multi-chine hull, 175, 191, 199;
cockpit, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 200, 205, 208, 211;
deck, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 204, 211;
structure, 178, 180;
keelson, 178, 192, 195, 200, 204, 206, 211;
gunwales, 178, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
geographic distribution, 190, 191;
v-bottom, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211;
risers, 190;
flat bottom, 190 ff., 204 ff.;
Alaskan, 190 ff., 195, 196;
distribution, 190, 191;
design, 191, 192;
handling and use, 191, 194, 195, 199;
portaging, 191, 199;
construction, 192-194;
keel, 192;
frames, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
bone fittings, 193, 204, 208, 211;
seat, 194;
skin cover, 194;
paddle, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 205;
as catamaran, 194;
righting, 194, 223-227;
hunting screen, 195;
thwarts, 195 ff., 199, 208;
Koryak, 195;
Kodiak Island, 195, 196;
breakwater, 196;
decorations, 197, 199;
Aleutian, 196, 197;
Unalaska, 196, 197;
two-passenger, 197;
three-passenger, 197;
Nunivak Island, 197, 199;
King Island, 199, 200;
Cape Krusenstern, 200;
Cape Espenberg, 200;
Point Barrow, 200;
Norton Sound, 200;
Mackenzie Delta, 200, 202;
Kotzebue Sound, 200;
sheer, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211;
Copper Eskimo, 204;
Coronation Gulf, 204;
Caribou, 204;
Netsilik, 204;
Baffin Island, 204, 205;
Labrador, 205, 206;
rocker (camber) of bottom, 205, 206, 211;
Greenland, 206, 208, 211;
flare, 206;
rake of ends, 208
kayak-form canoe, 154, 158-168;
Sekani, 159;
Nahane, 159;
bateau-shaped, 159;
rake of ends, 159, 164;
Loucheux, 161, 166;
bottom frame of, 160 ff.;
paddler's seat, 163;
hunting, 165;
British Columbia, 165;
family, 165, 166;
keel, 166;
Chipewyan, 166, 167
keel, Beothuk canoe, 96, 97, 98;
kayak-form canoe, 166;
kayak, 192
keelson, umiak, 184, 186, 188;
kayak, 192, 195, 200, 202, 204, 206, 211
keg (in fur trade), 142
Kennebec Indians, 70
King Island kayak, 194, 199, 200
King Island umiak, 187
Kipewa Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
knife, stone, 19;
crooked, 21, 23
Kodiak Island, 181, 192
Kodiak Island kayak, 195, 196, 197, 199
Koryak umiak, 182, 189
Koryak kayak, 192, 195
Kotzebue Sound, 188, 200;
kayak, 200
Krusenstern, Cape, 200, 204
Krusenstern kayak, 200, 204
Kutenai (Kootenay) Indians, 168, 172
Labrador, 99, 191, 192, 205, 206
Labrador kayak, 205, 206
Laet, Joann de, 94
LaFiteau, 12, 215
LaHontan, Baron de, 8, 10, 215
larch, splitting qualities, 17
La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 8
lashing, canoe gunwale, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48;
Micmac, 60;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160-166;
sturgeon-nose, 169
lashing skin cover, 186, 188, 190 (see also sewing, stitching)
lathing (see sheathing)
light (express) canoe, 137, 141
_London Chronicle_, 4
long-nose canoe, 125, 130, 132
longitudinal strength (see gunwale, keelson chine, keel, stringers, etc.)
Loucheux Indians, 154;
kayak-form canoe, 161, 166
MacKenzie, Alexander, 13
MacKenzie Basin canoe, 159, 161, 162
Mackenzie River, 154, 181, 191
Mackenzie River kayak, 202, 204
_maître canot_ (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 122, 135, 138, 151, 153
Malecite Indians, 4, 10;
composition of tribe, 70;
canoe, 114, 115;
sheathing, 34;
construction, 36-57;
bark covers over gunwale ends, 48;
described, 70-88;
ends, 70, 76, 77;
of spruce bark, 72;
temporary (skin), 219, 221;
dimensions of, 73 ff., 78, 79
Manitoba, 99, 132
maple, hard, splitting qualities, 17
Marquette, Father Jacques, 8
Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.), 4, 5, 187
mast, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
tripod, 182
Matachewan Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Matagama Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
maul, 19, 23
McGill University Museum, 4
measurement, of canoes, early, 7, 8, 9;
units of (French), 8, 36;
Indian, 36, 37, 50, 51, 92, 93
Melville Peninsula, 204
Memphremagog, Lake, 88
Menominee Indians, 122, 123
Micmac Indians, 10, 12, 58
canoe, 12, 27;
sheathing, 34;
described, 58-69;
ends, 58, 59;
form, 59;
construction, 62, 63;
range, 65
migrations, Indian, 5;
effect on canoes, 27
Missinaibi River, 132
Missinaibi Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Mohigan Indians, 88
Montagnais Indian canoe, 34, 99, 100, 106
Montreal, 8, 10, 13
Moose Factory (Hudson's Bay Company Post), 132
moosehide canoe, 72, 219
multi-chine hull, kayak, 154, 175, 191, 199
nabiska (rabeska; see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
_nadowé chiman_ (see fur-trade canoe), 136
Nahane Indian kayak-form canoe, 159
nail, in canoe construction, 66, 69, 117
narrow-bottom canoe, 113, 114, 135, 154-158;
Northwest, 155, 157;
spruce bark, 158
Nascapee Indians, 99, 100
National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, England), 12
Netsilik kayak, 204
New Bedford whaleboat, 187
Nipigon, Lake, 123
North Alaskan whaling umiak, 187, 188
North Bay (Ontario), 125
north canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
North West Company, 136, 138, 143, 152
North West narrow-bottom canoe (see narrow-bottom), 155-157
Norton Sound kayak, 200
Nunivak Island kayak, 192, 197, 199, 200
Oar, umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
Ojibway Indians, 122
canoe, sheathing, 34;
construction, 122-131, 171
Oka, Lake, 113
one-piece bark canoe, 212
open-water canoe, 58;
sails, 64;
dimensions, 65
Ossipee Indians, 88
Ottawa River, 12, 113
_Outing Magazine_, 4
outwale (see gunwale)
owner's mark, 83, 84, 85
overhang, in ends of kayak-form canoe, 159
paddle, material and manufacture, 53;
Micmac, 66, 67, 69;
Malecite, 80, 81, 82;
Beothuk, 96;
Eastern Cree, 116;
Têtes de Boules, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 133;
fur-trade, 152;
kayak-form, 163;
umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
kayak, 195
paddle guard, Micmac, 64
paddler's seat, kayak-form canoe, 163;
kayak, 194
paint (on canoes), Malecite, 77;
fur-trade, 150, 151
Passamaquoddy Indians, 70
canoe, 74, 75, 82, 83
Peabody Museum (Salem, Mass.), 5, 74, 168
peg, outwale, 48, 117;
keel, 96
Peterborough canoe, 65
Pennacook Indians, 88
Penobscot Bay, 7
Penobscot Indians, 70
Pepysian Library, 176
Pequawket Indians, 88
Perrot, Nicholas, 215
Pillagers (Indian tribe), 122
pine, white, bark, 213
plane, smoothing (tool), 21
planking (see sheathing)
Plains Indians, 220
Point Barrow (village), 187
Point Barrow kayak, 200, 204
Point Hope (village), 188
Pond Inlet, 206
porpoise-hunting canoe, 74, 75
portage canoe, 58, 65, 123 (Ojibway)
portaging, canoe, 122, 151, 152;
Umiak, 188;
kayak, 191, 199
Poterie, Bacqueville de la, 12, 215
prah, Malay, 189
Pribilof Islands, 196
Prince William Sound, 196
quill decoration, Micmac, 68
rabeska (see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
rake of ends, kayak-form canoe, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 187, 190;
kayak, 208
ram-form, 34, 168
Ramezay, chateau de, 78
rawhide, sewing with, 132, 158 (see sewing; stitching; lashing)
Red Paint People (Indian tribe), 94
Repulse Bay, 204
Restigouche canoe, 65
ribs (see frames)
risers, umiak, 182, 187 ff.,
kayak, 190
river canoe, Malecite, 70-79
Rivière du Loup, 78
rocker (camber; convex lengthwise curve of keel), 28, 37, 38, 41;
effect of gores on, 57;
Micmac, 59, 63:
Labrador, 99, 100;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 113;
Ojibway, 125;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136;
Northwest, 155;
kayak-form, 159, 164;
umiak, 182, 184, 188, 189;
kayak, 205, 206, 211;
elm-bark canoe, 214
roots, for sewing, 15, 16;
varieties used, 16;
splitting and peeling, 20
Ross, Sir James Clark, 208
rudder, umiak, 187, 189
Russian influence on skin boat design, 175, 189, 192, 197
Saginaw (Michigan), 123
Saguenay River, 99
sails, canoe, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
Passamaquoddy, 75;
Malecite, 75;
Eastern Cree, 106;
fur-trade, 152;
narrow-bottom, 158;
blanket (Iroquois), 219;
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189
kayak, 195
umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190
St. Croix River, 70
St. Francis Abnaki Indians, 88
canoe, 88-93;
dimensions, 89, 114, 115
St. John Lake, 99
St. John River, 70
St. Joseph Lake, 132
St. Lawrence Island, 197
St. Lawrence River, 5, 13, 70, 78
St. Matthew (Alaska), 196
St. Maurice River, 107
St. Michaels kayak, 200
Salish Indians, 168, 172
Saltreaux (Indian tribe), 122
sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
scale-model canoe, 4, 5
Schenectady boat, 13
scow, 13
scraper (tool), 19
sea otter hunting, 197
seal, bearded, 188, 195
Sekani Indians, kayak-form canoe, 159
setting up canoe (on building bed), 37, 38, 40, 44, 45
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 4
sewing (stitching, lashing), 15, 29, 30;
on building bed, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50;
Micmac, 63;
Malecite, 79;
St. Francis Abnaki, 91;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 120;
rawhide, 132, 158;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 162;
sturgeon-nose, 168;
skin cover, 186, 188, 190;
kayak, 193, 194, 196;
temporary canoe, 220
Sharp, Minnie Bell (Mrs. Edwin Tappan Adney), 4
Sharpie (boat type), 191, 206, 208
shaving horse (tool), 22
sheathing, 19, 73, 77;
fitting of, 32 ff., 51, 52;
Malecite, 50, 51, 75;
Micmac, 63, 64;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 105;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 121, 122;
fur-trade, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
temporary canoe, 218, 220
sheer (rise in lengthwise line of gunwale), 47, 52, 56;
hogged, 55, 62, 63;
Micmac, 59;
Malecite, 70;
Beothuk, 94, 96 ff.;
Algonkin, 114, 117;
fur-trade, 136, 148;
Northwest, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167;
umiak, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
kayak, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211
shelter, Malecite canoe as, 71, 72
Sioux (Dakotas), 122, 130, 133
skiff-canoe (3-board), 65
skin boat arctic, 174-211;
seagoing, 174, 175;
voyages, 176;
shape and size, 176;
in ice, 180;
loading, 180, 181;
umiak, 181-189;
kayak, 190-211;
compared with bark canoe, 193, 221;
temporary, 219, 221;
caribou skin, 220
skin cover, umiak, 176, 178, 186, 188;
kayak, 192 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204;
for temporary canoe, 219
skin canoe, temporary, construction of, 219-221
Siberia, 181
Slave Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158
sledge, for transporting umiak, 188;
for transporting Nunivak Island kayak, 199
Sokoki Indians, 88
Southampton Island, 191, 204
Spars, Micmac, 65, 66, 67
Spruce, black, bark, 15, 17, 24, 212, 213;
roots for sewing, 15, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 19;
in kayaks, 192
red, 17
spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, 72;
Western Cree, 132;
narrow-bottom, 158
spruce gum, 17;
preparation, 24;
tempering, 24, 25
stakes, building bed, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148
stanchion, 195
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, 174
stem-piece, 34, 35, 36;
construction, 48, 49;
root as, 55, 132;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 109;
Algonkin, 113, 114, 119
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
plank, 125, 155, 156, 160, 164;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 156, 157;
kayak-form, 164;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169;
temporary skin canoe, 218
stitching bark cover, 43, 44;
temporary canoe, 220 (see also sewing, lashing)
stone tools, 17-20;
use of, 18;
cutting edge, 18
straight-bottom canoe, 100, 101, 106, 155
Strut (headboard brace), 123, 150
sturgeon-nose canoe, 154, 168-173;
British Columbia, 168;
ends, 168;
size, 172, 173
Superior, Lake, 113, 122, 123, 125
Taconnet Indians, 88
tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, 16
Tanana Indians, 154
tapering wooden members, 19, 118
tarpaulin (in fur trade), 142, 143
Temiscaming, Lake, 147
temporary canoe, 212-219
Têtes de Boule Indians, 107
canoe, 107-112, 116, 122;
sheathing, 34;
described, 107-112;
dimensions, 107;
construction, 108 ff., 112
Teton Indians, 133
thong braces, umiak, 186, 187, 190
throwing stick, 194
thwarts, 19, 38, 40;
fitting of ends, 32, 56;
location, 32, 37, 40;
supporting on building bed, 46, 47;
Micmac, 61, 62;
St. Francis, 90;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 110;
Algonkin, 117, 121;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 147, 150;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162, 166, 167;
sturgeon-nose, 169;
umiak, 182, 187;
kayak, 195 ff., 199, 208;
rough construction of, 213, 216;
temporary skin canoe, 219
Timagami (Ontario), Lake, 125, 131, 151
tomahawk, 21
tongs, wooden, 20
topsail, umiak, 183
Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, 8
tools, primitive, 17-20;
modern, 20-24
tree felling, 18
treenail, 190, 192
Trois Rivières, 13
tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac, 60;
Malecite, 73, 75, 78
tump line, 122, 143
Two Mountains, Lake of, 113
Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190;
qualities, 175, 176, 178;
use, 175, 176;
design, 176, 178, 182-183;
compared with curragh, 176, 178;
skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188;
construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188;
oars and paddles, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
headboards, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
flare of sides, 182, 183, 188;
sheer, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
rake of ends, 182, 187, 190;
rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189;
thwarts, 182, 187;
risers, 182, 187 ff.;
v-bottom, 182, 184, 189;
gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190;
Alaskan, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188;
Koryak, 182, 189;
Greenland, 182, 189;
frames (ribs), 184 ff., 189, 190;
keelson, 184, 186, 188;
thong brace, 186, 187, 190;
rudder, 187, 189;
whaling, 187, 188;
King Island, 187;
hogging brace, 188;
portaging, 188;
Baffin Island, 189, 190
Unalaska kayak, 196
United States Fish Commission, 202
United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204
~V~-bottom canoe, Malecite, 74, 75, 76, 77;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 96, 98, 100;
Têtes de Boule, 107;
Algonkin, 113
kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211
umiak, 182, 184, 189
~V~-Form (see ~V~-bottom)
Viking boat, 187
voyageur, 143;
loads carried by, 143, 144;
number required for a canoe, 145;
paddle requirement, 152
wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 114, 119, 131
walrus skin, for umiak, 183;
for kayak, 194
war canoe, 10;
Micmac, 58, 65;
Malecite, 70
war party, Malecite, 71;
traveling, 212;
Iroquois, 214
Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
water, Indian methods of boiling, 20
weapons, for kayaks, 194, 211
weather cloth, 183
wedge, 38, 156
Western Cree Indians, 132, 155;
canoe, 72, 132-134, 155
Wewenoc Indians, 88
Weymouth, Captain George, 7
whaleboat, 187
whaling umiak, 187, 188
Whitbourne, Captain Richard, 94
White Fish People (Indian tribe), 107
wide-bottom canoe, 54
willow, 17
Winnipeg, Lake, 132
wood (for kayaks), 192, 200, 204
wood bending, by hot water, 20;
over a fire, 69
wood splitting, 17, 18, 19
woods canoe, 58, 65
Woodstock, New Brunswick, 4, 75
wulegessis, 72, 73, 77, 82, 90, 120, 121
York boat, 220
Yukon Indians, 190
Yukon River canoe, 159;
kayak-form, 164, 165, 166, 190
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 O--491-230
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical
errors.
Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.