"Art. 7--The conditions under which arme_Japan: From the Japanese Government History

by either power to the other in the circumstances mentioned in the

present agreement and the means by which such assistance shall be made

available will be arranged by the naval and military authorities of the

contracting parties, who will from time to time consult one another

fully and freely on all questions of mutual interest.

"Art. 8--The present agreement shall be subject to the provisions of

Art. 6 and come into effect immediately after the date of signature and

remain in force for ten years from that date in case neither of the

parties shall have been notified twelve months before the expiration of

said ten years of an intention of terminating it. It shall remain

binding until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of

the parties shall have denounced it, but if, when the date for the

expiration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in war the alliance

shall be _ipso facto_ and continue until peace shall be concluded."

The armistice was arranged between the Russian and Japanese armies on

September 13. During the nineteen months of war between February, 1904,

and September, 1905, Russia probably sent between eight and nine hundred

thousand soldiers to the East, and Japan not less than six hundred

thousand. Never before in the world's history had such large armies been

sent to the seat of war in so brief a period. The Russian losses

probably amounted to more than 350,000, including the killed, the

wounded, the sick, and the captured, and Japan lost, in deaths alone,

72,490. Of the latter, 15,300 died of sickness, while the rest either

fell in battle or subsequently died from wounds--an unusually low

death-rate from the latter cause. Russia lost the major part of her

Pacific and Baltic fleets, while the Japanese navy was increased in size

by the surrender of the enemy's vessels and by the raising of several of

the sunken ships. The war greatly intensified the otherwise strong

national sentiment of the Japanese people and enhanced their position

among the powers of the world, while the moderate terms of peace and the

catholicity of national character have served as an efficient check

against an undue expansion. On the other hand, the unexpected exposure

of the weakness of Russia's bureaucracy has sensibly reduced the

hitherto overestimated value of her political power. In Europe, as well

as in Asia, her position in international affairs has already begun to

show signs of this change. At the same time, the Russian people have

renewed their conviction of the need of a true national administration,

and the weakened autocracy is compelled to consider popular demands for

reform. Not the least important result of the war is the fact that it

has insured the humane principles of China's territorial integrity in

Manchuria, and of equal opportunity for the trade and industry of all

nations in that region and Korea. The Treaty of Portsmouth recognized

these principles and the Anglo-Japanese agreement has insured them by a

powerful coalition.

[1] On November 6, 1905, the Order of the Garter was conferred on the

emperor by King Edward VII. of England, and the British legation in

Japan was raised to an embassy. The emperor visited the shrine of Ise in

November and there reported the successful conclusion of the war to the

spirits of his ancestors. The end of the year was marked by a treaty

with China which made Japan's position in Korea the same as Russia's had

been before the war.

In October, 1906, the school board of San Francisco in the United States

issued an order excluding the Japanese children from the public schools

of that city and requiring them to attend a separate school for

Orientals. This action was taken as an affront by the Japanese

government and a protest was sent by the latter to the United States

government on October 15. President Roosevelt took prompt action on the

matter, sending Victor H. Metcalf, the Secretary of the Interior, to

investigate and report. President Roosevelt also announced that Japan's

treaty rights would be enforced at every hazard. Conferences were held

between the State officials of California and the President, resulting

in the President issuing an order on March 14, 1907, that all Japanese

and Koreans without passports would be excluded from the United States

and the San Francisco Board of Education deciding to admit Japanese

pupils up to the age of sixteen to the schools. Sensational newspapers

both in Japan and in the United States at this period were filled with

rumors of war between the two countries and at times during the year

1907 they would insist that war was imminent.

In the meantime the Japanese government under the leadership of Viscount

Hayashi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, took measures to enforce certain

laws on her own statute books concerning the use of foreign coolies in

Japan and to limit Japanese emigration to the United States. The visit

of William Howard Taft, the American Secretary of War, to Japan on his

way to the Philippines and the friendliness of his reception by the

Japanese and his own words of assurance did much toward allaying

whatever feeling of actual hostility still remained among the Japanese

people and the visit of the American fleet of sixteen battleships in the

next year ended all talk of a war. In 1907 similar friction occurred

between Great Britain and Japan because certain Japanese merchants and

laborers in Vancouver, Canada, were attacked and driven from their

houses. This matter was adjusted peacefully by Viscount Hayashi and Sir

Claude MacDonald, the British Ambassador. As a proof that Japan intends

to keep her promises to regulate immigration to the United States may be

cited some immigration figures for 1908: during that year there were

admitted to the entire United States only 185 more Japanese of all

classes than departed from it, and a great many more Japanese laborers

left the United States than entered it.

In the fall of 1909 a Commercial Commission, sent by the merchants of

Japan, visited the United States, studying American business and

industrial methods and purchasing a large variety of manufactured

articles which had never found a market in the Orient and buying the

newest machinery used in lumber, mining, and milling industries, and

also devices for food preservation, and learned many of the labor-saving

methods used in banking and commercial offices.

A Franco-Japanese Agreement was signed on June 10, 1907, providing that

the most-favored-nation treatment should be accorded the officials and

subjects of Japan in French Indo-China for everything concerning their

persons and the protection of their property, and that the same

treatment should be granted the subjects of French Indo-China in the

Empire of Japan and that these provisions should hold until the

expiration of the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation concluded between

France and Japan, August 4, 1896. In regard to the continent of Asia,

the two countries agreed to "respect the independence and integrity of

China as well as the principles of equality of treatment in that country

for the commerce and subjects of all nations, and having a special

interest in seeing that order and a pacific state of affairs guaranteed,

particularly in the regions of the Chinese Empire adjacent to the

territories where they have rights of sovereignty, protection, and

occupation, bind themselves mutually to support one another in order to

assure the peace and security of those regions, with a view to the

maintenance of the respective positions and territorial rights of the

two contracting parties on the Asiatic continent."

During 1907 several Russo-Japanese conventions were signed. The first,

concluded on July 28, was a treaty of commerce and navigation in

accordance with article 12 of the Treaty of Portsmouth; in the second,

concluded two days later, each agreed to respect the territorial

integrity of the other, the agreements then in force between the

contracting parties and China, and the independence and integrity of

China, and to uphold the _status quo_ with all the peaceable means at

their disposal; a third convention related to the fisheries of the Sea

of Japan, the Okhotsk Sea, and the Behring Sea; the fourth provided for

the joining of the Russian railways in Manchuria at Kwang-cheng-tsze. In

August the legations at Tokio and St. Petersburg were raised to the

status of embassies by their respective governments.

On February 5, 1908, Chinese custom officers seized the Japanese steamer

Tatsu Maru in Portuguese waters off Macao, where it had landed to

discharge arms shipped from a Japanese port to a Chinese merchant at

Macao. The Japanese resented the seizure and complained to the Chinese

authorities demanding an apology and an indemnity. At first the latter

defended their action, but on the receipt of an ultimatum from the

Japanese on March 5, China apologized and gave assurance that the

indemnity would be paid and the responsible persons punished. Japan in

return agreed to prevent the trade in arms and ammunition between

Japanese and Chinese citizens. Thus a friendly feeling was restored

between the two countries but public opinion had been greatly inflamed

in China and a boycott of Japanese goods had begun. During the year many

Japanese vessels left Chinese ports without the goods for which they had

come. It is estimated that the Japanese lost some $8,000,000 by this

boycott.

China also felt embittered against Japan in this same year because of

the latter's course in Manchuria, where she had retained the public

buildings at Mukden and the Manchurian gold mines, taken possession of

the Manchurian post-offices and telegraph lines, occupied a portion of

the province of Kirin, claiming it as Korean territory, although it had

long been held as part of China, and forbade the building of a railway

to the west of the Liau River, from Hsenmintun to Fakumen, saying that

it would compete with the Japanese system. These difficulties were

adjusted soon. Japan agreed to the building of the railroad on condition

that at no point should it come within a minimum distance from the

Japanese line. On October 12 and November 7, agreements were signed at

Tokio concerning the telegraph lines. China agreed to place special

telegraph wires between the treaty ports, Kwant-cheng-tsze, Tie-ling,

Mukden, Liau-yang, Niu-chwang, Antung, and the railroad territory at the

exclusive disposal of Japan for a period of fifteen years, the service

on the wires to be worked by Japanese clerks in the employ of the

Japanese government from the Chinese telegraph buildings, but only to be

used for the exchange of telegrams from or to places under the direct

control of the Japanese telegraph system. Japan undertook to pass over

to China all Japanese telegraph lines in Manchuria outside her railway

territory, to construct no telegraph or telephone lines in Manchuria

outside the same territory, and to construct no telegraph or telephone

lines or erect wireless stations outside her leased territory. She also

agreed to pay China a small annual royalty on all messages sent over the

Japanese Manchurian telegraph lines. On September 4, 1909, an agreement

was signed at Peking regarding the improvement of the Antung-Mukden

Railroad and which gave to Japan the advantages in Manchurian trade.

General elections to the House of Representatives were held on May 15,

1908, resulting in a sweeping victory for the Seiyu-kai. For the first

time since the formation of the diet, one party had elected a majority

of all the members. On July 12, Marquis Katsura was given the imperial

command to form a ministry. As this nobleman was connected with the

weakest of the political parties, the Daids Club, his appointment as

premier was a great disappointment to the Seiyu-kai, who had hoped to

have one of their own leaders hold that office.

In July, 1909, twenty-three members of the Imperial Diet were convicted

for complicity in a graft scandal. Five directors of the Great Japan

Sugar Company were at the same time convicted of bribing the nation's

representatives and all twenty-eight received very severe sentences.

In the meantime Japan's influence in Korea had increased to such an

extent that by the end of 1907, Korea was for all practical purposes an

integral part of the Japanese Empire. Soon after the outbreak of the

Russo-Japanese War, Japan and Korea signed an agreement, by which Japan

undertook to insure the safety of the imperial household and guaranteed

the independence and territorial integrity of the Korean Empire, in

return for which Korea agreed to accept the advice of Japan as to

improvements in administration. Six months later Korea, in another

agreement with Japan, pledged herself to regulate her finances in

accordance with the advice of the Japanese financial adviser and a

foreign diplomatic adviser, named by Japan, and also to consult the

government of Japan before making treaties or conventions with other

powers or granting them concessions. Following the Treaty of Portsmouth,

another agreement was entered into by Japan and Korea on November 17,

1905, which provided that Japan should control and direct the external

relations in the affairs of Korea through the Department of Foreign

Affairs at Tokio; and that Japan should be represented at the court of

the Emperor of Korea by a Resident-General, residing at Seoul, and

should have the right to station representatives at the several open

ports and at such other places in Korea as it might deem necessary. In

accordance with this agreement, Mr. Durham White Stevens, an American,

experienced in diplomatic service, was chosen by Japan to be Diplomatic

Adviser at Seoul to the Foreign Office. In spite of these agreements the

Korean Emperor sent to The Hague Peace Conference in 1907, a delegation

consisting of Prince Yi-Ui-Tjyong, Yi-Tjun, a Korean judge, and

Yi-Sang-Sul, former vice-premier of Korea; these men claimed that Japan

had committed acts contrary to the agreement of 1884, and had forced the

Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs to sign the agreement giving Japan

the control of Korea's foreign affairs. The conference could do nothing

for the delegation as it was understood that the deliberations of the

peace commissioners should not be concerned with relations between

nations that had been settled by treaty. As a result of his sending this

delegation the Emperor of Korea was forced to abdicate on July 19, 1907,

in favor of his son, the Crown Prince. The ministry of Korea opposed

this abdication and the Abolitionists broke out into riots; therefore

Japan forced the signing of another treaty on July 25. This (1) placed

the administration of all Korean affairs in the hands of the Japanese

Resident-General; (2) provided that the enactment of all laws and

ordinances and the transaction of important state affairs must receive

the approval of the Resident-General; (3) decided that a definite line

of demarcation is to be drawn between administrative and judicial

affairs; (4) stated that Japanese subjects recommended by the

Resident-General are eligible to office under the Korean government; (5)

provided that foreigners may be employed only with the consent of the

Resident-General; (6) agreed that the clause of the agreement of August

22, 1904, providing for the employment of a financial adviser be

annulled.

Following this agreement and in order to enforce it, the Korean native

army was disbanded on August 1, 1907. The new emperor, Yi-Chök, at the

instance of Prince Ito, the Resident-General, ordered the punishment of

The Hague envoys and of men of his father's court suspected of fostering

resistance. Japanese forces in Korea were increased and the new

crown-prince was sent to Japan to be educated. During 1908 the Japanese

colonization of Korea continued; new regiments were sent to Korea, the

number of Japanese officials were increased, radical reforms were

undertaken in the judiciary, and the imperial assets were transferred

to the national treasury.

All this was not done without opposition on the part of the Koreans:

parties of rebels gathered over the country and there was a continual

guerilla warfare; plots were formed against Japanese officials, an

attempt being made to derail Prince Ito's train in the latter part of

April, 1908; and the native press became so virulent in its denunciation

of the Japanese government that the latter promulgated and enforced a

law forbidding the sale of any paper containing matter subversive of the

public peace under penalty of fine or imprisonment.

On October 26, 1909, Prince Ito was shot and killed at Harbin,

Manchuria, by a Korean, who confessed to the police that he had

journeyed to Harbin for the express purpose of assassinating the Prince

"to avenge my country," blaming Prince Ito for his countrymen's loss of

political liberty.

The terrible storms which prevailed all over the world during the latter

part of 1909 were especially severe off the coast of Japan, and two

Japanese steamers foundered off Korea and Japan, on November 30, the

loss of life being very heavy.

Manchuria is a center of disturbance in all eastern questions, and Japan

registered her protest on January 8, 1910, against the plan proposed by

the United States Secretary of State, Knox, for neutralizing the

railroads of Manchuria, the Japanese statesmen being utterly opposed to

such a measure.

The history of Japan within recent years has been a record of marvelous

expansion in home industries and in foreign trade. Retrenchments in

expenditures for army and navy, a general betterment of labor conditions

and construction of inland waterways have also materially aided the

progress of the nation.

A high protective tariff was enacted in 1910, but provision was made for

the reduction of duties in specific cases with foreign countries which

had made concessions to Japan. Thus Great Britain's cotton, linen, and

steel imports were admitted at reduced rates in return for free entry of

Japanese goods into Great Britain.

In August, 1910, Japan annexed Korea and made great progress in the

pacification and settlement of the country.

An agreement was signed with Russia to maintain with her the _status

quo_ in Manchuria.

In July, 1911, the alliance between Japan and Great Britain was renewed

for a period of ten years.

The great Emperor Mutsuhito died in July, 1912. His reign was the most

glorious in the history of Japan: it saw the creation of modern Japan.

General Nogi, the conqueror of Port Arthur and Mukden, committed suicide

on the day of the Emperor's funeral.

The anti-Japanese feeling in the Pacific Coast States of the United

States culminated in May, 1913, in the Legislature of California passing

land laws that barred aliens who were not eligible for citizenship from

acquiring real estate. Japan made decided protest, claiming that these

measures were aimed directly at her, and that they were contrary to her

treaty rights with the United States.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The publishers have supplied the following paragraphs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following list of books does not represent the sources and

literature used in revising the text and preparing the supplementary

part of the present volume, but is intended solely for the convenience

of the reader who would naturally confine his attention to works written

in English.

There is hardly a work on general Japanese bibliography which can be

compared with that great Chinese bibliography, the "_Bibliotheca

Sinica_," by Henri Cordier. Fr. von Wenckstern's "Bibliography of the

Japanese Empire," London, 1895, gives, with few comments, works written

only in European languages, and covers the period between 1859 and 1893.

It also contains a facsimile-reprint of Léon Pagès's "_Bibliographie

japonaise depuis le XV^e siècle jusqu'a 1859_." As to articles written

on Japan in the English and American periodicals, "Poole's Index" may be

consulted with profit.

Of works of general information on Japan, the first eight volumes

("Japan: Its History, Art and Literature") of Captain Frank Brinkley's

"Oriental Series," in twelve volumes, London and Boston, 1902-1903,

perhaps deserve the first mention. The work is eminently free from both

the superficiality of the tourist and the well-meaning but not harmless

prejudices of many a missionary. The author's thorough acquaintance with

men and things of Japan, where he has lived for more than thirty years

and is editor of perhaps the best informed and most fair-minded English

journal, the _Japan Mail_, has enabled him to give an intimate view of

the history and the national life of the Japanese. The facile style of

the author also adds greatly to the value of his work for popular

reading. This work grew out of the author's edition of "Japan,"

containing essays on various topics originally written by great native

authorities but much revised and rendered into English by Brinkley. A

new edition of this latter work ("Japan," Boston, 1905), has been

published by J. B. Millet & Co., bringing the account down to the

outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. Captain Brinkley also has an

admirable article on Japan in the twenty-ninth volume of the

"Encyclopædia Britannica." For the student's ready reference, J. J.

Rein's "Japan: Travels and Researches Undertaken at the Cost of the

Prussian Government," English translation, New York, 1884, and his

"Industries of Japan, Together with an Account of Its Agriculture,

Forestry and Commerce," English translation, New York, 1889, are very

useful. B.H. Chamberlain's "Things Japanese," originally published in

Tokyo in 1890 but now in its fourth edition (New York, 1902), is a

dictionary of all subjects of interest, and contains bibliographical

references for many of the subjects treated. The work, however, is in

need of further revision. The same author has compiled with W. B. Mason

a "Hand-book for Travelers in Japan," which is now in its seventh

edition (London, 1903). W. E. Griffis's "Mikado's Empire" at first

appeared in New York in 1876, but, owing to the absence of better works

of this nature, has been so popular that it is in its tenth edition (New

York, 1903). It was once unrivaled in its comprehensiveness, but has

never been considered a work upon which the student could rely for

objective truths regarding Japan. E. W. Clement's little book, "A

Hand-book of Modern Japan," Chicago, 1903, and Henry Dyer's "Dai

Nippon, A Study in National Evolution," London and New York, 1904, are

both useful when used critically. Alfred Stead has edited "Japan by the

Japanese: A Survey by the Highest Authorities," London and New York,

1904.

In the field of general history several older works have been superseded

by newer ones, all of which, however, leave vastly much to be desired.

David Murray's "Japan," New York, 1894 (in the "Story of the Nations"

series), is more narrative than analytical or interpretative. Max von

Brandt has a brief survey in the second volume of the "History of the

World: A Survey of Man's Record," edited by H. F. Helmolt, English

translation, London and New York, 1904. Among works on different periods

of history, the present editor's "Early Institutional Life of Japan,"

Tokyo and New York, 1903, covers the period between 500 and 900 A. D.,

and James Murdoch and Isoh Yamagata's "History of Japan during the

Century of Early Foreign Intercourse (1542-1651)," Tokyo, 1904, takes up

the important period of Japan's earliest European relations under the

feudal régime. For the beginning of the foreign relations in the

nineteenth century, F. O. Adams's "History of Japan to 1871," in two

volumes, London, 1874-1875, Richard Hildreth's "Japan as It Was and Is,"

Boston, 1855, and the lives of "M. C. Perry" and "Townsend Harris" by

W. E. Griffis, Boston, 1897 and 1895, may be recommended. I. Nitobe's

"Intercourse between the United States and Japan," extra volume 8 of the

"Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science,"

Baltimore, 1891, is useful. Coming down to a later period of history,

the accounts of the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 by "Vladimir" (the

"China-Japan War," New York, 1896) and F. W. Eastlake and Y. Yamada (the

"Heroic Japan," Tokyo, 1896) may be mentioned. Brinkley's large work, of

course, covers history, as well as arts, literature, customs and

manners, and religion. For a still more recent period, one may consult

the present editor's "Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues,"

London and Boston, 1904. As to the progress of the Russo-Japanese War,

we have yet to look for its authentic history.

Among authors on Old Japan, or, that side of the national life in which

the old civilization has not been greatly affected by the inroad of

European influences, no writer has shown a greater aptitude to grasp its

spirit or has presented it in more charming English than the late

prolific author, Lafcadio Hearn, in his "Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,"

Boston, 1894, "Out of the East," Boston, 1895, "Kokoro: Hints and Echoes

of Japanese Inner Life," Boston, 1896, "Gleanings in Buddha-fields,"

Boston, 1897, "Exotics and Retrospectives," Boston, 1898, "In Ghostly

Japan," Boston, 1899, "Shadowings," Boston, 1900, "A Japanese

Miscellany," Boston, 1901, "Kwaidan," Boston, 1904, "Romance of the

Milky Way," Boston, 1905, "Japan: An Interpretation," New York, 1904,

and others. Miss Alice M. Bacon's "A Japanese Interior," Boston and New

York, 1893, "Japanese Girls and Women," new edition, Boston, 1902, and

"In the Land of the Gods," Boston, 1905, as well as G. W. Knox's

"Japanese Life in Town and Country" ("Our Asiatic Neighbor" series), New

York, 1904, are recommended. For other sides than are so well described

by these works, the reader must again turn to Captain Brinkley's great

work, and also to articles in the _Transactions of the Asiatic Society

of Japan_ published at Tokyo since 1872.

There are a few works interpretative of the moral side of the evolution

of the Japanese nation, among which again chapters in Brinkley, as well

as I. Nitobe's "Bushido," Philadelphia, 1900, and New York, 1905, and K.

Okakura's "Soul of the East," London and New York, 1904, may be

mentioned. These able authors will admit, however, that the subject

requires so extensive and rigorous a training and so naturally refined

and delicate an intellect, and it is so impossible to pass a final or

even a definite judgment on the matter, that it seems hazardous to rely

upon the opinion of any one writer. S. L. Gulick's "Evolution of the

Japanese, Social and Psychic," New York, 1903, is a misnomer, as no work

of such claim can afford to be more seriously defective in showing the

development of a historic nation. The author's notion of social

evolution, which forms the basis of this work, does not seem to have

been tested by the modern student, and the entire work unfortunately

breathes a certain type of mind and training to the exclusion of others.

In studying such a subject as is aimed at in this work, no student can

be too well trained and too thorough, and no statement can be too

undogmatic.

Of books written on the politics of New Japan, Count (now Marquis)

Hirobumi Ito's "Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of

Japan," English translation, Tokyo, 1889, is the authoritative work and

is indispensable. Chapters in Brinkley, Stead and Clement are

interesting. The last writer has also an article on the local

self-government in the _Political Science Quarterly_ for June, 1892, and

another on the constitutional government in the _Annals of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science_ for March, 1903. T. Ienaga's

"Constitutional Development of Japan" ("Johns Hopkins Studies," 9th

Series, No. 9), Baltimore, 1891, takes up the earlier years of the new

régime, while K. Kawakami's "Political Ideas of Modern Japan,"

University of Iowa, 1903, brings the account of the theoretical side of

the development down to about 1902. An article by H. N. Lay on the

political parties of Japan in the _Transactions of the Asiatic Society

of Japan_, volume 30, No. 3, is valuable.

In regard to the economic and financial conditions of Japan, the United

States _Consular Reports_ and the British _Diplomatic and Consular

Reports_ are very useful. The Japanese Government publishes the

_Economic and Financial Annals of Japan_. Among other official

publications by the same government, the "Report on the Adoption of the

Gold Standard," 1899, the "Post-Bellum Finance," 1900, and "Japan in the

Beginning of the Twentieth Century," 1903, are important. Y.

Kinos[h]ita's "Past and Present of Japanese Commerce" ("Columbia

University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law"), New York,

1902, is an interpretative account of Japan's foreign trade. J. Morris

has written a volume on "Japan and Its Trade" ("Harper's International

Commerce Series"), London and New York, 1902.

Passing to the matter of literature, W. G. Aston has a "History of

Japanese Literature," New York, 1901, while, for practical studies of

the language, one may turn to W. Imbrie's "English-Japanese Etymology,"

Toyko, and B. H. Chamberlain's "Hand-book of Colloquial Japanese,"

Tokyo, 1888, "A Simplified Grammar of the Japanese Language," Toyko,

1886, and the "Moji-no-Shirube; a Practical Introduction to the Study of

the Japanese Writing," London, New York, and Shanghai, 1899.

We conclude by again recommending Captain Brinkley's "Oriental Series"

to general readers, who may also profitably consult some articles in the

_Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan_ and of the _Japan Society

at London_.

INDEX

Abe Masahiro: urges signing of treaty with America, 157

Abe-no-Hirafu: his campaigns in the north, 27

Abe-no-Nakamaro: scholarship of, 35

Achiki: introduces Chinese learning into Japan, 13

Adams, William: settles in Japan, 135

Aigun: occupied by Russia, 285

Akamatsu Mitsusuke: rebellion of, 95

Akechi Mitsuhide: rewarded with lands of Buddhist priests, 111;

kills Oda Nobunaga, 112

Akira, Prince: made _gijo_, 167

Akita: built, 27

Alexiev, Admiral: concludes treaty with Tsang-chi, 286

Alexis, Prince: visits Japan, 191

Amakusa: battle of (1638), 137

Amoy Affair, The, 283

Andō Nobumasa: assassination of, 161

Anglo-German Agreement: signed, 285

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902), 231, 289

Anglo-Russian Railway Agreement (1899), 279

Anshan-chan: captured by Japanese, 310

Antoku, emperor of Japan: reign of, 59;

death of, 62

An-tung: occupied by the Japanese, 267

Aoki Kanaiye: skill of, 107

Aoki, Viscount: becomes minister of foreign affairs, 190

Arai Hakuseki: sketch of, 142

Araki Matayemon: slays Kawai, 152

Argun: occupied by Russia, 285

Arisugawa, Prince: made commander-in-chief of army, 169;

commissioned to quell rebellion of Saigō, 179

Asana Naganori: story of, 152

Asano Yukinaga: at battle of Sekigahara, 123

Ashikaga Motouji: regent at Kamakura, 92;

joins rebellion of Ōuchi Yoshihiro, 95;

revolt of, 95

Ashikaga Takauji: his campaign in Kyōto, 86;

sketch of, 87;

death of, 91

Ashikaga Yoshiaki: shōgunate of, 101;

opposes growing influence of Oda Nobunaga, 111

Ashikaga Yoshiakira: shōgunate of, 91

Ashikaga Yoshihisa: birth of, 97

Ashikaga Yoshikazu: shōgunate of, 96

Ashikaga Yoshimasa: shōgunate of, 96

Ashikaga Yoshimi: assumes the duties of a regent, 97

Ashikaga Yoshimitsu: shōgunate of, 91, 92;

his relations with China, 102

Ashikaga Yoshimochi: shōgunate of, 92;

severs official intercourse between Japan and China, 103

Ashikaga Yoshinori: shōgunate of, 95;

reopens official intercourse with China, 103

Ashikaga Yoshiteru: assassinated, 100

Austria-Hungary: concludes treaty with Japan, 189

Awada-no-Mahito: scholarship of, 34

Azumi-no-Hirafu: his campaign in Korea, 26

Belgium: concludes treaty with Japan, 189

Bentsiaputse: captured by the Russians, 311

Bitchu-no-Kami: see Hotta Masaatsu

Blagovestchensk: bombarded, 284

Bosatsu: see Gyōgi

Boxer Uprising, The, 279

Buddha, The Great Image of: built, 32

Buddhism: introduced into Japan, 14

Chang Chih-tung: attempts to have Manchuria opened to foreign trade, 288

Chang Pak: in command of Chinese army, 76

Chemulpo: destroyed by Japanese, 194;

battle of, 303

Chiao-tow: captured by the Japanese, 310

China: early relations with Japan, 16;

conquests in Korea, 26;

concludes treaty with Japan (1871), 192;

relations with Russia, 276

Ching, Prince: his negotiations concerning Manchuria, 289, 295

Chino-Japanese War, 252

Chiulien-cheng: captured by the Japanese, 267

Chom Wei-king: attempts to negotiate peace with Japan, 119

Christianity: introduced into Japan, 105;

sketch of its progress in Japan, 137

Chūai, emperor of Japan: his campaign against the Kumaso, 12

Chūkyō, emperor of Japan: accession of, 71

Constitutional Party: organized, 219

Constitutional Political Association: organized, 227

Constitution, The: promulgated, 185;

in theory and practice, 199

Cyril, grand duke of Russia: at siege of Port Arthur, 307

Dannoura: battle of, 62

Danrin-ji: built, 41

Dazaifu: battle of (1281), 75

Denmark: concludes treaty with Japan, 189

Deities, Age of the, 3

Dogger Bank Incident, 313

Dōkyō: influence of, 36

Dutch: begin trade with Japan, 134

Edo: rise of, 123;

taken by imperial forces, 169;

"Art. 7--The conditions under which armed assistance shall be afforded