Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.
383 The gold work of Colophon was proverbial for its excellence. Cf.
Aristophanes, _Cocalus fr._ 8.
384 _Iliad_ 9. 404.
385 _Iliad_ 22. 156.
386 εἰ Hertlein adds.
387 ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 A B, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.
388 ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.
389 ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον Hertlein.
390 τε Hertlein adds.
391 καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein suggests.
392 τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες σφόδρα καὶ MSS.
393 ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., cf. 59 A, ἰχθῦας V.
394 ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, λοιδορίας MSS.
395 μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν MSS., Hertlein suggests μόναρχον
μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, μονάρχου V.
396 After διορύττειν Cobet omits ἀναπειθόμενον.
397 ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς V, M, ἐμφανὲς
MSS.
398 First used by Archilochus, _fr._ 74, in a description of an eclipse
of the sun.
399 Plato, _Laws_ 728 A.
400 Horace, _Epistles_ 1. 1. 106.
401 One shoulder was white as ivory.
402 The Sparti, sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.
403 The Rhine; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 16.
404 Plato, _Laws_ 642 C.
405 Memnon.
406 cf. _Oration_ 3. 126.
407 _Iliad_ 17, 20.
408 Homeric phrase: _Iliad_ 17. 588.
409 Plato, _Laws_ 832 A.
410 _Odyssey_ 20. 56.
411 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 506 and _fr._ 252, Nauck.
412 Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. 187.
413 “Huckster” (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.
414 Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at Athens; Plato, _Gorgias_ 518 B;
perhaps to be identified with the _Vinarius Exaerambus_ in Plautus,
_Asinaria_ 436; cf. Themistius 297 D.
415 φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. Isocrates _To Nicocles_ 15.
416 οἳ Hertlein adds.
417 τοῖς Hertlein suggests.
418 ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., Hertlein.
419 πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 D, 281 A, πείτειεν Hertlein, πεισθείη MSS.
420 A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius 203 C; Stobaeus, _Sermones_
214; Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 21.
421 Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 15; Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ i. 28.
422 _Republic_ 416 A.
423 Plato, _Laws_ 808 B.
424 _Republic_ 416 A.
425 Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.
426 ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., Hertlein.
427 οὐ Hertlein adds.
428 ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν MSS.
429 After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων καὶ.
430 ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.
431 προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, προαγορεύεται MSS.
432 δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ δικαστήριον MSS.
433 τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., Hertlein.
434 κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.
435 μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα τε ἐν MSS.
436 ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.
437 Plato, _Theaetetus_ 176 A.
438 Plato, _Laws_ 937 D.
439 ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., Hertlein.
440 ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., Hertlein.
441 τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, ἀλλήλοις MSS.
442 ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας
MSS.
443 ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς MSS.
444 τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] Hertlein, who suggests κήδεσθαι
καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν MSS.
445 Constantine II.
446 Constans.
447 Constantine II was slain while marching against Constans.
448 Constans.
449 Constans was slain by the soldiers of Magnentius.
450 νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας MSS.
451 Under Alexander.
452 Darius III.
453 _Iliad_ 2. 356.
454 Magnentius.
455 cf. _Oration_ l. 34 A.
456 Alcinous.
457 _Odyssey_ 8. 209.
458 τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.
459 ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, δεξάμενον Petavius, τρεψάμενον MSS.
460 Dioscorides in Athenaeus 507 D; Tacitus _Hist._ 4. 6; cf. Milton
_Lycidas_,
“Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last infirmity of noble mind).”
461 A proverb, cf. Euripides, _Andromache_ 368.
462 πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς MSS.
463 τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.
464 Aristophanes, _Frogs_ 84.
465 Pannonia.
466 Silvanus, cf. _Oration_ 1. 60.
467 cf. _Oration_ 1. 35 C.
468 Thermopylae.
469 Leonidas.
470 [Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.
471 ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.
472 ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν τρόπου
κατανοήσας MSS.
473 τῆς Hertlein adds.
474 βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί περ MSS.
475 Silvanus.
476 _Iliad_ 22. 262.
477 Euripides, _Bacchae_ 822.
478 cf. _Oration_ 1. 48 C.
479 His Oriental dress suggested Persian rule, symbolised by the
crescent.
480 cf. _Oration_ l. 49 A.
481 cf. _Oration_ l. 48 C, D.
482 A proverb; the pine when cut down does not send up shoots again.
483 Herodotus 6. 37.
484 His campaign in Gaul.
485 cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the _Gratiarum actio_.
486 πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.
487 τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., Hertlein.
488 ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., Hertlein.
489 τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., Hertlein.
490 ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] Hertlein.
491 καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., Hertlein.
492 οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν MSS.
493 ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., Hertlein.
494 εἶτα Cobet adds.
495 αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.
496 [τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.
497 Plutarch, _Moralia_ 63 D.
498 Arete.
499 Nausicaa.
500 _Odyssey_ 7. 20.
501 _Odyssey_ 7. 54.
502 καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., Hertlein suggests οὕτως ἀγαθῶν
ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι
πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. “I am at a loss which of her noble qualities to
discuss first.”
503 ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, Hertlein.
504 ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.
505 Eusebia belonged to a noble family of Thessalonica, in Macedonia;
she was married to Constantius in 352 A.D.
506 Near Mount Olympus.
507 Herodotus 8. 137.
508 Cyrus.
509 A town on the coast of Illyria.
510 Aristotle; “who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the world.” Milton,
_Paradise Regained_ 4.
511 _i.e._ of Greeks.
512 Thessalonica.
513 ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.
514 οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ MSS.
515 δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει MSS.
516 The consulship.
517 οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.
518 Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον εἶδος.
Sappho _fr._ 3.
519 τῆς Cobet adds.
520 Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit ὃς.
521 δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., Hertlein.
522 Euripides, _Suppliants_ 494.
523 The wife of Protesilaus.
524 τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein omits.
525 νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους MSS.
526 τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
527 εἰ [τις] Hertlein.
528 διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ πλείονος MSS.
529 Arion.
530 Taenarum.
531 Literally seeds or small beads.
532 Famed for his minute carving of ivory.
533 _Odyssey_ 5. 70.
534 ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., Hertlein.
535 δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.
536 δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, δεινόταιτα MSS.
537 The cave of Calypso.
538 cf. _Misopogon_ 342A. In both passages Julian evidently echoes some
line, not now extant, from Menander, _Duskolos_.
539 _Odyssey_ 11. 223.
540 ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.
541 πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, τε καὶ ἰδέα
Cobet omits.
542 φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν Cobet, φησιν,
ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, ὁμολογεῖν V,
M.
543 ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.
544 ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.
545 ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein suggests, οὔτε ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ
ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.
546 ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.
547 _Odyssey_ 23. 284.
548 cf. _Iliad_ 24. 527; _Oration_ 7. 236 C.
549 The traditional founding of the ancient court of the Areopagus,
which tried cases of homicide, is described in Aeschylus,
_Eumenides_. Orestes, on trial at Athens for matricide, is
acquitted, the votes being even, by the decision of Athene, who
thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 foll.
550 _Iliad_ 4. 43.
551 _Olympian Ode_ 6. 4. Pindar says that, as though he were building
the splendid forecourt of a house, he will begin his Ode with
splendid words.
552 ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων MSS.
553 κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet, καὶ—πιστεύσετε πάντα—λέγοντι
MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε V.
554 αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.
555 Cambyses.
556 Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 29; Themistius 67
A, 109 D.
557 _Iliad_ 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ ἡβῶν.
558 τούτων Reiske adds.
559 _Iliad_ 4. 171.
560 The port of Argolis.
561 περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα MSS.
562 ἧς Horkel adds.
563 ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα MSS., Hertlein.
564 _Iliad_ 9. 380.
565 παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., Hertlein.
566 [λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.
567 δὲ Hertlein adds.
568 ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον MSS., Hertlein.
569 φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα MSS.
570 φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν MSS.
571 The title of Caesar.
572 To illustrate the skill and, at the same time, the difficult
position of Constantius as sole Emperor, Julian describes an
impossible feat. The restive teams are the provinces of the Empire,
which had hitherto been controlled by two or more Emperors.
573 _Iliad_ 23. 341.
574 πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον MSS.
575 _Iliad_ 3. 217.
576 αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.
577 _Iliad_ 9. 122.
578 [σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.
579 ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., Hertlein.
580 παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.
581 Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.
582 Gaul.
583 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 532.
584 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.
585 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.
586 στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., Hertlein.
587 μιμητέον Petavius adds.
588 τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.
589 τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.
590 δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, Hertlein.
591 εἰκὸς Reiske adds.
592 Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.
593 The Euphrates.
594 Herodotus 1. 185; _Oration_ 2. 85 C.
595 Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have built the third pyramid.
596 Herodotus 1. 205.
597 _Odyssey_ 1. 334.
598 τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, τούτων δὲ MSS.
599 πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.
600 προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν MSS.
601 Penthesilea.
602 Achilles and the Scamander; _Iliad_ 21. 234 foll., _Oration_ 2. 60
C.
603 χρόνον Cobet adds.
604 Julian tells, incorrectly, the anecdote in Plutarch, _Pericles_ 38.
605 440 B.C.
606 445 B.C.
607 με Cobet adds.
608 357 A.D.
609 Plutarch, _Pompeius_ 24. For a full description of the origin and
spread of Mithraism see Cumont, _Textes et Monuments figurés
relatifs aux mystères de Mithra_, 1896, 1899, _Les Mystères de
Mithra_, 1902, and _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme
romain_, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911).
610 On Julian’s triad cf. Naville, _Julien l’Apostat et la philosophie
du polythéisme_, Paris, 1877.
611 _Concerning Isis and Osiris_ 46.
612 148 B.
613 Iliad 17. 447.
614 πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein.
615 τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.
616 ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein.
617 Aristotle, _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 D.
618 σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS.
619 Plato, _Timaeus_ 42 D.
620 As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals
other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed
some form of soul to plants, but this was denied by Iamblichus,
Julian, and Sallust.
621 He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras.
622 When he was still a professed Christian.
623 _i.e._ not only prophets and emperors but all men are related to
Helios.
624 cf. _Oration_ 7. 237 C.
625 cf. 144 A, 149 C.
626 Rome.
627 At the beginning of January; cf. 156 C.
628 Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype, the
offspring of the Good.
629 _i.e._ the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by pure
reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence; and
thirdly the world of sense‐perception αἰσθητός. The first of these
worlds the Neo‐Platonists took over from Plato, _Republic_ 508
foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus.
630 ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS.
631 Pindar _fr._ 107, and Sophocles, _Antigone_ 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.
632 Republic 508 B.
633 ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS.
634 Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his theory of a
fifth element superior to the other four, called by him “aether” or
“first element,” _De Coelo_ 1. 3 270 B, that suggested to Iamblichus
the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf. _Theologumena
Arithmeticae_ 35, 22 Ast, where he calls the fifth element “aether.”
635 After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις.
636 cf. 138 B.
637 Aristotle, _De Anima_ 418 A.
638 γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.
639 133 B.
640 Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as transcendental,
in which form he is indistinguishable from the Good in the
intelligible world, secondly as Helios‐Mithras, ruler of the
intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible sun.
641 133 D‐134 A is a digression on the light of the sun.
642 _i.e._ the stars.
643 _De Anima_ 419 A; Aristotle there says that light is the
actualisation or positive determination of the transparent medium.
Julian echoes the whole passage.
644 Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with Helios; cf. Macrobius,
_Saturnalia_ 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi mens est, “the sun is the mind of
the universe”; Iamblichus, _Protrepticus_ 21, 115; Ammianus
Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.
645 Julian echoes Plato, _Republic_ 507, 508.
646 cf. 146 D.
647 _i.e._ the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde
movements of the planets.
648 157 C.
649 αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ MSS.
650 144 A, B, 149 C.
651 _Cratylus_ 403 B.
652 _Phaedo_ 83 D.
653 ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.
654 δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ τις ἂν εἴη MSS.
655 _Iliad_ 8. 480; _Odyssey_ 1. 8.
656 _Odyssey_ 12. 383.
657 This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, _Saturnalia_
1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes
Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis
in the Graeco‐Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by
Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, the
Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.
658 _Phaedo_ 80 D; in _Cratylus_ 403 Plato discusses, though not
seriously, the etymology of the word “Hades.”
659 Ἁΐδης, “Unseen.”
660 _Theogony_ 371; cf. Pindar, _Isthmian_ 4. 1.
661 Hyperion means “he that walks above.”
662 They had devoured the oxen of the sun; _Odyssey_ 12. 352 foll.
663 _Iliad_ 8. 24; Zeus utters this threat against the gods if they
should aid either the Trojans or the Greeks.
664 _Iliad_ 18. 239.
665 _Iliad_ 21. 6.
666 Julian now describes the substance or essential nature, οὐσία, of
Helios, 137 D‐142 B.
667 _i.e._ The sun, moon and planets; the orbits of the planets are
complicated by their direct and retrograde movements.
668 cf. 133 D.
669 τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, τελευταῖα MSS.
670 Julian defines the ways in which Helios possesses μεσότης, or
middleness; he is mediator and connecting link as well as locally
midway between the two worlds and the centre of the intellectual
gods; see Introduction, p. 350.
671 cf. Empedocles, _fr._ 18; 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.
672 τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.
673 Plato, _Timaeus_ 33 A.
674 cf. 139 C; _Oration_ 5. 165 C, 166 D, 170 C.
675 τὰς Hertlein suggests.
676 cf. 167 D. In _Timaeus_ 58 A it is the revolution of the whole which
by constriction compresses all matter together, but Julian had that
passage in mind. In Empedocles it is the Titan, Aether, _i.e._ the
Fifth Substance, that “binds the globe.” _fr._ 38 Diels.
677 Plato in _Timaeus_ 41 A, distinguishes “the gods who revolve before
our eyes” from “those who reveal themselves so far as they will.”
Julian regularly describes, as here, a triad; every one of his three
worlds has its own unconditioned being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own
creative power (δημιουργία); its own power to generate life (γόνιμον
τῆς ζωῆς); and in every case, the middle term is Helios as a
connecting link in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god
(νοερός).
678 Julian now describes the three kinds of substance (οὐσία) and its
three forms (εἴδη) in the three worlds.
679 _i.e._ the visible heavenly bodies.
680 Helios connects the forms (Plato’s Ideas) which exist in the
intelligible world, with those which in our world ally themselves
with matter; cf. _Oration_ 5. 171 B.
681 αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.
682 _i.e._ the heavenly bodies.
683 These angels combine, as does a model, the idea and its
hypostazisation; cf. 142 A, _Letter to the Athenians_ 275 B. Julian
nowhere defines angels, but Porphyry as quoted by Augustine, _De
civitate Dei_ 10, 9, distinguished them from daemons and placed them
in the aether.
684 προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS, Hertlein.
685 cf. 141 B.
686 _i.e._ the heavenly bodies; cf. _Fragment of a Letter_ 295 A.
687 _Nichomachean Ethics_ 7. 14. 1154 b.
688 τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων MSS.
689 The powers and activities of Helios are now described, 142 D‐152 A.
690 cf. 148 C, _Timaeus_ 47 A, _Republic_ 529 B, where Plato
distinguishes mere star‐gazing from astronomy.
691 διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν MSS.
692 cf. 144 C.
693 _Timaeus_ 32 B; Plato says that to make the universe solid, “God set
air and water between fire and earth.”
694 cf. 144 C. 179 A; Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 203 E, says that
because Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his function is to
divide wholes into their parts and to separate the forms (εἴδη).
695 Julian calls Dionysus the son of Helios 152 C, D, and the son of
Zeus, _Oration_ 5. 179 B.
696 cf. 153 B, where Asclepios is called “the saviour of the All,” and
_Against the Christians_ 200 A.
697 ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.
698 νοητοῖς Petavius adds.
699 cf. 141 B, _Letter to the Athenians_ 275 B.
700 The sun.
701 Plato, _Symposium_ 206 B τόκος ἐν καλῷ.
702 _i.e._ Intellectual Helios.
703 _i.e._ Intelligible Helios.
704 Plato, _Laws_ 713 D defines daemons as a race superior to men but
inferior to gods; they were created to watch over human affairs;
Julian, _Letter to Themistius_ 258 B echoes Plato’s description; cf.
Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo‐Iamblichus, _De Mysteriis_ 1. 20. 61;
Julian 2. 90 B.
705 _i.e._ the individual souls; by using this term, derived from the
Neo‐Platonists and Iamblichus, Julian implies that there is an
indivisible world soul; cf. Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ
δὲ ἑν μέρει γενόμεναι.
706 _Odyssey_ 11, 303; Philo Judaeus, _De Decalogo_ 2. 190, τόν τε
οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς τὸ
δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου ζωῆς αὐτῶν
προστερατευσάμενοι διήγημα.
707 κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb, κοινὸν MSS.
708 _Timaeus_ 37 C; when the Creator had made the universe, he invented
Time as an attribute of “divided substance.”
709 For Julian’s debt to Iamblichus cf. 150 D, 157 B, C.
710 Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, Hermes, Selene are the seven
planets; cf. 149 D. Though Helios guides the others he is counted
with them.
711 _i.e._ the fixed stars; cf. Iamblichus, _Theologumena arithmeticae_
56. 4 ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, “the eighth sphere that
encompasses all the rest.”
712 The Graces are often associated with Spring; Julian seems to be
describing obscurely the annual course of the sun.
713 Necessity played an important part in the cult of Mithras and was
sometimes identified with the constellation Virgo who holds the
scales of Justice.
714 For the adoption of the Dioscuri into the Mithraic cult see Cumont.
Julian does not give his own view, though he rejects that of the
later Greek astronomers. Macrobius, _Saturnalia_ 1. 21. 22
identifies them with the sun.
715 _i.e._ the torrid zone. On the equator in the winter months shadows
fall due north at noon, in the summer months due south; this is more
or less true of the whole torrid zone; cf. ἀμφίσκιος which has the
same meaning.
716 _Iliad_ 14. 246.
717 For the affectation of mystery cf. 152 B, 159 A, 172 D.
718 δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
719 Plutarch, _Demosthenes_ 4, quotes this phrase as peculiarly
Platonic; cf. Plato, _Laws_ 676 A.
720 cf. 143 B and note.
721 χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης Hertlein, MSS.
722 ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν MSS.
723 ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι Hertlein, MSS lacuna Petavius.
724 Literally “life‐bringer,” Aristotle’s phrase for the zodiac.
725 cf. Zeller, _Philosophie der Griechen_ III. 2, p. 753, notes.
726 There is a play on the word κύκλος, which means both “sphere” and
“circle.”
727 The Egyptian sun‐god, whose worship was introduced first into Greece
and later at Rome.
728 Athene as goddess of Forethought was worshipped at Delphi, but her
earlier epithet was προναία “whose statue is in front of the
temple”; cf. Aeschylus, _Eumenides_ 21, Herodotus 8. 37; late
writers often confuse these forms. Julian applies the epithet
πρόνοια to the mother of the gods 179 A, and to Prometheus 182 D;
cf. 131 C.
729 This verse was quoted from an unknown source by Eustathius on
_Iliad_ 1. p. 83. “The Grey‐eyed” is a name of Athene.
730 _Iliad_ 8. 538; 13. 827.
731 δ᾽ Hertlein adds.
732 τὸ Hertlein adds.
733 ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests, μετριάσαι MSS.
734 Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 B, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.
735 On Athene cf. _Oration_ 7. 230 A; _Against the Christians_ 235 C.
736 cf. 152 D. Julian derives his theory of the position and functions
of the moon from Iamblichus; cf. Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 258 f.
737 cf. 154 A, and Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 155 F, 259 B, where
Aphrodite is called “the binding goddess” συνδετικήν, and
“harmoniser” συναρμοστικήν.
738 _i.e._ as the planet Venus.
739 cf. _Caesars_ 313 A, _Misopogon_ 357 C. Emesa in Syria was famous
for its temple to Baal, the sun‐god. The Emperor Heliogabalus
(218‐222 A.D.) was born at Emesa and was, as his name indicates, a
priest of Baal, whose worship he attempted to introduce at Rome.
740 The “strong god,” identified with the star Lucifer.
741 133 D, 138 B.
742 τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150 B, 151 C, lacuna MSS.,
Hertlein.
743 _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131 C.
744 cf. 145 C.
745 cf. 145 C.
746 _i.e._ their ascent after death to the gods.
747 περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.
748 _Republic_ 529, 530; _Epinomis_ 977 A.
749 _Laws_ 653 C, D, 665 A.
750 _i.e._ as a unit of measurement; _Timaeus_ 39 B, 47 A.
751 γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS, Hertlein.
752 cf. 144 C: _Against the Christians_ 200, 235 B.C. Asclepios plays an
important part in Julian’s religion, and may have been intentionally
opposed, as the son of Helios‐Mithras and the “saviour of the
world,” to Jesus Christ.
753 τὸ Hertlein suggests.
754 Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS, Hertlein; cf. 150 C.
755 Rome.
756 This refers to the famous temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline; cf.
_Oration_ 1. 29 D. The three shrines in this temple were dedicated
to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno, but Julian ignores Juno because he
wishes to introduce Aphrodite in connection with Aeneas.
757 Julian accepts the impossible etymology “path of the wolf”; Lycabas
means “path of light,” cf. _lux_.
758 _Odyssey_, 14. 161. The word was also used on Roman coins with the
meaning “year.”
759 ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.
760 Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to twins, Romulus and Remus,
whose father was supposed to be Mars (Ares).
761 Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess of the hearth.
762 The name given to Romulus after his apotheosis; cf. _Caesars_ 307 B.
763 For the legend of his translation see Livy 1. 16; Plutarch,
_Romulus_ 21; Ovid, _Fasti_ 2. 496; Horace, _Odes_ 3. 3. 15 foll.
764 After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς σελήνης.
765 ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν MSS, cf. Episile 444. 425 C.
766 To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king who reigned next after
Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation of many of their
religious ceremonies.
767 The Vestal virgins.
768 The Heliaia, _solis agon_, was founded by the Emperor Aurelian at
Rome in 274 A.D.; but the “unconquerable sun,” _sol invictus_, had
been worshipped there for fully a century before Aurelian’s
foundation; see Usener, _Sol invictus_, in _Rheinisches Museum_,
1905. Julian once again, _Caesars_ 336 C calls Helios by his Persian
name Mithras.
769 The Attic year began with the summer solstice.