of Mashetta, 215

Modern History, as irrational term, 16-18

Mörike, Eduard, poetry, 289

Mohammed. _See_ Islam

Moissac, church ornamentation, 199

Molière, tragic method, 318

Mommsen, Theodor, on Classical historians, 11;

narrow Classicalism, 28

Monasticism, and Western morale, 316_n._;

order-movement, 343;

mendicant orders, 348

Money, Roman conception, 33;

as hall-mark of Civilization, 34-36

Monophysites, Islam as heir, 211;

as alchemistic problem, 383;

contemporaries, table i

Monteverde, Claudio, music, 226, 230, 249, 283

Morale, plurality, cultural basis, no conversions, 315, 345-347;

Western, and activity, 315;

and analysis, 341;

Western moral imperative, 341, 342;

intellectual and unconscious concepts, 341_n._;

Western purposeful motion, ethic of deed, 342-344, 347;

Western Christian, 344, 348;

and art, 344;

morphology, 346;

compassion, cultural types of manly virtue, 347-351;

real and presumed, phrases and meanings, 348;

Classical, and happiness, 351;

instinctive and problematic, tragic and plebeian, 354, 355;

end phenomena, cultural basis, 356-359;

Civilization and diatribe, 359, 360;

and diet, 361;

qualities and aim of Socialism, 361-364;

and cultural atomic theories, 386.

_See also_ Ethics; Spirit

Moravians, as exception, 348

Morphology, Spengler and historical, xi;

concept of historical, 5-8, 26, 39;

historical, and symbolism, 46;

historical, ignored, 47;

symmetry, 47;

historical and natural, 48;

historical, Western study of comparative, 50, 159;

comparative, knowledge forms, 60;

of mathematical operations, 85;

systematic and physiognomic, 100, 101, 121;

of world-history explained, 101;

of Cultures, 104;

historical homology, 111, 112;

element of causal and destiny, 121;

of morales, 346;

of history of philosophy, 364-374;

of exact sciences, 425

Mortality. _See_ Death

Mosaic, as cultural expression, 214;

and Arabian gold background, 247;

eyes, 329;

contemporaries, table ii

Mosque, architectural characteristics, 200, 210;

contemporaries, table ii

Motherhood, cultural attitude, meaning, 136, 137;

and destiny, portraiture, 267

Mo-ti, practical philosophy, 45

Motion, and fourth dimension, 124;

Eleatic difficulty, 305_n._;

and natural science, 377, 387-391.

_See also_ Natural science

Motion pictures, and Western character, 322

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90;

period, 108, 284;

orchestration, 231;

colour expression, 252_n._;

ease, 292;

contemporaries, table ii

Mummies, as symbol, 12, 13, 135

Murillo, Bartolomé, period, 283

Murtada, and will, 311

Museums, as historical symbols, 135;

change in meaning of word, 136

Music, thoroughbass and geometry, 61;

mathematical relation, 62, 63;

of Baroque period, 78;

and proportion and function, 84;

bodilessness of Western, development, 97, 177, 230, 231, 283;

history of instruments, 195;

Western church, as architectural ornament, 196, 199;

as art of form, 219, 221_n._;

and allegory, 219_n._;

as channel for imagination, 220;

Classical, 223, 227, 252_n._;

form-ideal of Western, 225;

technical contrast of Classical and Western, 227_n._;

word and organism, cultural basis, 227, 228;

Arabian, 228;

Chinese, 228;

imitation and ornament, 228;

ornamental and imitative Western, 229;

secularization, thoroughbass, 230;

of Renaissance, 234;

Flemish influence in Italy, 236;

and horizon in painting, 239;

pastoral, and gardening, 240;

esoteric Western, 243;

as Western prime phenomenon, 244, 281-284;

and Western painting, 250, 251;

instruments and colour expression, 252;

instrumental as historical expression, 255;

and uncleanliness, 260_n._;

and portrait, 262, 266;

Catholic, 268_n._;

Michelangelo’s tendency, 277;

Western, and Classical free sculpture, 283, 284;

climacteric instruments, 284;

and Rococo architecture, 285;

impressionism, 285, 286;

and later German school of painting, 289;

Wagner and death of Western, 291, 293;

his impressionism, 292;

and Western soul, 305;

and Western concept of God, 312;

and character, 314;

place of organ, 396;

Western contemporary natural science, 417;

contemporary cultural epochs, table ii.

_See also_ Art

Muspilli, and Northern myths, 400, 423

Mutazilites, contemporaries, table i

Mycenæ, funeral customs, 135;

contemporaries, tables, ii, iii

Mycerinus, dynasty, 58_n._

Myron, sculpture as planar art, 225, 226, 283;

Discobolus, 263, 264

Mysteries, Classical, 320. _See also_ Religion

Mysticism, art association, 229;

and dualism, 307;

cultural culmination, 365_n._;

and concept of force, 391;

contemporaries, table i

Myth, natural science as, 378, 387

Mythology, significance in Classical Culture, 10, 11, 13;

origin, 57.

_See also_ Religion

Nagasena, materialism, 356

Names, as overcoming fear, 123;

concretion of numina, 397

Napoleon I, analogies, 4, 5;

romantic, 38;

imperialism, 42, 149-151;

as destiny and epoch, 142, 144, 149;

egoism, 336;

morale, 349;

and toil for future, 363;

contemporaries, table iii

Napoleonic Wars, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._

Nardini, Pietro, orchestration, 231

Natural science, mechanics and motion, cultural basis of postulate,

377, 378;

fact and theory, cultural images, 378-380;

Western, and depth-experience, tension, 380, 386, 387;

and religion, cultural basis, 380-382, 391, 411, 412, 416;

scientific period of a Culture, 381;

cultural relativity, 382;

cultural nature ideas and elements, 382-384;

statics, chemistry, dynamics, cultural systems, 384;

cultural atomic theories, 384-387;

thinking-motion problem, system and life, 387-389;

mechanical and organic necessity, 391;

cultural attitude on mechanical necessity, 392-394;

things and relations, 393;

conservation of energy and Western concept of experience, 393;

theory and religion, Western God-feeling, 395;

naming of notions, 397;

and atheism, 409;

Western dogma of undefinable force, provenance, stages, 412-417;

as to Western statics, 414, 415;

mass concept of Civilization, work-idea, 416, 417;

disintegration of exact, contradictions, 417-420;

physiognomic effect of irreversibility theory, 420-424;

effect of radioactivity, 423;

decay, 424;

morphology, convergence of separate sciences, 425-427;

anthropomorphic return, 427.

_See also_ Nature

Natural selection, and Western ethics, Superman, 371. _See also_

Darwinism

Naturalism, antiquity, 33, 207, 288;

in art, 192

Nature, contrast of historical morphology, 5, 7, 8;

definite sense, and history, 55, 57, 94-98, 102, 103;

and learning, 56;

mathematics as expression, 57;

as late world-form, 98;

mechanistic world-conception, 99, 100;

systematic morphology, 100;

and causality and destiny, 119, 121, 142;

cultural viewpoints, 131, 263;

timelessness, 142, 158;

historical overlapping, living harmonies, 153, 154, 158;

and intellect, 157;

personal connotations, 169;

soul as counter-world, 301;

and reason, 308.

_See also_ Causality; History; Mathematics; Natural science; Space;

Spirit

Naucratis, and Miletus, 225_n._

Naumann, Johann C., architecture, 285

Nazzâm, on body, 248;

contemporaries, table i

Necessity, mechanical and organic, 391

Nemesis, character of Classical, 129, 320. _See also_ Destiny

Neo-Platonists, as Arabian, 72;

and pneuma, 216;

and body, 248;

dualism, 306;

unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._

Neo-Pythagoreans, and body, 248;

and mechanical necessity, 393

Nerva, forum, 198, 215

Nestorianism, and art, 209, 211;

music, 228;

and home, 334;

as alchemistic problem, 383;

contemporaries, table i

Neumann, Karl J., on Roman myths, 11

New York City, and megalopolitanism, 33

Newton, Sir Isaac, and “fluxions”, 15_n._;

artist-nature, 61;

mathematic and religion, 70, 396, 412;

mathematical discoveries, 75, 78, 90;

and time and space, 124, 126;

light theory, and Goethe’s theory, 157_n._, 158_n._, 422;

dynamic world-picture, 311;

deeds of science, 355;

and motion-problem, 390, 391;

and metaphysics, 366;

and force and mass, 415, 417;

contemporaries, table i

Nibelungenlied, and Homer, 27;

esoteric, 328;

and Western Christianity, 400-402

Nicæa, Council of, and Godhead, 249

Nicephorus Phocas, and Philopatris dialogue, 404_n._

Nicholas of Cusa, astronomical theory, 69;

religion and mathematic, 70;

musical association, 236;

contemporaries, table i

Nicholas of Oresme, and beginning of Western mathematic, 73, 74, 279;

art association, 229;

Occamist, 381

Niese, Benedictus, on Roman myths, 11

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, influence on Spengler, xiv, 49_n._;

provincialism, 24;

Classical ideology, 28, 28_n._;

on city life, 30;

unpopularity, 35;

practical philosophy, 45;

and historical unity, 48;

and detachment, 93;

and Wagner, 111, 291, 370;

on history and definition, 158;

on art witnesses, 191;

autumnal accent, 241;

on Greeks and colour, 245;

on “brown” music, 252;

on Greeks and body, 260;

will and reason, 308;

and morale, 315, 342, 346;

and home, 335;

actuality of “Mann”, 347, 350;

and Civilization, 352;

character of Nihilism, 357;

and diet, 361;

nebulous aim, 363, 364;

and mystic philosophy, 365_n._;

and mathematics, 366;

ethics and metaphysics, 367;

materialism, 368;

and evolution and Socialism, 370-372;

position in Western ethics, 373, 374;

on pathos of distance, 386;

dynamic atheism, 409;

contemporaries, table i

Niflheim, lack of materiality, 403

Nihilism, and finale of a Culture, 352;

cultural manifestations, 357

Nirvana, ahistoric expression, 11, 133;

and zero, 178;

conception, 347, 357, 361.

_See also_ Buddhism

Nisibis, and Arabian art, 209

Northmen, discoveries, 330

Norwich Cathedral, simplicity, 196

Notre-Dame, Madonna of the St. Anne, 263

Nude, in Classical art, necessity, 130, 260-262, 317;

cultural basis of feeling, 216, 270, 272;

as element of Classical Culture only, 225

Nürnberg, loss of prestige, 33;

church statuary, 103;

church and styles, 205;

as religious, 358

Numa, cult, 185;

contemporaries, table i

Number, chronological and mathematical, 6, 7, 70, 97;

defined, 67;

numbers and mortality, 70;

Arabian indeterminate, 72;

Western Culture and functional, 74, 75, 90;

Western attitude and notation, 76, 332_n._;

symbolism, 82, 165;

astronomical, 83, 332_n._;

cultural attitudes, 88;

and the become, 95;

and numbering, 125;

Indian conception, 178;

functional, and causality, 393.

_See also_ Mathematics

Numina, naming, 397. _See also_ Religion

Nyaya, contemporaries, table i

Oak, as symbol, 396

Occamists, physical theory, 381, 389

Odo, Bishop, as warrior, 349_n._

Odysseus, as enduring, 203

Okeghem, Joannes, music, 130;

and popularity, 243

Oken, Lorenz, and dualism, 307

Old Kingdom, and care, 137;

contemporaries, tables ii, iii

Old Nordic art, as Arabian, 215

Oldach, Julius, act and portrait, 271_n._

Omar, Mosque of, characteristics, 200_n._

Ommayad period, homology, 111

Opera, and orchestra, 230

Oracle, Classical, 147

Oratorio, and orchestra, 230

Orchomenos, funeral customs, 135

Oreads, passivity, 336

Oresme. _See_ Nicholas of Oresme

Organ, and Western devotions, 396

Origen, and dualism, 306;

morale, 348;

contemporaries, table i

Ormuzd, Persian God, 312

Ornament, qualities and aim, 191-194;

opposition to imitation, 194-196;

building and its symbolic decoration, 196;

pictorial period, 197;

and Civilization, 197, 294;

in music, 228, 230, 231;

Renaissance, 233_n._, 238.

_See also_ Decoration; Imitation

Orpheus, cult, 185;

as Christian title, 408_n._;

contemporaries of discipline and movement, table i

Otto the Great, egoism, 336

Owen, Sir Richard, and morphology, 111

Pachelbel, Johann, organ works, 220

Pacher, Michael, colour, 250

Paderborn Cathedral, simplicity, 196

Pæonius, Nike, 263;

period, 284

Pæstum, temple, 224, 235

Paewati worshippers, sect, 136_n._

Painting, perspective and geometry, 61;

allegorical, 219_n._;

and form-ideal of Classical sculpture and Western music, 226, 232;

word and organism, 227;

Flemish influence in Italy, 236;

Renaissance fresco to Venetian oil, line to space, 237, 279-281;

development of background in Western, 239;

form and content, outline and colour, 242;

cultural expression and popularity, 243;

oil, as Western prime phenomenon, period, 244, 281-283;

Classical and Western colours, 245-247;

outdoor and indoor, 247;

symbolism in brushwork, 249;

of Western Civilization, 251;

Baroque portraits, 265;

and destiny of Western art, 276_n._;

Leonardo and discovery, spiritual space, 277-280;

Western studio-brown, pictorial chromatics, 250, 288;

Classical limitation, 283, 287;

full meaning of Impressionism, 285-287;

19th Century episode, _plein-air_, 288;

German school and grand style, 289;

Baroque and concept of vector, 311;

and time of day, 325;

Western, and spectator, 329;

Western, and contemporary natural science, 417;

contemporary cultural epochs, table ii.

_See also_ Art; Portraiture

Palazzo Farnese, style, 205;

Michelangelo’s cornice, 275

Palazzo Strozzi, style, 234;

and artistic sentiment, 272

Palermo, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216

Palestrina, Giovanni da, style, 220, 230, 323;

and popularity, 243;

Michelangelo’s heir, 274, 277;

God-feeling, 395

Palladio, Andrea, style, 30, 414

Palma, Jacopo, colour, 252

Palmyra, basilica, 209_n._;

Baal, 407

Pan, idea, 403

Panama Canal, Goethe’s prophecy, 42

“Panem et circenses”, as symbol, 362

Pantheon, as mosque, 72, 211

Paolo Veronese, clouds, 240;

colour, 252

Papacy, contemporaries, table iii

Paracelsus, Philippus, and chemistry, 384

Parallel axiom, 83, 88, 176_n._

Paris, and Athens, 27;

culture city, 33;

autumnal city, 79;

Flemish influence, 236_n._;

as irreligious, 358

Paris, Peace of (1763), and imperialism, 150

Park. _See_ Gardening

Parmenides, civic world-outlook, 33;

thinking and being, 387

Parthenon, Three Fates as type, 268;

horse’s head, Rubens contrast, 271;

popularity, 327

Pascal, Blaise, and actuality, 42;

faith and experience, 66, 394;

mathematic, and Archimedes, 69, 75, 90, 126;

and predestination, 141;

and Jansenists, 314_n._;

and Western morale, 348;

contemporaries, table i

Passion, in Christian cult, 320_n._

Passivity, as Classical trait, 315, 320;

and pathos, 320_n._

Past, and passing, 166

Pastels, and music, 232

Paterculus, C. Velleius, view of art, 205

Path. _See_ Way

Pathos, and passion, 320_n._

Patina, symbolism, 253

Patriotism, cultural concept, 334-337

Patristic literature, contemporaries, table i

Paul, Saint, and world-history, 18_n._;

and dualism, 306;

and will, 344;

and diatribe, 360;

error on “Unknown God”, 404

Paulicians, and art, 209, 211;

iconoclasm, 262;

contemporaries, table i

Paulinzella Monastery, simplicity, 196;

and antique, 275_n._

Pausanias, culture, 254_n._;

on altars to unknown gods, 404_n._

Pazzi, chapel, 313

Peace, Classical and Western conception, 275_n._

Peasant, as Culture relic, 354

Peloponnesian War, as epoch, 149

Pepi. _See_ Phiops

Perception, and “alien”, 53;

Western transcendency, 87-89;

space and time as forms, 169-171, 173

Percival, archetype, 402

Pergamene art, modernity, 111;

composition, 244, 260;

gigantomachia, 291, 352;

actuality, 364;

contemporaries, table ii

Pericles, homology, 111;

portrait, 130_n._, 269;

and economic organization, 138;

morale, 349

Peripatos, contemporaries, table i

Persians, architectural expression, 209;

and home, 335;

contemporary art periods, table ii.

_See also_ Arabian Culture

Perspective, Classical attitude, 109;

Western painting and gardening, 240-242;

as soul-expression, 310_n._;

Western, and astronomy, 330

Perugino, technique, 249;

and portraiture, 272;

and artistic change, 279;

simplicity, 280

Pessimism, and Spengler’s theories, xiv, 40

Peter the Great, and Europe, 16_n._

Peterborough Cathedral, simplicity, 196

Petra, Baal, 407

Petrarch, Francesco, analogy, 4;

historic consciousness, 14;

narrow Classicalism, 29, 275

Petrinism, Tolstoi’s connection, 309

Phallus, as symbol, cult, 136, 267, 320

Phidias, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90;

and portraiture, 130_n._;

and soulless body, 225, 267;

popularity, 243;

and self-criticism, 264;

and marble, 276;

and Handel, 284;

period, 284;

as religious, 358;

contemporaries, table ii

Philanthropy, Aristotle’s, 351

Philippe de Vitry, and counterpoint, 229_n._

Philo, and body, 248;

and Jesus, 347

Philopatris dialogue, source, 404_n._

Philosopher’s Stone, as symbol, 248, 307

Philosophy, truth and individual attitude, xv;

natural and historical, 7, 8;

anonymous Indian, 12;

provincialism, 22, 23;

epochal limitations, cultural boundaries, 41, 46, 364, 367;

test of value, actuality, 41-43;

present-day Western, and cultural destiny, 43-45;

development of Western practical, 45;

scepticism as final Western, 45, 374;

of becoming and become, 49_n._;

and mathematics, 56, 64, 366;

Kant’s postulates, 59;

comparative forms of knowledge, 60;

and names, 123;

scientific, of time, 124;

tabulation of categories, 125;

and death, 166;

Western art association, 229;

of Culture and Civilization, 354, 355;

cultural questions, early posing, 364;

course within each Culture, 364;

metaphysical and ethical periods, 365-367.

_See also_ Ethics; Metaphysics; Spirit

Phiops, Western contemporary, 202_n._;

statue, 265

Phlogiston theory, Stahl’s, 384

Phœnicians, and discovery, 65, 333

Phrynichus, fine, 321

Physics, cautious hypotheses, 156;

Jesuits and theoretical, 314_n._;

and popularity, cultural basis, 327, 328.

_See also_ Natural science

Physiognomy. _See_ Destiny; Portraiture

Picturesqueness, and historical expression, 255

Piero della Francesca. _See_ Francesca

Pigalle, Jean B., sculpture, 244

Pindar, as religious, 358

Pine, as symbol, 396

Piombo, Sebastiano del. _See_ Sebastiano

Piræus, and unknown gods, 404

Pisano, Giovanni. _See_ Giovanni

Pisistratidæ, as period of fulfilment, 107

Planck, Max, atomic theory, 385, 419

Plane, significance in Egyptian architecture, 189

Plastic. _See_ Sculpture

Plato, ahistoric consciousness, 9, 14;

and clepsydra, 15;

provincialism, 22;

and actuality, 42;

philosopher of the becoming, 49_n._;

metaphysics and mathematics, 56, 67, 69, 71, 84, 90, 366;

and the irrational, 66;

and Goethe’s “mothers”, 70;

and mechanistic world-conception, 99;

foreshadowing by, 111;

and the Almighty, 124;

Kant on, 125;

as Aristotle’s opposite, 159;

anamnesis, 174;

and idolatry 268_n._;

on soul, 304, 305;

and ego, 311;

and ethics, 354;

and mystic philosophy, 365_n._;

and science and religion, 394;

contemporaries, table i

_Plein-air_, as Civilization painting, 252;

characterized, 288

Pliny, on Mesopotamian temples, 210_n._;

on Lysistratus, 269;

on Lysippus, 287;

as collector, 425

Plotinus, world, 56;

and philosophical transition, 72;

and vision, 96;

homology, 111;

and body, 248;

and dualism, 306;

and Jesus, 347;

and Arabian Culture, 383;

and mechanical necessity, 393;

contemporaries, table i

Plutarch, as biographer, 14, 316;

and dualism, 306

Pneuma, as Arabian principle, 216, 329;

and eyes in Arabian art, 329.

_See also_ Dualism

Pöppelmann, Daniel, architecture, 285

Poetry, infinite space in Western, 185;

Western, as confession, 264, 273;

Western and Classical lyric, 286, 324.

_See also_ Drama; Literature

Poincaré, Henri, on mathematical vision, 61_n._

Point, and Western geometry, 74, 82, 89

_Point de vue_, in Rococo parks, 240

Polar discovery, as symbol, 335

_Polis_, as Classical symbol, 83, 147, 334

Polish, as symbol in art, 248_n._

Politics, inadequate basis for historical deductions, 46;

under Classical Culture, 83, 147, 334;

meaning of the state, 137;

spatial aspect of Western, 198;

origin of Arabian state, 212;

Renaissance attitude, 273;

cultural conception, 334-337;

and atomic theories, 386;

contemporary cultural epochs, table iii.

_See also_ Imperialism; Philosophy; Socialism

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, Dutch influence, 236;

goldsmith, 237

Polybius, ahistoric consciousness, 10

Polycletus, contemporary Western music, 27,112, 177, 284;

contemporary mathematic, 78;

sculpture, canon, 177, 225, 226, 231, 260_n._, 283, 284;

present-day appeal, 255;

and self-criticism, 264;

and statue of Augustus, 295;

and fresco, 321

Polycrates, contemporaries, table iii

Polygnotus, contemporaries, 112, table ii;

frescoes, background, colour, 147, 183, 221, 243, 245, 283, 330

Pombaditha, academy, 381

Pompeii, wall-paintings, 287

Pompey the Great, army, 36

Pope, Alexander, type, 254

Popularity, cultural basis, 85, 243, 326-328, 362;

in colour, 246

Porcelain, and Western music, 231

Porphyry, and “antique”, 20_n._;

academy, 281

Port Royal, contemporaries, table i.

_See also_ Jansenism

Porta, Baccio della. _See_ Bartolommeo

Porta, Giacomo della. _See_ Giacomo

Portinari altar, 236

Portraiture, and biography, 12;

character of Classical, nude sculpture, 13, 260, 261, 264, 265, 269,

272;

cultural basis and expression, character and attitude, 101, 104, 216,

260, 317;

portrait as Western expression, 130, 261-266;

and Arabian Culture, 223;

and Gothic, 261, 266;

and confession, 264;

contrast of act and portrait, 262, 266, 270, 271;

depth-experience, impressionism, 266, 287;

child and group portraits, motherhood, 266-268;

Renaissance, 271-273;

Leonardo’s relation, 281;

landscape as, 270_n._, 287;

Roman statues, 295;

and will, 309;

American, as irreligious, 358_n._

_See also_ Soul

Portuguese, and discovery, 333

Poseidon, temple of, as model, 224

Posidonius, and dualism, 306;

as collector, 425

Potsdam, architecture, 207

Poussin, Nicolas, musical analogy, 220;

colour, 246;

period, 283

Prag, loss of prestige, 33

Praxiteles, contemporary mathematic, 90;

sculpture, 226, 270;

Hermes, 264;

and womanhood, 268;

and Haydn, 284;

period, 284;

ease, 291

Predestination. _See_ Destiny

Present, and becoming, 54;

significance in Classical Culture, 63, 65-67

Pre-Socratics, philosophy, 41, 175, 305;

and mathematics, 366;

contemporaries, table i

Prime phenomena, Goethe’s living nature, vii, 95, 96, 105, 111_n._,

113, 140, 154, 389;

in history, 105;

and destiny, 121;

of Western Culture, 244.

_See also_ Symbols

Principle, and causality, 121

Proclus, and Jesus, 347

Procopius, courtier, 207

Progress, as phenomenon of Civilization, 352, 361

Prohibition, and Civilization, 361

Proper, and alien, 53

Proportion, and function, 84

Propylæa, popularity, 327

Protagoras, conception of man, 311, 392;

popularity, 327;

and Classical morale, 351;

and Stoicism, 356;

problem, 365;

condemnation, 411

Protestantism, colour symbolism, 250;

of etching, 290;

and works, 316_n._;

as symbol, 343.

_See also_ Reformation.

Proud’hon, Pierre Joseph, position in Western ethics, 373

Providence, and destiny, 141

Provinces, defined, 33

Provincialism, philosophical and historical, 22-25

Prussia, great periods, 36;

English basis of reorganization, 150_n._

Psalmody, Jewish, 228

Pseudomorphosis, Late-Classical style, 209-212, 214;

and image, 216;

music, 228

Psychologists, period, contemporaries, table i

Psychology, “scientific”, and soul, 299-303, 313;

as counter-physics, 301;

and will and _soma_, 319

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, and ruler-cult, 405

Ptolemy, L. Claudius, relation of Copernicus, 139_n._;

as copyist, 425

Puget, Pierre, sculpture, 244

Punic Wars, as classic, 36;

and cultural rhythm, 110_n._;

homology, 111;

intensity, 333

Purcell, Henry, pictorial music, 283

Pure reason, and destiny, 120

Puritanism, as common cultural feature, 112;

and destiny, 141;

and imperialism, 148;

cultural contemporary epochs, table i

Putto, as art motive, 266

Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, and religious painting, 288_n._

Pygmalion and Galatea, and marble, 276

Pyramids, period, 58_n._, 203

Pyrrho, contemporaries, table i

Pyrrhus, Roman war, 36

Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, analogy, 39;

and actuality, 42;

mathematical vision, 57, 58;

and Classical mathematic, 61, 62, 64;

new number, and fate, 65_n._, 82, 90;

mathematic and religion, 70, 394;

contemporaries, 112, table i;

and Copernicus, 330;

and mystic philosophy, 365_n._;

and metaphysics, 366

Quadratures, and Archimedes’ method, 69

Quantum theory, effect, 419

Quattrocento, and Gothic, 221.

_See also_ Renaissance

Quercia, Jacopo della. _See_ Jacopo

Quesnay, François, economic theory, 417

Race-suicide, as phenomenon of Civilization, 359

Radioactivity, effect on natural science, 423

Ragnarök, Muspilli as contemporary, 400;

and world’s end, 400

Rameses II, analogy, 39;

and artistic impotence, 44, 294;

contemporaries, table iii

Ranke, Leopold von, and analogy, 4, 5;

and historical tact, 22;

on historical vision, 96

Raphael Sanzio, Madonnas, 136, 268, 280;

technique, 221, 278;

and Titian, 227;

and background, 237;

popularity, 243;

colour, 245;

and confession, 264;

and portrait, 272;

as dissatisfied thinker, 274;

and fresco and oil, line and space, 279, 280

Raskolnikov. _See_ Dostoevsky

Rationalism, and chance, 142_n._;

contemporaries of English, table i

Ravenna, and Arabian Culture, 206, 211, 216, 235;

mosaics, 221, 247, 329

Rayski, Louis F. von, art and portrait, 271_n._

Reason, and will, 308

Red, symbolism, 246

Reformation, conflicts in Germany, 33;

and Dionysiac movement, 111;

as common cultural epoch, 112;

class-opposition to Renaissance, 229;

contemporaries, table i

Reims Cathedral, 224;

statuary, 267

Relations, and magnitudes, 84, 86

Relativity theory, and time, 124_n._;

effect on natural science, 419;

domain, 426

Relief, Egyptian, 189, 202;

and Classical round sculpture, 225.

_See also_ Sculpture

Religion, reality of Classical, 10, 11, 13;

relation of clock and bell, 15_n._, 134_n._;

and number, 56;

mathematical cultural analogy, 66, 70;

stage in a Culture, 108, 399-402;

second period, sequel to Civilization, 108, 424-428;

Western, and “memory”, 132_n._;

and death, 166;

birth of Western soul, 167;

and early art periods, 185;

cultural expression, 185-188, 399, 401;

Egyptian, 188;

Chinese, 190;

and imitation, 191;

architecture as ornament, 195;

Russian, 201_n._;

Arabian architecture, 208;

Classical, and art, 268;

and _plein-air_ painting, 288_n._;

revelation and dualism, 307;

cultural soul-elements, and deities, 312;

and Classical drama, 320;

and astronomy, 330;

relation to Civilization, 358;

and hygiene, 361;

and philosophy, 365;

and natural science, 380-382, 391, 411, 416;

Western experience and faith, 394;

varieties, 394;

and theory, 395;

God-feelings, 395;

depth-experience in Western, cathedral, organ, 395-397;

naming of numina, 397;

Classical bodied pantheon, 398, 402;

Western deity as force, unitary-space symbol, 398, 403, 413;

of primitive folk, 399;

elements of Western, 399-401;

Classical, and strange gods, 404;

late Classical, dislocation and monotheism, Arabian ascendency, 406-

408;

cult of deified men, 405, 407, 411;

atheism as phenomenon, 408-411;

cult and dogma, cultural attitude, 410, 411;

contemporary cultural epochs, table i.

_See also_ Death; Soul; Spirit; creeds and sects by name

Rembrandt, portraiture, and confession, 101, 103, 130, 140, 264, 266,

269, 281, 300;

contemporaries, 112, table ii;

inwardness, colour, 183, 251-253;

etchings, nights, 187, 246, 290;

musical counterpart, 220;

and horizon, 239;

esoteric, 243;

depth, 244;

and body, 271;

period, 283;

impressionism, 287, 288;

and psychology, 319

Renaissance, contemporaries, 27, table ii;

mathematic, 71;

relation to Classical, as revolt, illusion, 28_n._, 132_n._, 232-234,

237, 238, 252, 266, 272-274, 279, 323;

homology, 111;

and beautiful, 194;

and Western style, 202, 205, 206, 221, 223, 225, 244;

and Arabian and Gothic, 212, 234-238;

and polychrome sculpture, 226;

class-opposition to Reformation, 229;

ornament, 233_n._, 238;

façades and courtyards, 235;

arch and column, 236;

park, 241;

and popularity, 243, 328;

and patina, 253;

and child-figures, 266;

and portrait, 271-273;

and spiritual development, 273;

leaders as dissatisfied thinkers, 274, 281;

Michelangelo, 275-277, 281;

Raphael, 279, 280;

Leonardo, 277-281;

and background, 237;

and statics, 414

Renoir, Pierre A., striving, 292

Resaïna, academy, 381

Research, and vision, 95, 96, 102, 105, 142;

historical and scientific data, 154;

metaphysical, 163

Restorations, Western attitude toward, 254

Resurrection, change in meaning, 135_n._

Rhine River, as historic, 254_n._

Rhodes, Cecil, analogy, 4;

and imperialism, 37, 38;

morale, 349, 351

Rhodes, as “Venice of Antiquity”, 49;

and Helios, 402

Richelieu, Cardinal, morale, 349;

contemporaries, table iii

Riegl, Alois, on Arabian art, 208, 215

Riemann, Georg F. B., artist-nature, 61;

relation to Archimedes, 69;

religion and mathematic, 70;

notation, 77;

and boundlessness, 88;

mathematical position, 90;

goal of analysis, 418;

contemporaries, table i

Riemenschneider, Tilmann, and portraiture, 270

Robespierre, Maximilien, adventurer, 149;

contemporaries, table iii

Rococo, as stage of style, 202;

architecture and music, 231, 232, 285;

parks, 240;

contemporaries, table ii.

_See also_ Baroque

Rodin, Auguste, sculpture as painting, 244, 245

Rogier van der Weyden, in Italy, 236

Roman Catholicism, colour symbolism, 247-249;

and music, 268_n._;

monasticism, 316_n._, 343, 348;

esoteric dogma, 328;

prelates and manly virtue, 349.

_See also_ Christianity; Jesuitism

Roman law, and cultural-language, 310_n._

Romanesque, simplicity, 196;

as stage of style, 201, 202;

and Classical, 275_n._

Romanticism, defined, 197;

and mysticism, 365_n._;

and mathematics, 366

Rome, city, megalopolitanism, 32, 34

Rome, empire, and Classical Culture, 8;

imperialism, 36-38, 336;

and Arabian Culture, 72, 207, 208;

army and citizenship, 325;

emperor-worship, 405, 407, 411;

and toleration, 411.

_See also_ Classical Culture

Rondanini Madonna, as music, 277

Rondeau, origin, 229

Roof, as Arabian expression, 210

Rore, Cyprian de, in Italy, 236;

music, 251, 252

Rossellino, Antonio, and portrait, 272

Rossini, Gioachino, Catholicism, 268_n._;

on Meyerbeer, 293

Rottmann, Karl, and grand style, 289

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, and naturalism, 33, 207, 288;

and superficially incidental, 144;

and imperialism, 149, 150;

autumnal accent, 207;

and Civilization, 352;

contemporaries, 353_n._, table i;

and compassion, 362;

and Darwinism, 369;

intellect and wisdom, 409

Rubens, Peter Paul, colour, 253;

and body, 270, 271_n._, 278;

and dynamics, 414

Ruins, as Western expression, 254

Ruler-cult, 405, 411

Runge, Otto P., and grand style, 289

Russia, and the West, 16_n._;

stage of art, 201;

architecture, 211;

ignored art, 223;

will-less soul, 309;

culture and charity, 350

Rutherford, Sir Ernest, atoms as quanta of action, 385, 419

Ruysdael, Jakob, colour, 246;

period, 283

Sabæans, and early Christian designs, 22_n._, 209_n._;

temple-form, 210_n._;

art, 223;

art contemporaries, table ii

Sahu-rê, pyramid, 203

St. Denis, royal tombs, 261, 264

St. Lorenz Church, Nürnberg, and styles, 205

St. Mark, Venice, origins, 211

St. Patroclus, Soest, arcade-porch, 205

St. Paul without the Walls, as Pseudomorphic, 210, 210_n._

St. Peter’s, Rome, as Baroque, 206, 238

St Pierre et St Paul, Moissac, ornamentation, 199

St. Priscilla, catacombs, paintings, 137

St. Vitale, Ravenna, characteristics, 200

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, boundlessness, 199

Saints, contemporary legends, 400, table i

Saivas, Lingayats, 136_n._

Saktas, 136_n._

Salamanca, loss of prestige, 33

Salvation Army, as exception, 348

Samarra, contemporaries, table ii

Samnites, Roman war as classic, 36, 151_n._

Samos, Hera of Cheramues, 225_n._

Sangallo, Antonio da, Palazzo Farnese façade, 275

Sankhya, and Buddhism, 353_n._, 356;

contemporaries, table i

Sant’ Andrea, Pistora, Pisano’s Sibyls, 263

Santa Maria Novella, Florence, style, 234;

Flemish paintings, 236

Sassanids, and Arabian state, 212;

art 223;

music, 228

Satyrs, materiality, 403

Savonarola, Girolamo, and art tendencies, 233;

and Renaissance, 328;

and Western morale, 348;

contemporaries, table i

Scarlatti, Alessandro, character of arias, 219_n._

Scene, dramatic, cultural basis, 325

Scepticism, as last stage of Western philosophy, 45, 374

Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, army reforms, 150_n._

Schelling, Friedrich von, and dualism, 307;

esoteric, 369;

contemporaries, table i

Schiller, Johann C. F., tragic form, 147;

banality, 155

Schirazi, and dualism, 307

Schlüter, Andreas, architecture, 244, 245, 285

Schöngauer, Martin, colour, 250

Scholasticism, art association, 229;

will and reason, 305;

and dualism, 307;

cultural culmination, 365_n._;

contemporaries, table i

Schopenhauer, Arthur, and history, 7, 29, 97_n._;

provincialism, 23, 24;

practical philosophy, 45, 368;

and mathematics, 67, 125, 366;

will, and reason, 308, 342;

and Civilization, 352;

and ethics, 354, 373;

pessimism and system, 366, 370;

and critique of society, 367;

and Darwinism, 369, 372, 373;

contemporaries, table i

Schroeter, Manfred, on criticism of Spengler, x

Schütz, Heinrich, Matthew Passion, 199, 244;

and imagination, 220;

pictorial music, 283;

God-feeling, 395

Science, of history, 153, 154;

esoteric Western, 328.

_See also_ Art; Mathematics; Natural science; Nature

Scipio, P. Cornelius, and economic organization, 138;

contemporaries, table iii

Scopas, and self-criticism, 264;

and body, 270;

period, 284

Scott, Sir Walter, as historian, 96

Scrope, Richard, as warrior, 349_n._

Sculpture, and proportion and function, 84;

Classical, as become, 97;

cultural basis, 216, 225;

form-ideal of Classical, picture-origin, 225;

polychrome, 226;

music-origin of Rococo, 231;

Gothic, 231, 261;

use of marble, 232, 249_n._, 253, 276;

Renaissance, 235, 237, 238, 253;

position in Western Culture, 244;

Egyptian, polish, 248_n._, 266;

bronze, 253, 276;

Classical expression of body as soul, 260, 261, 305;

Michelangelo’s attitude, 275-277, 281;

free Classical, and Western music, 283, 284;

Classical, and time of day, 325;

Classical, and spectator, 329;

contemporary cultural periods, table ii.

_See also_ Art; Portraiture

Sebastiano del Piombo, and Raphael, 272

Second religiousness, period in a Culture, xi, 108, 424-428;

of Rome, 306

Selene, as goddess, 147_n._, 402

Seleucus, astronomical theory, 68

Seljuk art, contemporaries, table ii

Semper, Gottfried, on style, 221

Seneca, L. Annæus, Stoicism and income, 33;

and Baroque drama, 317

Sentinum, battle, 151

Septimius Severus, favourite god, 406

Serapis, cult, 406

Serenus, as Arabian thinker, 63

Servius Tullius, myth, 11

Sesostris, court, 81;

as name, 206;

autumn of Culture, 207

Sethos I, contemporaries, table iii

Sèvres ware, and Wedgwood, 150_n._

Sex, naturalism, 24, 33, 207, 288;

problem of Civilization, 35;

cultural attitude, 136;

historical aspects, 137

Sforzas, Hellenic sorriness, 273

Shaftesbury, Earl of, and imperialism, 150

Shakespeare, William, tragic form and method, vision, 129, 130,

141_n._, 142, 143, 220, 319;

Bacon controversy, 135_n._;

and motive, 156;

as dramatist of the incidental, 142, 146;

and historical material, 255;

and Classical drama, 323;

and time of day, 324;

scenes, 325;

God-feeling, 330, 395;

ethical passion, 347, 355;

and evolution, 370

Shang Period, contemporaries, table iii

Shaw, George Bernard, sex problem, 35;

and history, 255_n._;

and morale, 346, 368, 369, 373, 374;

superman, 350;

and diet, 361;

on Schopenhauer, 367;

and Socialism and Darwinism, 371, 372

Shih-huang-ti, career, 112_n._

Shiva, cult, 136_n._

Short story, Western, 318_n._

Siegfried, archtype, 402;

contemporaries, table i

Siena, and counter-Renaissance, 234;

school, 268

Signorelli, Luca de’, and Classicism, 221;

and body and colour, 239, 242, 278;

act and portrait, 270, 271;

and statics, 414

Sikyon, Adrastos cult, 33_n._

Silesian wars, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._

Simone Martini, and Gothic, 235

Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s frescos, 263, 275, 395

Sistine Madonna, 268, 280

Six Classical Systems, contemporaries, table i

Skyscraper, and gigantomachia, 291

Sluter, Klaus, sculpture, 263

Smith, Adam, economic theory, 417

Soaring, as Western term, 397

Socialism, and Civilization, 32;

and Darwinism, 35, 370-372;

and economic motives, 36, 355;

and imperialism, 37;

Frederick William I’s practice, 138;

ethical, defined, esoteric, 328_n._, 342, 347, 351, 355, 374;

scientific basis of ideas, 353;

as end-phenomenon, 356, 357;

and contemporaries, immaturity, 357, 358, 361;

irreligion, 359, 409;

necessity, 361;

dynamic qualities, and compassion, 361;

and work, 362;

and future, 363;

tragedy of nebulous aim, 363;

and lie of life, 364;

and political economy, 367;

contemporaries, table i

Sociology, biological, 155;

and Western ethics, 367, 368

Socrates, ahistoric consciousness, 14;

ethic, 347;

and Civilization, 352;

and Stoicism, 353_n._;

intellect and wisdom 409;

condemnation, 410;

contemporaries, table i

Soest, church, 205

Sol Invictus, cult, 406, 406_n._, 407

Sonata, movement, 231

Sophists, scientific basis, 353_n._, 356;

and diet, 361;

contemporaries, table i

Sophocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9;

tragic form and method, 129, 130, 141_n._, 143, 146, 318, 321, 330,

386;

statue, 269;

deification, 405

Soul, and world and life, 54;

mathematic expression, 101;

of Cultures, inner image, 106, 303;

and predestination, 117;

individual, and macrocosm, 165, 259;

cultural designations and attributes, 183;

man as phenomenon, cultural expression, 259;

Classical “body” expression, 259-261;

Western expression in portrait, 261-266;

knowledge and faith, 299, 300;

as image of counter-world, 300;

and “exact” science, 301, 302, 313;

culture-language, 302;

cultural basis of systematic psychology, 303, 304, 307, 313, 314;

Classical static and Western dynamic, 304, 305;

Arabian dualism, 305;

will and reason, outer world parallels, 308;

Western will-culture, egoism, 308-312, 314;

and cultural religious concepts, 312, 358;

cultural basis of morale, 315;

dynamic, and biography, 315, 316;

Classical gesture, beauty, 316;

and cultural forms of tragedy, 317-326;

popularity, cultural basis, 326-329;

cultural relation to universe, 330-332;

and to discovery, 332-337;

and brain, 367.

_See also_ Morale; Portraiture; Spirit

Space, and natural morphology, 6, 7;

and the become, 56;

relation to Classical and Western Cultures, 64, 81-84, 88;

world-fear and creative expression, 79-81;

multi-dimensional, symbolism, 88, 89, 165;

direction and extension, 99, 172;

and causality and destiny, 119, 120;

awareness, 122;

and scientific time, 124, 125;

time as counter-concept, 126, 170, 172;

and death, 166;

world-experience and depth, 168, 169, 172;

perception or comprehension, 169-172;

cultural symbolism in depth-experience, 173-175;

cultural prime symbols, 174-178, 337;

Classical use of term, 175_n._;

cultural basis of concepts, 179, 310;

and architectural and religious expression of Culture, 183-188, 198-

200;

Egyptian and Chinese experiencing, 189-191, 201-203;

Western arts and prime phenomenon, 281, 282;

extension and reason, 308.

_See also_ Become; Causality; Depth-experience; Nature; Time

Spain, period of ascendency, incident and destiny, 148, 150

Spaniards, and discovery, 333

Spanish-Sicilian art, contemporaries, table ii

Spanish Succession War, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._;

as epoch, 149

Sparta, myth, 11;

and music, 223

Spencer, Herbert, and economic ascendency, 367;

contemporaries, table i

Spengler, Oswald, reception of book, ix;

basis of philosophy, xiii-xv, 49_n._

Speyer Cathedral, 185, 224

Spinoza, Baruch, and dualism, 307;

and force, 413

Spirit, and soul in Arabian dualism, 306.

_See also_ Body; History; Morale; Nature; Philosophy; Religion; Soul

Spirit land, cultural conception, 333

Spirit-wall, 203

Spitzweg, Karl, significance of colour, 252

Sport, and Civilization, 35

Stahl, Georg Ernst, chemical theory, 384

Stained glass. _See_ Glass painting

Stamitz, Johann K., Classical contemporary, 177;

and four-part movement, 231;

period, 284

State. _See_ Politics

Statics, as Classical system, 384, 393;

no Western concept, 414.

_See also_ Natural science

Statistics, and probability, 421

Steamship, Classical anticipation, 334

Stendhal, and psychology, 319

Stipel, and zero, 178_n._

Stirner, Max, and morale, 346;

and Hegelianism, 367;

contemporaries, table i

Stoicism, and Civilization, 32, 352;

and money, 33, 36;

practicality, 45;

homology, 111;

and state, 138;

and corporeality, 177;

weak soul, 203;

ethic, 315, 347, 355, 367;

and will, 344_n._, 347;

scientific basis of ideas, 353;

as end-phenomenon, 356, 357;

and contemporaries, 357, 358, 361, table i;

irreligion, 359, 409;

and diet, 361

Stone, as symbol, 188, 195, 206;

polish, 248_n._

_See also_ Architecture; Marble; Sculpture

Strassburg Minister, Arabian influence, 213

Streets, cultural attitude, 109;

Western aspect and depth-experience, 224, 241;

Egyptian aspect, 224_n._

Strindberg, August, provincialism, 24, 33_n._;

sex problem, 35;

and morale, 346, 374;

and Civilization, 352

String music, in Western Culture, 231, 252_n._

Strzygowski, Josef, on Arabian art, 184, 209

Style, as cultural emanation, 108, 200, 202;

brave Egyptian, 201-203;

Chinese, 203;

weak Classical, 203-205;

history as organism, cultural basis, 205;

stages of each style, 206;

history of Arabian, 207-214;

and technical form of arts, 220;

in natural science, 387, 391

Suez Canal, Goethe’s prophecy, 42

Sufism, contemporaries, table i

Suhrawardi, on body, 248

Suicide, cultural attitude, 204

Sulla, incident, 139;

contemporaries, table iii

Sunda, islands of, Roman knowledge, 334

Superman, in Nietzsche and Shaw, 350, 369, 370;

natural selection, 371

Sutras, contemporaries, table i

Sylvester II, pope, and clock, 15_n._

Symbolism, in living thought, xiii;

symbols of a culture, 4, 13, 31;

in historical morphology, 7, 46;

clock and bell, 14, 131, 134_n._;

money and Civilization, 34;

in the become, 101;

actuality, 101, 168;

symbols (names) and fear, 123, 193, 397;

of funeral customs, 134, 135;

of museums, 135;

of world-history, 163;

symbols defined, 163;

spatiality, 165;

and knowledge of death, 166;

kind of extension as cultural symbol, 173-175;

cultural prime symbols, plurality, 174, 179, 180, 189, 190, 196, 203,

337;

writing as cultural symbol, 197_n._;

window, 199, 210, 224;

in colour and gold, 245-249;

as replacing images, 407

Synagogues, patterns, 211_n._

Syncretism, architectural expression, 209;

cults, 228;

contemporaries, table i

Syracuse, culture city, 32;

and Plato, 42

Syria, music of sun-worship, 228;

contemporaries of art, table ii.

_See also_ Arabian Culture

Taboo, idea, 80;

effect of naming, 123;

side of art, 127.

_See also_ Religion

Tacitus, Cornelius, ahistoric consciousness, 10, 11;

limited background, 132, 133

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de, on life before 1789, 207

Talmud, dualism, 306;

determinism, 307;

and nature, 393;

contemporaries, table i

Tanis, Hyksos Sphinx, 108, 262

Tanit, as deity, 406

Tao, principle, 14, 190, 203, 228;

perspective, 311_n._

Tarquins, myth, 11;

contemporaries, table iii

Tartessus, realm, 332_n._

Tartini, Giuseppe, orchestration, 231;

violin story, 276_n._

Tasso, Torquato, and fixed scene, 325

Taygetus, Mount, Lycurgus as local god, 11

Technics, and future of Western Culture, 41, 44

Technique, and theory, 395

Teleology, as caricature, 120

Telephus Frieze. _See_ Pergamene

Telescope, as Western symbol, 331

Tell-el-Amarna, art, 193_n._, 293

Tellez, Gabriel. _See_ Tirso de Molina

Tellus Mater, materiality, 403

Temperature, and dynamics, 414

Templum, as cult-plan, 185

Tension, as Western principle, 386

Ten Thousand, expedition, as episode, 147, 336_n._

Terpander, music, 223

Thales, and problem of knowing, 365, 381

Thalestas, music, 223

Thebes, autumnal city, 99

Themistocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9;

morale, 349

Theocritus, irreligion, 358

Theory, and fact, 378;

and religion, 395

Theosophy, conversion, 346

Theotokos, and Mary-cult, 137_n._, 267, 268

Theresa, Saint, and Western morale, 348

Thermodynamics, first law and energy, 413;

second law, entropy, 420

Theseus legends, contemporaries, table i

Thing-become. _See_ Become

Thing-becoming. _See_ Becoming

Thinite Period, contemporaries, tables ii, iii

Thinker, defined, xiii

Third Kingdom, as Western conception, 363;

and lie of life, 364

Thirty Years’ War, as epoch, 149

Thoma, Hans, painting, 289

Thomas Aquinas, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20;

and destiny, 141;

ethic, 309;

religion, 394;

contemporaries, table i

Thoroughbass, and geometry, 61;

rise, 230

Thorwaldsen, Albert, sculpture, 245

Thothmes, workshop, 193_n._

Thucydides, ahistoric consciousness, 9;

limited background, 10, 132, 133_n._

Thunder-pattern, 196

Thuthmosis III, maturity of culture, 94;

contemporaries, table iii

Tiberius, as episode, 140;

contemporaries, table iii

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painting, 283;

ease, 292

Time, and historical morphology, 6;

and history, problems, 49, 95, 103, 158;

and direction, 54, 56;

and mathematics, 64, 125, 126;

enigma, as word, effect of naming, 79, 121-123;

direction and extension, 99, 172;

and destiny and causality, 119, 120;

unawareness, 122;

mechanical conception, 122;

“space of time”, 122_n._;

and Relativity, 124_n._, 419;

and space, scientific explanation, counter-concept, 124-126, 170;

ahistoric and historic drama, cultural basis, 130;

cultural symbolism of clock, 131, 134;

and cause and incident, 142;

as feeling, 154;

and nature, 158, 387-391;

past and transience, 166;

direction and dimension, 169_n._;

and depth, 172, 173;

and imitation and ornament, 193-195, 197;

direction and will, 308;

direction and aim, 361.

_See also_ Becoming; Destiny; History; Space

Time of day, cultural attitude, 324, 325

Tintoretto, background, 239

Tiresias, cult, 185

Tirso de Molina, and unities, 323

Tiryns, funeral customs, 135

Titian, period, 108;

technique, brushwork, 221, 249;

and Raphael, 227;

and colour, 242, 252;

and popularity, 243;

portraits as biography, 264;

and body, 271;

Baroque, 274;

impressionism, 286;

contemporaries, table ii

Title, symbolic importance, 408_n._

Toleration, cultural attitude, 343, 404, 410, 411

Tolstoi, Leo, and Europe, 16_n._;

provincialism, 24;

on notion of death, 166;

philosophy, 309

Totem, side of art, 128. _See also_ Religion; Taboo

Tragedy. _See_ Drama

Trajan, analogy, 39;

and Arabian art, 211;

forum, 215;

contemporaries, table iii

Transcendentalism, Western, 311

Transience, notion, 166

Trecento, so-called Renaissance, 233_n._

Trent, Council of, Jesuit domination, 148;

and Western Christianity, 247;

and church music, 268_n._;

and Western morale, 348

Trigonometry, contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Mathematics

Trinity, as physical problem, 383

Trojan War, and Crusades, 10_n._, 27

Troubadours, imitative music, 229

Truth, relativity, cultural basis, xiii, 41, 46, 60, 146, 178-180, 304,

313, 345

Tscharvaka, contemporaries, table i

Tsin, contemporaries, 37, table iii

Turfan, Indian dramas, 295

Turgot, Anne R. J., economic theory, 417

Tuscany. _See_ Florence; Renaissance

Tusculum, battle, 349_n._

Twelfth Night, 325

Twilight of the Gods, Christian form, 400

Tyche, as deity, 146

Tzigane music, improvisation, 195

Uhde, Fritz K. H. von, and religious painting, 288_n._

Ulm Minster, as model, 224

Unities, dramatic, Classical and Western attitude, 323

Universe, cultural attitude, 330-332

Upanishads, contemporaries, table i

Usefulness, cult, 155, 156

Uzzano bust, Donatello’s, 272

Vaishnavism, 136_n._

Valcashika, contemporaries, table i

Valhalla, conception, 186, 187;

history, 400;

and unitary space, 403

Valkyries, and unitary space, 403

Valmy, battle, Goethe and significance, 149

Van Dyck, Anthony, musical expression, 250

Varangians, movement-stream, 333_n._

Varro, M. Terentius, classification of gods, 11;

on religions, 394

Varyags, movement-stream, 333_n._

Vasari, Giorgio, on imitation, 192

Vase-painting, Classical, and time of day, 226, 325;

Renaissance, 237

Vatican, Raphael’s frescoes, 237, 279;

Michelangelo’s, 263, 275, 395

Vaux-le-Vicomte, park, 241

Vector, concept and Baroque art, 311;

and motion, 314

Vedanta doctrine, 352, 355;

contemporaries, table i

Vedas, homology, 111;

contemporaries, table i

Vegetarianism, and Civilization, 361

Velasquez, Diego, musical expression, 250;

and body, 271;

period, 283;

as religious, 358

Venice, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216, 235;

art ascendency, 224;

school of painting, 227, 281;

music, 230, 236, 282;

and Renaissance, 273.

_See also_ Titian

Venus and Rome, temple, 211

Verlaine, Paul, autumnal accent, 241

Vermeer, Jan, technique, 221;

colour, 251, 253;

period, 283

Veronese, Paolo. _See_ Paolo

Verrocchio, Andrea, sculpture, Colleone statue, 235, 238, 272;

goldsmith, 237;

and portrait, 271;

anti-Gothic, 275_n._

Versailles, park, 241

Vesta, materiality, 403

Viadana, Lodovico, music, 230

Vienna, master-builders, 207;

chamber music, 232

Vieta, François, significance of algebraic notation, 71

Vignola, Giacomo, architecture, liberation, 87, 313, 412

Village Sheikh, statue, 265

Violin, as Western symbol, 231, 252_n._

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene E., and restorations, 254_n._

Virtue, cultural concepts of manly, 348. _See also_ Truth

Vishnu, and Krishna, 136_n._

Vision, and history and art, 95, 96, 102, 142

Vitruvius, and arch and column, 204

Völuspá, unitary space, 185. _See also_ Eddas

Voltaire, contemporary mathematics, 66;

and imperialism, 150;

contemporaries, table i

_Voluntas_, meaning, 310_n._

Vulturnus, materiality, 403

Wagner, Richard, sensuousness, 35;

and popularity, 35, 327;

foreshadowing by, 111;

modernity, 111;

and imagination, 220;

end-art, 223, 425;

impressionism, and endless space, 282, 286, 292;

and form and size, 291, 352;

striving, 292;

and psychology, 319;

and Civilization, 352;

character of Nihilism, 357;

irreligion, 358;

nebulous aim, 363, 364;

and lie of life, 364;

and Nietzsche, 370;

and socio-economic ethics, 370, 372, 373;

forest-longing, 397

Wallenstein, Albrecht von, horoscope, 147;

contemporaries, table iii

Walther von der Vogelweide, lyrics, 324

Wang-Cheng, contemporaries, table iii

Wang Hü, imperialism, 37

Washington, George, contemporaries, table iii

Washington, D. C., contemporaries, 112

Wasmann, Rudolf F., act and portrait, 271_n._;

and grand style, 289

Watteau, Jean A., period, 108;

“singing” picture, 219, 232, 283;

colour, 246, 247, 253;

contemporaries, table ii

Way, as Egyptian prime symbol, 174, 189, 201

Wazo of Liége, Bishop, as warrior, 349_n._

Wedgwood ware, and Sèvres, 150_n._

Weierstrass, Karl T. W., on poetry in mathematics, 62;

and time, 126

Weimar, culture city, 29, 139

Weininger, Otto, position in Western ethics, 374

Western Culture, clock and bell as symbols, 14, 15_n._, 131, 134;

mathematic, function, 15, 62, 68, 74-78, 87-90;

irrational idea of historical culmination in, 16-20, 39;

provincialism, 22-25, 39;

Classical contemporary of present period, 26;

destiny, acceptance, 32, 37-41, 44, 336;

philosophy of decline, 45, 46;

World War as type of change, 46-48;

infinite space as prime symbol, art expression, 81, 86, 87, 89, 174-

178, 184-187, 198-201, 224, 229-232, 239-242, 281-285, 337;

and popularity, 85, 243, 326-328, 362;

historic basis, destiny-idea, 97, 129, 130, 133-135, 143, 145, 363;

morphological aspect, 100;

dramatic form, 129;

expression of soul, portrait, 130, 260-266, 304;

and care and sex, 136;

attitude toward state, 137;

economic organization, 138;

religious expression, 140, 185-188, 312, 398-401;

Franco-Spanish period of maturity, 148, 150_n._;

English basis of Civilization, 151, 371;

final test of foreseeing destiny, 159;

birth of soul, attributes, 167, 183;

literary expression, 185-188;

art-work and sense-organ, imagination, 220;

secularization of arts, 230;

form and content, 242;

position of sculpture, 244;

colour symbol, 245-247, 250;

brushwork as symbol, 249;

unity, 252;

and motherhood, 266-268;

languages, 302_n._;

as will-culture, 308-312;

and time of day, 324;

significance of astronomy, 330-332;

and discovery, 332-337;

aspects of ethics, 367-369;

culture and dogma, 410;

spiritual epochs, table i;

art epochs, table ii;

political epochs, table iii.

_See also_ Art; Civilization; Cultures; History; Nature; Politics;

Spirit

Weyden, Rogier van der. _See_ Rogier

Wilhelm, Meister, painting, 263

Will, free will and destiny, 140, 141;

unexplainable, 299;

as Western concept, 302, 304, 308-313;

and reason, 308;

and Western concept of God, 312;

and character, 314;

and life, 315;

and Western morale, 341-345, 373

Willaert, Adrian, music, in Italy, 236, 252

Winckelmann, Johann J., narrow Classicalism, 28_n._

Wind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._

Window, cultural significance, 199, 210, 224

Woermann, Karl, on catacomb Madonna, 137_n._

Wolfram von Eschenbach, world-outlook, 142;

forest-longing, 186, 397;

and Grail, 213_n._;

and popularity, 243;

tragic method, 319, 324

Woodwind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._

Word, relation to number, 57.

_See also_ Language; Names

Work, Protestant works, 316_n._;

and deed, 355;

and Socialism, 362;

Western concept, 413

World, and soul and life, 54

World-Ash Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396

World conceptions, historical and natural, overlapping, 98-100, 102,

103, 119, 153, 154, 158;

(diagram), 154;

symbolic, 163-165;

happening and history, 153.

_See also_ History; Macrocosm; Nature

World-end, as symbol of Western soul, 363, 423

World-fear, creative expression, 79-81

World-longing, development, and world-fear, 78-81

World War, and Spengler’s theories, ix, xv;

as type of historical change of phase, 46-48, 110_n._;

contemporaries, table iii

Writing, alphabet and historical consciousness, 12_n._;

as ornament, 194_n._, 197_n._

_See also_ Language

Würzburg, Marienkirche and style, 200;

master-builders, 207

Wu-ti, contemporaries, table iii

Yahweh, dualism, 312, 402

Yang-chu, practical philosophy, 45

Yellow, symbolism, 246

Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396

Yoga doctrine, 355;

contemporaries, table i

Youth, and future, 152

Zama, as marking a period, 36

Zarathustra. _See_ Zoroaster

Zarlino, Giuseppe, music, 230, 282

Zend Avesta, dualism, 306, 307;

and nature, 393;

contemporaries, table i

Zeno, of Elea. _See_ Eleatic philosophy

Zeno, the Stoic, ethic, 347, 354;

character of Nihilism, 357;

and mathematics, 366;

contemporaries, table i

Zenodorus, as Arabian thinker, 63

Zero, Classical mathematic and, 66-68;

and theory of the limit, 86;

cultural conception, 178

Zeuxis, painting, light and shadow, 207, 242_n._, 283, 325_n._

Zola, Emile, journalism, 360

Zoroaster, Nietzsche’s “Zarathustra”, 30, 342, 363, 370, 371;

unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._;

Arabian epic, 402.

_See also_ Zend Avesta

Zwinger, of Dresden, in style history, 108, 207, 285

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TABLES

════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

TABLE I. “CONTEMPORARY” SPIRITUAL EPOCHS

═════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤═══════════════════════

│ _INDIAN_ │ _CLASSICAL_ │ _ARABIAN_ │ _WESTERN_

│ (from 1500) │ (from 1100) │ (from 0.) │ (from 900)

─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────

=SPRING.= │ I. BIRTH OF A MYTH OF THE GRAND STYLE, EXPRESSING A NEW GOD-FEELING.

│ WORLD-FEAR. WORLD-LONGING

│ │ │ │

_(Rural-intuit- │1500-1200 │1100-800 │0-300 │900-1200

ive. Great crea- │Vedic religion │Hellenic-Ital- │ Primitive │German Catholicism

tions of the │ │ ian “Demeter” │ Christianity │Edda (Baldr)

newly-awakened │ │ religion of │ (Mandaeans, │Bernard of Clairvaux,

dream-heavy Soul.│ │ the people │ Gnosis, Sync- │ Joachim of Floris,

Super-personal │ │ │ retism Marcion,│ Francis of Assisi

unity and ful- │ │ │(Mithras, Baal) │Popular Epos

ness)_ │Aryan hero- │Homer │Gospels. Apoca- │ (Siegfried)

│ tales │ │ lypses │Western legends of the

│ │Heracles and │Christian, Maz- │ Saints

│ │ Theseus │ daist and │

│ │ legends │ pagan legends │

│ II. EARLIEST MYSTICAL-METAPHYSICAL SHAPING OF THE NEW WORLD-OUTLOOK

│ ZENITH OF SCHOLASTICISM

│ │ │ │

│Preserved in │Oldest (oral) │Origen (d. 254),│Thomas Aquinas (d.

│oldest parts of │Orphic, Etruscan│Plotinus (d. │1274), Duns Scotus (d.

│the Vedas │discipline │269), Mani (d. │1308), Dante (d. 1321)

│ │ │276), Iamblichus│and Eckhardt (d. 1329)

│ │ │(d. 330) │

│ │After-effect; │Avesta, Talmud. │Mysticism.

│ │Hesiod, │Patristic │Scholasticism

│ │Cosmogonies │literature │

─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────

=SUMMER.= │ III. REFORMATION: INTERNAL POPULAR OPPOSITION TO THE GREAT SPRINGTIME

│ FORMS

=(Ripening │Brahmanas. │Orphic movement.│Augustine (d. │Nicolaus Cusanus (d.

consciousness. │Oldest parts of │Dionysiac │430) │1464)

Earliest urban │Upanishads (10th│religion. “Numa”│Nestorians │John Hus (d. 1308)

and critical │and 9th │religion(7th │(about 430) │Savonarola, Karlstadt,

stirrings)= │Centuries) │Century) │Monophysites │Luther, Calvin (d.

│ │ │(about 450) │1564)

│ │ │Mazdak (about │

│ │ │500) │

│ │ │ │

│ IV. BEGINNING OF A PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL FORM OF THE WORLD-FEELING.

│ OPPOSITION OF IDEALISTIC AND REALISTIC SYSTEMS

│ │ │ │

│Preserved in │The great Pre- │Byzantine, │Galileo, Bacon,

│Upanishads │Socratics (6th │Jewish, Syrian, │Descartes, Bruno,

│ │and 5th │Coptic and │Boehme, Leibniz. 16th

│ │Centuries) │Persian │and 17th Centuries

│ │ │literature of │

│ │ │6th and 7th │

│ │ │Centuries │

│ │ │ │

V. FORMATION OF A NEW MATHEMATIC CONCEPTION OF NUMBER AS COPY

AND CONTENT OF WORLD-FORM

│ │ │ │

│(lost) │Number as │The indefinite │Number as Function

│ │magnitude │number (Algebra)│(analysis)

│ │(proportion) │ │

│ │Geometry. │ │

│ │Arithmetic │ │

│ │Pythagoreans │(development not│Descartes, Pascal,

│ │(from 540) │yet │Fermat (_ca._ 1630)

│ │ │investigated) │

│ │ │ │Newton and Leibniz

│ │ │ │(_ca._ 1670)

│ │ │ │

VI. PURITANISM. RATIONALISTIC-MYSTIC IMPOVERISHMENT OF RELIGION

│ │ │ │

│(lost) │Pythagorean │Mohammed (622) │English Puritans

│ │ society │ Paulicians and │ (from 1620)

│ │ (from 540) │ Iconoclasts │French Jansenists

│ │ │ (from 650) │ from 1640)

│ │ │ │ Port Royal

│ │ │ │

─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────

=AUTUMN.= │VII. “ENLIGHTENMENT.” BELIEF IN ALMIGHTINESS OF REASON. CULT OF “NATURE.”

│ “RATIONAL” RELIGION

│ │ │ │

=(Intelligence │Sutras; Sankhya;│Sophists of │Mutazilites │English Ration-

of the City. Zen-│ Buddha; later │ the 5th Cen- │ │ alists (Locke)

ith of strict │ Upanishads │ tury │Sufism │French Encyc-

intellectual cre-│ │Socrates (d. │ │ lopaedists

ativeness)= │ │ 399) │Nazzam, │ (Voltaire)

│ │Democritus (d. │ Alkindi │ Rousseau

│ │ _ca._ 360) │ (about 830) │

│ │ │ │

│ VIII. ZENITH OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT. ELUCIDATION OF THE FORM-WORLD OF

│ NUMBERS

│ │ │ │

│(lost) │Archytas (d. │(not invest- │Euler (d. 1763),

│ │ 365) │ igated) │ Lagrange (d. 1813),

│ │Plato (d. 346) │(Theory of │ Laplace (d. 1827)

│(Zero as │(Conic Sections)│ number. │(The Infinitesimal

│ number) │ │Spherical │ problem)

│ │ │ Trigonometry) │

│ │ │ │

│ IX. THE GREAT CONCLUSIVE SYSTEMS

│ │ │ │

│_Idealism_ }│ │ │ { Schelling

│ Yoga, Vedanta }│Plato (d. │Alfarabi (d. │Goethe {

│_Epistemology_ }│ 346) │ 950) │ { Hegel

│ Valcashika }│Aristotle (d. │Avicenna (d. │Kant {

│_Logic_ Nyaya }│ 322) │ _ca._1000) │ { Fichte

│ │ │ │

─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────

=WINTER.= │ X. MATERIALISTIC WORLD-OUTLOOK. CULT OF SCIENCE, UTILITY AND PROSPERITY

│ │ │ │

=(Dawn of Mega- │Sankhya, │Cynics, Cyr- │Communistic, │Bentham, Comte,

lopolitan Civ- │Tscharvaka │ enaics │ atheistic, │ Darwin

ilization. Ex- │(Lokoyata) │Last Soph- │ Epicurean sects│Spencer, Stirner,

tinction of │ │ ists (Pyr- │ of Abbassid │ Marx

spiritual cre- │ │rhon) │ times. “Breth- │Feuerbach

ative force. │ │ │ ren of Sincer- │

Life itself be- │ │ │ ity” │

comes problem- │ XI. ETHICAL-SOCIAL IDEALS OF LIFE. EPOCH OF “UNMATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY.”

atical. Ethical- │ SKEPSIS

practical tend- │ │ │ │

encies of an │Tendencies │Hellenism │Movements │Schopenhauer,

irreligious and │in Buddha’s │ │ in Islam │ Nietzsche

unmetaphysical │time │ │ │Socialism,

cosmopolitan- │ │ │ │ Anarchism

ism)= │ │ │ │Hebbel, Wag-

│ │ │ │ ner, Ibsen

│ │ │ │

│ XII. INNER COMPLETION OF THE MATHEMATICAL FORM-WORLD. THE CONCLUDING

│ THOUGHT

│ │ │ │

│(lost) │Euclid, │Alchwarizmi │Gauss (d. 1855)

│ │Apollonius │(800) │

│ │(about 300) │ │

│ │ │Ibn Kurra (850) │Cauchy (d. 1857)

│ │Archimedes │Alkarchi, │Riemann (d. 1866)

│ │(about 250) │Albiruni (10th │

│ │ │Century) │

│ │ │ │

│ XIII. DEGRADATION OF ABSTRACT THINKING INTO PROFESSIONAL LECTURE-ROOM

│ PHILOSOPHY. COMPENDIUM LITERATURE

│ │ │ │

│The “Six Class- │Academy, Peri-, │Schools of │Kantians.

│ ical Systems” │ patos, Sto- │ Baghdad and │“Logicians”

│ │ ics, Epicur- │ Basra │ and “Psycho-

│ │ eans │ │ logists”

│ │ │ │

│ XIV. SPREAD OF A FINAL WORLD-SENTIMENT

│ │ │ │

│Indian Buddhism │Hellenistic- │Practical │Ethical Socialism from

│ │Roman Stoicism │fatalism in │1900

│ │from 200 │Islam after 1000│

------------------------------------------------------------------------

════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

TABLE II. “CONTEMPORARY” CULTURE EPOCHS

═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════════

│_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_ARABIAN_ │_WESTERN_

─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────

=PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= CHAOS OF PRIMITIVE EXPRESSION FORMS. MYSTICAL SYMBOLISM AND

NAÏVE IMITATION

│ │ │ │

│Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Persian- │Merovingian-

│ │ │ Seleucid │ Carolingian

│ │ │ Period │ Era

│(3400-3000) │(1600-1700) │(500-0) │(500-900)

│ │Late-Egyptian │Late-Classical │

│ │ (Minoan) │ (Hellenistic)│

│ │Late-Babylonian │Late-Indian │

│ │ (Asia Minor) │ (Indo- │

│ │ │ Iranian) │

│ │ │ │

=EXCITATION= │ │ │

──────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────

=CULTURE.= LIFE-HISTORY OF A STYLE FORMATIVE OF THE ENTIRE INNER-BEING. FORM-

LANGUAGE OF DEEPEST SYMBOLIC NECESSITY

=I. EARLY PERIOD=│OLD KINGDOM │DORIC │EARLY-ARABIAN │GOTHIC

│ │ │ FORM-WORLD. │

=(Ornament and │(2900-2400) │(1100-500) │(Sassanid, │(900-1500)

architecture as │ │ │ Byzantine, │

elementary │ │ │ Armenian, │

expression of the│ │ │ Syrian, │

young world- │ │ │ Sabæan, │

feeling.) (The │ │ │ “Late- │

“Primitives”)= │ │ │ Classical” │

│ │ │ and “Early │

│ │ │ Christian” │

│ │ │ (0-500) │

│ _1. Birth and Rise. Forms sprung from the Land, unconsciously

│ shaped_

│Dynasties IV-V. │11th to 9th │1st to 3rd │11th to 13th

│ │ Centuries │ Centuries │ Centuries

│(2930-2625) │ │Cult interiors │

│ │ │Basilica, │Romanesque and

│ │ │ Cupola │ Early-Gothic

│ │ │ (Pantheon as │ vaulted

│ │ │ Mosque) │ cathedrals

│Geometrical │Timber building │ │

│ Temple style │ │ │

│Pyramid temples │Doric column │Column-and-arch│Flying buttress

│Ranked plant- │Architrave │Stem-tracery │Glass-painting,

│ columns │ │ filling │ Cathedral

│ │ │ blanks │

│Rows of flat- │Geometric │Sarcophagus │sculpture

│ relief │ (Dipylon) style│ │

│Tomb statues │Burial urns │ │

│ │ │ │

_2. Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities.

Contradiction_

│VI Dynasty │8th and 7th │4-5th Centuries│14-15th

│ (2625-2574) │ Centuries │ │ Centuries

│Extinction of │End of archaic │End of Syrian, │Late Gothic and

│ pyramid-style │ Doric-Etruscan │ Persian, and │ Renaissance

│ and epic- │ style │ Coptic │

│ idyllic relief│ │ pictorial art│

│ style │ │ │

│Floraison of │Proto-Corinthian-│Rise of mosaic-│Floraison and

│ archaic │ Early-Attic │ picturing and│ waning of

│ portrait- │ (mythological) │ of arabesque │ fresco and

│ plastic │ vase │ │ statue. From

│ painting │ │ │ Giotto

│ │ │ │ (Gothic) to

│ │ │ │ Michelangelo

│ │ │ │ (Baroque).

│ │ │ │ Siena,

│ │ │ │ Nürnberg. The

│ │ │ │ Gothic

│ │ │ │ picture from

│ │ │ │ Van Eyck to

│ │ │ │ Holbein.

│ │ │ │ Counterpoint

│ │ │ │ and oil-

│ │ │ │ painting

─────────────────┼────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────

=II. LATE PERIOD │MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC │LATE-ARABIAN │BAROQUE

(Formation of │(2150-1800) │(650-350) │ FORM-WORLD │(1500-1800)

a group of arts │ │ │ (Persian-Nest-│

urban and con- │ │ │ orian, Byz- │

scious, in the │ │ │ antine-Arm- │

hands of individ-│ │ │ enian, Islam- │

uals) (“Great │ │ │ ic Moorish) │

Masters”)= │ │ │ (500-800) │

│ │ │ │

_3. Formation of a mature artistry_

│XIth Dynasty. │Completion of │Completion of │The pictorial

│ Delicate and │ the temple- │ of the mosque-│ style in

│ telling art │ body (Peri- │ interior (Cen-│ architecture

│(Almost no │ pteros,stone) │ tral dome of │ from Michel-

│ traces left) │The Ionic col- │ Hagia Sophia) │ angelo to Ber-

│ │ umn │ │ nini (d. 1680)

│ │Reign of fresco- │Zenith of mos- │Reign of oil-

│ │ painting till │ aic painting │ painting from

│ │ Polygnotus │ │ Titian to Rem-

│ │ (460) │ │ brandt (d.

│ │Rise of free │Completion of │ 1664)

│ │ plastic “in │ the carpet- │Rise of music

│ │ the round” │ like arabesque│ from Orlando

│ │ (“Apollo of │ style (Machat-│ Lasso to H.

│ │ Tenea” to │ ta) │ Schütz (d.

│ │ Hageladas) │ │ 1671)

│ │ │ │

_4. Perfection of an intellectualized form-language_

│ │ │ │

│XIIth Dynasty │Maturity of │Ommayads │Rococo

│ (2000-1788) │ Athens (480- │ │

│ │ 350) │ │

│Pylon-temple, │The Acropolis │(7th-8th │Musical

│ Labyrinth │ │ Century) │ architecture

│ │ │ │ (“Rococo”)

│ │ │ │

│Character- │Reign of │Complete │Reign of

│ statuary and │ Classical │ victory of │ classical

│ historical │ plastic from │ featureless │ music from

│ reliefs │ Myron to │ arabesque │ Bach to

│ │ Phidias │ over │ Mozart

│ │ │ architecture │

│ │ │ also │

│ │End of strict │ │End of

│ │ fresco and │ │ classical

│ │ ceramic │ │ oil-painting

│ │ painting │ │ (Watteau to

│ │ (Zeuxis) │ │ Goya)

│ │ │ │

_5. Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of the Style.

“Classicism” and “Romanticism”_

│Confusion after │The age of │“Haroun-al- │Empire and

│ about 1750 │ Alexander │ Raschid” │ Biedermeyer

│ │ │ (about 800) │

│(No remains) │The Corinthian │“Moorish Art” │Classicist

│ │ column │ │ taste in

│ │ │ │ architecture

│ │Lysippus and │ │Beethoven,

│ │ Apelles │ │ Delacroix

─────────────────┼────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────

=CIVILIZATION.= │EXISTENCE WITHOUT INNER FORM. MEGALOPOLITAN ART AS A COMMONPLACE:

│ LUXURY, SPORT, NERVE-EXCITEMENT: RAPIDLY-CHANGING FASHIONS IN

│ ART (REVIVALS, ARBITRARY DISCOVERIES, BORROWINGS)

│ │ │ │

_1. “Modern Art.” “Art problems.” Attempts to portray or to excite the megalopolitan

consciousness. Transformation of Music, architecture and painting into mere craft-

arts_

│Hyksos Period │Hellenism │Sultan │19th and 20th

│ │ │ dynasties of │ Centuries

│ │ │ 9th-10th │

│ │ │ Century │

│(Preserved only │Pergamene Art │ │Liszt, Berlioz,

│ in Crete; │ (theatricality)│ │ Wagner

│ Minoan art) │ │ │

│ │Hellenistic │Prime of │Impressionism

│ │ painting modes │ Spanish- │ from

│ │ (veristic, │ Sicilian art │ Constable to

│ │ bizarre, │ │ Leibl and

│ │ subjective) │ │ Manet

│ │Architectural │Samarra │American

│ │ display in the │ │ architecture

│ │ cities of the │ │

│ │ Diadochi │ │

│ │ │ │

_2. End of form-development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious

architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives_

│ │ │ │

│XVIII Dynasty │Roman Period │Seljuks (from │From 2000

│ (1580-1350) │ (100-0-100) │ 1050) │

│ Rock temple of│ Indiscriminate │ “Oriental │

│ Dehr-el-Bahri.│ piling of all │ Art” of the │

│ Memnon- │ three orders. │ Crusade │

│ Colossi. Art │ Fora, theatres │ period │

│ of Cnossos and│ (Colosseum). │ │

│ Amarna │ Triumphal │ │

│ │ arches │ │

│ │ │ │

_3. Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of

material and mass. Provincial craft-art_

│ │ │ │

│XIX Dynasty │Trajan to │Mongol Period │From 2000

│ (1350-1205) │ Aurelian │ (from 1250) │

│Gigantic │Gigantic fora, │Gigantic │

│ buildings of │ thermæ, │ buildings │

│ Luxor, Karnak │ colonnades, │ (e.g. in │

│ and Abydos. │ triumphal │ India) │

│ │ arches │ │

│Small-art (beast│Roman provincial │Oriental craft-│

│ plastic, │ art (ceramic, │ art │

│ textiles, │ statuary, arms)│ (rugs,arms, │

│ arms) │ │ implements) │

------------------------------------------------------------------------

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

TABLE III. “CONTEMPORARY” POLITICAL EPOCHS

═══════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════

│_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_CHINESE_ │_WESTERN_

───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────

=PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= PRIMITIVE FOLK. TRIBES AND THEIR CHIEFS. AS YET NO

“POLITICS” AND NO “STATE”

│ │ │ │

│Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Shang Period │Frankish Period

│(Menes) │(“Agamemnon”) │ │(Charlemagne)

│3400-3000 │1600-1100 │(1700-1300) │(500-900)

───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────

=CULTURE.= NATIONAL GROUPS OF DEFINITE STYLE AND PARTICULAR WORLD-FEELING. “NATIONS.”

WORKING OF AN IMMANENT STATE-IDEA

I. EARLY PERIOD. _Organic articulation of political existence. The two prime classes

(noble and priest)._

_Feudal economics; purely agrarian values_

│ │ │ │

=1. Feudalism. │OLD KINGDOM │DORIC PERIOD │EARLY CHOU │GOTHIC PERIOD

Spirit of country- │ (2900-2400) │ (1100-650) │ PERIOD │ (900-1500)

side and country- │Feudal conditions│The Homeric │ (1300-800) │ Roman-German

man. The “City” │ of IV Dynasty │ king │The central │ Imperial per-

only a market or │Increasing power │ │ (Wang) │ iod

stronghold. Chiv- │ of feudatories │Rise of the │ pressed │Crusading nob-

alric-religious │ and priest- │ nobility │ hard by the │ ility

ideals. Struggles │ hoods │(Ithaca. Et- │ feudal nob- │Empire and

of ideals. Strug- │The Pharaoh as │ruria, Sparta) │ ility │ Papacy

gles of vassals │ incarnation of │ │ │

amongst them- │ Ra │ │ │

selves and a- │ │ │ │

gainst overlord= │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │

=2. Crisis and │VI Dynasty. │Aristocratic │934-904. I-Wang │Territorial

dissolution of │ Break-up of the│ synoecism │ and the vassals│ princes

patriarchal forms │ Kingdom into │ Dissolution of│ │ Renaissance

From feudalism to │ heritable │ kinship into │ 842. │ towns.

aristocratic State=│ principalities.│ annual offices│ Interregnum │ Lancaster and

│ VII and VIII │ Oligarchy │ │ York

│ Dynasties, │ │ │ 1254

│ interregnum │ │ │ Interregnum

│ │ │ │

II. LATE PERIOD. _Actualizing of the matured State-idea. Town versus countryside. Rise of

Third Estate (Bourgeoisie)._

_Victory of money over landed property_

│ │ │ │

=3. Fashioning of a│MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC PERIOD │LATE CHOU PERIOD │BAROQUE PERIOD

world of States of │ (2150-1800) │ (650-300) │ (800-500) │ (1500-1800)

strict form. │ XIth Dynasty. │ 6th Century. │ Period of the │ Dynastic

Frondes= │ Overthrow of │ First │ “Protectors” │ family power,

│ the baronage by│ Tyrannis. │ (Ming-Chu 685- │ Fronde

│ the rulers of │ (Cleisthenes, │ 591) and the │ (Richelieu,

│ Thebes. │ Periander, │ rulers of │ Wallenstein,

│ Centralized │ Polycrates, │ Thebes. │ Cromwell)

│ bureaucracy- │ the Tarquins.)│ congresses of │ about 1630.

│ state │ The City- │ princes (-460) │

│ │ State. │ │

│ │ │ │

=4. Climax of │XIIth Dynasty │The pure Polis │Chun-Chiu per- │Ancien Régime.

the State-form │ (2000-1788) │ (absolutism of │ iod (“Spring” │ Rococo.

(“Absolutism”) │Strictest cent- │ the Demos). │ and “Autumn”), │Court nobility

Unity of town and │ ralization of │ Agora politics │ 590-480 │ of Versailles.

“Society.” The │ power │Rise of the │Seven powers │ Cabinet poli-

“three estates”)= │Court and fin- │ tribunate │Perfection of │ tics

│ ance nobility │Themistocles, │ social forms │Habsburg and

│ │ Pericles │ (Li) │ Bourbon.

│ │ │ │Louis XIV.

│ │ │ │ Frederick the

│ │ │ │ Great

│ │ │ │

=5. Break-up of │1788-1680. Rev- │4th Century. │480. Beginning │End of XVIII

the State-form │ olution and │ Social revol- │ of the Chan- │ Century. Rev-

(Revolution and │ military govern-│ ution and Sec- │ Kwo period │ olution in Ame-

Napoleonism). │ ment. Decay of │ ond Tyrannis │ │ ica and France

Victory of the │ the realm. Small│ (Dionysius I, │ │ (Washington,

city over the │ potentates, in │ Jason of Phe- │441. Fall of │ Fox, Mira-

countryside (of │ some cases │ rae, Appius │ the Chou dyn- │ beau, Robes-

the “people” │ sprung from the │ Claudius the │ asty │ pierre)

over the priv- │ people │ Censor) │Revolutions and │

ileged, of the │ │ │ annihilation- │_Napoleon_

intelligentsia │ │_Alexander_ │ wars │

over tradition, │ │ │ │

of money over │ │ │ │

policy)= │ │ │ │

───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────

=CIVILIZATION.= THE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, NOW ESSENTIALLY URBAN IN CONSTITUTION,

DISSOLVES INTO FORMLESS MASS. MEGALOPOLIS AND PROVINCES. THE FOURTH

ESTATE (“MASSES”), INORGANIC, COSMOPOLITAN

│ │ │ │

=1. Domination of │1680 (1788) │300-100. Politi-│480-230. Period │1800-2000. XIXth

Money (“Democracy”)│ -1580. Hyksos │ cal Hellenism. │ of the “Contend-│ Century. From

Economic powers │ period. Deepest │ From Alexander │ ing States” │ Napoleon to the

permeating the pol-│ decline.Dicta- │ to Hannibal and│288. The Imperial│ World-War.

itical forms and │ tures of alien │ Scipio royal │ title │ “System of the

authorities= │ generals (Chian)│ all-power; from│The imperialist │ Great Powers,”

│After 1600 │ Cleomenes III │ statesmen of │ standing arm-

│ definitive │ and C. Flamin- │ Tsin │ ies, constit-

│ victory of the │ ius (220) to │From 289 incorp- │ utions. XXth-

│ rulers of │ C. Marius, rad-│ oration of the │ Century trans-

│ Thebes │ ical demagogues│ last states in │ ition from

│ │ │ the Empire │ constitutional

│ │ │ │ to informal

│ │ │ │ sway of indivi-

│ │ │ │ duals. Annihi-

│ │ │ │ lation

│ │ │ │ wars.Imperialism

│ │ │ │ Imperialism

│ │ │ │

=2. Formation of │1580-1350. │100-0-100. Sulla│ │

Cæsarism. Victory │XVIIIth Dynasty │to Domitian │250-0-26. House }│

of force-politics │ │ │of Wang-Cheng }│

over money. In- │ │ │and Western Han }│1000-1200

creasing primitive-│ │ │ Dynasty }│

ness of political │Thuthmosis III │Cæsar, Tiberius │221. Augustus }│

forms. Inward de- │ │ │ -title (Shi) }│

cline of the nat- │ │ │of Emperor }│

ions into a form- │ │ │ Hwang-Ti }│

less population, │ │ │140-80. Wu-ti }│

and constitution │ │ │ │

thereof as an Imp- │ │ │ │

erium of gradually-│ │ │ │

increasing crudity │ │ │ │

of despotism= │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │

=3. Maturing of the│1350-1205. XIXth │100-300. Trajan │25-220 A.D. }│

final form. Private│Dynasty │ to Aurelian │ Eastern Han }│after 1200

and family policies│ │ │ Dynasty }│

of individual │Sethos I │Trajan, Septi- │58-71. Ming-ti }│

leaders. The world │ │ mius Severus │ │

as spoil. Egyptic- │ │ │ │

ism, Mandarinism, │Rameses II │ │ │

Byzantinism. His- │ │ │ │

tory less stiffen- │ │ │ │

ing and enfeeble- │ │ │ │

ment even of the │ │ │ │

imperial machin- │ │ │ │

ery, against young │ │ │ │

peoples eager for │ │ │ │

spoil, or alien │ │ │ │

conquerors. Primi- │ │ │ │

tive human condi- │ │ │ │

tions slowly │ │ │ │

thrust up into the │ │ │ │

highly-civilized │ │ │ │

mode of living= │ │ │ │

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note

The use of an extra ‘S’ in the name of ‘Hagia S Sophia’ on p. 200 is

questionable. If it is an abbreviation of ‘Saint’ as it is a line early,

it is redundant here given the word ‘Hagia’, meaning the same thing.

On p. 407, footnotes 508 and 509 refer to the same work, _Religion und

Kultus der Römer_. However the citation of the first note is garbled, as

_Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer_.

In the Index, a reference to the effect on natural science of the

Relativity Theory was corrupted as ‘19;4’. The proper page is p. 419,

and the reference is corrected.

The page reference to a note on Goethe and Materialism should have been

to p. 111, not p. 211.

The page references in footnote 486 most likely refer to Volume II,

since the two pages mentioned contain no pertinent material.

There are a number of index entries which refer to footnotes on a given

page while the topics appear in the main text. This would seem to

indicate that the preparation of the Index was not reviewed after the

final version of the text was complete. These references have been

amended to direct the reader to the correct page:

Intercultural Contemporaneity (multiple times) (p. 112), Frescos (p.

225), Tasso (p. 325),

The reference to Saint John and world-history as a note on p. 18 seems

incorrect. Footnote 13 on that page refers to the Apostle Paul. The

reference is left unlinked.

On p. vi of the Index, a cross-referenced ‘Motherland’ topic is missing.

Minor punctuation lapses in the Index have been corrected without

further notice.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected,

and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the

original.

xvii.18 Geometry and arith[e]metic Removed.

8.4 lead to a naturalistic[,] Chronology Removed.

8.27 there is certain[t]ly no world-history Removed.

12.29 unparallel[l]ed in art-history Removed.

25.19 all these arbit[r]ary> and narrow schemes Inserted.

26.39 occurring f[u/o]r us Replaced.

37.20 and theor[i/e]tically Replaced.

62.42 de [s]oudaineté et de certitude absolue Added.

82.30 The Greek m[e/a]thematicians Replaced.

126.35 approached these question[s] Added.

128.18 a glad materialization of the sp[i]ritual. Inserted.

129.39 κακῶς [ἐί/εἴ]ληφα τ[ὀυ/οὐ]μὸνσῶμα σ[υ/ὺ]ν Replaced.

τέχνῃ κακῇ.

129.41 μαντεῖα ... [ἅ/ἃ] τοῦδ’ Replaced.

133.43 (παρὰ τοσ[όu/oῦ]τον μ[ε/ὲ]ν [ἥ/ἡ] Μυτιλήνη Replaced.

ἦλθε κινδύνου)

134.36 “Handbook of Early Christian Antiquities)”[.] Added.

134.43 “Handbook of May on Antiquities.[”] Added.

150.41 was th[o]roughly English in spirit Inserted.

191.22 (mitschwingen i[n/m] Lebenstakte) Replaced.

200.16 Hagia [S ]Sophia in Constantinople Removed.

212.30 Here there was no brill[i]ant instant Inserted.

213.42 Ency. Brit., XI Ed.[)] Added.

227.28 to the harp[is/si]chord Transposed.

269.24 absorbed philos[o]pher Inserted.

269.38 impor[t]ant and significant Inserted.

270.34 comp[a]re his unbridled dynamism Inserted.

271.43 Oldach, Wasmann[,] Rayski and many another Inserted.

277.18 he shattere[e]d the canon Removed.

288.39 it is so th[o]roughly irreligious Inserted.

290.31 something of Rembrandt’s p[ro/or]traiture Transposed.

299.6 Every professed philos[o]pher Inserted.

302.27 the essen[s/c]e of the soul Replaced.

307.16 of _our_ Nature-picture[.] Added.

307.40 Ges[s/c]h. d. neueren Philosophie Replaced.

313.42 οὔκουν ἂν[ ]εκφύγοι γε τὴν πεπρωμένην Inserted.

318.6 ἀνθρώπ[ῶ/ω]ν ἀλλὰ πρ[[α/ά]ξεων καὶ βίου. Replaced.

330.25 that would not i[n/m]pugn the primacy Replaced.

333.43 quite independently of gunpow[d]er Inserted.

355.8 oppressive actualiti[t]es Removed.

360.18 sp[i]ritual prostitution Inserted.

363.31 what should be dest[r]oyed Inserted.

373.30 der politischen [O/Ö]konomie Replaced.

400.36 Mo[v/r]eover, it is only Replaced.

410.2 in its attitude to[r]wards toleration Removed.

a.iii.20 _See_ Bart[h]olommeo Removed.

a.v.41 Calculus, and Classical astro[mon/nom]y Transposed.

a.vi.17 ancest[o]ral worship Removed.

a.xii.33 Western math[e]matic and term Inserted.

a.xiii.47 wi[ds/sd]om and intellect Transposed.

a.xxv.45 intellect and wi[ds/sd]om Transposed.

a.xxviii.38 Tartini, G[ui/iu]seppe Transposed.

a.xxix.42 [‘/“]space of time” Replaced.

a.xxxi.11 Wey[ ]den, Rogier van der. Removed.

t3.20 dis[s]olution of Inserted.