the publicly-owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling
(ERR), operates 2 television channels; national private TV channels
expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking
viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than
half of Estonian households connected; publicly-owned broadcaster,
ERR, operates 4 radio networks and there are a growing number of
private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally,
regionally, and locally (2008)
Ethiopia
1 public TV broadcast station broadcasting nationally and 1
public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13
administrative districts; a few commercial radio stations and
roughly a dozen community radio stations (2009)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
television service provided by a
multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the
public broadcaster Falkland Islands Radio Service (FIRS),
broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British
Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)
Faroe Islands
1 publicly-owned TV station; the Faroese
telecommunications company distributes local and international
channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly-owned
radio station supplemented by 2 privately-owned stations
broadcasting over multiple frequencies (2008)
Fiji
Fiji TV, a publicly-traded company, operates a free-to-air
channel as well as the Sky Fiji and Sky Pacific multi-channel pay-TV
services; state-owned commercial company, Fiji Broadcasting
Corporation, Ltd, operates 6 radio stations - 2 public broadcasters
and 4 commercial broadcasters with multiple repeaters; 5 radio
stations with repeaters operated by Communications Fiji, Ltd;
transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available
(2009)
Finland
a mix of publicly-operated TV stations and privately-owned
TV stations; the 2 publicly-owned TV stations recently expanded
services and the largest private TV station has introduced several
special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel
subscription services are available; all TV signals have been
broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via
cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting
maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a
large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)
France
a mix of both publicly-operated and privately-owned TV
stations; state-owned France Televisions operates 4 networks, one of
which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in
several thematic cable/satellite channels and international
channels; a large number of privately-owned regional and local TV
stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large
number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7
national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates
services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio
France Internationale (RFI), under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial
FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial
networks (2008)
French Polynesia
the publicly-owned French Overseas Network (RFO),
which operates in France's overseas departments and territories,
broadcasts on 2 television channels and 1 radio station; a
government-owned TV station is operating; a small number of
privately-owned radio stations also broadcast (2008)
Gabon
state owns and operates 2 TV stations and 2 radio broadcast
stations; a few private radio and TV stations are operational;
transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are
accessible; satellite service subscriptions are available (2007)
Gambia, The
state-owned, single-channel TV service; state-owned
radio station and 4 privately-owned radio stations; transmissions of
multiple international broadcasters are available, some via
shortwave radio; foreign cable and satellite TV subscription
services are obtainable in some parts of the country (2007)
Gaza Strip
1 television station and about 10 radio stations (2008)
Georgia
1 state-owned public television station in Tbilisi and 8
privately-owned TV stations; state-run public broadcaster operates 2
networks; dozens of cable TV operators and several major commercial
TV stations are operating; state-owned public radio broadcaster
operates 2 networks; several dozen private stations broadcast (2008)
Germany
a mixture of publicly-operated and privately-owned TV and
radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete
with nearly 400 privately-owned national and regional TV stations;
more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of
radio stations broadcasting including multiple national radio
networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio
stations (2008)
Ghana
state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several
privately-owned TV stations and a large number of privately-owned
radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters
are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services
are obtainable (2007)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides
television and radio broadcasting services via 1 television station
and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS)
operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV
stations are accessible (2008)
Greece
broadcast media dominated by the private sector; roughly 150
private TV channels, about a dozen of the private channels broadcast
at the national or regional level; 3 publicly-owned terrestrial TV
channels with national coverage, 1 publicly-owned satellite channel,
and 3 stations designed for digital terrestrial transmissions;
multi-channel satellite and cable TV services obtainable; upwards of
1,500 radio stations broadcasting, nearly all of them
privately-owned; state-run broadcaster has 7 national stations, 2
international stations, and 19 regional stations (2007)
Greenland
the Greenland Broadcasting Company provides public radio
and television services throughout the island with a broadcast
station and a series of repeaters; a few private local television
and radio stations broadcast; Danish public radio rebroadcasts are
available (2007)
Grenada
the Grenada Broadcasting Network, jointly owned by the
government and the Caribbean Communications Network of Trinidad and
Tobago, operates a television station and 2 radio stations;
multi-channel cable TV subscription service is available; a dozen
private radio stations also broadcast (2007)
Guam
about a dozen TV broadcast channels, including digital
channels; multi-channel cable TV services are available; roughly 20
radio stations broadcasting (2009)
Guatemala
4 privately-owned national terrestrial TV channels
dominate TV broadcasting; multi-channel satellite and cable services
are available; 1 government-owned radio station and hundreds of
privately-owned radio stations (2007)
Guernsey
multiple UK terrestrial television broadcasts - received
via a transmitter in Jersey with relays in Jersey, Guernsey, and
Alderney - will begin switching from analog to digital broadcasts in
November 2010; satellite packages are available; BBC Radio Guernsey
and 1 other radio station operating (2009)
Guinea
government maintains control over broadcast media; single
state-run TV station; state-run radio broadcast station also
operates several stations in rural areas; about 20 privately-owned
radio stations, nearly all in Conakry, and about a dozen community
radio stations; foreign television programming available via
satellite and cable subscription services (2008)
Guinea-Bissau
1 state-owned TV station and a second station, RTP
Africa, is operated by Portuguese public broadcaster RTP; 1
state-owned radio station, several private radio stations, and some
community radio stations; multiple international broadcasters are
available (2007)
Guyana
government-dominated broadcast media; the National
Communications Network (NCN) TV is state-owned; a few private TV
stations relay satellite services; the state owns and operates 2
radio stations broadcasting on multiple frequencies capable of
reaching the entire country; government limits on licensing of new
private radio stations continue to constrain competition in
broadcast media (2007)
Haiti
several television stations, including 1 government-owned;
cable TV subscription service is available; government-owned radio
network; more than 250 private and community radio stations
operating with about 50 FM stations in Port-au-Prince alone (2007)
Holy See (Vatican City)
the Vatican Television Center (CTV)
transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday
audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also
produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official
broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM
frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections (2008)
Honduras
multiple privately-owned terrestrial television networks,
supplemented by multiple cable TV networks; Radio Honduras is the
lone government-owned radio network; roughly 300 privately-owned
radio stations (2007)
Hong Kong
2 commercial terrestrial television networks each with
multiple stations; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems are
available; 3 radio networks, one of which is government-funded,
operate about 15 radio stations (2008)
Hungary
mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast
media and private broadcasters; the 3 publicly-owned TV channels and
the 2 main privately-owned TV stations are the major national
broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels have
emerged; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services
with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing multi-channel services; 3
state-supported public-service radio networks and 2 major national
commercial stations; a large number of local stations including
commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations
(2007)
Iceland
state-owned public television broadcaster operates 1 TV
channel nationally; several privately-owned TV stations broadcast
nationally and roughly another half-dozen operate locally; about
half the households utilize multi-channel cable or satellite TV
services; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 2 national
networks and 4 regional stations; 2 privately-owned radio stations
operate nationally and another 15 provide more limited coverage
(2007)
India
Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20
national, regional, and local services; large number of
privately-owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite
service providers; government controls AM radio with All India Radio
operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio
are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000,
privately-owned FM stations are permitted but limited to
broadcasting entertainment and educational content (2007)
Indonesia
mixture of about a dozen national television networks - 2
public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with
multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations operating;
widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio
broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and
local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations operating with
more than 650 privately-operated (2008)
Iran
state-run broadcast media with no private, independent
broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the
state-run TV broadcaster, operates 5 nationwide channels, a news
channel, about 30 provincial channels, and several international
channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting
on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes
are illegal and, while their use had been tolerated, authorities
began confiscating satellite dishes following the unrest stemming
from the 2009 presidential election; IRIB operates 8 nationwide
networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service;
most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2009)
Iraq
the number of private radio and television stations has
increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations
are operated by the publicly-funded Iraqi Public Broadcasting
Service; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political,
ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an
estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based
abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters
are accessible (2007)
Ireland
publicly-owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE)
operates 2 TV stations; commercial television stations are
available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite
and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE
operates 4 national radio stations and has launched digital audio
broadcasts on several stations; a number of commercial broadcast
stations operate at the national, regional, and local levels (2007)
Isle of Man
national public radio broadcasts over 3 FM stations and
1 AM station; 2 commercial broadcasters operating with 1 having
multiple FM stations; receives radio and TV services via relays from
British TV and radio broadcasters (2008)
Israel
state broadcasting network, operated by the Israel
Broadcasting Authority (IBA), broadcasts on 2 channels, one in
Hebrew and the other in Arabic; 5 commercial channels including a
channel broadcasting in Russian, a channel broadcasting Knesset
proceedings, and a music channel supervised by a public body;
multi-channel satellite and cable TV packages provide access to
foreign channels; IBA broadcasts on 8 radio networks with multiple
repeaters and Israel Defense Forces Radio broadcasts over multiple
stations; about 15 privately-owned radio stations; overall more than
100 stations and repeater stations operating (2008)
Italy
two Italian media giants - the publicly-owned Radiotelevisione
Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and
privately-owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations -
dominate; additional broadcasts by a large number of private
stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3
AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1,300 commercial radio
stations (2007)
Jamaica
privately-owned Radio Jamaica Limited and its subsidiaries
operate multiple television stations, subscription cable services,
and radio stations; 2 other privately-owned television stations
broadcast; roughly 70 radio stations (2007)
Jan Mayen
a coastal radio station has been remotely operated since
1994 (2008)
Japan
a mixture of public and commercial broadcast TV and radio
stations; 5 national terrestrial television networks including 1
public broadcaster; the large number of radio and TV stations
available provide a wide range of choices; satellite and cable
services provide access to international channels (2008)
Jersey
multiple UK terrestrial television broadcasts - received via
a transmitter in Jersey with relays in Jersey, Guernsey, and
Alderney - will begin switching from analog to digital broadcasts in
November 2010; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1
other radio station operating (2009)
Jordan
radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio
and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a
sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first
independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV
and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio
stations operational with JRTV operating the main government-owned
station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters
are available (2007)
Kazakhstan
state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission
facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all
nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government;
some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized and are
controlled by the president's daughter, who heads the Khabar Agency
that runs multiple TV and radio stations; a number of
privately-owned TV stations; households with satellite dishes have
access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations
operating along with state-run radio stations (2008)
Kenya
about a half-dozen privately-owned TV stations and a
state-owned television broadcaster that operates 2 channels;
satellite and cable TV subscription services are available;
state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and
provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; a
large number of private radio broadcasters, including provincial
stations broadcasting in local languages; transmissions of several
international broadcasters are available (2007)
Kiribati
1 television broadcast station that provides about 1 hour
of local programming Monday-Friday; multi-channel TV packages
provide access to Australian and US stations; 1 government-operated
radio station broadcasting on AM, FM, and shortwave (2009)
Korea, North
no independent media; radios and televisions are
pre-tuned to government stations; 4 government-owned television
stations; the Korean Workers' Party owns and operates the Korean
Central Broadcasting Station, and the state-run Voice of Korea
operates an external broadcast service; the government prohibits
listening to and jams foreign broadcasts (2008)
Korea, South
multiple national television networks with 2 of the 3
largest networks publicly operated; the largest privately-owned
network, Seoul Broadcasting Service (SBS), has ties with other
commercial TV networks; cable and satellite TV subscription services
are available; publicly-operated radio broadcast networks and a
large number of privately-owned radio broadcasting networks, each
with multiple affiliates, and independent local stations (2008)
Kuwait
state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a
satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged
since 2003; satellite TV is available with pan-Arab TV stations
especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number
of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station
emerged in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio
broadcasters are available (2007)
Kyrgyzstan
state-run television broadcaster operates 2 nationwide
networks and 6 regional stations; roughly 20 private TV stations
operating with most rebroadcasting other channels; state-run radio
broadcaster operates 2 networks; about 20 private radio stations
operating (2007)
Laos
2 television stations operating out of Vientiane - 1
government-operated and the other jointly-owned by the government
and a Thai company; roughly 15 provincial stations operating with
nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the
government-operated station in Vientiane; relays from Hanoi provide
access to a Vietnamese television station; broadcasts available from
stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel
satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of
foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao
National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 2 SW, and
2 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite
constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the
provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border
areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are
also accessible (2008)
Latvia
several national and regional commercial TV stations are
foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly-owned; system
supplemented by privately-owned regional and local TV stations;
cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and
foreign broadcasts are available; publicly-owned broadcaster
operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the
country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations
(2007)
Lebanon
7 TV stations in operation, 1 of which is state-owned; more
than 30 radio stations, 1 of which is state-owned; satellite and
cable TV services are available; transmissions of at least 2
international broadcasters are accessible through partner stations
(2007)
Lesotho
1 state-owned TV station and 2 state-owned radio stations;
government controls most private broadcast media; satellite TV
subscription service is available; transmissions of multiple
international broadcasters are obtainable (2008)
Liberia
3 private TV stations; satellite TV service is available; 1
state-owned radio station; about 15 independent radio stations
broadcasting in Monrovia, with another 25 local stations operating
in other areas; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are
available (2007)
Libya
state controls broadcast media; state-owned terrestrial TV
station and about a half-dozen state-owned satellite stations
broadcast; some provinces operate local TV stations; a single,
non-state-owned TV station launched in 2007; pan-Arab satellite TV
stations are available; state-owned radio broadcasts on a number of
frequencies, some of which carry regional programming; Voice of
Africa, Libya's external radio service, can also be heard; a single,
non-state-owned radio station broadcasting (2007)
Liechtenstein
relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite
broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first
Liechtenstein-based television station established August 2008;
Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based
broadcaster operates several radio stations in Liechtenstein (2008)
Lithuania
public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third
channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various
privately-owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and
multiple regional channels; large number of privately-owned local TV
stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are
available; publicly-owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks;
large number of privately-owned commercial broadcasters, many with
repeater stations in various regions throughout the country (2007)
Luxembourg
Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV
services to pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest
privately-owned broadcast media group, the RTL group, which operates
45 television stations and 31 radio stations in Europe; also home to
Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des
Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL group operates TV and radio
networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French
and German stations are available; satellite and cable TV services
are accessible (2008)
Macau
local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television
stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in
Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; cable and
satellite TV services are available; 3 radio stations broadcasting,
of which 2 are government-operated (2008)
Macedonia
public television broadcaster operates 3 national channels
and a satellite network; 5 privately-owned TV channels broadcast
nationally; roughly 50 local commercial TV stations broadcasting;
large number of cable operators offering domestic and international
programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple
stations; 3 privately-owned radio stations broadcast nationally;
roughly 65 local commercial radio stations functioning (2007)