presented him with the living of _Aston_, in Yorkshire. This sequestred
village was favourable to his love of poetry and picturesque scenery;
which displayed itself at large in his English Garden, and was the
foundation of his lasting friendship with Mr. Gilpin, who to testify his
esteem, dedicated to him his _Observations on the Wye_. A biographer of
the late Mr. Shore, of Norton Hall, (the friend of Priestley), thus
mentions _Aston_:--"That truly conscientious, and truly learned and
excellent man, Mr. Lindsey, spent a whole week in this neighbourhood. He
was during that time the guest of his friend Mr. Mason, who was residing
on his rectory at _Aston_, the biographer of Gray, and one whose taste,
gave beauty, and poetry, celebrity, to that cheerful village." His
friendship for Mr. Gray, terminated only with the life of the latter. In
1770 Mr. Mason was visited at Aston, for the last time, by him. His last
letter to Mr. Mason was from Pembroke-hall, in May, 1771, and on the
31st of the next month, and at that place, this sublime genius paid the
debt of nature. The following epitaph was written by Mr. Mason, and
inscribed on the monument in Westminster Abbey:
No more the Grecian muse unrivall'd reigns;
To Britain let the nations homage pay:
She felt a Homer's fire in Milton's strains,
A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray.
He farther evinced his attachment to this elegant scholar by publishing
his poems and letters, to which he prefixed memoirs of him. He commences
the third book of his English Garden with an invocation to his memory,
and records, in lofty language, his eye glistening and his accents
glowing, when viewing the charms of all-majestic Nature--the heights of
Skiddaw and the purple crags of Borrowdale. And on a rustic alcove, in
the garden at Aston, which he dedicated to Mr. Gray, he inscribed this
stanza from the celebrated elegy:
_Here scatter'd oft, the loveliest of the year,
By hands unseen, are showers of violets found;
The red-breast loves to build and warble here,
And little footsteps lightly print the ground._
Mr. Mason married in 1765 a most amiable woman; she fell at length into
a rapid consumption, and at Bristol hot-wells she died. Gray's letter to
Mr. Mason while at that place, is full of eloquence; upon which the
latter observes, "I opened it almost at the precise moment when it would
be necessarily most affecting. His epitaph on the monument he erected on
this lady, in the Bristol cathedral, breathes such tender feeling and
chaste simplicity, that it can need no apology for being noticed here:
Take, holy earth! all that my soul holds dear;
Take that best gift which heav'n so lately gave:
To Bristol's fount I bore with trembling care
Her faded form: she bow'd to taste the wave
And died. Does youth, does beauty, read the line?
Does sympathetic fears their breasts alarm?
Speak, dead Maria! breathe a strain divine:
E'en from the grave thou shalt have power to charm.
Bid them be chaste, be innocent, like thee;
Bid them in duty's sphere as meekly move;
And if so fair, from vanity as free;
As firm in friendship, and as fond in love.
Tell them, though 'tis an awful thing to die,
('Twas e'en to thee) yet the dread path once trod,
Heav'n lifts its everlasting portals high,
And bids "the pure in heart behold their God."
A very short time after Mrs. Mason's death, he began his English
Garden, and invokes the genius both of poetry and painting
----that at my birth
Auspicious smil'd, and o'er my cradle dropp'd
Those magic seeds of Fancy, which produce
A Poet's feeling, and a Painter's eye.
----with lenient smiles to deign to cheer,
At this sad hour, my desolated soul.
For deem not ye that I resume the lyre
To court the world's applause; my years mature
Have learn'd to slight the toy. No, 'tis to soothe
That agony of heart, which they alone,
Who best have lov'd, who best have been belov'd,
Can feel, or pity: sympathy severe!
Which she too felt, when on her pallid lip
The last farewell hung trembling, and bespoke
A wish to linger here, and bless the arms
She left for heav'n.--She died, and heav'n is her's!
Be mine, the pensive solitary balm
That recollection yields. Yes, angel pure!
While memory holds her seat, thine image still
Shall reign, shall triumph there; and when, as now,
Imagination forms a nymph divine,
To lead the fluent strain, thy modest blush,
Thy mild demeanour, thy unpractis'd smile,
Shall grace that nymph, and sweet Simplicity
Be dress'd (ah, meek Maria!) in thy charms.
Dr. Thomas Warton thus speaks of the above poem, when reviewing Tusser's
Husbandry:--"Such were the rude beginnings in the English language of
didactic poetry, which, on a kindred subject, the present age has seen
brought to perfection, by the happy combination of judicious precepts,
with the most elegant ornaments of language and imagery, in Mr. Mason's
English Garden." His Elfrida and Caractacus, are admired for boldness of
conception and sublime description. Elfrida was set to Music by Arne,
and again by Giardini. Caractacus was also set to music. Mr. Mason's
success with both these dramatic poems was beyond his most sanguine
expectation.
Dr. Darwin wrote an epitaph on Mr. Mason; these lines are its concluding
part:
Weave the bright wreath, to worth departed just,
And hang unfading chaplets on his bust;
While pale Elfrida, bending o'er his bier,
Breathes the soft sigh and sheds the graceful tear;
And stern Caractacus, with brow depress'd
Clasps the cold marble to his mailed breast.
In lucid troops shall choral virgins throng,
With voice alternate chant their poet's song.
And, oh! in golden characters record
Each firm, immutable, immortal word!
"Those last two lines from the final chorus of Elfrida, (says Miss
Seward), admirably close this tribute to the memory of him who stands
second to Gray, as a lyric poet; whose English Garden is one of the
happiest efforts of didactic verse, containing the purest elements of
horticultural taste, dignified by freedom and virtue, rendered
interesting by episode, and given in those energetic and undulating
measures which render blank verse excellent; whose unowned satires, yet
certainly his, the heroic epistle to Sir William Chambers, and its
postscript, are at once original in their style, harmonious in their
numbers, and pointed in their ridicule; whose tragedies are the only
pathetic tragedies which have been written in our language upon the
severe Greek model. The Samson Agonistes bears marks of a stronger, but
also of an heavier hand, and is unquestionably less touching than the
sweet Elfrida, and the sublime Caractacus."
Mr. Mason, in 1756 published four Odes. "It would be difficult to say,
(says the biographer of the annual Necrology of 1797,) which is most to
be admired, the vividness of the conception, or the spirit of liberty,
and the ardent love of independance throughout. The address to Milton in
his Ode to Memory, and to Andrew Marvel, in that to Independance, cannot
be too much admired. At the period when the Middlesex election was so
much agitated, he united with those independant freeholders, who, by
their declarations and petitions, throughout the nation, opposed
corruption, and claimed a reform in parliament; and when the county of
York assembled in 1779, he was of the committee, and had a great share
in drawing up their spirited resolutions. The animated vindication of
the conduct of the freeholders, and other papers, though printed
anonimously in the newspapers, and so printed in Mr. Wyvill's collection
of political tracts, in 3 vols. are well known to be Mr. Mason's
production. This conduct rendered him obnoxious to the court party. He
was at this time one of the king's chaplains, but when it became his
turn to preach before the royal family, the queen appointed another
person to supply his place. It has been observed, that his sentiments in
a later period of his life, took a colour less favourable to liberty.
Whether alarmed at the march of the French revolution, or from the
timidity of age, we know not. His friend Horace Walpole, charges him
with flat apostacy:" The _Heroic Epistle_ to Sir W. Chambers, and the
_Heroic Postscript_, are now positively said to have been written by Mr.
Mason. Mr. Thomas Warton observed, "they may have been written by
Walpole, and buckramed by Mason."
The late Sir U. Price, in the generous and patriotic conclusion of his
letter to Mr. Repton, pays a delicate compliment to the genius of Mr.
Mason in whatever concerns rural scenery; and his respect for Mr. Mason,
and his high opinion of his talents, is farther shewn in pp. 295 and
371 of his first volume, and in p. 94 of vol. ii. Mr. Mathias, after
supposing Mr. Mason to have been the author of the Heroic Epistle, and
after paying a high compliment to his general poetry, thus concludes his
generous tribute:
Whence is that groan? no more Britannia sleeps,
But o'er her lov'd Musaeus bends and weeps.
Lo, every Grecian, every British muse
Scatter the recent flowers and gracious dews
Where MASON lies!
And in his breast each soft affection dwelt,
That love and friendship know; each sister art,
With all that colours, and that sounds impart,
All that the sylvan theatre can grace,
All in the soul of MASON found their place!
Low sinks the laurell'd head: in Mona's land
I see them pass, 'tis Mador's drooping band,
To harps of woe, in holiest obsequies,
In yonder grave, they chant, our Druid lies!
ERASMUS DARWIN. In the life of this justly celebrated physician, by Miss
Seward, she informs us, that in the year 1770, he sat to Mr. Wright of
Derby; and that it was "a contemplative portrait, of the most perfect
resemblance." Whether it has been engraved I know not. He was then in
his thirty-eighth year. Dr. Thornton, in his superb work on botany, has
given a fine portrait of Dr. Darwin, at a more advanced period of his
life. It breathes intelligence in every feature, and is a masterly
likeness. The late Mr. Archdeacon Clive preserved a highly-finished
miniature portrait of him, which was ordered by Dr. Darwin for the
express purpose of being presented to this worthy clergyman, whom he so
much esteemed.[91]
Dr. Darwin published,
1. Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life.
2. Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening, 4to.
1800. "A vast field of treasured observation and scientific literature."
3. The Botanic Garden.
Lord Byron, and others, have been severe on this poem. The lines,
however, on the soldier's wife and infants, after watching the battle of
Minden--those animated ones to Mr. Howard--or when the mother, during
the plague in London, commits her children to the grave,
_When o'er the friendless bier no rites were read,
No dirge slow chanted, and no pall outspread;_
these make one gladly acknowledge, that pathetic powers were the gift of
Darwin's muse. The sublimity of the following address to our _first_
daring aeronaut, merits insertion:
--Rise, great Mongolfier! urge thy venturous flight
High o'er the moon's pale, ice-reflected light;
High o'er the pearly star, whose beamy horn
Hangs in the east, gay harbinger of morn;
Leave the red eye of Mars on rapid wing,
Jove's silver guards, and Saturn's dusky ring;
Leave the fair beams, which issuing from afar
Play with new lustres round the Georgian star;
Shun with strong oars the sun's attractive throne,
The burning Zodiac, and the milky Zone:
Where headlong comets with increasing force
Through other systems bend their burning course!
For thee Cassiope her chair withdraws,
For thee the Bear retracts his shaggy paws;
High o'er the north thy golden orb shall roll,
And blaze eternal round the wondering pole.[92]
Miss Seward, after stating that professional generosity distinguished
Dr. Darwin's medical practice at Lichfield, farther says, that
"diligently also did he attend to the health of the poor in that city,
and afterwards at Derby, and supplied their necessities by food, and all
sorts of charitable assistance. In each of those towns, _his_ was the
cheerful board of almost open-housed hospitality, without extravagance
or pride; deeming ever the first unjust, the latter unmanly. Generosity,
wit and science, were his household gods."[93] She again states that
when he removed from Lichfield to Derby, "his renown, as a physician,
still increased as time rolled on, and his mortal life declined from its
noon. Patients resorted to him more and more, from every part of the
kingdom, and often from the continent. All ranks, all orders of society,
all religions, leaned upon his power to ameliorate disease, and to
prolong existence. The rigid and sternly pious, who had attempted to
renounce his aid, from a superstition that no blessing would attend the
prescriptions of a sceptic, sacrificed, after a time, their
superstitious scruples to their involuntary consciousness of his mighty
skill." Mr. Mathias, though he severely criticizes some of Dr. Darwin's
works, yet he justly calls him "this very ingenious man, and most
excellent physician, for such he undoubtedly was."
[Illustration]
From scattered passages in Miss Seward's Life of him, one can easily
trace the delight he took (notwithstanding his immense professional
engagements,) in the scenery of nature and gardens;--witness his
frequent admiration of the tangled glen and luxuriant landscape at
_Belmont_, its sombre and pathless woods, impressing us with a sense of
solemn seclusion, like the solitudes of _Tinian_, or _Juan Fernandes_,
with its "silent and unsullied stream," which the admirable lines he
addresses to the youthful owner of that spot so purely and temperately
allude to:--
O, friend to peace and virtue, ever flows
For thee my silent and unsullied stream,
Pure and untainted as thy blameless life!
Let no gay converse lead thy steps astray,
To mix my chaste wave with immodest wine,
Nor with the poisonous cup, which Chemia's hand
Deals (fell enchantress!) to the sons of folly!
So shall young Health thy daily walks attend,
Weave for thy hoary brow the vernal flower
Of cheerfulness, and with his nervous arm
Arrest th' inexorable scythe of Time.
So early, and indeed throughout his whole life, did Dr. Darwin enforce
the happy consequences of temperance and sobriety; from his conviction
of the pernicious effects of all kinds of intemperance on the youthful
constitution. He had an absolute horror of spirits of all sorts, however
diluted. Pure water was, throughout the greater part of his temperate
life, his favourite beverage. He has been severely censured (no doubt
very justly so), for some of his religious prejudices. Old Walter Mapes,
the jovial canon of Salisbury, precentor of Lincoln, and arch-deacon of
Oxford, in the eleventh century, considered _water_ as fit only for
_heretics_.
One may again trace his fondness for the rich scenery of nature, when he
in 1777 purchased a wild umbrageous valley near Lichfield, with its
mossy fountain of the purest water. This spot he fondly cultivated. The
botanic skill displayed by him on this spot, did not escape the
searching eye of Mr. Loudon, for in p. 807 of his Encyclop. of
Gardening, he pays a deserved compliment to him.[94] Miss Seward wrote
some lines on this favoured valley, and these are part of them:
O! may no ruder step these bowers profane,
No midnight wassailers deface the plain;
And when the tempests of the wintry day
Blow golden autumn's varied leaves away,
Winds of the north, restrain your icy gales,
Nor chill the bosom of these hallow'd vales.
His attachment to gardens, induced him to honour the memory of Mr.
Mason, by lines once intended for his monument; and he was suggesting
improvements at the priory at Derby (and which he had just described the
last morning of his life in a sprightly letter to a friend), when the
fatal signal was given, and a few hours after, on the 18th of April,
1802, and in his sixty-ninth year, he sunk into his chair and expired.
"Thus in one hour (says his affectionate biographer) was extinguished
that vital light, which the preceding hour had shone in flattering
brightness, promising duration; (such is often _the cunning flattery of
nature_), that light, which through half a century, had diffused its
radiance and its warmth so widely; that light in which penury had been
cheered, in which science had expanded; to whose orb poetry had brought
all her images; before whose influence disease had continually
retreated, and death so often "turned aside his levelled dart!"[95] That
Dr. Darwin, as to his religious principles or prejudices, displayed
great errors of judgment in his _Zoonomia_, there can be no doubt. An
eminent champion of Christianity, truly observed, that Dr. Darwin "was
acquainted with more links in the chain of _second_ causes, than had
probably been known to any individual, who went before him; but that he
dwelt so much, and so _exclusively_ on second causes, that he too
generally seems to have forgotten that there is a first." For these
errors he must long since have been called to his account, before one
who can appreciate those errors better than we can. Though the _Accusing
Spirit_ must have blushed when he gave them in, yet, let us hope, that
the _Recording Angel_, out of mercy to his humane heart, and his many
good and valuable qualities, may have blotted them out for ever.
REV. WILLIAM GILPIN, who, as Mr. Dallaway, in his Observations on the
Arts, observes, "possesses unquestionably the happy faculty to paint
with words;" and who farther highly compliments him in his supplementary
chapter on Modern Gardening, annexed to his enriched edition of Mr.
Walpole's Anecdotes. The Topographer says he "describes with the
language of a master, the artless scenes of uncultivated nature." Mr.
Walpole in his postscript to his Catalogue of Engravers, after
premising, that it might, perhaps, be worth while "to melt down this
volume and new cast it," pays this tribute to him: "Were I of authority
sufficient to name my successor, or could prevail on him to condescend
to accept an office which he could execute with more taste and ability;
from whose hands could the public receive so much information and
pleasure as from the author of the _Essay on Prints_, and from the
_Tours_, &c.? And when was the public ever instructed by the pen and
pencil at once, with equal excellence in the style of both, but by Mr.
Gilpin?"
Had Mr. Gilpin written nothing more than his "Lectures on the
Catechism," that alone would have conferred on him the name of a
meritorious writer. His allusion to Plato, his reflections on the Last
Judgment, his animated address to youth, and his conclusion of his
sixteenth lecture, must strike deep into the heart of every reader. His
"Sermons preached to a Country Congregation," prove him a pious,
charitable, and valuable man.[96]
The glowing imagery of his style, when viewing the beautiful scenery in
many parts of England, and some of the vast and magnificent ones of
Scotland, is fraught with many fervid charms. Still we are forced to
join Mr. Mathias, in the remonstrance he so justly makes as to the
jargonic conceit of some of his language. Mr. Gilpin's first work on
picturesque beauty, was his Observations on the River Wye, made in the
year 1770. He afterwards published:
Forest Scenery--Picturesque Beauties of the Highlands--Mountains of
Cumberland and Westmoreland--Western parts of England--Cambridge,
Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex--Hampshire, Sussex and Kent. Three Essays, on
Picturesque Beauty, on Picturesque Travel, and on Sketching Landscape,
to which is added, a poem on Landscape Painting. A full account of his
numerous works may be seen in Watts's Bibl. Brit. A complete list of
them is also given by Mr. Nichols, in vol. i. of his Illustrations, with
a brief memoir. Mr. Johnson also gives a list of such of his works as
relate to picturesque scenery, with their titles at large. His portrait
was painted by Walton, and engraved in metz by Clint.
JAMES ANDERSON published the following works; and I have given the price
of such of them as appeared in the late Mr. Harding's Agricultural
Catalogue:--
1. The Bee, or Literary Intelligencer, 18 vols. 8vo. _Edinb._ 1791.
2. Recreations in Agriculture, Natural History, Arts and
Miscellaneous Literature, 6 vols. 8vo. _Lond._ 3_l._ 10s.
3. Essays relating to Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 3 vols. 8vo.
1_l._ 7s.
4. Practical Treatise on draining Bogs, 8vo. 6s.
5. Practical Treatise on Peat Moss, 8vo. 5s.
6. On Lime as a Cement and Manure, 8vo. 2s. 6d.
7. An Account of the different kinds of Sheep found in the Russian
Dominions, and amongst the Tartar Hordes, 8vo. 6s.
8. Investigation of the Causes of Scarcity of 1800. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
9. Miscellaneous Thoughts on Planting Timber Trees, chiefly for the
climate of Scotland, by Agricola, 8vo. _Edinb._ 1777.
10. Description of a Patent Hot-house, 1804. 12mo. 5s.
In "Public Characters of 1800 and 1801," a portrait is given of him, a
list of his works, and it thus speaks of him: "The manners of this
ingenious and very useful man were plain and frank, an indication of an
honest and good heart. He was benevolent and generous, a tender parent,
and a warm friend, and very highly respected in the circle of his
acquaintance." There is a portrait of him, painted by Anderson, and
engraved by Ridley. A copy is given in the Mirror, (published by Vernon
and Hood), of Nov. 1799. Another is given in the Gentleman's Magazine.
He died at West Ham, Essex, in 1808, aged 69. Mr. Lysons, in the
Supplement to his Environs of London, gives a few particulars of him.
HORACE WALPOLE. He was the youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole, who so
long guided the destinies of England, and whose attractive and
benevolent private life, seems to have fully merited the praise of
Pope's elegant muse:
_Seen him I have; but in his happier hour
Of social pleasure,--ill exchang'd for power--
Seen him uncumber'd with the venal tribe,
Smile without art, and win without a bribe._
The best portraits of this intelligent and acute writer, Horace Walpole,
are the portrait in Mr. Dallaway's richly decorated edition of the
Anecdotes of Painting, from Sir Joshua Reynolds, and that in Mr.
Cadell's Contemporary Portraits, from Lawrence. Dance also drew him.
Another portrait is prefixed to the ninth volume of his works, in 4to.
1825, from a picture in the possession of the Marquis of Hertford. There
is another portrait, engraved by Pariset, from Falconot. Mr. Walpole
died in March, 1797, at his favourite seat at Strawberry-hill, at the
age of eighty. His manners were highly polished, from his having, during
the course of a long life, frequented the first societies. His
conversation abounded with interesting anecdote and playful wit.
Felicity of narration, and liveliness of expression, mark his graceful
pen. The Prince de Ligne (a perfect judge) thus speaks of his _History
of the Modern Taste in Gardening_:--"Je n'en admire pas moins
l'eloquence, et la profondeur, de son ouvrage sur les jardins." Mr.
Walpole himself says:--"We have given the true model of gardening to the
world: let other countries mimic or corrupt our taste; but let it reign
here on its verdant throne, original by its elegant simplicity, and
proud of no other art than that of softening nature's harshnesses, and
copying her graceful touch."
Sir U. Price, in vol. i. p. 18 of his Essays, pays high respect to Mr.
Walpole, and differs from him "with great deference and reluctance." He
observes:--"I can hardly think it necessary to make any excuse for
calling Lord Orford, Mr. Walpole; it is the name by which he is best
known in the literary world, and to which his writings have given a
celebrity much beyond what any hereditary honour can bestow." Mr.
Johnson observes:--"To his sketch of the improvements introduced by
Bridgman and Kent, and those garden artists, their immediate successors,
we may afford the best praise; he appears to be a faithful, and is, an
eloquent annalist." It is impossible to pass by this tribute, without
reminding my reader, that Mr. Johnson's own review of our ornamental
gardening, is energetic and luminous; as is indeed the whole of his
comprehensive general review of gardening, from the earliest period,
down to the close of the last century.