PUBLIC BUILDINGS
As in its domestic architecture of Colonial times, Philadelphia is so
rich in its fine old public buildings that a readable and instructive
book could be made about them alone. Intended for religious, political
and commercial purposes, erected from one to two centuries ago and
ranging from the frugal simplicity of the Mennonite Meeting House in
Germantown to the stately beauty of Independence Hall, these noble
edifices of bygone days were the scenes of momentous events in the most
glorious and troublous period of the world's first republic. Their
histories are inspiring and likewise their architecture. Exigencies of
space in a book of this sort render it impossible to include all worthy
examples, but an effort has been made to present a representative
collection that does justice to the annals and building genius of this
remarkable city.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVI.--Carpenter's Hall, off Chestnut Street,
between South Third and South Fourth Streets. Erected in 1770; Old
Market House, Second and Pine Streets.]
[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVII.--Main Building, Pennsylvania Hospital.
Erected in 1755.]
Probably the most famous historical monument in the United States is
Independence Hall, on Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth streets.
Here the American nation really came into being and began to
function, and here come thousands of visitors annually to view in awed
admiration the greatest patriotic shrine of a free people. The building,
designed by Andrew Hamilton, speaker of the Assembly, and built under
his direction for the State House, was used for that purpose until 1799.
The foundations were laid in 1731, and the main building was ready for
occupancy in 1735, although the wings and steeple were not completed
until 1751. The steeple was taken down in 1781, but was restored to its
original condition by William Strickland in 1828, and further
restorations of the building to its original condition were effected
later by the city government. The east, or "Declaration" chamber, still
appears substantially as it did when that famous document was signed,
but the restoration of certain other rooms has been less satisfactory.
The building has been set apart by the city, which purchased it from the
State in 1816, as a museum of historical relics, and during the past
century has been used by various public offices and societies.
Many famous buildings of Colonial times were the work of amateur
architects, but this is without exception the finest contemporary
administrative building in America; a noble building rich in glorious
memories; nobler even than the Bulfinch State House at Boston or the
Maryland State House at Annapolis. It is an enduring monument to
Hamilton's versatility, showing that with his genius he might have won
distinction as an architect no less than as a barrister. His sense of
design, mass and proportion, his appreciation of the relative value and
most effective uses of classic detail and his ability to harmonize the
exigencies of the floor plan with attractive appearance were second to
those of no professional architect of his time.
Independence Hall is a stately structure of exceptionally well-balanced
symmetrical arrangement, beautiful alike in its general mass and
minutest details, and presenting a delightful appearance from whatever
viewpoint it is seen,--dignified, spacious and picturesque, a building
that seems to typify the serenity of mind and steadfastness of purpose
of those sturdy patriots who made it famous.
The structure comprises three parts; a large central building with
hip-roofed wings for offices connected with the main building by open
arcaded loggias. The present wings are restorations. Beyond the wings
are two buildings erected after the close of the Revolution, but forming
part of the group. That at the corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets was
erected as the Philadelphia County Court House, while that at the corner
of Sixth and Chestnut streets was the City Hall.
The entire group is of characteristic Philadelphia brick construction,
delightfully mellowed by age, with marble and white-painted wood trim.
The main building is two stories high with a decked gable roof, heavily
balustraded between large, arched quadruple chimney stacks at each end,
corners heavily quoined with marble and ends without fenestration other
than a round bull's-eye window in each. Across the one hundred and seven
feet of the Chestnut Street facade there is a range of nine broad, high,
twenty-four-paned windows with flat gauged brick arches and high marble
keystones, the central window being replaced by a simple, very high and
deeply recessed doorway with a broad stone stoop before it. Tying into
the keystones is a horizontal belt of marble across the entire front. A
similar belt is located immediately beneath the window sills of the
second story, and between the two belts and ranging with the windows are
nine oblong marble panels set into the brickwork.
On the Independence Square facade everything is subordinated to the
great square steeple-like clock tower, centrally located, which stands
its entire height outside but adjoining the walls of the main building.
In construction the lower two stories of the tower correspond to those
of the building itself, and the cornice of the latter is effectively
carried around the tower. Above, the tower rises two more stories of
brick with pedimented and pilastered walls in the Ionic order and
surmounted with classic urns and flame motives. Above this level the
construction of the clock tower is of white-painted wood, one story
with Corinthian pilasters and another balustraded, rising in four-sided
diminutions to the octagonal, open arched belfry and superstructure,
above which is a tapering pinnacle and gilt weathervane. It is a tower
of grace, dignity and repose, a tower suggestive of ecclesiastical work,
perhaps, yet withal in complete harmony with its situation and purpose.
In the base of this tower is the main entrance, a simple and dignified
pillared doorway in the mutulary Doric order with double four-panel
doors, and a magnificent Palladian window in the Ionic order above, to
which reference was made in a previous chapter. Thus three distinct
orders of architecture are used in this tower alone, presenting another
instance of the great freedom with which early American architects
utilized their favorite motives.
Entering this doorway one comes into a great, square, lofty, brick-paved
hall in the base of the tower where now reposes the Liberty Bell at the
foot of what has often been called the finest staircase in America. And
where, indeed, is to be found a more splendid combination of nicely
worked white wood trim with touches of mahogany and dark green stairs?
Done in the Ionic order, with a heavy cornice having carved modillions
and a prominent dentil course, deeply embrasured windows with paneled
jambs and broad sills supported by beautifully hand-tooled consoles, and
a nicely spaced paneled wainscot, this entrance is a fitting frame for
the broad winding staircase. Rising ramp after ramp by broad treads and
low risers, it leads first to a broad landing in front lighted by the
Palladian window over the entrance, and thence upward and around to a
gallery across the opposite wall, where a broad double doorway with
delightful fanlight above leads into the main hall of the second floor.
To the right a narrow staircase rises to the belfry. The classic
balustrade, with its mahogany-capped rail and simple landing newels is
heavy but well proportioned; the paneled wainscot along the wall follows
the contour of the ramped rail opposite, and the under side of the
landings, gallery and upper runs are nicely paneled. Elaborately carved
scroll brackets adorn the stair ends, and a harmonious floreated volute
spiral band runs along the edge of the gallery; while the pilaster
casings of the upper doorway and of the Palladian window are enriched
with straight hanging garlands. At the foot of the staircase the newel
treatment takes the scroll form of the Ionic volute, the rail and
balusters on the circular end of the broad lower step winding around a
central column like the landing newels.
Hanging from its original beam, but within an ornamental frame erected
in the center of this staircase hall, is the best-known relic of the
building, the famous Liberty Bell, which is supposed, without adequate
evidence, to have been the first bell to announce the adoption of the
Declaration of Independence. It was cast in England early in 1752 and
bears the following inscription: "By order of the Assembly of the
Province of Pennsylvania for the State House in Philadelphia, 1752", and
underneath: "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the
inhabitants thereof, Lev. XXV, V, X." In August, 1752, the bell was
received in Philadelphia, but was cracked by a stroke of the clapper the
following month. It was recast, but the work being unsatisfactory, it
was again recast with more copper, in Philadelphia during May, 1753, and
in June was hung in the State House steeple, where it remained until
taken to Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1777, to prevent it from falling
into the hands of the British. In 1781 the bell was lowered and the
steeple removed. In 1828 a new steeple was erected, and a new bell put
in place, the Liberty Bell being given a place in an upper story of the
tower to be rung only on occasions of great importance. On July 8, 1835,
it suddenly cracked again while being tolled in memory of Chief Justice
John Marshall, and on February 22, 1843, this crack was so increased as
nearly to destroy its sound. In 1864 it was placed in the east or
Declaration room, but in 1876, the Centennial year, it was again hung in
the tower by a chain of thirteen links. From the time of its second
recasting in 1753, until it lost its sound in 1843, the Liberty Bell
was sounded on all important occasions, both grave and gay. It convened
town meetings and the Assembly, proclaimed the national anniversary,
ushered in the new year, welcomed distinguished men, tolled for the
honored dead, and on several occasions was muffled and tolled as an
expression of public disapproval of various acts of British tyranny.
Passing through a high, round-headed arch with paneled jambs and soffit
one enters the central hall, a magnificent apartment in the mutulary
Doric order, extending through the building to the Chestnut Street
entrance. Fluted columns standing on a high, broad pedestal which runs
about the walls like a wainscot, support a heavy complete entablature
enriched with beautifully hand-carved moldings, notably an egg and dart
ovolo between cornice and frieze and foliated moldings about the mutules
and the panels of the soffit and metopes. It is a hall of charming
vistas in a noble architectural frame,--straight ahead to the Chestnut
Street entrance; back through the great single arch to the staircase; to
the left through an arcade of three pilastered arches into the west or
Supreme Court chamber; to the right through a broad, double doorway into
the east or "Declaration" room, the original Assembly chamber.
The treatment of the latter wall of the hall is most elaborate. Three
cased arches correspond to the open arches opposite. On the wall within
the two end ones are handsome, pedimental-topped, inscribed tablets,
while in the middle one is located the doorway with an ornate, broken,
pedimental doorhead taking the form of a swag.
Like the hall, the Supreme Court chamber is Doric with fluted pilasters
instead of engaged columns, and walls entirely paneled up. There are
three windows at each end and two back of the judge's bench with its
paneled platform and rail, and balustraded staircases at each end. In
this room the convention to form a new constitution for Pennsylvania met
July 15, 1776, and unanimously approved the Declaration of Independence,
and pledged the support of the State. Delegates to Congress were elected
who were signers of the Declaration. In this room now stands the statue
of Washington carved out of a single block of wood by Colonel William
Rush, after Stuart.
Across the hall is the Declaration chamber, forty feet and two inches
long, thirty-nine feet and six inches wide and nineteen feet and eight
inches high. As in size, its architecture is substantially the same as
the chamber opposite, and like it the two corners near the hall are
rounding. Also it is of spacious appearance, light, beautiful and
cheerful, a room to inspire noble deeds. Instead of the high judge's
bench at the side opposite the entrance, there is a relatively small
platform or dais of two steps on which stands the presiding officer's
desk in front of a large, elaborate, pedimental-topped frame with
exquisitely enriched carved moldings, within which is a smaller frame
containing a facsimile of the Declaration of Independence. To either
side, between fluted pilasters, are segmental arched fireplaces with
heavy mantel shelves above, supported by carved consoles, while beyond
these are single doors with pedimental heads. Otherwise the room is
substantially like that across the hall. They are regarded as the best
of the restored rooms of the building, and of the two the courtroom is
perhaps rather the better in its greater simplicity.
In the east or so-called Declaration chamber, the second Continental
Congress met May 10, 1775; George Washington was chosen commander in
chief of the Continental Army June 15, 1775; and the Declaration of
Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. The American officers taken
prisoners at the Battle of Brandywine, September 11, and of Germantown,
October 4, 1777, were held here as prisoners of war, and on July 9,
1778, the Articles of Confederation and perpetual union between the
States were signed here by representatives of eight States. The room
contains much of the furniture of those days. The table and high-backed
Chippendale chair of mahogany used by the presidents of the Continental
Congress and occupied by John Hancock at the signing still remain, and
on the table is to be seen the silver ink-stand with its quill box and
sand shaker, in which the delegates dipped their pens in autographing
the famous document. There are also fourteen of the original chairs used
by delegates. On the walls hang portraits of forty-five of the fifty-six
signers, also a portrait of Washington by Rembrandt Peale.
In fact, the collection of portraits is largely based on canvases
secured from the famous Peale Museum which at one time occupied the
upper floors of the building. There are also valuable paintings by
Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, Edgar Pine, Thomas Sully and Allan
Ramsay. The bronze statue of Washington standing in front of
Independence Hall on Chestnut Street is a replica of the original one in
white marble by Bailey, which was removed on account of its
disintegration. Forty-five crayons and pastels by John Sharpless,
purchased by the city in 1876, form a notable collection estimated to be
worth half a million dollars. What is supposed to be the earliest
exhibition of paintings ever held in America was that of Robert Edge
Pine, which occurred in Independence Hall in 1784.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXXVIII.--Main Hall and Double Staircase,
Pennsylvania Hospital.]
[Illustration: PLATE LXXXIX.--Custom House, Fifth and Chestnut Streets.
Completed in 1824; Main Building, Girard College. Begun in 1833.]
On the second floor the principal room is a great banqueting hall
extending across the entire building on the Chestnut Street side with
its range of nine windows and having a fireplace at each end. There are
smaller rooms on each side of the broad entrance corridor; its wide,
flat arch has four fluted columns supporting a heavy pedimental head
with elliptical fanlight. Architecturally the restoration of the second
floor is less happy than that of the first. It is not in the spirit of
the work below; nor does it accord with typical Colonial work of
pre-Revolutionary days. It lacks that simple, straight-forward dignity
of design; that fine sense of proportion; that refinement and
appropriateness of detail. The spacing of the paneling of both the
wainscot and the fireplace mantels is not characteristic; the detail of
the latter is poorly chosen and assembled, and the whole aspect,
especially the entrance arch, suggests a studied effort to achieve
picturesque effect.
On the northwest corner of Independence Square, which is the southeast
corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets, is old Congress Hall, erected in
1787, in which Congress sat from 1790 to 1800, and in which Washington
was inaugurated in 1793 for a second term with Adams as vice-president,
and in which Adams, in 1797, was inaugurated president with Jefferson as
vice-president.
Here Washington presented his famous message concerning Jay's treaty
with England; here, toward the close of his second administration, he
pronounced his farewell address, which is still regarded as a model of
dignity and farsightedness. Here, too, was officially announced the
death of Washington, when John Marshall offered a resolution that a
joint committee of the House and Senate consider "the most suitable
manner of paying honor to the memory of the man first in war, first in
peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen", thus originating a
phrase never to be forgotten in America. For some years after 1800 the
building was occupied by the criminal courts, now located in the City
Hall.
Were it not so near the more pretentious Independence Hall, this demure
little building would receive much more attention, for it is
architecturally a gem of the Colonial period, and such of its interior
woodwork as has been restored has been more happily treated than is
often the case. It is an oblong structure of brick, with marble and
white wood trim, two stories high, hip-roofed and surmounted in the
center by a well-proportioned, octagonal open cupola. On the front a
pediment springs from the cornice over a slightly projecting central
section of the facade, while a three-sided bay breaks the rear wall and
enlarges the building. The stoop and doorway are of simple dignity, the
double doors having the appearance of being four separate, very narrow
four-panel doors, and the graceful fanlight above being in accord with
the round-headed windows of the lower story. These windows are set
effectively in brick arches with marble sills, keystones and imposts. On
the upper story the windows are twenty-four-paned and square-headed
with gauged brick arches and marble keystones. Under the central front
window over the entrance there is a handsome wrought-iron fire balcony.
The best exterior feature of the building is the beautifully hand-tooled
cornice with its coved member having a series of recessed arches and the
well-known Grecian band or double denticulated molding beneath. At the
second-floor level a white marble belt accords well with the general
scheme.
No less interesting than the outward appearance of the entrance is its
inward aspect, with its deeply paneled embrasures and soffit, its quaint
strap hinges and rim lock. The arrangement of the double staircases with
a halfway landing in this lofty, airy stair hall compels admiration for
effective simplicity. The stair ends are unadorned, but the spaces under
the lower run of both flights are nicely paneled up. The balusters are
of good, though familiar pattern, and the lines of the dark ramped rail
gracefully drawn.
Interest centers in the Senate chamber with its barrel ceiling and
panel-fronted galleries along both sides supported by slender round
columns. Here momentous business was transacted during the early years
of the American nation, and many relics of those troublous times are
here preserved. In the bay at the rear end the President's dais has
been restored from remains found beneath an old platform. It is of
graceful design with free-flowing curves and an elliptical swell front
where the balustrade has a solid three-panel insert. The turned
balusters are of slender grace, while the paneled pilasters or newels at
the ends and corners are adorned with straight hanging garlands in
applied work. There is also a festooned border in applied work above the
opening into the bay that is carried about the room above the galleries.
The central decoration of the ceiling and the eagle over the President's
dais furnish excellent examples of eighteenth-century frescoes.
A short distance east of Independence Square, in a narrow court off
Chestnut Street, between South Third and South Fourth streets, hedged
about by high modern office buildings that dwarf its size, is
Carpenters' Hall, in which the first Continental Congress assembled,
September 5, 1774, and in which the National Convention, in 1787, framed
the present Constitution of the United States. The building was also the
headquarters of the Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence; the
basement was used as a magazine for ammunition during the Revolution,
and from 1791 to 1797 the whole of it was occupied by the first United
States Bank.
[Illustration: PLATE XC.--Old Stock Exchange, Walnut and Dock Streets;
Girard National Bank, 116 South Third Street.]
[Illustration: PLATE XCI.--Christ Church, North Second Street near
Market Street. Erected in 1727-44; Old Swedes' Church, Swanson and
Christian Streets. Erected in 1698-1700.]
The Carpenters' Company, established in 1724, was patterned after the
Worshipful Company of Carpenters of London, which dates back to 1477,
and the early organization of such a guild in America indicates the
large number and high character of the Colonial builders of Philadelphia
and explains the excellence of the architecture in this neighborhood.
The present building was begun in 1770, but was not completed until
1792, so that throughout the Revolutionary period it was used in a
partly finished condition. Since 1857 it has been preserved wholly for
its historic associations. Here was conceived that liberty which had its
birth in Independence Hall, so that its claim to fame is second only to
the latter. Like it, too, there are many interesting relics of those
glorious days to be seen within. An inscription on a tablet outside very
properly reads, "Within these walls, Henry, Hancock, and Adams inspired
the delegates of the Colonies with nerve and sinew for the toils of
war."
The building is in the form of a Greek cross with four projecting gable
ends and an octagonal cupola of graceful design and proportions at the
center of the roof. It is of characteristic Philadelphia brickwork, with
handsomely cased twenty-four-paned windows shuttered on the lower floor.
The entrance facade, with its broad, high stoop and pedimental doorway,
double doors and fanlight above; its pleasing fenestration, especially
the round-headed, Palladian windows of the second floor, above
balustrade sections resting on a horizontal belt of white at the
second-floor level, and its pediment with a handsome hand-tooled cornice
in which an always pleasing Grecian band is prominent, does credit to
its design, and altogether the structure was worthy of its purpose.
Within, the meeting room is of surprisingly generous size, considering
the small impression given by the exterior aspect of the building. The
restored woodwork is unfortunate, yet the general effect of bygone years
remains.
For two centuries Philadelphia has been justly famous for its public
markets, numerous and readily accessible to the entire community.
Marketing has ever been one of the duties of the thrifty housewife, to
which Philadelphia women have given particular attention, and everything
possible has been done to make the task easy and satisfactory to them.
When the city was first laid out its few wide streets, with the
exception of Broad Street, were laid out for the convenience of markets,
which in those days were placed in their center. A few of these old-time
markets still remain, notably that at Second and Pine streets, its
market house or central building of quaintly interesting design
embracing features such as the octagonal cupola, marble lintels, sills
and belt, and the elliptical and semicircular fanlights which are
typically Colonial.
To Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia is largely indebted for the
Pennsylvania Hospital fronting on Pine Street between South Eighth and
South Ninth streets, the first hospital in the United States, which was
projected in 1751, erected in 1755 and still continues to be the
foremost of some one hundred institutions in the city. The main building
was designed by Samuel Rhodes, mayor of Philadelphia, and in
architectural excellence is regarded as second only to Independence
Hall.
Individuals gave funds freely for its erection; the British Parliament
turned over to it some funds unclaimed by a land company; Bishop
Whitefield gave a considerable sum; Benjamin West painted a replica of
his famous work, "Christ Healing the Sick", now in the entrance hall,
which was exhibited and earned four thousand pounds sterling in
admissions; some players gave "Hamlet" for the benefit of the hospital,
and money was raised in numerous other ways.
The building is a large and beautiful one of noble appearance, three
stories high, having long, balanced wings two and a half stories high,
with dormers and an octagon tower over the cross wings at each end. The
total frontage is some two hundred and seventy-five feet. It is of
reddish-brown brick, faced on the front of the first story of the main
building with gray marble, and pierced by two large round-topped windows
each side of a central doorway with a balustraded stoop and handsome
semicircular fanlight and side lights. Above, six Corinthian pilasters
support a beautifully detailed entablature at the eaves, from which
springs a pediment with ornamental oval window. Surmounting the hip roof
is a square superstructure of wood, paneled and painted white, above
which is a low octagonal belvedere platform with a huge, round
balustrade. Brick walls and an ornamental wistaria-clad iron fence
surround the grounds, and no visitor has entered the central gate since
La Fayette.
Within the building there is much splendid interior wood finish. Its
best feature, however, is the high, broad hall, with fluted Ionic
columns supporting a mutulary Doric entablature, leading back to a
double winding staircase, which is a marvelous work of art, combining
the simplicity and purity as well as the beauty of the middle Georgian
period. There are two landings on each flight, and from the spiral
newels at the bottom the balustrades with ramped rails and heavy, turned
balusters swing upward, as do the staircases, to the third floor. One
notes with interest the unusual outline of the brackets under the
overhang of the stair treads.
A few important public buildings of Philadelphia that were not erected
until early in the nineteenth century had their inception directly or
indirectly in the outgrowth of the War of Independence, and their
omission would render any treatise of the public buildings of the city
noticeably incomplete. Their inclusion here finds still further
justification in the fact that they are of classic architecture and so
to a degree in accord with Colonial traditions.
The Custom House, a classic stone structure, on the south side of
Chestnut Street between Fourth and Fifth streets, was built for the
second United States Bank, authorized by Congress in April, 1816,
because of the bad financial condition into which the government had
fallen during the War of 1812. The building was designed by William
Strickland, in his day the leading American architect, being modeled
after the Parthenon of Athens. It was completed in 1824 and was put to
its present use in 1845.
The main building of Girard College on Girard Avenue between North 19th
and North 25th streets, of which Thomas Ustick Walter, a pupil of
Strickland's, was the architect, is one of the finest specimens of pure
Greek architecture in America. Indeed, this imposing Corinthian
structure of stone has been called "the most perfect Greek temple in
existence." Work upon it was begun in 1833, and the college was opened
January 1, 1848. To a sarcophagus in this main building were removed the
remains of Stephen Girard in 1851. The building is 111 feet wide and 169
feet long, and is surrounded by thirty-four fluted columns fifty-six
feet high and seven feet in diameter at the base, which cost thirteen
thousand dollars each. The total height of the building is ninety-seven
feet, and it is arched throughout with brick and stone, and roofed with
marble tiles. The weight of the roof is estimated at nearly one thousand
tons.
The old Stock Exchange at Third and Walnut and Dock streets, facing a
broad open space once an old-time market, is also the work of William
Strickland, who likewise designed St. Paul's Church, St. Stephen's
Church, the almshouse and the United States Naval Asylum. It is an
impressive round-fronted classic structure of gray stone in the
Corinthian order, with a semicircular colonnade above the first story
supporting a handsomely executed entablature with conspicuous antefixes
about the cornice. Instead of a central flight of steps leading to a
main entrance, there were two well-designed flights at each side.
Surmounting the whole is a daring, tall, round cupola, its roof
supported by engaged columns and the spaces between pierced by classic
grilles. The structure is notable throughout for excellence in mass and
detail.
[Illustration: PLATE XCII.--St. Peter's Church, South Third and Pine
Streets. Erected in 1761; Lectern, St. Peter's Church.]
[Illustration: PLATE XCIII.--Interior and Chancel, Christ Church;
Interior and Lectern, St. Peter's Church.]
At Number 116 South Third Street stands the oldest banking building in
America, and withal one of the handsomest of such buildings. Erected in
1795 by the first Bank of the United States, this beautiful stone and
brick structure in the Corinthian order, with its fine pedimental
portico bearing in high relief a modification of the seal of the
United States, was owned and occupied by Stephen Girard from 1812 to
1831, and since 1832 by the Girard Bank and the Girard National Bank. It
is one of those classic structures which by reason of nicety in
proportion and precision in detail still compares favorably with the
best modern buildings of the city. The high, fluted columns and
pilasters with their nicely wrought capitals lend an imposing nobility
that immediately arrests attention, while the refinement of detail
throughout well repays careful scrutiny. In this latter respect its best
features are the cornice with its beautifully enriched moldings and
modillions, the balustrade above, the window heads supported by
hand-tooled consoles and the insert panels under the portico.
The first Bank of the United States was incorporated in 1791 with a
capital of ten million dollars. It was the first national bank of issue
essential to the system of banking built up by Alexander Hamilton in
organizing the finances of the Federal Government under the constitution
of 1789. It issued circulating notes, discounted commercial paper and
aided the government in its financial operations. Although the
government subscribed one-fifth of the capital, it was paid for by a
roundabout process which actually resulted in the loan of the amount by
the bank to the treasury. Other loans were made by the bank to the
government, until by the end of 1795 its obligations had reached
$6,200,000. In order to meet these obligations, the government
gradually disposed of its bank stock and by 1802 had sold its entire
holdings at a profit of $671,860. A statement submitted to Congress
January 24, 1811, by Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury,
showed resources of $24,183,046, of which $14,578,294 was in loans and
discounts, $2,750,000 in United States stock and $5,009,567 in specie.
The expiration of the charter of the bank, in 1811, was the occasion for
a party contest which prevented renewal and added greatly to the
financial difficulties of the government during the War of 1812.
Although foreign stockholders were not permitted to vote by proxy, and
the twenty-five directors were required to be citizens of the United
States, the bank was attacked on the ground of foreign ownership, and it
was also claimed that Congress had no constitutional power to create
such an institution.
Thereupon the bank building and the cashier's house in Philadelphia were
purchased at a third of the original cost by Girard, who, in May, 1812,
established the Bank of Stephen Girard and thereafter assisted the
government very materially. He was, in fact, the financier of the War of
1812.
No less interesting than the governmental and commercial public
buildings of Philadelphia are its churches, of which several of noble
architecture date back to the Colonial period.
On North Second Street, just north of Market, is located Christ Church,
Protestant Episcopal, the first diocesan church of Pennsylvania. It is a
fine old building designed mainly by Doctor John Kearsley, a vestryman
and physician. The corner stone was laid in 1727, and the building was
completed in 1744, but the steeple, in part designed by Benjamin
Franklin and containing a famous chime of eight bells, was not erected
until 1754. Franklin was one of the managers of a lottery in 1753 for
raising funds for the steeple and bells, the latter being imported at a
cost of five hundred pounds sterling. On July 4, 1776, after the
Declaration of Independence had been read, these bells "rang out a merry
chime."
This imposing edifice eloquently indicates what architectural triumphs
can be achieved in brickwork in the Colonial style. Apart from the
spire, interest centers in the fenestration, which has already been
treated in Chapter VIII, and in the wood trim. As in much contemporary
architecture, the woodwork is conspicuous for the free use of the
orders. For example, one immediately notes the mutulary Doric cornice
and frieze along the sides, and the pulvinated Ionic entablature across
the chancel gable above the Palladian window. The roof is heavily
balustraded in white-painted wood with the urns on the several pedestals
holding torches with carved flames. A brick belfry rises square and
sturdy above the roof and then continues upward in diminishing
construction of wood, first virtually four-sided, then octagonal and
finally in a low, tapering spire surmounted by a weather-vane. A
distinctive feature is the simple iron fence along the street with two
wrought-iron arched gates, as beautiful as any in America, hung from
high, ball-topped stone posts.
Imposing in its simplicity, the interior is generally Doric in
character, but the Ionic entablatures over the side sections of the
beautiful Palladian chancel window reflect the treatment outside. Fluted
columns standing on high pedestals, with square, Doric entablature
sections above, support graceful, elliptical arches, which separate the
nave from the aisles in which are panel-fronted galleries. The organ
loft over the main entrance is bow-fronted and highly ornate.
[Illustration: PLATE XCIV.--Interior and Chancel, Old Swedes' Church;
St. Paul's Church, South Third Street near Walnut Street.]
[Illustration: PLATE XCV.--Mennonite Meeting House, Germantown. Erected
in 1770; Holy Trinity Church, South Twenty-first and Walnut Streets.]
Certain alterations to the interior were made in 1836, and in 1882 it
was restored to its ancient character, but the high old-fashioned
wineglass pulpit of 1770 remains, as does the font. A silver bowl,
weighing more than five pounds, presented in 1712 by Colonel Quarry of
the British Army, is still in use, while a set of communion plate
presented by Queen Anne in 1708 is brought forth on special occasions.
The brass chandelier for candles has hung in its central position since
1749. Bishop White officiated as rector during Revolutionary days,
and his body lies under the altar. Many well-known figures of American
history worshiped here, both Washington and Franklin maintaining pews
which are still preserved. That in which Washington sat was placed in
Independence Hall in 1836.
In the churchyard adjoining are buried a number of noted patriots,
including Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, the financier of the
Revolution, James Wilson, the first justice of the State and a signer of
the Declaration and Constitution, Brigadier General John Forbes, John
Penn, Peyton Randolph, Francis Hopkinson, Doctor Benjamin Rush, Generals
Lambert, Cadwalader, Charles Lee and Jacob Morgan of the Continental
Army, and Commodores Truxton, Bainbridge and Dale of the Navy.
In the southeast part of the city, at Swanson and Christian streets,
just east of Front Street, is located the ivy-clad Old Swedes' Church,
one of the most venerable buildings in America. It stands on the site of
a blockhouse erected by the Swedish settlers in 1677. The present
structure of brick was begun in 1698 and finished two years later. For
one hundred and forty-three years it remained a worshiping place of the
Swedish Lutherans, and for one hundred and thirty years it was in charge
of ministers sent over from Sweden. The baptismal font is the original
one brought from Sweden, and the communion service has been in use since
1773. In the adjoining churchyard the oldest tombstone bearing a
legible epitaph is dated 1708. Here Alexander Wilson, the celebrated
naturalist, was buried at his own request, saying that the "birds would
be apt to come and sing over my grave."
Although generally Colonial in external appearance, and frankly so in
the detail of its wood trim, the arrangement of the structure and its
proportions, especially the peaked gable over the entrance and the
small, low and square wooden belfry, give it a somewhat foreign aspect
which is by no means surprising in the circumstances. Indeed, it may be
said to have decided Norse suggestion. The interior, with its severely
simple galleries, straight-backed wooden pews and high pulpit under the
chancel window, has that quaintness to be seen in the earliest country
churches of America. Two big-eyed, winged cherubim on the organ loft are
interesting examples of early Swedish wood carving probably taken from
an old Swedish ship.
St. Peter's at South Third and Pine streets, the second Protestant
Episcopal Church in the city, was an offshoot of Christ Church, and for
many years both were under the same rectorship. Washington, during his
various sojourns in Philadelphia, attended sometimes one and again the
other, and Pew Number 41 in St. Peter's is pointed out as his. The
building was erected in 1761 and still retains its Colonial
characteristics.
It is a brick structure two and a half stories in height, having
pedimental ends and corners quoined with stone. The fenestration with
many round-headed windows is excellent and has already been alluded to
in Chapter VIII. At one end a massive, square, vine-clad belfry tower of
brick rises to a height of six stories, above which there is a tall,
slender wooden spire surmounted by a ball and cross.
Within are the original square box pews with doors, and seats facing
both ways, those of the galleries being similarly arranged. The whole
aspect is one of great plainness and simple dignity, yet withal
pleasing. A unique feature is the location of the organ and altar at the
eastern end and the reading desk and lofty wineglass pulpit, with
sounding board overhead, at the western end. This compels the rector to
conduct part of the service at each end of the church and obliges the
congregation to change to the other seat of the pews in order to face in
the opposite direction. In the adjoining churchyard are buried many
distinguished early residents of the city, including Commodore Stephen
Decatur.
Trinity Church, Oxford, stands on the site of a log meetinghouse where
Church of England services were held as early as 1698. The present brick
structure was erected in 1711. Standing among fine old trees in the
midst of a picturesque churchyard, it has an appearance rather English
than American. The detail of the wood trim is obviously Colonial,
however, and the brickwork corresponds to the best in Philadelphia. The
influence of Flemish brickwork is seen in the large diamond patterns
each side of the semicircular marble inscription tablet above the
principal doorway.
St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, South Third and Walnut streets,
was designed by William Strickland and built some years later than St.
Peter's. The exterior remains the same, but the interior has been
considerably altered. It is a simple gable-roof structure of plastered
rubble masonry, and its facade with broad pilasters, handsome
round-topped windows and simple doorway is heavily vine-clad. A handsome
fence with highly ornamental wrought-iron gates and large ball-topped
posts lends a touch of added refinement to the picture. Edwin Forrest,
the eminent American actor, is buried in one of the vaults of the
church.
Although the Friends were the first sect to erect a meetinghouse of
their own in Germantown, about 1693, the Mennonites built a log
meetinghouse in 1709, the first of this sect in America, and their
present stone church on Germantown Avenue, near Herman Street, in 1770,
a modest one-story gable-roof structure of ledge stone. It would be
impossible to conceive anything simpler than the tall, narrow, double
doors with the little hood above a stone stoop with plain, iron handrail
on one side. In the churchyard in front of it lie the remains of the man
who shot and mortally wounded General Agnew during the Battle of
Germantown.
INDEX
Abacus, 109, 112
Acanthus leaf, 81, 164
Adam, mantels, 92, 179, 183;
design, in American building, 166;
cornice and frieze, 187
Agnew, General, 63
Allen, Nathaniel, 3
Ambler, Doctor W. S., 121
American flag, the first, tradition concerning the making of, 51, 52
Andirons, 172, 181
Andre, Major John, 14, 22
Arch Street, house at No. 229 (Ross house), 51, 52
Arches, detailed, 20;
flat brick, 23;
elliptical, 24, 172;
with cores of brick, 26, 27;
at foot of stairway, 60;
Palladian window recessed within, 66;
recessed, 66;
gauged, 141;
relieving, 141;
flanked by two narrow arches, 165;
across main hall, 193
Architects, amateur, 6
Architecture, advantage of study of, 2;
a part of gentleman's education in Colonial times, 6
Architrave casings, of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
fine-scale hand carving in, 111;
of Wharton house, 113;
molded, 162;
of old Spruce Street house, 178;
were the rule, 190;
miter-joined, 191
Architraves, fluted, 109;
molded, 112;
incised, 115;
of Upsala, 120;
horizontal, 172
Areaways, 40, 49, 61
Armat, Thomas, 81, 82
Armat, Thomas Wright, 81
Arnold, Benedict, 75, 76
Articles of Confederation, signing of, 205
Astragal, 176, 177, 180, 181
Bainbridge, Commodore, 221
Balconies, hall, 154
Ball and cross, 223
Ball and disk, 97
Balusters, of Stenton, 157;
of Whitby Hall, 159;
of Upsala, 167;
in Congress Hall, 209, 210
Balustraded, belvederes, 19, 73;
roof, 199;
clock-tower, 200
Balustrades, of stairway, 74, 157, 159, 167;
of porch, 92;
of wing steps, 98;
patterned after cathedral grilles and screens, 127;
of cast iron, of Wistar house, spiral design in, 129;
of house No. 207 La Grange Alley, 130;
of Independence Hall, 201
Bank of North America, 8, 9
Bank of Stephen Girard, 218
Bank of the United States, the first, and the building it occupied, 216-218
Barclay, Alexander, 20
"Barn" pointing, 55, 95
Bartram, John, 94
Bartram, William, 95
Bartram House, 93-95;
windows of, 136;
dormers of, 140;
with neither outside shutters nor blinds, 142
Bead and reel, 175, 176, 180, 181
Bed-molding, reeded, 109;
denticulated, 112
Belfry, 219
Belting, of Stenton, 26;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of city blocks, 39;
of Morris house, 49;
of Upsala, 60;
of The Woodlands stable, 66;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of Solitude, 83;
of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 91;
of Independence Hall, 199
Belvedere platform, 214
Belvederes, of Woodford, 19;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of Mount Pleasant, 73
Bezan, John, 3
Billmeyer, Michael, 99
Billmeyer house, description of, 98, 99;
history of, 99;
six-panel door of, 103;
seats of entrance of, 107;
stoop of, 129;
windows of, 138;
dormers of, 141
Bingham, Hannah, 44
Bingham, William, 43, 44
Blackwell, Colonel Jacob, 43
Blackwell, Rev. Doctor Robert, 43, 44
Blackwell house, description of, 42, 43;
history of, 43, 44;
eight-panel door of, 104;
windows of, 136, 138;
shutters of, 143, 145;
doorhead of, 192
Blinds, of Girard house, 31;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of city blocks, 40;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Loudoun, 81;
of The Highlands, 92;
use of, 143, 144;
structure of, 145, 146;
methods of hanging and fastening, 146-148
Blocks, houses in, 15, 38;
characteristics of, 38, 39;
many of them palatial, 40;
decay of, 41;
of Camac Street, 41, 42
Bolts, 147
Bonding, 18, 23, 38, 48, 49
Books on joinery, 6
Botanical garden of John Bartram, 94, 95
Brackets, 167, 168, 214
Brandywine, Battle of, 205
Brick, favored from the outset in preference to wood, 16, 17;
Georgian country houses of, 17-37;
city residences of, 38-52
"Brick" stone, 86, 87, 95, 98
Brick trim, 170
Brickwork, how laid up, 18;
of Morris house, 48, 49
Builders, attracted to Philadelphia at an early time, 5
Bull baiting, 13
Bull's-eye, light, 160;
window, 199
Cadwalader, General, 221
Camac Street, 41, 42
Capitals, of acanthus-leaf motive, 81;
Corinthian, 116;
Ionic, 121, 159
Carlton, windows of, 137;
dormers of, 140
Carpenter house, 168
Carpenters, attracted to Philadelphia at an early time, 5
Carpenters' Company, the, 5, 210
Carpenters' Hall, 8;
windows of, 148;
description and history of, 210-212
Carr, Colonel, 95
Carving, elliptical, 97;
floreated, 173
Casement sashes, 31
Casings. _See_ DOOR-CASINGS, WINDOW-CASINGS
Cedar Grove, windows of, 135;
dormers of, 139;
shutters of, 143
Chalkley Hall, eight-panel door of, 104;
windows of, 137, 139;
dormers of, 140;
blinds of, 143, 146
Chandeliers, 187
Chew, Benjamin, 88-90
Chew, John, 89
Chew house, shutters of, 147
Chew's Woods, 91
Chimney breast, 171, 175
Chimney-pieces, of Hope Lodge, 24;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Cliveden, 88;
development of, 171;
of Whitby Hall, 172, 173;
of Mount Pleasant, 175, 176;
of Cliveden, 177;
of old house on Spruce Street, 178;
paneled, 188;
of Stenton, 188
Chimney stacks, of Port Royal House, 35;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of Cliveden, 88;
of Independence Hall, 199
Chimneys, of Woodford, 19;
of Stenton, 26;
of Girard house, 31;
of city blocks, 39;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of Vernon, 79;
of Solitude, 83
China closets, 189
Christ church, designed by Doctor John Kearsley, 6;
windows of, 148-150;
history and description of, 219-221
Churches, 218-225
City Troop, the, 50
Clarendon Code, the, 3
Classic, facade, 88;
moldings, 113;
entablature, 115;
detail, 127, 165, 178, 179, 187, 194, 198;
orders, application of, to walls, etc., 186;
urns, 199;
three orders used in tower of Independence Hall, 200;
balustrade, 201;
Custom House, 215;
Girard College, 215;
Stock Exchange, 216;
Bank Building, 217
Clay, makeshift for lime, 96
Cleveland, Parker, 63
Cliveden, description of, 87, 88;
history of, 88-91, 98, 99;
door of, 105;
doorway of, 117, 118;
stoop of, 127, 128;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 141;
lintels of, 142;
shutters of, 143, 144;
hall and staircase of, 165, 166;
chimney piece of, 177;
parlor of, 186;
interior finish of, 188, 191
Clock tower, 199
Closets, with sliding top, 27;
fireplace, 172-174
Clunie. _See_ MOUNT PLEASANT
Coach, old family, 91
Cock fighting, 13
Coin d'Or, 42
Coleman, William, 20
Colonial domestic architecture, much of best,
to be found in neighborhood of Philadelphia, 2
Colonial pointing, 55
Colonial style of architecture, in Philadelphia, 3;
reference books on joinery the fountainhead of, 6;
more or less common to all buildings of the period in Philadelphia, 14
Colonnettes, 152, 183
Columns, of Hope Lodge, 23;
of city blocks, 40;
engaged Ionic, of The Woodlands, 65;
Tuscan, of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Loudoun, 81;
Ionic, of Solitude, 83;
reeded, of The Highlands, 92;
of Bartram House, 94;
engaged, supporting
pediment, 108;
engaged, supporting massive entablature, 112;
of Wharton house, 113;
fluted, of house No. 6105 Germantown Avenue, 115;
fluted, of Dr. Denton's house, 116;
of Upsala, 120;
fluted, in Independence Hall, 203;
engaged, in Independence Hall, 204
Combes Alley, 41
Combes Alley house, windows of, 136;
shutters of, 144
Congress Hall, windows of, 148;
history and description of, 207-210
Consoles, hand-carved, 107, 173, 174, 177, 192, 200;
of dental course, 115;
of Mount Pleasant, 176;
of Independence Hall, 200
Constitution of United States, setting of convention which framed, 9
Continental Congresses in Philadelphia, 8, 9, 205
Corinthian, doorways, 115;
capitals, 116;
pilasters, 200, 213, 214;
Girard College, 215;
Stock Exchange, 216
Cornices, of Woodford, 19, 20;
of Hope Lodge, 23, 24;
of Girard house, 31;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of city blocks, 39;
of Morris house, 49;
of Upsala, 60;
of Mount Pleasant, 73, 74, 163, 176, 192;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 80;
of Solitude, 83;
of Cliveden, 88, 165;
of The Highlands, 91;
of Green Tree Inn, 97;
of house No. 6504 Germantown Avenue, 110;
of house No. 709 Spruce Street, 111;
of house No. 5200 Germantown Avenue, 111;
of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 111;
of Grumblethorpe, 114;
of Stenton, 156;
of Whitby Hall, 159, 172;
of Mount Vernon, 173;
as usually used, 186, 187;
of house No. 224 Pine Street, 192;
with prominent modillions, 193;
of Independence Hall, 199, 200;
of Congress Hall, 208;
in Girard National Bank building, 217
Corona, 180
Coultas, Colonel, 160, 161
Coultas, James, 160
Country houses, Georgian, of brick, 17-37;
ledge-stone, 53-68
Coving, of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Girard house, 31;
of Green Tree Inn, 97
Cupolas, 208, 211
Custom House, 215
Cymatium, 176, 177, 180, 183
Cypress Street, house No. 312, mantel of, 182
Dado, 157, 159, 164, 186, 191
Dais, President's, in Congress Hall, 209, 210
Dale, Commodore, 221
Decatur, Commodore Stephen, 223
Declaration of Independence, signing of, 9, 205
De Lancy, Captain John Peter, 14
Dentil course, of Morris house, 109;
of house No. 6504 Germantown Avenue, 110;
of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 112;
of house No. 6105 Germantown Avenue, 115;
of Dr. Denton's house, 115;
of Upsala, 120;
of The Woodlands, 152;
of Mount Pleasant, 176, 192;
and mantel,
180, 181;
of Independence Hall, 200
Denton, Dr., his house, 115, 128
Deschler, David, 78
Deschler, Widow, 99
Dickinson, John, 82
Dirck, Keyser house, footscraper of, 131
Door-casings, of Hope Lodge, 24;
of Blackwell house, 42;
of Mount Pleasant, 74;
molded, 106;
of houses No. 114 League Street and No. 5933 Germantown Avenue, 107;
rusticated, 116;
of Whitby Hall, 172
Doorheads, pedimental, 74, 162, 164, 192;
elaborated, 107
Door trim, 191
Doors, paneled, of Hope Lodge, 23, 24;
paneled, of Stenton, 27;
of Girard house, 31;
paneled, of city blocks, 40;
of Blackwell house, 43;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 62;
of Wyck, 71;
paneled, of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
paneled, of Loudoun, 81;
of The Highlands, 92;
of Johnson house, 96;
four types common in Colonial period, 102;
single and double, 102;
types classified according to arrangement of panels 103;
six-panel, 103, 104, 107, 108;
three-panel, 104;
four-panel, 200;
eight-panel, 104, 105;
of Morris house, 109;
of house No. 701 South Seventh Street, 110;
of house No. 709 Spruce Street, 111;
of house No. 5200 Germantown Avenue, 111;
of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 111;
of Powel house, 113;
of Wharton house, 113;
of Grumblethorpe, 114;
of house No. 6105 Germantown Avenue, 115;
double blind, 116;
of Mount Pleasant, 116;
of Cliveden, 116;
of Solitude, 118;
of Perot-Morris house, 118;
of Upsala, 121;
with molded flat panels, 122;
in round-arched doorways, 124, 125;
closet, 174;
by the side of the fireplace, 178
Doorways, of Woodford, 19;
Doric, of Port Royal house, 35;
of city blocks, 40;
of Blackwell house, 42;
pedimental, of Morris house, 49;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of The Woodlands, 65;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 80;
of Loudoun, 81;
of Solitude, 83;
Doric, of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 92;
of Bartram House, 94;
the dominating feature of facade, 101;
have character and individuality, 101;
broad range of, in Philadelphia houses, 102;
unlike those of New England, 102;
high and narrow, and speak of Quaker severity, 102;
recessed, 105;
the simplest type of, 106, 107;
of houses No. 114 League Street and No. 5933 Germantown Avenue, 107;
the characteristic type of pedimental door trim, 108;
of houses No. 5011 Germantown Avenue and No. 247 Pine Street, 108, 109;
of Morris house, 109;
of houses No. 6504 Germantown Avenue and No. 701 South Seventh Street, 110;
of house No. 709 Spruce Street, 111;
of house No. 5200 Germantown Avenue, 111;
of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 111, 112;
of the Powel house, 112, 113;
of house No. 301 South Seventh Street, 114;
of Grumblethorpe, 114;
of house No. 6105 Germantown Avenue, 114, 115;
of Corinthian order, 115;
of Dr. Denton's house, 115;
of Mount Pleasant, 116;
having complete entablature above fanlight surmounted by pediment, 116;
Tuscan, 116;
Doric, 116;
of Cliveden, 117, 118;
fine specimen of mutulary Doric, 117;
of Solitude, 118;
of Perot-Morris house, 118, 119;
of Upsala, 121;
of Henry house, 121;
of house No. 224 South Eighth Street, 122, 123;
of Stenton, earliest instance of side lights in Philadelphia, 123, 124;
round-arched, 124;
examples of round-arched, 124, 125;
of Mount Vernon, 174;
round-headed, 192, 193;
of Congress Hall, 208
Doric, doorway, 35, 88, 116, 117, 151, 200;
inspiration, in Morris house, 110;
columns, 112, 120;
capitals, 116;
architrave, 120;
entablature, 162, 214;
cornice, 191, 219;
apartment, 203, 204;
frieze, 219;
mutulary, 117, 162, 200, 203, 214, 219
Dormers of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Stenton, 26;
of Port Royal House, 35;
pedimental, of city blocks, 39;
of Morris house, 48;
shed-roof, of Livezey house, 56;
of Upsala, 59;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 80;
of Loudoun, 81;
of Solitude, 83;
of Cliveden, 88;
of Bartram House, 94;
of the Johnson house, 95;
of Green Tree Inn, 97;
of the Billmeyer house, 99;
pedimental or gable-roofed, segmental topped,
lean-to or shed-roofed, 139-141
Dots and dashes, 180
Douglass, David, 14
Drama, introduced into Philadelphia, 14
Drilled rope, 180, 181
Drop handles, 106, 117
Drops, 159
Dunkin, Ann, 49
Dutch seats, 94
Eastwick, Andrew, 95
Eaves, 60, 61, 96
Egg and dart motive, 175, 176, 177, 203
Eighth and Spruce streets, house at, doorway of, 124;
stoop of, 129
Elfret Alley, 41
English Classic style of architecture. _See_ GEORGIAN
Entablature, 40;
of Loudoun, 81;
Ionic, 112, 113;
Corinthian, 115;
above fanlight, 116;
recessed, 118;
Doric, 120, 214;
of Mount Pleasant, 162, 164;
at Cliveden, 165;
at Upsala, 180;
at house No. 729 Walnut Street, 183;
at Independence Hall, 203
Entrances, of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Stenton, 27;
characteristic, 40;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 62;
of The Woodlands, 65;
of the Billmeyer house, 98;
house associated with, 101;
of the Morris house, 109.
_See_ DOORWAYS, PORCHES.
Estates of the countryside of Philadelphia, 15
Evans house, windows of, 137, 138;
dormers of, 140;
shutters and blinds of, 144, 145, 146
Facade, of Woodford, 19;
of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Morris house, 48;
of Upsala, 59, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of Vernon, 79;
of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 91;
of Bartram House, 94;
of Independence Hall, 199
Fanlights, used in Philadelphia entrances, 40;
of house No. 225 South Eighth Street, 49;
of Upsala, 60, 120;
of The Woodlands, 65, 152;
of Vernon, 79;
of Loudoun, 81;
of The Highlands, 91, 92;
transom replaced by, 108;
of house No. 5011 Germantown Avenue, 108;
of house No. 247 Pine Street, 109;
of house No. 6504 Germantown Avenue, 110;
of house No. 5200 Germantown Avenue, 111;
of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 111;
a frequent type of doorway with, 112;
of the Wharton house, 113;
of Grumblethorpe, 114;
a rare type of, 116;
patterned after a much-used Palladian window, 122;
of house No. 39 Fisher's Lane, 122;
of house No. 224 South Eighth Street, 122;
in round-headed doorways, 193;
of Independence Hall, 201, 207;
of Congress Hall, 208;
of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 213
Farmhouse type, Pennsylvania, characteristic examples of, 100
Farmhouses, 127
Fascia, 111, 112, 115, 180, 181, 183
Fences, 50, 126, 220, 224
Fenestration. _See_ WINDOWS
Festoons, 180, 183, 184, 187
"Fete Champetre", 85
Firebacks, 28, 169, 172
Fire balconies, 92, 208
Fire marks, 119
Fireplaces, of Woodford, 20;
of Hope Lodge, 24;
of Livezey house, 57;
of Mount Pleasant, 74;
the significance and the history of, 169-171;
segmental arched, 205
Fisher, Deborah, 45.
_See_ WHARTON, DEBORAH
Fisher, Samuel, 45
Fisher's Lane, house No. 39, eight-panel door of, 105;
porch of, 122
Fixtures, wrought-iron, for hanging and fastening shutters and blinds, 146
Flemish bond, 18, 23, 26, 38, 48
Floors, of Woodford, 20
Florentine manner, iron work wrought in, 129
Florida cession, the, 93
Flow, John H., and the tradition of the first American flag, 52
Flush pointing, 55
Flutings, 65, 180-183
Footscrapers, 109, 127, 130-133
Forbes, Brigadier General John, 221
Foreshortening, of windows, of Girard house, 31;
of city blocks, 39, 40;
of Morris
house, 48;
of Livezey house, 57;
of Johnson house, 96;
of the Billmeyer house, 99;
in three-story houses, 138, 139
Forrest, Edwin, 224
Fourth and Liberty streets, house at, 130
Frankford, 36
Frankford Avenue, house No. 4927, doorway of, 111
Franklin, Benjamin, 9, 58, 212, 219, 221
Franklin Inn, 42
Franks, Abigail, 21
Franks, David, 21
Franks, Isaac, 78
Franks, Rebecca, 21
Free Quakers' Meeting House, windows of, 138, 148;
lintels of, 142
Frieze, of The Woodlands, 65;
of house No. 114 League Street, 107;
of house No. 6504 Germantown Avenue, 110;
of Whitby Hall, 158;
of house No. 312 Cypress Street, 183;
of house No. 729 Walnut Street, 158;
of Solitude, 187
Front, double, of Morris house, 39, 48
Furniture, old, 63, 79, 205, 206
Gable ends, 60
Gable roofs, 39;
of Livezey house, 56;
of Upsala, 59, 120;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 79;
of Bartram House, 94;
of the Johnson house, 95;
of Independence Hall, 199;
of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church, 224
Gambrel roof, 80
Gardens, of city houses, 40;
of Morris house, 49;
of Grumblethorpe, 62, 64;
of The Woodlands, 65, 67;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 76;
of John Bartram, 94, 95
Gates, 220
Georgian countryhouses of brick, 16-37
Georgian fireplace, 188
Georgian sashes, 31, 134
Georgian style, 3, 17, 156;
of brick houses, 17;
Woodford, 19;
Hope Lodge, 22;
The Woodlands, 65, 66;
Clunie, 72, 74;
of brick houses, 86;
The Highlands, 91
Germantown, Battle of, 61, 63, 71, 78, 90, 97, 99, 205
Germantown, ledge-stone houses at, 53
Germantown Academy, the, 98, 99
Germantown Avenue, house No. 5442, description of, 76-78;
history of, 78, 79;
six-panel door of house No. 5442, 103;
eight-panel door of house No. 4908, 105;
house No. 1748, doorway of, 107;
house No. 5011, doorway of, 108;
house No. 6504, doorway of, 110;
house No. 5200, doorway of, 111;
house No. 6105, doorway of, 114, 115;
house No. 6105, dormers of, 140;
house No. 6105, blinds of, 145, 147;
house No. 6043, shutter fasteners of, 148
Germantown stone, 87
Germantown type of pointing, 55
Ginkgo tree, the, 67
Girard, Stephen, 31-33;
his will, 33, 34
Girard College, 31, 33, 34, 215
Girard (Stephen) house, 31
Glass, 134
Glen Fern. _See_ LIVEZEY HOUSE
Gothic, tracery, 123, 127;
detail, 128;
arch, curves reminiscent of, 149
Gowen house, 167
Gravitating catches, 147
Gray, Martha Ibbetson, 161
Greame Park, 69;
windows of, 136;
dormers of, 139
Grecian band, 130, 133, 192, 209
Grecian fret, 77, 91, 109, 111, 173, 176, 189
Greek architecture, Girard College a fine specimen of, 215
Green Tree Inn, 97, 98;
six-panel door of, 103;
doorway of, 107
Haines family, 72
Hallam's (William) Old American Company, 14, 67
Halls, of Wyck, 71;
an important interior feature, 153;
in early times, 153;
development of, 154;
staircases and balconies introduced into, 154;
in the Georgian period of English architecture, 154, 155;
in Provincial mansions of Philadelphia, 155;
of Stenton, 156, 157;
from back to front of the house, 157;
of Whitby Hall, 158-160, 162-164;
of Mount Pleasant, 161-164;
of Cliveden, 165, 166;
of Upsala, 166, 167
Hamilton, Alexander, 78
Hamilton, Andrew, designer of Independence Hall, 6, 197, 198;
married Abigail Franks, 21;
the first of the name in America, 66;
Benjamin Chew studied law with, 89
Hamilton, Governor James, 67
Hamilton, William, 66-68
Hancock, John, 206
Handles, brass, of Woodford, 20
Handrail, wrought-iron, of Woodford, 19;
wrought-iron, of city blocks, 40;
of Wistar house, 127;
patterned after cathedral grilles and screens, 127;
other examples of, 128-130, 157, 167
Headers, 18, 26, 38, 48
Heage, William, 3
Heath, Susanna, 25
Heating, methods of, 169-171
Henry house, 121
Hewn stone country houses, 86-100
Highlands, The, description of, 91, 92;
history of, 92, 93;
door of, 105;
porch of, 120;
unique in having porch, side-lights, and elliptical fanlight, 122;
windows of, 137;
blinds of, 145
Hinges, 146, 172, 209
Hipped roof, of Woodford, 18;
of Hope Lodge, 23, 120;
of Stenton, 26;
of Girard house, 31;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of the stable of The Woodlands, 66;
of Mount Pleasant, 72, 73;
of Vernon, 79;
of Loudoun, 80;
of Solitude, 83;
of The Highlands, 120;
of Congress Hall, 208
Hitner, purchaser of The Highlands, 93
Holme, Thomas, 3, 4
Hoods, 96, 97, 106
Hope, Henry, 25
Hope Lodge, description of, 22-24;
history of, 24, 25;
door of, 105;
porch of, 120;
windows of, 135, 141;
dormers of, 141;
shutters of, 143;
round-headed doorway of, 193;
arch across main hall of, 193
Hopkinson, Francis, 221
Horse block, 99
Howe, Sir William, 21, 30, 78
Independence Hall, designed by Andrew Hamilton, 6;
meeting of second Continental Congress in, 8;
windows of, 148, 151;
stair-end treatment of, 168;
history and description of, 196-207
Inns and taverns of Colonial days, 11, 12
Interior wood-finish, of the average eighteenth-century
Philadelphia house, 185-187;
in the better houses of the Provincial period, 187, 188;
of Stenton, 188, 189;
of Whitby Hall, 189;
doors and doorways, 189-194;
white-painted, 194, 195;
of Congress Hall, 208;
of Carpenters' Hall, 214
Interiors, Colonial, a favorite treatment of, 186
Ionic, pilasters, 65, 91;
columns, 83, 94;
entablature, 112, 219, 220;
doorway, 118;
pediments, 120, 191;
window, 151;
newel, 159;
pulvinated, 163, 219;
cornice, 192;
walls of tower, 199;
Palladian window, 200;
hall in Independence Hall, 200;
volute, 201
Ironwork, 124-133
Jambs, molded, 71;
paneled, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 121, 191, 200, 203;
rusticated, 116
Jansen, Dirck, 96
Jansen family, 72
Jefferson, Thomas, 78
Johnson house, description of, 95, 96;
history of, 96, 97;
six-paneled door of, 103;
doorway of, 106;
windows of, 136;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143
Johnson, General Sir Henry, 21
Johnson, John, 60, 90
Johnson, John, Jr., 60
Johnson, Norton, 61
Johnson, Sallie W., 61
Johnson, Doctor William N., 61
Joinery, reference books on, 6
Jones, Inigo, 171
Kearsley, Doctor John, 6, 219
Keith, Sir William, 69
Key plate, 110
Keyed arch, 111
Keyed lintels, 39, 60, 73, 88
Keystones, 91, 113, 199
Kitchen, of Stenton, 26;
of Grumblethorpe, 63
Knobs, 72, 109, 110
Knockers, 72, 105, 106, 110, 111
Knox, Henry, 78
Kunders, Thomas, 82
La Fayette, 71, 90, 98
La Grange Alley, house No. 207, balustrade of, 130
Lambert, General, 221
Landings, staircase, 154, 158, 163, 165, 166, 167
Laurel Hill, windows of, 137;
shutters of, 143
Leaded glass, 92
League Street, house No. 114, doorway of, 107
Ledge-stone country houses, 53-68
Ledge stonework, of Germantown, its picturesque appeal, 53;
its adaptability, 53, 54;
has marked horizontal effect, 54;
is conducive to handsome, honest masonry, 54;
in combination with white-painted woodwork, 55, 56, 66;
mansions, the chief distinction of Philadelphia architecture, 68
Lee, Alice, 46
Lee, Arthur, 46
Lee, General Charles, 221
Lee, Richard Henry, 46
Lee, Thomas, 46
Lenox, General, 63
Lesbian leaf ornaments, 173, 175
Lewis, Mordecai, 44, 45
Lewis, Samuel N., 45
Lewis, William, 22
Liberty Bell, 200-203
Library, of Stenton, 28
Lime, makeshift for, 96
Lintels, of Port Royal House, 35;
keyed, of city blocks, 39;
of Morris house, 49;
keyed, of Upsala, 60;
keyed, of Mount Pleasant, 73;
keyed, of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 91;
of Bartram House, 94;
stone, 142
Livezey, John, 59
Livezey, Rachael, 96
Livezey, Thomas, 57
Livezey, Thomas, Jr., 57, 58
Livezey, Thomas, son of Thomas,
Jr., 59
Livezey house, description of, 56, 57;
history of, 57-59;
six-panel door of, 103;
windows of, 136;
dormers of, 139;
shutters and blinds of, 144, 146
Logan, Albanus, 30
Logan, Deborah, 30
Logan, Doctor George, 29
Logan, Gustavus, 30, 82
Logan, James, 28, 29, 82
Logan, William, 29
Lombardy poplar, the, 67
Loudoun, description of, 80, 81;
history of, 81, 82;
eight-panel door of, 104;
windows of, 137;
dormers, 140;
shutters and blinds of, 144, 145
Lukens family, 37
Mackinett, Daniel, 98
Macpherson, John, 74, 75
Madison, Dolly, 93
Mahogany, 43
Mansard roof, 80
Mantel shelves, 171, 176-178
Mantels, of Woodford, 20;
of Upsala, 60, 179-182;
of The Highlands, 92;
development of, 171;
of Stenton, 172;
of Whitby Hall, 172, 173;
of Mount Vernon, 173-175;
of Mount Pleasant, 175, 176;
of Cliveden, 177;
of old Spruce Street house, 178;
with shelf, 178;
of form of complete entablature, 178;
hand-carved ornaments for, 179;
for hob grate, 180;
elaborate, 180, 181;
of house at Third and DeLancy streets, 182;
of the Rex house, 182;
of house No. 312 Cypress Street, 182;
of house No. 729 Walnut Street, 183
Marble, houses of, 17;
Pennsylvania, of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
use of, in trimmings, 142, 173, 174, 176, 177, 180, 198, 199, 208, 209
Markets, 212
Markham, Captain William, 3
Marshall, Chief Justice John, 202, 208
Mastic, 43
Matthews, James, 80
McClenahan, Blair, 90
Medallion, 183
Mennonites, church of, 224, 225
Merailles, Don Juan de, 75
Mermaid Inn, in Mount Airy, 12
Metopes, 118, 162
Millan, Hans, 71
"Mischianza", 21
Modillions, of Woodford, 19;
of Stenton, 26;
hand-tooled, of city blocks, 39;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Cliveden, 88;
of Upsala, 120;
of Whitby Hall, 159;
of Mount Pleasant, 164, 192;
of Independence Hall, 200;
of the Girard National Bank building, 217
Molding, denticulated, 77, 80, 107, 112, 115, 140, 177, 192, 209;
ovolo, 97, 107, 115, 173, 176;
cornice, 109, 217;
of classic order, 113;
rope, 120;
bolection, 156, 171, 188, 190, 191;
of Mount Pleasant, 162;
crenelated, 172;
of panel, 175;
bed, 180;
cavetto, 181, 187;
ogee, 187, 189;
of inside doors, 190
Morgan, General Jacob, 221
Morris, Anthony, 92
Morris, Joshua, 25
Morris, Luke Wistar, 50
Morris, Robert, services of, 8;
lived in Philadelphia, 9;
grave of, 221
Morris, Samuel, 24, 25
Morris, Captain Samuel, 50, 92
Morris, Samuel B., 79
Morris house, description of, 39, 48, 49;
history of, 49, 50;
door of, 105;
doorway of, 109, 110;
windows of, 137, 139, 141, 142;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143, 144, 146
Mount Pleasant, description of, 72-74;
history of, 74-76;
three-panel door of, 104;
doorway of, 116;
stoop of, 128;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 141;
with neither outside shutters nor blinds, 142;
Palladian window of, 151;
hall of, 161-165;
chimney-piece of, 175, 176;
interior wood finish of, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192;
round-headed windows of, 193
Mount Vernon, 173-175
Mullions, fluted, 116
Muntins, of Woodford, 19;
of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Christ Church, 149;
of six-panel doors, 190
Musgrave, Colonel, 90
Mutules, 116
Newels, 130, 132, 133, 157, 159, 167, 201
Nichol, James, 63
Northern Liberties, the, 4
Observatory, 62, 64
Ogee, 175
Old Swedes' Church, 148, 149, 221, 222
Openings, elliptical-headed, 193
Outinian Society, 85
Oval shell pattern, 107
Overmantel, 173, 174, 177
Ovolo, reeded, 111, 183;
enriched, 113;
hand-tooled, 114;
with bead and reel and egg and dart motive, 175;
molded, 176;
with egg and dart motive, 177, 203
Paintings, first exhibition of, 206
Palladian window, of Woodford, 19;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of The Woodlands, 66;
of Mount Pleasant, 73, 117, 164;
of The Highlands, 92;
gable-roof dormers with, 140;
chancel, 150;
of Independence
Hall, 151;
in domestic architecture, 151, 152;
on landing, 158;
of Whitby Hall, 151, 158, 188;
of Independence Hall, 200;
of Carpenters' Hall, 211;
of Christ Church, 219, 220
Pancoast, Samuel, 44
Paneling, in shutters of Woodford, 19;
in doors of Hope Lodge, 23;
in wainscots of Hope Lodge, 24;
of window-seats of Hope Lodge, 24;
of doors of Stenton, 27;
of wainscoting of Stenton, 27;
of walls of Stenton, 27;
in shutters of Girard house, 31;
of shutters of city blocks, 40;
of doors of city blocks, 40;
of sides of rooms and fireplace openings, 43;
of shutters of Morris house, 48;
of wainscots of Upsala, 60, 167;
of doors of Wyck, 71;
of door and wainscots of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of shutters of Loudoun, 81;
of door of Loudoun, 81;
of shutters of Johnson house, 96;
doors classified according to, 103;
six-panel doors, 103, 104, 107, 108;
three-panel doors, 104;
eight-panel doors, 104, 105;
of jambs, 106, 107, 108, 111;
of door of Morris house, 109;
of door of house No. 701 South Seventh Street, 110;
of door of house No. 709 Spruce Street, 111;
of door of house No. 5200 Germantown Avenue, 111;
of door of house No. 4927 Frankford Avenue, 111;
of door of Powel house, 113;
of jambs of Wharton House, 113;
of door of Wharton house, 113;
of door of Grumblethorpe, 114;
of door of house No. 6105 Germantown Avenue, 115;
of door of Mount Pleasant, 116;
of doors of Cliveden, 117;
of soffits, 118;
of doors of Solitude, 118;
of door of Perot-Morris house, 118;
of door of Upsala, 121;
of jambs and soffit of Henry house, 121;
molded flat, 122;
of doors in round-arched doorways, 124, 125;
of shutters, 144, 145;
of dado of Stenton, 157;
of wainscot of Cliveden, 165;
of wainscot of Mount Vernon, 174;
of wainscot of Mount Pleasant, 176;
of mantels, with shelf, 178;
of hall, parlor, and reception room, 186;
of wainscot, 186;
of chimney-piece, 188;
of overmantel, 188;
of reception room at Stenton, 189;
of inside doors, 190;
of jambs and soffits, 191;
of door of Independence Hall, 200;
in Independence Hall, 200, 201, 203
Panes, size, 135, 164;
number, 135-140, 148-152;
rectangular, 149;
keystone-shaped, 149;
quarter-round, 149
Paschall, Thomas, 22
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 82
Peale, Rembrandt, 206
Peale Museum, 206
Pediments, of Woodford, 19;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of city blocks, 40;
of Blackwell house, 43;
of The Woodlands, 65;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 79;
of Loudoun, 81;
of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 91;
forming hood above
doorway, 106;
of doorhead, 107;
of Morris house, 109;
Ionic, 191
Pen Rhyn house, windows of, 139
Penn, Granville, 85
Penn, Granville John, 85
Penn, John, 83-85, 90, 221
Penn, Governor John, 84
Penn, Letitia, 16, 17
Penn, Thomas, 84
Penn, William, 3, 4, 16, 17, 84, 85
Penn's house, windows of, 136
Pennsylvania, importance of attitude of, in the Revolution, 8
Pennsylvania Hospital, 148, 212-214
Penthouse roof, influence of, 19, 60, 61;
characteristic feature of ledge stonework, 19, 106;
of Grumblethorpe, 62;
of house No. 6306 Germantown Avenue, 96;
of Green Tree Inn, 97, 107;
of Billmeyer, 98;
of Whitby Hall, 160
Perot, Elliston, 79
Perot, John, 79
Perot-Morris house, eight-panel door of, 104, 105;
doorway of, 118, 119;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 141;
shutters and blinds of, 144, 146, 147
Peters, Judge Richard, 84
Philadelphia, unique position of, in American architecture, 1;
old buildings of, of brick and stone, and substantial in character, 1;
much of best Colonial domestic architecture to be found
in neighborhood of, 2;
history enacted in buildings of, 2;
Georgian and pure Colonial styles in, 3;
review of early history of, 3;
laid out by Thomas Holme, 4;
character of early settlers of, 4;
early commerce of, 5;
at the time of the Revolution, 5;
importance of, in eighteenth century, 6;
a refuge for immigrants of persecuted sects, 7;
Quaker influence in, 7;
Scotch-Irish ascendancy in, 7;
center of the new republic in embryo, 8;
the meeting of the Continental Congresses in, 8, 9;
the sitting of the convention for framing the Constitution in, 9;
the national capital, 9;
famous men associated with, 9;
list of first things established or done at, 9-11;
noted for its generous hospitality, 11;
brilliancy of its social life, 11-14;
theaters in, 14;
estates of the countryside, 15;
has distinctive architecture in brick, stone, and woodwork, and diversified
architecture of city and country types, 15;
clung to the manners and customs of the mother country, 16;
brick favored in, 16, 17;
the dominant feature of the domestic architecture of the city proper, 38;
houses of, possess charm of architectural merit combined
with historic interest, 101
Philosophical Society, the, 48
Piers, of Stenton, 26;
of Cliveden, 88
Pilasters, of Woodford, 20;
of Hope Lodge, 24;
fluted, of city blocks, 40;
fluted, of Blackwell house, 42;
fluted, of Morris house, 49;
of The Woodlands, 65;
of Mount Pleasant, 74;
of The Highlands, 91;
supporting pediment, 108;
of house No. 6019 Germantown Avenue, 107;
fluted, of Whitby Hall, 158, 159;
of Mount Vernon, 174;
of Upsala, 180, 181, 182;
paneled, of house No. 312 Cypress Street, 182, 183;
fluted, of Independence Hall, 204, 205
Pillars, 81
Pine, Edgar, 206
Pine, Robert Edge, 206
Pine Street, house No. 239, footscraper of, 132
Pine Street, house No. 247, doorway of, 109
Pineapple, the, 130
Plastered stone country houses, 69-85;
one of the distinctive types of Philadelphia architecture, 85
Plastic Club, 42
Pointing, methods of, 55;
of Upsala, 59;
of The Woodlands, 66;
of hewn stone houses, 87;
flush, of Cliveden, 87;
of The Highlands, 91
Pomfret, Earl of, 84
Poor Richard Club, 42
Porch, to servants' quarters and kitchen, of Hope Lodge, 24;
of Stenton, 26
Porches, of Hope Lodge, 23, 120;
pedimental, of Upsala, 60, 120;
of The Highlands, 92;
not common, 119;
of The Highlands, 120;
of the Henry house, 121;
elliptical, of house No. 39 Fisher's Lane, 122
Port Royal House, description of, 34, 35;
history of, 35-37;
three-panel door of, 104;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 141;
blinds of, 143, 145
Portico, 65, 81, 82
Portius, James, induced by Penn to come to the New World, 5;
a leading member of the Carpenters' Company, 5;
laid foundation of builders' library, 6
Ports, 220
Powel house, eight-panel door of, 104;
doorway of, 113;
stoop of, 128;
windows of, 137, 138;
dormers of, 141;
shutters of, 144, 145
Public buildings, of Philadelphia, historically and
architecturally inspiring, 196;
discussion of, 196-225
Quakers, Philadelphia a place of refuge for, 3;
influence of, in Philadelphia, 7;
loved eating and drinking, 12, 13;
other distractions of, 13;
little difference between homes of "World's People" and, 14
Quoining, 23, 35, 59, 73, 199, 223
Race Street, house No. 128, windows of, 136;
shutters of, 144, 147
Race Street, house No. 130, stoop of, 128
Railing, wrought iron, 83, 114;
adaptation of Gothic tracery, 123
Rails, of blinds, 145, 146;
of doors, 103, 190;
of shutters, 144, 145;
of windows, 134
Rain gauge, 62
Ramsey, Allan, 206
Randolph, Edmund, 78
Randolph, Peyton, 221
Randolph house, doorway of, 124
Red Lion Inn, survival of inns of Colonial days, 12
Reed, General Joseph, 25
Reed, Joseph, 25
Reeded casings, 121
Reeded ovolo, 111, 183
Reeve, Mrs. Josiah, 97
Rex house, mantel of, 182;
interior wood finish of, 187
Reynolds, John, 49
Rhodes, Samuel, 213
Ridge or weathered pointing, 55
Rim lock, 106, 110, 209
Rittenhouse, David, 9
Rock-face stonework, 53
Rolling ways, 40, 49
Roofs, balustraded, 219;
gable, 39, 56 (Livezey house), 59, 120 (Upsala), 77
(No. 5442 Germantown Avenue), 79 (Vernon), 94 (Bartram house),
95 (Johnson house), 199 (Independence Hall), 124
(St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church);
gambrel, 80;
hipped, 19 (Woodford), 23 (Hope Lodge), 26 (Stenton),
31 (home of Stephen Girard), 35 (Port Royal House),
66 (stable of The Woodlands), 72, 73
(Mount Pleasant), 80 (Loudoun), 83 (Solitude), 198 (Independence Hall);
mansard, 80
Rosettes, 130
Ross, Betsy, 51, 52
Ross, John, 51
Roxborough, 167
Rubble masonry, 70, 73, 79, 81, 82, 87, 91, 224
Rush, Doctor Benjamin, 221
Rush, Colonel William, 204
St. Luke's Church, 82
St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, 224
St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, 149, 150, 222, 223
Sargent, John, 25
Sash bars, 134
Sashes, three-paned, 138, 140;
six-paned, 40, 57, 83, 91, 96, 135-140, 151;
seven-paned, 148;
eight-paned, 48, 99, 137, 138, 140;
nine-paned, 23, 40, 57, 83, 96, 135-138;
ten-paned, 148, 149;
twelve-paned, 19, 48, 88, 99, 135-138, 148-152;
fifteen-paned, 148, 149;
sixteen-paned, 148, 149;
eighteen-paned, 149;
twenty-paned, 149;
twenty-four-paned, 151;
with blinds, 31;
sliding Georgian, 134;
upper and lower, adjustment of, 134;
double-hung, 134;
sliding, 148
Say, Thomas, 63
Scotch-Irish, in Philadelphia, 7
Scroll work, 130, 147, 159, 201
_Sea Nymph_, the, 36
Seats, doorway, 94, 96, 98, 107;
window, 24, 157, 188
Seventh and Locust Streets, house at, footscraper of, 132;
handrail of, 133
Sharpless, John, 206
Sheaff, George, 93
Shingles, 65
Shippen, Edward, 76
Shippen, Peggy, 76
Shippen, Doctor William, 46
Shippen house, 125
Shoemaker, Jacob, 57
Shoemaker, Thomas, 57
Shutters, paneled, 18;
of Woodford, 19;
of Hope Lodge, 23;
paneled, of Girard house, 31;
paneled, of city blocks, 40;
paneled, of Morris house, 48;
of Livezey house, 57;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 79;
paneled, of Loudoun, 81;
of Cliveden, 88;
paneled, of Johnson house, 96;
of the
Billmeyer house, 99;
use of, 142-144;
boxed, 143;
paneling of, 144, 145;
methods of hanging and fastening, 146-148
Side lights, of Stenton, 27, 123;
of The Highlands, 92;
rare, 122;
earliest instance of, in Philadelphia, 123;
of Pennsylvania Hospital, 213
Site and Relic Society, 80, 97
Sketch Club, 42
Skirting, 186
Soffits, paneled, 107, 108, 111, 118, 158, 159, 191, 203;
fluted, 109;
rusticated, 116
Solitude, description of, 82, 83;
history of, 83-85;
three-paneled door of, 104;
doorway of, 118;
windows of, 136;
dormers of, 140;
with neither outside shutters nor blinds, 142;
interior finish of, 187
South American Street, house No. 272, stoop of, 129
South Eighth Street, house No. 224, eight-paneled door of, 105;
doorway of, 122, 123;
stoop of, 128
South Ninth Street, house No. 216, stoop of, 128
South Seventh Street, house No. 301, eight-paneled door of, 104, 105;
doorway of, 114;
stoop of, 129;
handrail of, 132, 133
South Seventh Street, house No. 701, doorway of, 110;
stoop of, 128
South Third Street, house No. 316, porch of, 128
South Third Street, house No. 320, footscrapers of, 132
Southwark, or South Street, Theater, 111
Sower, Christopher, 63
Spandrils, molded, 116
Spindles, 130
Spruce Street, house No. 709, doorway of, 111
Spruce Street, old house on, chimney-piece of, 178
Stable, of The Woodlands, 66
Staircases, wainscoted, 43;
hall, 154, 155, 157, 158;
of Stenton, 156, 157;
of Whitby Hall, 159-160, 162-164;
of Mount Pleasant, 161-164;
of Cliveden, 165, 166;
of Upsala, 166, 167;
of Independence Hall, 200;
of Pennsylvania Hospital, 214
Stair rail, footscraper combined with, 132, 133
Stairway, of Hope Lodge, 24;
balustraded, of Mount Pleasant, 74;
of The Highlands, 92
Stamper, John, 43
State House, the old (Independence Hall), 8, 197
Steeples, 197, 219, 220, 223
Stenton, description of, 25-28;
history of, 28-31;
door of, 105;
doorway of, 123, 124;
windows of, 137, 141;
with neither outside shutters nor blinds, 142;
hall of, 156, 157;
fireplace of, 172;
interior wood finish of, 185, 186, 188, 189
Steps, of Woodford, 19;
of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Stenton, 27;
single, of city blocks, 40;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 61;
of The Highlands, 92;
of house No. 701 South Seventh Street, 110;
on various classes of stoops, 126-130
Steuben, Baron von, 76
Stiles, of doors, 103, 190;
of doors, double, 114;
of windows, 134;
of shutters, 144, 145;
of blinds, 146
Stiles, Daniel, 35
Stiles, Edward, 35-37
Stiles, John, 35
Stocker house, windows of, 138;
dormers of, 141
Stonework, surfaced and ledge, 53;
the refinements and the essentials of, 54;
pointed and unpointed, 55;
not always pleasing, 69, 70;
plastered, 69-85;
surfaced, to be recommended only for large and
pretentious residences or for public work, 86.
_See_ LEDGE-STONE
Stoops, 40, 126-130, 208
Stretchers, of blocks, 18, 38;
of Stenton, 26;
of Morris house, 48
Strickland, William, 197, 215
String course, 172
Stuart, Gilbert, 63, 206
Sully, Thomas, 206
Surbase, 83, 157, 159, 163, 186, 187
Swaenson family, 4
Swag, 175
Swedes, at the mouth of the Schuylkill River, 3
Theaters, in Philadelphia, 14
Third and DeLancy streets, house at, mantel of, 182
Third and Pine streets, house at, doorway of, 125;
porch of, 128
Third and Spruce streets, house at, footscraper of, 131
Tiles, of Woodford, 20;
of Stenton, 27, 28
Torus, 175, 176, 183
Tower, 199, 200, 223
Transom, four-paned, 71, 106
Triglyphs, 116, 118, 162
Trinity Church, 223, 224
Truxton, Commodore, 221
Turn buckles, 147
Tuscan, doorway, 19, 116, 118;
columns, 77
Two-family house, 98
Underground passage, 28, 83
"Underground railway", 97
Upsala, description of, 59, 60;
history of, 60, 61;
eight-panel door of, 104;
porch and doorway of, 120, 121;
footscraper of, 132;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 140;
shutters and blinds of, 144, 145;
hall and staircase of, 166, 167;
mantels of, 179-182;
chambers of, 186, 187;
interior woodwork of, 194
Urns, 88
Vernon, description of, 79, 80;
history of, 80;
door of, 105;
footscraper of, 132;
windows of, 137;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143
Wainscots, of Woodford, 20;
of Hope Lodge, 24;
of Stenton, 27, 28;
of Blackwell house, 43;
of Livezey house, 57;
of Upsala, 60, 167;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Cliveden, 165;
of Mount Vernon, 174;
of Mount Pleasant, 176;
paneled, 186, 187;
of Independence Hall, 201
Wall paper, hand-blocked, 186
Walls, of city blocks, 38, 39
Waln house, windows of, 137;
shutters of, 143
Walnut Street, house No. 1107, 130
Walnut Street Theater, 14
Walter, Thomas Ustick, 34, 215
Washington, George, his farewell address in Philadelphia, 9;
at Stenton, 30;
at house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 78;
at Billmeyer house, 99;
statues of, 204, 206;
portrait of, 206;
associations of Congress Hall with, 207, 208;
at St. Peter's Church, 222
Water table, 88
Watmough, Colonel James Horatio, 25
Wayne, Captain Isaac, 69
Waynesborough, 69;
windows of, 136;
blinds of, 145
Wentz family, 25
West, Benjamin, 206, 213
West, William, 25
Wharton, Charles, 45
Wharton, Deborah (Fisher), 45, 46
Wharton, Francis Rawle, 22
Wharton, Hannah, 45
Wharton, Isaac, 22
Wharton, Joseph, 22, 45
Wharton, Robert, 58
Wharton, William, 45
Wharton house, 42, 44-46;
eight-panel door of, 104;
doorway of, 113;
windows of, 135, 138;
dormers of, 141;
shutters of, 143, 145
Whiskey Rebellion, the, 93
Whitby Hall, windows of, 137, 139;
shutters of, 143;
Palladian window of, 151, 158;
hall and stairway of, 158-160, 162-165;
history of, 160, 161;
chimney-piece of, 172, 173;
interior wood finish of, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191;
round-headed windows of, 193
White, Bishop, 220
White, Doctor, 44
Whitefield, Bishop, 213
"Widow Mackinett's Tavern", 98
William IV, King, 78
William Henry, Prince, 78
Williams, Jonathan, 76
Willing family, 44
Wilson, Alexander, 222
Wilson, James, 221
Window-casings, 24, 74, 94
Window embrasures, 159, 188, 189, 200
Window frames, of Stenton, 26;
of city blocks, 39;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
during the Colonial period, a perpetuation of the initial types, 134;
of heavy type, 141;
molded, 149
Window seats, 24, 157, 188
Window sills, of Upsala, 60;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of The Highlands, 91;
of Bartram House, 94;
stone, 142;
in Independence Hall, 200
Windows, 19;
of Hope Lodge, 23;
of Stenton, 26, 27;
of the Girard house, 31;
of Port Royal House, 35;
of city blocks, 39, 40;
of Morris house, 48, 49;
of Livezey house, 56, 57;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 61, 62;
of The Woodlands, 65;
of Mount Pleasant, 73;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77;
of Vernon, 79;
of Loudoun, 81;
of Solitude, 83;
of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 91, 92;
of the Johnson house, 95, 96;
of Green Tree Inn, 97;
of the Billmeyer house, 99;
during the Colonial period, a perpetuation of the initial types, 134;
treatment of, 141, 142;
of Independence Hall, 199;
of Congress Hall, 208;
of Carpenters' Hall, 211;
of Pennsylvania Hospital, 215, 216;
ten-paned, 152;
twelve-paned, 57, 61, 79, 135;
eighteen-paned, 61, 135;
twenty-four-paned, 35, 77, 81, 135, 199, 209, 211;
ranging, 23, 27, 35, 48, 73, 81, 88, 95, 206;
round-topped, 35, 39, 65, 77, 88, 99, 148, 149, 208, 223, 224;
square-headed, 209;
segmental-topped, 61, 97.
_See_ DORMERS, PALLADIAN, SASHES
Wing steps, 98, 114, 129
Wissahickon Creek, mill on, 57-59
Wistar, Doctor Caspar, 47, 72, 78
Wistar, Daniel, 80
Wistar, John, 80
Wistar, William, 80
Wistar house, 39, 46-48;
balustrade of, 127;
windows of, 137, 139;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143, 145
Wistar Parties, 47, 48
_Wistaria_, 47
Wister, Alexander W., 64
Wister, Charles J., 64, 71
Wister, Charles J., Jr., 64
Wister, Daniel, 63
Wister, John, 62, 63, 78
Wister, Margaret, 78
Wister, Owen, 64
Wister, Sally, 64
"Wister's Big House." _See_ GRUMBLETHORPE
Witherill house, dormers of, 139;
shutters of, 145
Wood, white-painted, houses of, 17
Wood carvers, 179
Wood finish. _See_ INTERIOR
Woodford, description of, 18-20;
history of, 20-22;
door of, 105;
windows of, 137;
shutters of, 143
Woodlands, The, description of, 64-66;
history of, 66-68;
with neither outside shutters nor blinds, 142;
Palladian windows of, 151, 152
Woods, white-painted soft, the possibilities of, 194
Woodwork brought from overseas, but later produced in the colonies, 18;
interior, of Woodford, 20;
of Hope Lodge, 24;
of Stenton, 26, 156;
of Blackwell house, 42, 43;
white-painted, in combination with ledge stone, 55, 56, 66;
of Upsala, 60;
of Grumblethorpe, 62, 63;
of Mount Pleasant, 74;
of house No. 5442 Germantown Avenue, 77, 78;
of Vernon, 80;
of Solitude, 83;
of Cliveden, 88;
of The Highlands, 92;
of the Billmeyer house, 99;
of house No. 701 South Seventh Street, 110;
suggesting Dutch influence, 123;
of Mount Vernon, 174;
of Christ Church, 219
"World's People", the, 12, 13, 14
Wyck, 70-72;
door of, 103;
footscraper of, 130;
windows of, 138;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143, 148
Wynnestay, windows of, 137;
dormers of, 140;
shutters of, 143, 144