writer (1836-1906).
=Potomac=, river, Virginia and Maryland. 38N. 76W. Explored by John
Smith, 1608.
=Potosi=, Bolivia, S.A. 19S. 65W. Silver mines discovered by an Indian,
1545; exploited by Spaniards in 16th century.
=Prairie Grove=, Arkansas. 35N. 93W. Confederates forced to retreat,
1862 (Civil W.).
=Prince Edward's Island=, Gulf of St. Lawrence (formerly Isle de St.
Jean). 45N. 62W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534; confirmed to England
by Treaty of Paris, 1763; under government of Nova Scotia till made a
separate colony, 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873.
=Princeton=, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English defeated by Washington, 1777
(W. of Ind.); University f. 1746, at Elisabethtown, and removed to
Princeton, 1757.
=Princetown Harbour=, Cape Cod Bay. 42N. 70W. Here the 'Mayflower'
anchored, and the Pilgrim Fathers first set foot on land, 1620.
=Providence=, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. F. by Roger Williams, 1636.
=Puerto Cabello=, Venezuela, 1S. 44W. Surprised and taken by
revolutionaries under Paez, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).
=Puerto de Piñas.= 6N. 76W. Reached by Balboa and Andagoya; doubled by
Pizarro, 1524.
=Puerto Gordo=, W. Indies. 22N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.
=Puna=, Island of, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 2S. 80W. Encampment of
Pizarro and battle of with natives, during his last expedition to Peru,
1531.
=Punta de Pasado.= 0. 80W. Southern limit of exploration by Ruiz,
Pizarro's pilot, the first European to cross the equinoctial line
sailing south on the Pacific.
=Punta Quemada.= 5N. 77W. So named by Pizarro.
=Quauhquechollan.= 45N. 95W. Mexicans routed by Cortés and native
allies, 1520 (See Prescott, op. cit.).
=Quaker's Hill=, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Fierce engagement between
Americans and English, 1778 (W. of Ind.).
=Quebec= (Stadacona), Canada. 46N. 71W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535;
Champlain at, 1603, and 1608-9, when he f. the town; in English
possession, 1629-32; unsuccessful attack on by English under Phipps,
1690; fall of, and death of Wolfe and Montcalm, 1759; ceded to English
by Peace of Paris, 1763; American attack under Benedict Arnold and
Montgomery repulsed, 1775. (See Parkman, 'Montcalm and Wolfe.')
=Queen Charlotte's Islands=, British Columbia. 52N. 131W. Discovered
by Perez, 1774; Cook off, 1778; so named by Capt. Dixon, 1787, who took
possession of them for England; explored further by Vancouver, 1793.
=Queenstown=, Ontario. 43N. 79W. Captured by Americans, but recovered
by British, who lost their general, Brock, 1812.
=Queretaro=, Mexico. 20N. 100W. King Maximilian shot by order of
Juarez, 1867.
=Quincy=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Here Morton settled a plantation and set up
his maypole, which Endicott cut down; M. was seized by Capt. Standish
and sent to England, 1628. (See Braintree.)
=Quipaypan=, Plains of, near Cuzco. 13S. 70W. Defeat of Huascar by
Atahuallpa, rival Incas of Peru and Quito, 1532.
=Quito=, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Ancient capital of the Incas; taken by the
Spaniards under Pizarro, 1534; disastrous expedition into the interior
from, by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1540-2; death of Blasco Nuñez, defeated by G.
Pizarro, 1546; made capital of Ecuador, 1831.
=Quito=, presidency. Detached from Peru and added to New Granada, 1718;
part of the republic of Colombia, 1819; Flores declares presidency of
Quito independent, and names country Ecuador (q.v.), 1830.
=Rancheria=, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Burnt by Drake, 1595.
=Rappahannock=, river, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Federals defeated at
Kelly's Ford, 1863. (See also Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and
Wilderness.)
=Raymond=, Maine. 43N. 70W. Hawthorne's home as a boy; the diary of his
life while there was published in 1897.
=Redding=, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Joel Barlow, poet (1754-1812).
=Rhode Island.= 41N. 71W. One of the 13 original states. This and the
coast between Boston and New York is supposed to be the Vinland of the
saga of 'Eric the Red,' who undertook an expedition to these parts at
the close of the 10th century. Verazzani in Narragansett Bay, 1524;
explored by Dutch navigator Block, 1614; first settlement (Providence)
under Roger Williams, 1636; colony settled by W. Coddington, 1638;
other settlements, 1643; charter granted to by Charles II., 1663;
burning and massacre on during war with Indian king, Philip, 1676;
fighting on during W. of Ind. (See Cooper, 'Puritans of America.')
=Richelieu= (Chambly, St. John), river, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Navigated by
Champlain, 1609.
=Richmond=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Battles on the banks of the
Chickahominy known as the Seven Days of Richmond, June 1862; town
besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).
=Ridgefield=, Conn. 41N.73W. Bp. S. G. Goodrich (Peter Parley)
(1793-1860).
=Riobamba= (or Bolivar), Ecuador. 1S. 77W. Indians defeated on plains
of by Benalcazar, one of Pizarro's cavaliers, 1534.
=Rio de Janeiro=, Brazil. 22S. 43W. Solis in bay of, 1515; Magalhaes,
1519; De Sousa, 1531; Huguenot settlement on under Villegagnon, 1555,
which was soon after suppressed by the Portuguese, who f. R. de J.,
1567; viceregal residence from 1763; became capital of the independent
empire of Brazil, 1822, and of the Republic of the U.S. of Brazil,
1889.
=Rio Hacha=, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Hawkin trading at in negroes, 1565,
1568; burnt by Drake, 1595.
=Rio Negro=, Argentine Republic. 40S. 61W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of
Beagle.')
=Roanoke=, island, N. Carolina. 35N. 75W. Discovered by expedition
under Barlow and Amadas, sent by Raleigh, 1584; colony left on by
Grenville under Ralph Lane, 1585; rescued by Drake, 1586; small colony
left by Grenville, 1586, which perished; larger band of colonists under
John White sent by Raleigh, 1587; captured by Federals, 1862 (Civil
W.). Bp. Virginia Dare, first English child born in the New World,
1587.
=Roanoke=, river, N.A. 35 and 36N. 76 and 78W. Explored by Christopher
Gist, 1750-1.
=Rocky Mountains=, N.A. Alexander Mackenzie the first European to
cross, 1793.
=Roslyn=, Long Island. 40N. 73W. 'Cedar-Mere,' the home and
burial-place of Bryant the poet (1794-1878).
=Roxbury=, Mass. 42N. 71W. John Eliot, apostle to the Indians, and
translator of the Bible into the Indian language, minister at, 1632-46,
when he began his missionary labours; here he died, 1690.
=Sabine Cross Roads=, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederate victory, 1864
(Civil W.).
=Sable Island=, Nova Scotia. 43N. 60W. Colony planted by Roberval, who
sailed up the St. Lawrence, 1542-3.
=Saccarappa=, Westbrook, Maine. 43N. 70W. Bp. B. P. Akers, sculptor
(1825-61). (See Hawthorne's 'Transformation.')
=Saguenay=, Quebec. 48N. 69W. Cartier off coast of, 1535.
=S. Antonio=, Cape, Cuba. 21N. 84W. John Hawkins off, 1564.
=St. Augustine=, Florida. 29N. 80W. F. by Spaniards on site of the
Huguenot Fort Caroline (q.v.), 1565; the oldest town in the U.S.;
Ribault and his followers massacred near by Menendez, 1565; often
attacked and pillaged by English, Indians, etc.; destroyed by Drake,
1586; unsuccessful attack on by Oglethorpe, 1740. (See St. John's
River.)
=St. Christopher= (St. Kitts), island, English Antilles. 17N. 62W.
Discovered by Columbus, 1493; after long dispute with the French,
became a British possession, 1713; Brimstone Hill relieved by English
squadron under Howe, 1783 (W. of Ind.).
=St. Croix=, St. Lawrence. 46N. 71W. So named by Cartier, 1535.
=St. Croix=, W. Indies. Taken by Cochrane, 1807; restored to Denmark,
1814.
=S. Diego, Bay= of, California. 32N. 116W. Discovered by Viscayno,
during expedition, 1602-5.
=S. Espiritu=, see La Plata.
=St. Eustatius=, W. Indies. Colonised by Dutch, 17th century; taken
by Rodney, 1781; and same year by the French; regained by English, and
restored to the Dutch, 1814.
=S. Felix=, Venezuela. 9N. 74W. Defeat of Royalists, and massacre of
Spanish prisoners by Piar, 1817.
=St. John=, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Surrendered to American army after siege
of over fifty days, 1775.
=St. John's=, Newfoundland. 47N. 52W. Claimed in the name of Elizabeth,
1583; French in possession for a few months, 1762.
=St. John's Isles=, Gulf of St. Lawrence. So named by Cartier, 1535.
=St. John's River=, Florida. 29N. 81W. Entered by Ribault and his
Huguenot followers, May 1562, and so given the name of the May River;
arrival of Laudonnière's expedition, 1564; Huguenot colonists relieved
by Sir J. Hawkins, 1565; massacred by Menendez, 1565.
=St. Joseph=, Fort, Lake Michigan. Mission station, attacked and
inhabitants massacred by Indians, 1763.
=S. Juan de Ulua= (see Vera Cruz). Cortés and his fleet arrive at, 1519.
=St. Lawrence=, river, N.A. Rises 44N. 76W. Discovered and explored by
Cartier, 1535; Roberval on, 1542-3; Pontgravé and Champlain sail up,
1603; country along the upper river to Montreal explored by Champlain,
1611.
=St. Lawrence, Gulf of.= Explored by Jacques Cartier, 1534 and 1535,
and so named by him.
=St. Lucia=, W. Indies. 14N. 60W. Reduced by Abercrombie, 1796.
=S. Maria de la Vittoria.= F. on the site of the battle of Ceutla
(q.v.).
=St. Nicholas, Port.= 49N. 67E. So named by Cartier, 1535.
=St. Pierre=, Martinique. Destroyed by eruption of Mont Pelée, 1902.
=St. Thomas=, Danish Antilles. 18N. 65W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.
=St. Vincent=, Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 13N. 61W. Discovered by
Columbus, 1498; ceded to England, 1763; captured by French, 1779;
restored to England, 1783; insurrection of natives, 1795; partly
destroyed by eruption of the Soufrière, 1902.
=Salem=, Mass. 42N. 70W. Former name Naumkeag; early colony at, 1626;
name given by Governor Endicott, 1628; famous trial and executions
for witchcraft, 1692; proclamation of independence, Massachusetts
Assembly, 1774. Bp. Israel Putnam (1718-90); Nat. Hawthorne (1804-64);
W. H. Prescott, historian (1796-1859); J. H. Choate, diplomatist
(1832). Roger Williams res. 1635-6. (See Intro. to Hawthorne's 'Scarlet
Letter.')
=Salem=, N. Jersey. 39N. 75W. F. by Quakers, 1675.
=Salem=, N. Carolina. 36N. 80W. Settled by Moravians, 1766; college for
women at.
=Saltillo=, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Battle in which Santa Anna's power was
overthrown, 1855.
=Salt Lake City=, Utah. 40N. 112W. Capital of the Mormon state, f.
1847; abandoned by Mormons, 1858.
=Salvador=, state, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Conquered by Alvarado,
Spanish officer, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became part of the
Confederation of Central America, 1824; declared a republic, 1824; war
with Guatemala, 1863-4; frequent civil disturbances in.
=San Antonio=, Texas. 29N. 98W. Frightful massacre of American garrison
at Fort Alamo by Santa Ana, the Mexican leader, 1836.
=San Antonio.= 26S. 56W. Victory of Montevideans by help of Garibaldi
over the troops of Rosas, 1846.
=San Cristobal= (formerly Xaltocan), on lake of that name. 19N. 90W.
Taken by Cortés, 1521. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
=San Domingo= (Dominican Republic). 16N. 68W. Eastern extremity of
Haiti. Ceded to French by Treaty of Bâle, 1795; restored to Spain,
1814; established as a republic, 1843; dependent on Spain, 1861-5, when
it again became independent. (See Haiti.)
=San Domingo=, Haiti. 18N. 69W. Town f. by Bartholomew Columbus, 1496,
under the name of Nueva Isabella; first town built by Europeans in the
West; taken by Drake, 1585; seized by Toussaint l'Ouverture in name of
French, 1801; evacuated by French, 1809; Christopher Columbus buried
here till 1536, when his remains were removed to Havana.
=Sandusky=, Ohio. 41N. 83W. Fort erected by French, 1751; captured by
Indians, 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac.')
=San Francisco=, California. 37N. 122W. Settled by Spaniards under the
name of Yerba Buena, 1776; took present name, 1847; discovery of gold
following year; incorporated as a city, 1856.
=San Francisco del Quito= (Riobamba, q.v.). So named by Benalcazar
after his victory over the Indians.
=San Jacinto=, Texas. 29N. 95W. Mexicans defeated by Texans, and Santa
Ana captured, 1836.
=San Juan=, Porto Rico, Antilles. 18N. 65W. F. 1514; sacked by Drake,
1594; by Earl of Cumberland, 1597.
=San Mateo= (Fort Caroline, q.v.). Name given by Menendez.
=San Miguel de Piura= (or Piura), Peru. 5S. 80W. First colony settled
by Pizarro in Peru, 1532.
=San Salvador=, Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 88W. F. by the brother of the
conqueror Alvarado, 1528.
=San Salvador=, island, Bahamas, W. Indies. Native name Guanahani; name
given by Columbus, 1492, to the first land he sighted. (See Watling
Island.)
=San Sebastian=, Panama. 7-9N. 77-82W. F. by Ojeda, the first colony on
Darien, 1510.
=Santa Cruz=, island, Lesser Antilles. 17N. 64W. Danish possession
since 1814, when it was restored by England, after being taken in 1807.
=Santa Maria=, Pensacola Bay. 30N. 88W. Tristan de Luna's fleet
destroyed off, 1559; first Spanish colony in Florida settled near by
him.
=Santa Maria del Tule=, Mexico. 16N. 96W. Built round the largest known
tree, which is held sacred.
=Santa Marta=, Colombia, S.A. 11N. 74W. F. by Bastidas, 1525; old town
destroyed by Drake, 1596; subject to continual attacks by buccaneers
in 16th and 17th centuries; not far off is the spot where Bolivar died,
1830.
=Santa Rosa=, San Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Troops of San Salvador
defeated by Carrera, 1863.
=Santiago=, Chili. 33N. 70W. F. by P. Valdivia, one of the conquerors
of Chili, 1541; terrible fire in church of La Compania, 1863.
=Sarandi=, Uruguay. 33S. 55W. Fierce battle between forces of Brazil
and Buenos Ayres, in which former defeated, 1825.
=Saratoga=, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Destroyed by French and Indians, 1745; the
English under Burgoyne surrendered to Americans near, 1777.
=Sault Ste. Marie=, Michigan. 46N. 84W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during
expedition, 1634-9; Père Marquette at, 1668; mission station of the
Jesuits, 1669.
=Savannah=, Georgia. 31N. 81W. F. by Oglethorpe, 1733; J. Wesley pastor
at, 1736; English in military occupation, 1778; in a skirmish here,
the last blood was shed in the W. of Ind., 1782; taken by Sherman, 1864
(Civil W.).
=Schenectady=, N.Y. 42N. 73W. Dutch settlers massacred by French and
Indians, 1690.
=Seven Islands=, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 45N. 40W. So named by Cartier,
1535.
=Seven Pines=, near Richmond (q.v.). Defeat of Federals, 1862.
=Sevier, Lake=, Utah. 38N. 113W. Gunnison, the explorer, massacred on,
by Indians, 1853.
=Shackamaxon=, Philadelphia. Famous treaty of Penn with the Indians,
1683. (See picture by Benjamin West.)
=Shadwell=, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Bp. Thomas Jefferson, third President
of U.S. (1743-1826).
=Shiloh=, see Pittsburg Landing.
=Sombrero=, Venezuela, 10N. 66W. Spaniards defeated by Bolivar, 1818.
=Sonora=, Mexico. 27N. 109W. Discovered by Coronado, 1540; expedition
into of Count G. de Raousset Boulbon, and defeat by Mexicans, 1853; his
capture and death, 1854.
=Spanishtown=, Jamaica. 17N. 77W. F. by Diego Columbus, 1525, and
originally named Santiago de la Vega.
=Spottsylvania=, Virginia. Confederate victories, 1864. (See
Wilderness.)
=Springfield=, Mass. 42N. 72W. (See Wilson's Creek.)
=Springfield=, Illinois. 39N. 89W. Res. Abraham Lincoln, who is buried
in Oak Ridge Cemetery.
=Staten Island=, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Bought by the Dutch, 1630; occupied by
English under Gen. Howe, 1776.
=Stockbridge=, Mass. 42N. 73W. Ass. Jonathan Edwards, who here wrote
his 'Freedom of the Will,' and Hawthorne.
=Stony Creek=, Ontario. 43N. 79W. English victory, 1813.
=Stony Point=, Hudson R. 43N. 74W. Seized by British, brilliantly
recaptured by Gen. Wayne, and subsequently reoccupied by British, 1779.
=Stratford=, Westmoreland Co., Virginia. Bp. Robert Edward Lee,
Confederate general (1807-70).
=Sucre=, see Chuquisaca.
=Sumter Fort=, see Charleston.
=Sunbury=, Georgia. 31N. 81W. Taken by the English, 1779 (W. of Ind.).
=Surinam=, Dutch Guiana, S.A., see Guiana.
=Susquehanna=, river, Penn. Explored by John Smith, 1608.
=Suwanee=, river, Georgia and Florida. De Soto at, 1538.
=Tabasco=, state, Gulf of Mexico. 16N. 91W. Expedition of Cortés into,
1524.
=Tacna=, Chili. 13S. 70W. Chilian victory over Peruvians and Bolivians,
1880.
=Tadousac=, Quebec. 48N. 69W. Small French colony planted by Roberval,
1541; early fur-trading post.
=Tambo=, Peru. 16S. 71W. Spaniards driven from the assault of by the
Inca Manco, 1535.
=Tampa Bay=, Florida. 27N. 82W. Landing-place of De Soto. 1539.
=Tampico=, Mexico. 22N. 98W. Sc. many actions during civil wars;
Spaniards defeated by Santa Ana, 1820; taken by U.S. forces, 1846; by
French, 1862, 1863.
=Tappan=, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Execution of Major André, 1780.
=Tarqui=, Quito, S.A. Peruvians defeated by Colombians, 1829.
=Tarrytown=, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Major André captured, 1780; Sleepy Hollow
near; later home and grave of Washington Irving (1783-1859).
=Tehuantepec=, Mexico. 16N. 92W. Famous prehistoric ruins.
=Tennessee=, U.S. 35N. 81W. Originally part of N. Carolina; De Soto in,
1538; Fort London settled by English, 1757; admitted to Union, 1796;
seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1866.
=Teotihuacan=, plateau, Mexico. 40N. 97W. Pyramids on dedicated to sun
and moon.
=Tepeaca=, Mexico. 17N. 97W. Cortés enters as conqueror, 1520.
=Texas=, U.S. (formerly part of Mexico). 25N. 93W. Colony settled in
by La Salle, 1685; possession of disputed by French and Spaniards,
17th-19th centuries; San Antonio f. by Spaniards, 1692; declares its
independence, 1836; Mexicans defeated by colonists at San Jacinto,
1836; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1870.
=Tezcuco=, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of Cortés removed to from
Spain, 1562, and where they remained till removed to Mexico, 1629.
=Thames=, river, Ontario. 42N. 82W. Victory over British by Harrison
and death of Indian chief Tecumseh, 1813.
=Thompson's Island= Boston Bay. 42N. 71W. Landing of Miles Standish and
party on, 1621.
=Ticonderoga=, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Unsuccessful assault by Abercrombie, and
death of Lord Howe, 1758; taken by Amherst, 1759; by Americans (Green
Mountain Boys), 1775, who evacuated it, 1777; Americans failed in
effort to recover, 1777; English in occupation again, 1780.
=Tierra del Fuego=, S.A. 52-56S. 65W. So called by Magalhaes, the
discoverer, 1520; explored by Drake and Cook. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of
the Beagle.')
=Tippecanoe=, river, Indiana. 40N. 86W. Defeat on of Indians under
Tecumseh and the 'prophet' (Ellskwatana) by Harrison, 1811.
=Titicaca=, Lake, between Peru and Bolivia. 15S. 69W. Ruins of older
date than the advent of the Incas on its shores.
=Tlaxcala=, Mexico. 19N. 97W. Cortés has fierce battles with natives
of, 1519; received by the lord of after battle of Otumba, 1520.
=Tobago=, island (Windward Islands), W. Indies. 11N. 60W. Discovered
by Columbus, 1498; in possession in turns of Dutch—the first
colonists—Spaniards, English, and French; ceded to England by Congress
of Vienna, 1814.
=Tohopeka=, Tallapoosa R. 32N. 85W. Creek Indians defeated and their
power broken by Gen. Jackson, 1814.
=Toronto=, Canada. 43N. 79W. Its name changed from York, 1834; fort
taken by Americans, 1813; the 'Sons of Liberty' defeated, 1837; seat of
government, 1844-56.
=Torrington=, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. John Brown, abolitionist (1800,
hanged, 1859).
=Tortola=, island, W. Indies. 18N. 64W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494;
taken from buccaneers by the English, 1666.
=Tortugas, The=, islands, Florida. 24N. 84W. So named from the number
of turtles found on; J. Hawkins off, 1564.
=Trenton=, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English and Hessians defeated by
Washington, 1776 (W. of Ind.).
=Trinidad=, island, W. Indies. 10N. 60W. Discovered and named by
Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499; colonised by Spaniards,
1588; taken by English under Abercrombie, 1796; ceded to them by Treaty
of Amiens, 1802.
=Trinity Bay=, Newfoundland. 47N. 53W. First transatlantic cable from
Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, 1866.
=Trinity River=, Texas. 32N. 96W. La Salle assassinated near, 1687.
=Truxillo=, Peru. 8S. 79W. F. by Pizarro, and so named in honour of his
birthplace, 1535.
=Truxillo=, Venezuela. 8N. 70W. F. 1570; taken by buccaneers, 1678;
Walker the buccaneer executed, 1860.
=Tucuman=, Argentina. 25S. 65W. F. 1685; Spaniards defeated by
Belgrano, 1812 (S. A. W. Ind.).
=Tula=, Mexico. 22N. 99W. F. in 7th century by the Toltecs.
=Tumbez=, Peru. 4S. 79W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527, who was also here in
his last expedition to Peru, 1531-2.
=Turner's Falls=, Connecticut R., Mass. 42N. 72W. Named after Capt.
Turner, who defeated King Philip's Indians here, he himself being
killed, 1676.
=Umachiri=, near Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Insurrectionary Indians under
Pumacagna defeated, 1815.
=United States.= Name given to the 13 original states in the
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776; they now number 46. (See
under separate States.)
=Uruguay=, S.A. 30-35S. 53-58W. Revolt against Spanish rule, under
Artigas, 1811; declares itself a part of Brazil, 1821; declares its
independence, 1825; independence ratified, 1828; revolution and civil
war in for many years; nine years' war in with Rosas, 1843-52; Flores
dictator, 1853-4; returns from exile and seizes government, 1863;
alliance with Brazil and Argentina against Paraguay, 1865; Flores
assassinated, 1868; further revolutions in; Latorre dictator, 1876-80.
=Utah=, U.S. 37N. 109W. Settled by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847;
ceded by Mexico to U.S. by Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848; Mormons
form independent government under name of Deseret (land of the honey
bee); created a territory, 1850; admitted to Union, 1896. (See Mountain
Meadow and Salt Lake City.)
=Valdivia=, cap. of province, Chili. 40S. 75W. F. by P. de Valdivia,
1551; taken by Cochrane, 1820.
=Valley Forge=, Penn. 39N. 75W. Washington's winter quarters, 1777-8.
=Valparaiso=, Chili. 33S. 71W. Bombarded by Spaniards, 1866.
=Vancouver Island=, British Columbia. 48-50N. 122W. Named after the
English explorer, who was on his voyage of discovery, 1791-5; secured
to Great Britain by treaty with U.S., 1846.
=Venezuela=, S.A. 1N. 60W. Sighted and named Gracia by Columbus, 1498;
partly explored by Ojeda, 1499; revolt against Spanish rule, headed
by Bolivar, 1813-23, when Spaniards lost their last post in, at Puerto
Cabello; continual civil war in since; revolution in 1901 under Matos;
blockaded by England, Germany, and Italy, 1903; Castro in power from
1907; Venezuela question between England and U.S. settled, 1899.
=Venezuela=, Gulf of. 10N. 70W. Discovered and named Gulf of Venice by
Ojeda, 1499.
=Vera Cruz=, state, Mexico. 17N. 95W. Coasted by Grijalva, 1518; Cortés
landed in, 1519.
=Vera Cruz=, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Original town f. near by Cortés,
as Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz; defeat of Drake and Hawkins off by
Spaniards, 1568; fort of San Juan de Ulua taken from Spaniards by
Mexicans, 1825; by French, 1838; by Americans, 1847; standard of revolt
raised by Juarez at, and 'War of Reform' begun, 1858; occupied by
Allies (England, France, Spain), 1862 (revolutions in Mexico); retaken
by Juarez, 1867.
=Vermont=, U.S. 42-45N. First settlement in at Fort Dummer, 1724; ceded
by French to English, 1763; declaration of independence, 1777; admitted
to Union, 1791.
=Vicksburg=, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Captured after nearly two months'
siege by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).
=Villa de la Plate=, see Chuquisaca.
=Vinland.= Name given by Scandinavian seamen to the land they
discovered, end 9th to 10th century—Labrador and Newfoundland (q.v.),
or some think the shores of New England.