Langton, for benevolent purposes, his immense plantations; having
procured (particularly from North America) "almost every sort of seed
that could be procured." He proposed that an annual sermon should be
preached, either in praise of church music, the duty of decorating
religious houses, charity in general, or the wonders of the creation;
and that a hospital should be founded for the relief of the really
distressed. All these extensive plans were frustrated. Even when his
first twenty thousand trees had just been planted out, the cattle
belonging to the tenants of Mrs. Dorothy Pickering, and Frances Byrd,
(who a few years after died worth two hundred thousand pounds, and whose
village biography is curiously dispersed throughout the above history)
were _purposely_ turned amongst the young trees, and in a little time
destroyed them all. "Neither was this all; I was served for a trespass
with twenty-seven different copies of writs in one day (by their
attorney, Valentine Price, of Leicester); to such a degree of rage and
fury were these old gentlewomen raised, at what one should have thought
every heart would have rejoiced, and kindly lent an assisting hand." Mr.
Hanbury gives many instances of the "venomous rage and passion" of these
two old women. They had, says he, "the mortification to find themselves
totally despised. Not a gentleman or lady would go near them, two
neighbouring clergymen excepted, who were invited to dine with them upon
venison." They attempted making a tool of the sow-gelder's son, to
enable them to carry on their mean plans, and sent him word, that
nothing they could do for him in the parish should be wanting. His
answer was, "that favours granted from such people, on such terms, could
never prosper, and he desired the other to tell them, they were _two old
bitches_."--"This summer, (says Mr. Hanbury,) was murdered, in the most
barbarous manner, the best spaniel that perhaps ever entered the field,
and the best greyhound that ever run. With these I had been often
entertained in my morning walks. To deprive me of these pleasures,
afforded me in my morning recreations, I had discharges from Mrs.
Pickering, and Mrs. Byrd, for taking them with me in their manors. To
these I paid no regard, and as they never brought any action on that
account, it may be supposed they could find no just cause to ground one.
What then is to be done? Some method is to be contrived to deprive me of
my attendants; the spaniel therefore was the first object destined for
destruction. He was small, and of a beautiful black, and had been used
to the parlour; and being absent about an hour, came reeling home in the
agonies of death; and in about a quarter of an hour after, died in the
seemingly most excruciating tortures. Suspecting some villany, I ordered
him to be opened, but found everything perfect and entire; I then
directed him to be skinned, and coming to the loins, found the traces of
a table-fork, which was stuck into the kidneys, and which was the
occasion of his speedy and dreadful death. A few days after this, my
best greyhound was stuck in the loins, in the like barbarous manner,
which brought on the same kind of speedy and agonizing death; and this
was the catastrophe of these two noted dogs, which had been much talked
of, and were famous amongst sportsmen, as being most perfect in their
kind. Some time after this, their game-keeper, in company with his
nephew, _buried two dogs alive_; they were the property of Mr. Wade, a
substantial grazier, who had grounds contiguous to a place of cover,
called Langton Caudle, where was often game; and where the unfortunate
two dogs, straying from their master, had been used to hunt. The
game-keeper and his nephew being shooting in this place, the dogs, upon
the report of the gun, made towards them. Their shooting them or hanging
them would have been merciful, but they buried them alive; and what
words can express the abhorrence of such barbarity to such innocent
creatures following the dictates of nature? To prevent a possibility of
their scratching a way out, they covered them down with black thorns;
over these they laid a sufficient quantity of earth and one large stone,
which the rammed down with their heels. Day after day the dogs were
heard in this place, with the howling, barking noise of dogs that were
lost. Some people resorted to find them out, and wondered it was to no
purpose, for nobody could suspect the dogs were under ground; and thus
after calling and whistling them, and seeking them for some time,
returned, amazed that lost dogs should continue so long in that place;
but a sight of none could ever be had. The noise was fancied to come
sometimes from one quarter, sometimes from another; and when they came
near the place they were in, they ceased howling, expecting their
deliverance was at hand. I myself heard them _ten days_ after they had
been buried; and seeing some people at a distance, enquired what dogs
they were. _They are some dogs that are lost, Sir_, said they; _they
have been lost some time_. I concluded only some poachers had been there
early in the morning, and by a precipitate flight had left their dogs
behind them. In short, the howling and barking of these dogs was heard
for near three weeks, when it ceased. Mr. Wade's dogs were missing, but
he could not suspect those to be his; and the noise ceasing, the
thoughts, wonder, and talking about them, soon also ceased. Some time
after, a person being amongst the bushes where the howling was heard,
discovered some disturbed earth, and the print of men's heels ramming it
down again very close; and seeing Mr. Wade's servant, told him, he
thought something had been buried there. _Then_, said the man, _it is
our dogs, and they have been buried alive: I will go and fetch a spade,
and will find them, if I dig all Caudle over_. He soon brought a spade,
and upon removing the top earth, came to the blackthorns, and then to
the dogs, the biggest of which had eat the loins and greatest share of
the hind parts of the little one." Mr. Hanbury states the deaths of
these two sisters in the course of a few months after. The sums they
accumulated by their penurious way of living, were immense. They
bequeathed legacies by will to almost every body that were no kin to
them except their assiduous attorney, Valentine Price, to whom they left
nothing. "But what is strange and wonderful, though their charities in
their life-time at Langton were a sixpenny loaf a week only, which was
divided into as many parts as there were petitioners, and distributed by
eleven of the clock on a Sunday, unless they left the town the day
before, which was often the case, and when the poor were sure to fail of
their bounty; these gentlewomen, at the death of the last, bequeathed by
will upwards of twelve thousand pounds to the different hospitals and
religious institutions in the kingdom. A blaze of goodness issued from
them at last, and thus ended these two poor, unhappy, uncharitable,
charitable old gentlewomen."
Mr. Marshall calls him, "the indefatigable Hanbury, whose immense
labours are in a manner lost to the public." No man delighted more than
Mr. Hanbury did, in describing the beauty of trees and shrubs: this is
visible in the extracts which Mr. Marshall has made in his "Planting and
Rural Ornament."
WILLIAM SHENSTONE, Esq., justly celebrated for his pure and classic
taste in landscape gardening. His tender and pathetic feelings shine
throughout most of his works; and the sweetness and simplicity of his
temper and manners, endeared him to the neighbourhood and to his
acquaintance. Dr. Johnson says, his life was unstained by any crime. He
farther says of him, "He began from this time to entangle his walks, and
to wind his waters; which he did with such judgment and such fancy, as
made his little domain the envy of the great and the admiration of the
skilful. His house was mean, and he did not improve it; his care was of
his grounds. When he came home from his walks, he might find his floor
flooded by a shower through the broken roof; but could spare no money
for its reparation. In time his expences brought clamours about him,
that overpowered the lamb's bleat and the linnet's song; and his groves
were haunted by beings very different from fawns and fairies. He spent
his estate in adorning it, and his death was probably hastened by his
anxieties. He was a lamp that spent its oil in blazing. It is said, that
if he had lived a little longer he would have been assisted by a
pension: such bounty could not have been ever more properly bestowed;
but that it was ever asked is not certain; it is too certain that it
never was enjoyed."
His intimate friend, Robert Dodsley, thus speaks of him: "Tenderness,
indeed, in every sense of the word, was his peculiar characteristic; his
friends, his domestics, his poor neighbours, all daily experienced his
benevolent turn of mind. He was no economist; the generosity of his
temper prevented him from paying a proper regard to the use of money: he
exceeded, therefore, the bounds of his paternal fortune, which before he
died was considerably incumbered. But when one recollects the perfect
paradise he had raised around him, the hospitality with which he lived,
his great indulgence to his servants, his charities to the indigent, and
all done with an estate not more than three hundred pounds a year, one
should rather be led to wonder that he left any thing behind him, than
to blame his want of economy. He left, however, more than sufficient to
pay all his debts; and, by his will, appropriated his whole estate for
that purpose."
His portrait is prefixed to his works, published in 3 vols. 8vo. 1764.
His second volume contains his "Unconnected Thoughts on Landscape
Gardening;" and the description of the celebrated _Leasowes_, in that
volume, was written by ("the modest, sensible, and humane") Robert
Dodsley. His Epistolary Correspondence appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. The
title pages of the above first three volumes are attractive from their
vignette, or rural embellishments. A portrait of Shenstone was taken in
1758, by Ross, which Hall engraved for Dodsley, in 1780; and this
picture by Ross was in the possession of the late most worthy Dr.
Graves, of Claverton, who died a few years ago, at the advanced age of
ninety. Bell's edition of the Poets has a neat copy of this portrait.
Dr. Graves wrote "Recollections of the late William Shenstone." He also
dedicated an urn to him, and inscribed these lines thereon:--
Stranger! if woods and lawns like these,
If rural scenes thy fancy please,
Ah! stop awhile, and pensive view
Poor Shenstone's urn: who oft, like you,
These woods and lawns well-pleased has rov'd,
And oft these rural scenes approv'd.
Like him, be thou fair virtue's friend,
And health and peace thy steps attend.
Mr. Shenstone died in 1763, and is buried in Hales Owen church yard. An
urn is placed in the church to his memory, thus inscribed:--
Whoe'er thou art, with reverence tread
These sacred mansions of the dead.--
Not that the monumental bust
Or sumptuous tomb HERE guards the dust
Of rich or great: (Let wealth, rank, birth,
Sleep undistinguish'd in the earth;)
This simple urn records a name
That shines with more exalted fame.
Reader! if genius, taste refined,
A native elegance of mind;
If virtue, science, manly sense;
If wit, that never gave offence;
The clearest head, the tenderest heart,
In thy esteem e'er claim'd a part;
Ah! smite thy breast, and drop a tear,
For, know, THY Shenstone's dust lies here.
Mr. Mason thus speaks of Shenstone:
----"Nor thou
Shalt pass without thy meed, thou son of peace,
Who knew'st perchance to harmonize thy shades
Still softer than thy song; yet was that song
Nor rude nor unharmonious, when attuned
To pastoral plaint, or tales of slighted love."
And Mr. Whateley pays his memory the following tribute, previous to his
masterly survey of his far-famed and enchanting seat: "An allusion to
the ideas of pastoral poetry evidently enters into the design of the
Leasowes, where they appear so lovely as to endear the memory of their
author, and justify the reputation of Mr. Shenstone, who inhabited, made
and directed that celebrated place. It is a perfect picture of his mind,
simple, elegant, and amiable, and will always suggest a doubt whether
the spot inspired his verses, or whether, in the scenes which he formed,
he only realized the pastoral images which abound in his songs."[85]
George Mason, in many pages, pays high compliments to Shenstone's taste:
"Paine's Hill has every mark of creative genius, and Hagley of
correctest fancy; but the most intimate _alliance with nature_ was
formed by Shenstone." Mr. Marshall, in his "Planting and Rural
Ornament," has some critical remarks on the _Leasowes_, the expences in
perfecting which threw Shenstone "on the rack of poverty, and probably
hastened the dissolution of an amiable and valuable man." He says that
_Enville_ was originally designed by Shenstone, and that the cascade
and chapel were spoken of, with confidence, as his.[86]
LORD KAMES. His portrait is prefixed to the memoirs of him, by Lord
Woodhouselee, in 2 vols. 4to. 1807. There is an edition of the same
work, in 3 vols. 8vo. 1814, with the same portrait, which is engraved
from a drawing by D. Martin. His "Gentleman Farmer" spread his fame
through Scotland. Its preface is particularly interesting. Mr. Smellie,
in his Literary Lives of Gregory, Home, Hume, Adam Smith, and Lord
Kames, after giving many interesting particulars of the latter, and
after noticing his benevolence to the poor, during the whole course of
his long life, proceeds:--"One great feature in the character of Lord
Kames, besides his literary talents, and his public spirit, was a
remarkable innocency of mind. He not only never indulged in detraction,
but when any species of scandal was exhibited in his company, he either
remained silent, or endeavoured to give a turn to the conversation. As
natural consequences of this amiable disposition, he never meddled with
politics, even when politics ran to indecent lengths in this country;
and what is still more remarkable, he never wrote a sentence,
notwithstanding his numerous publications, without a direct and a
manifest intention to benefit his fellow creatures. In his temper he was
naturally warm, though kindly and affectionate. In the friendships he
formed, he was ardent, zealous and sincere. So far from being inclined
to irreligion, as some ignorant bigots insinuated, few men possessed a
more devout habit of thought. A constant sense of Deity, and a
veneration for Providence, dwelt upon his mind. From this source arose
that propensity, which appears in all his writings, of investigating
final causes, and tracing the wisdom of the Supreme Author of Nature."
He had the honour to be highly esteemed by the celebrated Mrs. Montagu.
The European Magazine of Nov. 1790, which gives an engraved portrait of
him, being a copy of the above, thus speaks: "He was one of the very
first who to great legal knowledge, added a considerable share of polite
literature. He arrived at the highest rank to which a lawyer could
attain in his own country; and he has left to the world such literary
productions, as will authorize his friends to place him, if not in the
highest, yet much above the lowest, class of elegant and polite writers.
He died in 1783, leaving to the world a proof, that an attention to the
abstrusest branches of learning, is not incompatible with the more
pleasing pursuits of taste and polite literature." He was kind-hearted
and humane. His pure taste in landscape scenery, is acknowledged by Mr.
Loudon, in p. 81 of the Encyclopaedia of Gardening. _Blair Drummond_ will
long be celebrated as having been his residence, and he there displayed
his superior taste in planting and improving.
In his "Elements of Criticism," (a truly original work) there is a
distinct chapter on architecture and gardening. He therein thus
addresses the reader:--"These cursory observations upon gardening, shall
be closed with some reflections that must touch every reader. Rough
uncultivated ground, dismal to the eye, inspires peevishness and
discontent: may not this be one cause of the harsh manners of savages? A
field richly ornamented, containing beautiful objects of various kinds,
displays in full lustre the goodness of the Deity, and the ample
provision he has made for our happiness. Ought not the spectator to be
filled with gratitude to his Maker, and with benevolence to his fellow
creatures? Other fine arts may be perverted to excite irregular and even
vicious emotions; but gardening, which inspires the purest and most
refined pleasures, cannot fail to promote every good affection. The
gaiety and harmony of mind it produceth, inclineth the spectator to
communicate his satisfaction to others, and to make them happy as he is
himself, and tends naturally to establish in him a habit of humanity and
benevolence."
JOHN ABERCROMBIE'S manly and expressive countenance is best given in the
portrait prefixed to an edition in 2 vols. 8vo. published Feb. 1, 1783,
by Fielding and Debrett. He is also drawn at full-length at his age of
seventy-two, in the sixteenth edition, printed in 1800, with a pleasing
view of a garden in the back-ground, neatly engraved. This honest,
unassuming man, persevered "through a long life of scarcely interrupted
health," in the ardent pursuit of his favourite science. The tenor of
his life exemplified how much a garden calms the mind, and tranquilly
sets at rest its turbulent passions. Mr. Loudon's Encyclop. of
Gardening, after giving some interesting points of his history, thus
concludes: "In the spring of 1806, being in his eightieth year, he met
with a severe fall, by which he broke the upper part of his thigh bone.
This accident, which happened to him on the 15th of April, terminated in
his death. After lying in a very weak exhausted state, without much
pain, he expired in the night, between April and May, as St. Paul's
church struck twelve. He was lamented by all who knew him, as cheerful,
harmless, and upright." One of his biographers thus relates of him:
"Abercrombie from a fall down stairs in the dark, died at the age of
eighty, and was buried at St. Pancras. He was present at the famous
battle of Preston Pans, which was fought close to his father's garden
walls. For the last twenty years of his life he lived chiefly on tea,
using it three times a-day: his pipe was his first companion in the
morning, and last at night.[87] He never remembered to have taken a dose
of physic in his life, prior to his last fatal accident, nor of having a
day's illness but once." A list of his works appears in Watts's Bibl.
Brit., and a most full one in Johnson's History of English Gardening,
who, with many collected particulars of Abercrombie, relates the great
and continually increasing sale of some of his works.
LAUNCELOT BROWNE, Esq.
His portrait was painted by Dance, and engraved by Sherwin. Under this
portrait are engraved the following lines, from the pen of Mr. Mason,
which are also inscribed on the tomb of Mr. Browne, in the church of
Fen-Staunton, Huntingdonshire:
_Ye sons of elegance, who truly taste
The simple charms which genuine art supplies,
Come from the sylvan scenes his genius drew,
And offer here your tributary sighs.
But know, that more than genius slumbers here,
Virtues were his that art's best powers transcend,
Come, ye superior train! who these revere,
And weep the christian, husband, father, friend._
Mr. Walpole, too, pays Mr. Browne this elegant compliment: "Did living
artists come within my plan, I should be glad to do justice to Mr.
Browne; but he may be a gainer by being reserved for some abler pen."
This celebrated landscape gardener died suddenly, in Hertford Street,
May Fair, on the 6th of February, 1783, on his return from a visit to
his old friend the Earl of Coventry. Mr. Browne, though bred a common
gardener at Stowe, possessed a cultivated mind, and his society was much
courted. Joseph Cradock, Esq. called him "a most agreeable, unassuming
man." He amassed a large fortune. He was consulted by most of the
nobility and gentry, and the places he laid out or altered, were, as Mr.
Loudon observes, beyond all reckoning. Mr. Repton has given a list of
his principal works.
It has been the fate of this eminent master of landscape embellishment,
to be severely censured by some, and lavishly praised by others. The
late keen and consummate observer of landscape scenery, Sir Uvedale
Price, harshly condemns the too frequent cold monotony and tameness of
many of Mr. Browne's creations, and his never transfusing into his works
any thing of the taste and spirit which prevail in the poet Mason's
precepts and descriptions; and in one of his acute, yet pleasant pages,
he alludes to his having but _one_ and the same plan of operation;
_Sangrado_-like, treating all disorders in the same manner. Perhaps the
too general smoothness and tameness of Mr. Browne's pleasure-grounds ill
accorded with Sir Uvedale's enthusiasm for the more sublime views of
forest scenery, rapid and stony torrents and cascades, wild entangled
dingles, and craggy breaks; or with the high and sublime notions he had
imbibed from the rich scenery of nature so often contemplated by him in
the landscapes of _Claude_, or in those of _Rubens_, _Gaspar Poussin_,
_Salvator Rosa_, or of _Titian_, "the greatest of all landscape
painters." Perhaps Sir Uvedale preferred "unwedgeable and gnarled oaks,"
to "the tameness of the poor pinioned trees of a gentleman's plantation,
drawn up straight," or the wooded banks of a river, to the "bare shaven
border of a canal."[88]
Daines Barrington happily said, "Kent has been succeeded by Browne, who
hath undoubtedly great merit in laying out pleasure-grounds; but I
conceive that in some of his plans, I see rather traces of the
kitchen-gardener of old Stowe, than of Poussin or Claude Lorraine: I
could wish, therefore, that Gainsborough gave the design, and that
Browne executed it."[89] Mr. Loudon observes, "that Browne must have
possessed considerable talents, the extent of his reputation abundantly
proves; but that he was imbued with much of that taste for picturesque
beauty, which distinguished the works of Kent, Hamilton, and Shenstone,
we think will hardly be asserted by any one who has observed attentively
such places as are known to be his creations." Mr. George Mason candidly
asks, "why Browne should be charged with all the defects of those that
have called themselves his followers, I have seen no good reason
alleged, nor can I suppose it possible to produce one." Many of his
imitators exhibited so little talent in their creations, that Mr.
Browne's name considerably suffered in the estimation of many.
Mr. Gilpin speaks of Browne's improvements at Blenheim in high terms.
Mr. Marshall in his Survey of Stowe and Fisherwick, in vol. i. of his
"Planting and Rural Ornament," and at p. 384, pays a fair tribute to
him. Much general information respecting him may be seen in Mr. Loudon's
chapter "Of the rise, progress, and present state of gardening in the
British Isles." The candour and rich conciseness of this review,
embraces the whole _magic of the art_, as respects landscape
gardening.[90]
FRANCIS ZAVIER VISPRE wrote "A Dissertation on the Growth of Wine in
England", Bath, 8vo. 1786. Mr. Vispre died poor, between thirty and
forty years ago, in St. Martin's Lane. He excelled in painting portraits
in crayons: Sir Joshua much esteemed him. He was a most inoffensive man,
of the mildest manners, and of the purest integrity. I have seen his
portrait in crayons, in an oval, finely finished by himself, but know
not now where that is. On his mode of training the vine _very near the
ground_, see p. 757 of the Encyclop. of Gardening.
WILLIAM MASON, precentor and canon of York, died in 1797. His friend,
Sir Joshua Reynolds, painted an impressive portrait of him, which is
engraved by Doughty. A masterly copy of this fine portrait is in Mr.
Cadell's Contemporary Portraits. A copy is also prefixed to the edition
of his works, in 4 vols. 8vo. 1811, published by Mr. Cadell. His
portrait was also taken by Vaslet, and engraved by Carter, 1771. It is a
large metz etching. He translated Du Fresnoy's Art of Painting, to which
Sir Joshua added some notes. Mr. Mason has prefixed an Epistle to Sir
Joshua, which thus concludes:
And oh! if ought thy poet can pretend
Beyond his favourite wish, to _call thee friend_:
Be it that here his tuneful toil has dress'd
The muse of _Fresnoy_ in a modern vest;
And, with what skill his fancy could bestow,
Taught the close folds to take an easier flow;
Be it that here, thy partial smile approv'd
The pains he lavish'd on the art he lov'd.
Mr. Mason's attachment to painting was an early one, is conspicuous in
many of his writings, and in his English Garden, is visible throughout:
----feel ye there
What _Reynolds_ felt, when first the Vatican
Unbarr'd her gates, and to his raptur'd eye
Gave all the god-like energy that flow'd
From _Michael's_ pencil; feel what _Garrick_ felt,
When first he breath'd the soul of _Shakspeare's_ page.
Sir Joshua, in his will, bequeaths his then supposed portrait of Milton
to Mr. Mason.
Mr. Gray thus observes of Mason, when at Cambridge:--"So ignorant of the
world and its ways, that this does not hurt him in one's opinion; so
sincere and so undisguised, that no mind with a spark of generosity
would ever think of hurting him, he lies so open to injury; but so
indolent, that if he cannot overcome this habit, all his good qualities
will signify nothing at all."