No prize or certificate to be given in the case of:--_Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Dagupan" to "David" Volume 7, Slice 9

(a) Cows under five years old failing to obtain 28 points.

(b) Cows five years old and over failing to obtain 32 points.

TABLE II.--_Prize Shorthorn and Jersey Cows in the Butter Tests,

London Dairy Show, 1900._

+------------+------+-----+--------+-----------+-------+-------+----------+-------+

| Cows. | Age. |Milk.| per | Butter. | 1 lb. | for | for |Points.|

+------------+------+-----+--------+-----------+-------+-------+----------+-------+

| |Years.|Days.|lb. oz. | lb. oz. | lb. | No. | No. | No. |

| 1st | 9 | 104 | 55 2 | 2 5(1/4) | 23.67 | 37.25 | 6.40 | 43.65 |

| 2nd | 9 | 34 | 72 7 | 2 10(3/4) | 27.11 | 42.75 | .. | 42.75 |

| 3rd | 7 | 33 | 58 5 | 2 7(3/4) | 23.47 | 39.75 | .. | 39.75 |

| 1st | 7 | 157 | 29 10 | 2 2(1/4) | 13.83 | 34.25 | 11.70 | 45.95 |

| 2nd | 4 | 103 | 33 10 | 2 3 | 15.37 | 35.00 | 6.30 | 41.30 |

| 3rd | 12 | 257 | 40 13 | 1 12 | 23.32 | 28.00 | 12.00 | 40.00 |

+------------+------+-----+--------+-----------+-------+-------+----------+-------+

The manner in which butter tests are decided will be rendered clear by a

study of Table II. It is seen that whilst the much larger Shorthorn

cows--having a bigger frame to maintain and consuming more food--gave

both more milk and more butter in the day of twenty-four hours, the

Jersey milk was much the richer in fat. In the case of the first-prize

Jersey the "butter ratio," as it is termed, was excellent, as only 13.83

lb. of milk were required to yield 1 lb. of butter; in the case of the

second-prize Shorthorn, practically twice this quantity (or 27.11 lb)

was needed. Moreover, if the days in milk are taken into account, the

difference in favour of the Jersey is seen to be 123 days.

TABLE III.--_Summary of the English Jersey Cattle Society's Butter

Tests, Fourteen Years, 1886-1899._

+---------+-------+-------+------------+------------+---------+

+---------+-------+-------+------------+------------+---------+

| 1 to 2 | 2 | 34 | 15 2 | 0 13 | 18.43 |

| 2 " 3 | 57 | 73 | 24 15(1/4) | 1 5(1/4) | 18.74 |

| 3 " 4 | 108 | 77 | 29 14(3/4) | 1 10 | 18.42 |

| 4 " 5 | 165 | 72 | 32 5(1/2) | 1 11(1/4) | 19.01 |

| 5 " 6 | 188 | 80 | 32 15(1/4) | 1 12 | 18.76 |

| 6 " 7 | 189 | 89 | 34 7(3/4) | 1 13 | 18.92 |

| 7 " 8 | 139 | 84 | 33 11(1/4) | 1 13(1/4) | 18.40 |

| 8 " 9 | 71 | 82 | 33 6(1/2) | 1 12 | 19.03 |

| 9 " 10 | 42 | 92 | 32 6(1/2) | 1 11(1/4) | 18.95 |

|10 " 11 | 31 | 88 | 35 4 | 1 14(1/4) | 18.60 |

|11 " 12 | 15 | 89 | 37 1 | 1 13(3/4) | 19.96 |

|12 " 13 | 13 | 95 | 34 1(1/4) | 1 10(1/2) | 20.56 |

|13 " 14 | 3 | 54 | 42 1(1/4) | 2 1(3/4) | 19.85 |

+---------+-------+-------+------------+------------+---------+

The butter-yielding capacity of the choicest class of butter cows, the

Jerseys, is amply illustrated in the results of the butter tests

conducted by the English Jersey Cattle Society over the period of

fourteen years 1886 to 1899 inclusive. These tests were carried out year

after year at half a dozen different shows, and the results are

classified in Table III. according to the age of the animals. The

average time in milk is measured by the number of days since calving,

and the milk and butter yields are those for the day of twenty-four

hours. The last column shows the "butter ratio." This number is lower in

the case of the Jerseys than in that of the general run of dairy cows.

The average results from the total of 1023 cows of the various ages

are:--One day's milk, 32 lb. 2(1/4) oz., equal to about 3 gallons or 12

quarts; one day's butter, 1 lb. 10(3/4) oz.; butter ratio, 19.13 or

about 16 pints of milk to 1 lb. of butter. Individual yields are

sometimes extraordinarily high. Thus at the Tring show in 1899 the three

leading Jersey cows gave the following results:--

+--------------+-------+-------+--------+------------+--------+

+--------------+-------+-------+--------+------------+--------+

| Sundew 4th | 8 | 929 | 77 | 3 6(3/4) | 15.10 |

| Madeira 5th | 7 | 1060 | 107 | 2 15(1/2) | 16.14 |

| Em | 7 | 864 | 44 | 3 4(3/4) | 13.32 |

+--------------+-------+-------+--------+------------+--------+

The eight prize-winning Jerseys on this occasion, with an average weight

of 916 lb. and an average of 117 days in milk, yielded an average of 2

lb. 9 oz. of butter per cow in the twenty-four hours, the butter ratio

working out at 16.69. At the Tring show of 1900 a Shorthorn cow Cherry

gave as much as 4 lb. 4(1/2) oz. of butter in twenty-four hours; she had

been in milk 41 days, and her butter ratio worked out at 15.79, which is

unusually good for a big cow.

In the six years 1895 to 1900 inclusive 285 cows of the Shorthorn,

Jersey, Guernsey and Red Polled breeds were subjected to butter tests at

the London dairy show, and the general results are summarized in Table

IV.

Although cows in the showyard may perhaps be somewhat upset by their

unusual surroundings, and thus not yield so well as at home, yet the

average results of these butter-test trials over a number of years are

borne out by the private trials that have taken place in various herds.

The trials have, moreover, brought into prominence the peculiarities of

different breeds, such as: (a) that the Shorthorns, Red Polls and

Kerries, being cattle whose milk contains small fat globules, are better

for milk than the Jerseys and Guernseys, whose milk is richer,

containing larger-sized fat globules, and is therefore more profitable

for converting into butter; (b) that the weights of the animals, and

consequently the proportionate food, must be taken into account in

estimating the cost of the dairy produce; (c) that the influence of the

stage reached in the period of lactation is much more marked in some

breeds than in others.

TABLE IV.--_Average Butter Yields and Butter Ratios at the London

Dairy Show, Six Years, 1895-1900._

+--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+

+--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+

| Shorthorn | 106 | 50 | 1 11 | 28.81 |

| Jersey | 126 | 99 | 1 10(1/4) | 19.15 |

| Guernsey | 23 | 72 | 1 9(1/2) | 21.86 |

| Red Polled | 30 | 60 | 1 4(3/4) | 30.29 |

+--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+

An instructive example of the milk-yielding capacity of Jersey cows is

afforded in the carefully kept records of Lord Rothschild's herd at

Tring Park, Herts. Overleaf are given the figures for four years, the

gallons being calculated at the rate of 10 lb of milk to the gallon.

In 1897, 30 cows averaged 6396 lb., or 640 gallons per cow.

In 1898, 29 " " 6209 " 621 " "

In 1899, 37 " " 6430 " 643 " "

In 1900, 39 " " 6136 " 614 " "

The average over the four years works out at about 630 gallons per cow

per annum.

Cows of larger type will give more milk than the Jerseys, but it is less

rich in fat. The milk record for the year 1900 of the herd of Red Polled

cattle belonging to Mr Garrett Taylor, Whitlingham, Norfolk, affords a

good example. The cows in the herd, which had before 1900 produced one

or more calves, and in 1900 added another to the list, being in full

profit the greater part of the year, numbered 82. Their total yield was

521,950 lb. of milk, or an average of 6365 lb.--equivalent to about 636

gallons--per cow. In 1899 the average yield of 96 cows was 6283 lb. or

628 gallons; in 1898 the average yield of 75 cows was 6473 lb. or 647

gallons. Of cows which dropped a first calf in the autumn of 1899, one

of them--Lemon--milked continuously for 462 days, yielding a total of

7166 lb. of milk, being still in milk when the herd year closed on the

27th of December. Similar cases were those of Nora, which gave 9066 lb.

of milk in 455 days; Doris, 8138 lb. in 462 days; Brisk, 9248 lb. in 469

days; Della, 8806 lb. in 434 days, drying 28 days before the year ended;

and Lottie, 6327 lb. in 394 days, also drying 28 days before the year

ended; these were all cows with their first calf. Eight cows in the herd

gave milk on every day of the 52 weeks, and 30 others had their milk

recorded on 300 days or more. Three heifers which produced a first calf

before the 11th of April 1900, averaged in the year 4569 lb. of milk, or

about 456 gallons. In 1900 three cows, Eyke Jessie, Kathleen and Doss,

each gave over 10,000 lb., or 1000 gallons of milk; four cows gave from

9000 lb. to 10,000 lb., two from 8000 lb. to 9000 lb., 17 from 7000 lb.

to 8000 lb., 19 from 6000 lb. to 7000 lb., 30 from 5000 lb. to 6000 lb.,

and 16 from 4000 lb. to 5000 lb. The practice, long followed at

Whitlingham, of developing the milk-yielding habit by milking a young

cow so long as she gives even a small quantity of milk daily, is well

supported by the figures denoting the results.

Though milking trials and butter tests are not usually available to the

ordinary dairy farmer in the management of his herd, it is, on the other

hand, a simple matter for him to keep what is known as a milk register.

By a milk register is meant a record of the quantity of milk yielded by

a cow. In other words, it is a quantitative estimation of the milk the

cow gives. It affords no information as to the quality of the milk or as

to its butter-yielding or cheese-yielding capacity. Nevertheless, by its

aid the milk-producing capacity of a cow can be ascertained exactly, and

her character in this respect can be expressed by means of figures about

which there need be no equivocation. A greater or less degree of

exactness can be secured, according to the greater or less frequency

with which the register is taken. Even a weekly register would give a

fair idea as to the milk yields of a cow, and would be extremely

valuable as compared with no register at all.

The practice of taking the milk register, as followed in a well-known

dairy, may be briefly described. The cows are always milked in the

stalls, and during summer they are brought in twice a day for this

purpose. After each cow is milked, the pail containing the whole of her

milk is hung on a spring balance suspended in a convenient position, and

from the gross weight indicated there is deducted the already known

weight of the pail.[2] The difference, which represents the weight of

milk, is recorded in a book suitably ruled. This book when open presents

a view of one week's records. In the left-hand column are the names of

the cows; on the right of this are fourteen columns, two of which

receive the morning and evening record of each cow. In a final column on

the right appears the week's total yield for each cow; and space is also

allowed for any remarks. Fractions of a pound are not entered, but 18

lb. 12 oz. would be recorded as 19 lb., whereas 21 lb. 5 oz. would

appear as 21 lb., so that a fraction of over half a pound is considered

as a whole pound, and a fraction of under half a pound is ignored. By

dividing the pounds by 10 the yield in gallons is readily ascertained.

Every dairy farmer has some idea, as to each of his cows, whether she is

a good, a bad or an indifferent milker, but such knowledge is at best

only vague. By the simple means indicated the character of each cow as a

milk-producer is slowly but surely recorded in a manner which is at once

exact and definite. Such a record is particularly valuable to the

farmer, in that it shows to him the relative milk-yielding capacities of

his cows, and thus enables him gradually to weed out the naturally poor

milkers and replace them by better ones. It also guides him in

regulating the supply of food according to the yield of milk. The

milk-yielding cows in the dairy, and which therefore are, with the

milking capacity in view, the best to breed from.

The simplicity and inexpensiveness of the milk register must not be

overlooked. These are features which should commend it especially to the

notice of small dairy farmers, for with a moderate number of cows it is

particularly easy to introduce the register. But even with a large dairy

it will be found that, as soon as the system has got fairly established,

the additional time and trouble involved will sink into insignificance

when compared with the benefits which accrue.

The importance of ascertaining not only the quantity, but also the

quality of milk is aptly illustrated in the case of two cows at the

Tring show, 1900. The one cow gave in 24 hours 4(1/2) gallons of milk,

which at 7d. per gallon would work out at about 2s. 7d.; she made 2 lb.

12 oz. of butter, which at 1s. 4d. per lb. would bring in 3s. 8d.;

consequently by selling the milk the owner lost about 1s. 1d. per day.

The second cow gave 5(1/3) gallons of milk, which would work out at 3s.

1d.; she made 1 lb. 12 oz. of butter, which would only be worth 2s. 4d.,

so that by converting the milk into butter the owner lost 9d. per day.

The colour of milk is to some extent an indication of its quality--the

deeper the colour the better the quality. The colour depends upon the

size of the fat globules, a deep yellowish colour indicating large

globules of fat. When the globules are of large size the milk will churn

more readily, and the butter is better both in quality and in colour.

The following fifty dairy rules relating to the milking and general

management of cows, and to the care of milk and dairy utensils, were

drawn up on behalf of, and published by, the United States department of

agriculture at Washington. They are given here with a few merely verbal

alterations:--

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