prepares to roll up by the standard method. Note the planing angle of
his paddle blade as he prepares for the next step, the planing sweep of
the blade across the surface. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]
[Illustration: Figure 223
EMERGING FROM ROLL, view from forward quarter, looking aft. From the
position of Enoch Nielsen's hands, this appears to be the standard
roll. He has just completed the planing sweep and is halfway up. The
inboard hand is a pivot point for the sweep and a fulcrum for the lift.
(_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]
[Illustration: Figure 224
RIGHTING THE KAYAK. Enoch Nielsen emerges from roll with a final
downward thrust of the paddle blade. (_Photo by Kenneth Taylor._)]
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Index
Abitibi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
Abitibi River, 132
Abnaki (Indians), 12
canoe, 88-89;
dimensions, 89, 114-115
Admiralty Collection of Draughts, 12, 13
Adney, Edwin Tappan, 4-5, 57, 100;
papers, 4, 5, 6;
parents, 4;
wife, 4;
work and career, 4-5
Adney, Glenn (son of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, H. H. (father of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, Minnie Bell Sharp (wife of E. T. A.), 4
Adney, Ruth Shaw (mother of E. T. A.), 4
Adney papers, 4, 5, 6
Alaska, 5, 181, 182
Alaskan canoe, 55
Alaskan kayak, 154, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196
Alaskan umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
Albany boat, 13
Alberta, 132
Aleutian Islands, 181, 183, 194 ff.
Aleutian kayak, 195 ff.
Algonkian Family, 99
Algonkin (Indians), 99, 107, 113;
canoe, 113-122
_America_ (44-gun ship, RN), 65
_American Neptune_ (periodical), 74
American Museum of Natural History, 89, 195, 204
Androscoggin (Indians), 88
Anson, Lord, 12
Art Students' League of New York, 4
ash, white, 17;
black, 17;
splitting qualities, 17
Asiatic kayak, 192, 195
Assiniboine (Indian tribe), 132
Athabaska, Lake, 132, 155
Athabascan Indians, 154, 156
awl, bone, 19;
steel (canoe), 21
axe, steel, 20, 21;
cedar, 21
Baffin Island, 82, 189, 191, 192, 204, 206, 208;
umiak, 189, 190;
kayak, 204 ff.
baidarka (Russian kayak), 175
bang plate, 208
bark, basswood, 15
birch, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51
butternut, 213
chestnut, 15, 213
cottonwood, 15
elm, 15, 212 ff.
hickory, 15, 213, 217
spruce, 15, 17, 24, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
white pine, 213
bark cover, piecing, 42, 43, 45, 55;
Micmac, 63;
Beothuk, 98;
Algonkin, 120;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 147, 148;
kayak-form, 162
Barrière, Lake, 107, 146
basket (pack), in fur trade, 143
basswood, bark, 15
bateau, 13
bateau-shape canoe, 159-161
batten (in skin boat construction), 186, 188 ff., 195 ff., 199,
204 ff., 208
Beard, Daniel, 4
Beaver (Indians), 154;
kayak-form canoe, 159
Beothuk (Indian tribe), 6, 94-98
canoe, 94, 95;
dimensions, 94, 98;
form, 96;
keel, 96, 97, 98;
reconstruction of, 96 ff.
Bering Sea, 195
Bering Strait, 182, 189, 199
bifid bow, 196, 197
big river canoe, 58, 65
birch bark, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
description, 14-15;
selection and preparation, 24-26;
handling, 29-31;
use in building canoes, 41-51
bladder, skin (float), 194
Boas, Franz, 189, 204
boat, Arctic skin, 174-212;
Viking, 187;
temporary skin, 219-220;
bull, 220
Bogoras, Vladimir, 183
bola (hunting), 194
bone fittings, kayak, 193, 204, 208, 211
Bonshere River, Ontario, 113
bottom-frame, kayak-form canoe, 160 ff.
bow drill, 19, 20
breakwater, canoe, 162, 166, 167;
kayak, 196
British Columbia, 5;
kayak-form canoe, 165;
sturgeon-nose canoe, 168
bucksaw, 23
building bed, locating, 37;
preparation of, 37;
stakes, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148;
repair to, 41;
of plank, 56, 146, 147;
Micmac, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72, 73, 74;
St. Francis, 91, 92;
Beothuk, 96, 97;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173;
temporary canoe, 216, 219
building frame, 26, 37, 54 ff.;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Algonkin, 115, 116;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 140, 141, 146, 147;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 161;
sturgeon-nose, 173
bull-boat, 220
butternut bark, 213
camber (rocker of bottom), 28, 37, 38, 41 (see also rocker)
canoe, birch bark, Adney on, 4 ff.;
scale models of, 4, 5;
plans of, 5, 6;
speed of, 7, 29, 137;
origin of name, 13;
requirements for, 27;
types, 27;
forms discussed, 27-36 ff., 59 (see also under tribal types);
tribal classification, 27 ff. (see under tribal names);
effects of bark characteristics on, 29 ff.;
construction discussed, 36-57 (see also under tribal types);
compared with Eskimo skin boat, 193
elm bark, 212, 219
hickory bark, 213, 217
skin, 219-221;
moosehide, 72, 219;
temporary, 219-221
spruce bark, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
temporary, 219-221
canoe awl, 21
canoe birch (see under bark)
canoe brigade, 152
canoe building, Trois Rivières factory, 13, 135, 136;
for fur trade, 135, 136, 146 ff., 148 ff.;
at Hudson's Bay Company Posts, 151
canoe ends, details of construction, 34, 35, 36;
Micmac, 58, 59;
Malecite, 70, 76, 77, 155, 156;
Chipewyan, 156, 157;
Dogrib, 156, 157;
slave, 157, 158;
kayak-form, 158, 159;
sturgeon-nose, 168
canoe loading, fur-trade, 144, 145, 152, 153
canoe portaging, 122, 151, 152
canoe roads, 138
canoe sails (see sails)
canoe shoes, Malecite, 79, 80
canoe types,
Abnaki, 88-89
Alaskan, 55
Algonkin, 113-122
Beaver, 159
Beothuk, 94-98
Big River, 58, 65
bateau-shape, 159-161
British Columbia, 165, 168
Chipewyan, 155-158
Cree, Central, 34;
Eastern, 101-106;
Western, 132-134, 155
crooked, 99, 100, 106
Dogrib, 155-158
express, 137, 141
fur-trade (see under fur-trade)
hunting (Micmac), 58, 65, 70
kayak-form (see under kayak-form)
light, 137, 141
long nose, 125, 130, 132
Loucheux, 161, 166
Mackenzie Basin, 159, 161, 162
Montagnais, 34, 99, 100, 106
Malecite, 34, 36-57, 70-93, 114, 115, 219, 221
Micmac, 12, 27, 34, 58-69
Nahane, 159
narrow-bottom, 113, 114, 135, 154-158
Northwest, 154, 155-157 (narrow-bottom);
158-168 (kayak-form)
Ojibway, 122-131
one-piece, 212
open-water, 58, 64, 65
Passamaquoddy, 74, 75, 82, 83
Peterborough, 65
porpoise hunting, 74, 75
portage, 58, 65, 123
Restigouche, 65
river (Malecite), 70-79
St. Francis, 88-93, 114, 115
skiff-canoe, 65
Slave, 155-158
straight-bottom, 100, 101, 106, 155
sturgeon-nose, 154, 168-173
temporary, 212-219
Têtes de Boule, 34, 107-112, 116, 122
~V~-bottom, 74 ff., 89, 96, 98, 100, 107, 113
war, 10, 58, 65, 70
wide-bottom, 54
woods, 58, 65
Western Cree, 72, 132-134, 155
Yukon River, 159, 164, 165, 166, 190
_canot_ (canoe), 13;
_du maître_ (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 135;
_du nord_ (see fur-trade canoe), 151, 153;
_léger_ (see light canoe), 137
Cape York, 208
Carib Indians, 13
Caribou Eskimo kayak, 204
caribou-skin boat, 220
Cartier, Jacques, 7, 68
Cartwright, Lieut. John, 94, 95
cedar, northern white, roots, 16;
splitting qualities, 17, 18
Celts, 176
Champlain, Samuel de, 7, 10, 213
Champlain, Lake, 7
Chatham dockyard, 12
chestnut bark, 15, 213
chine, 164, 166, 184, 187, 188, 195, 202, 204, 205, 206
Chippewa (Chippeway; Indian tribe), 122
Chipewyan (Indian tribe), 154, 155
canoe, 155-158;
ends, 156, 157;
spreading gunwales, 158;
dimensions, 158;
kayak-form, 166, 167
chisel, 23
Christopherson, L. A. (Hudson's Bay Company Factor), 145, 146;
on fur-trade canoe construction, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
Chukchi umiak, 182, 183, 188;
kayak, 195
cockpit, kayak, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 208, 211
Coffin, Samuel, 95
Collins, Henry B. (Bureau of American Ethnology), 174
_Colliers_ (magazine), 4
construction methods, Malecite, 36-57, 72-74;
Micmac, 58, 59-64;
St. Francis, 90-93;
Beothuk, 96-98;
Eastern Cree, 104-106;
Têtes de Boule, 108-112;
Algonkin, 115-122;
Ojibway, 125, 127 ff.;
Western Cree, 132, 133;
fur-trade, 146-151;
narrow-bottom, 155 ff.;
kayak-form, 160 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168-172;
umiak, 176 ff., 182, 184-187;
kayak, 192-194;
temporary canoes, 212-218;
temporary skin boats, 218-220
Copper Eskimo kayak, 204
Coppermine River, 155
coracle, 176
Coronation Gulf, 193, 204
Coronation Gulf kayak, 204
cottonwood bark, 15
Cowassek (Coosuc; Indian tribe), 88
Crantz, David (missionary), 190, 223
Cree Indians, central, 34;
eastern, 99, 101-106;
western, 132-134, 155
crew, fur-trade canoe, 145
crimping bark (in canoe building), 29, 30, 212, 214, 216, 217
crooked canoe, 99, 100, 106
crooked knife (tool), 21, 23
curragh, 176, 178;
waterproofing skins for, 176;
compared with umiak and kayak, 178
Coosuc (Indian tribe), 88
dart (for hunting), 194
deck, kayak-form canoe, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167;
kayak, 176, 195 ff., 199, 202, 204, 211
decorations, 53;
Micmac, 67, 68;
Malecite, 82 ff.;
St. Francis, 90, 91;
Têtes de Boule, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
fur-trade, 146, 150, 151;
kayak-form, 163;
kayak, 197, 199
Dènè (Indian tribe), 162
Denys, Nicolas, 57, 68, 69
Dibble, Lt. Col. Herbert, 75
dimensions, canoe (see under tribal type); old canoes, 7 ff.
Dogrib Indians, 154, 155;
canoe, 155-158
drill (tool), 19
dugout, 10, 213
eastern canoe construction, 54
Eastern Cree Indians, 99, 100, 101-106
canoe, 101-106;
dimensions, 106
Eastport (Maine), 75
Egede, Hans (missionary), 190
elm bark, 8, 15, 212, 213, 214, 215
_Encyclopedia Arctica_, 6
ends (canoe), 31, 32, 55, 56, 70, 72, 76, 77, 155 ff., 168, 217
engine, outboard gasoline, 175, 187
Eskimo, 154, 159, 175, 176, 182, 190, 191, 195
Eskimo roll, 194, 223-227
Eskimo skin boat (see kayak, umiak)
Espenberg, Cape, kayak, 200
express canoe, 137, 141
Fort Chimo, 99, 100
Foxe Basin, 182, 204
frames (ribs), 19, 32;
number of, 51;
making and bending, 51;
fitting, 51, 52, 56;
temporary, 51, 52;
Micmac, 60, 62;
Malecite, 73, 77;
St. Francis, 90, 91, 92;
Eastern Cree, 104, 105, 106;
Têtes de Boule, 110, 112;
Algonkin, 122;
Ojibway, 130;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 148, 149;
narrow-bottom, 158;
kayak-form, 160, 162 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
umiak, 184 ff., 189, 190;
kayak, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
rough construction of, 213;
for temporary bark canoe, 218;
for temporary skin canoe, 219
Franquet, Colonel (French military engineer-in-chief), 13
froe (steel tool), 20, 21
"frog" (headboard support), 35, 61
fur trade, canoe cargoes in, 142, 145, 147, 152, 153;
handling furs, 142;
pack loads, 142 ff.;
bundles and boxes, 142, 143;
brigades, 152, 153
fur-trade canoe, 5, 10 ff., 36, 37, 99, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 130,
135-153, 156;
described, 135, 153;
names applied to, 135, 147, 150;
forms and categories, 136;
dimensions of, 138, 141, 142;
construction methods, 146 ff.;
gunwales, 136, 148, 150;
sheathing, 149;
stem-pieces, 150;
headboards, 150;
paint, 150, 151
Fury Strait, 204
Gay, John, 94, 96
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 94
gimlet (tool), 21
Golden Lake Algonkin Reserve (Canada), 113
gores (bark canoes), 30, 31, 41, 42, 48, 50;
spacing, 57;
Micmac, 60;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108;
Algonkin, 117;
fur-trade, 148;
in umiak, skin cover, 186
Grand Victoria Lake, 107, 146
great canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
Great Lakes, 5, 8, 10, 12
Great Slave Lake, 155
Greenland, 176, 181, 187, 191, 194
Greenland kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 205;
206 (northern coast, Polar coast), 208 (southern coast), 211 (modern)
Greenland roll, 223 ff.
Greenland umiak, 182, 190
Gulf of Boothia, 204
gum, 17;
spruce, 17, 24, 25;
tempering, 24, 25;
repairs with, 25, 26;
paying seams with, 50, 53
gunwale, making, 19, 38;
profile of, 28, 29;
plan view of, 29;
forms of, 31;
ends of, 31, 38;
inner, 31;
outer, 31, 47 ff., 55, 60, 72, 73, 118, 119, 150, 155, 156, 169;
lashing, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48, 60, 108, 109, 120, 149, 155, 156, 159,
169 (see also under lashing);
securing bark to, 31, 33;
setting up, 37;
use as building frame, 37, 38, 40, 41;
size of, 38;
variations in construction of, 55;
Micmac, 60, 61;
hogged, 55, 59, 62, 63;
Malecite, 72 ff.;
St. Francis, 89;
Beothuk, 97, 98;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 112;
spreading, 117, 118, 127, 148, 158;
Algonkin, 116, 117, 118, 119;
Ojibway, 127;
Western Cree, 132;
fur-trade, 136, 148, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
kayak-form, 159, 160, 164 ff.;
sturgeon-nose, 168, 169, 172;
umiak, 182, 184 ff., 190;
kayak, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
temporary canoe, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220
gunwale cap, making and fitting, 52, 53;
Micmac, 60, 61;
Malecite, 73;
Eastern Cree, 104;
Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
Algonkin, 118, 119;
fur-trade, 136, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155;
sturgeon-nose, 172
handgrip, 197, 199, 200
Hare (Indian tribe), 154
_Harper's Weekly_, 4
_Harper's Young People Magazine_, 4
harpoon (hunting weapon), 194
headboard, 35, 36;
support, 35, 61;
making and fitting, 52;
Micmac, 61;
Malecite, 74, 78, 79;
St. Francis, 89;
Eastern Cree, 101;
Têtes de Boule, 109, 110;
Algonkin, 113, 119;
Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
fur-trade, 150;
narrow-bottom, 155, 157;
umiak, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
post used as, 217
Hearne, Samuel (explorer), 155, 164
Heath, John, 174, 175, 194, 199, 223
Hecla Strait, 204
Henry, Jr., Alexander, 13
hickory bark, 15, 213
Hill, Frederick (Director, Mariners' Museum), 4
hogged bottom (center upcurved lengthwise), 30, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168
hogged gunwale, 55, 59, 62, 63
hogging brace, umiak, 188
hot water, use of in bending wood, 20, 117
Howley, James Patrick, 95, 96
Hudson Bay, 5, 181, 182, 189, 191
Hudson Strait, 182, 191, 202, 205
Hudson's Bay Company, 4, 13, 99, 107, 136, 144, 151
hunting canoe, Micmac, 58, 65, 70;
kayak-form, 165
hunting screen, kayak, 195
Huron Indians, 132
Huron, Lake, 113
Indian migrations, 5, 27 (see also under tribal names)
ice, skin-boats in, 180
Illinois Indians, 132
Irish, 176;
curragh, 176, 178
"Iroquois canoe," in fur trade, 136 (see fur-trade canoe)
Iroquois Indians, 7, 10, 99, 114
canoe (temporary), 213-219
jack pine roots (for canoe lashings), 16
jacket, watertight, 199, 211
James Bay, 99, 132
Japanese sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
Jochelson, Waldemar, 182
Joliet, Louis, 8