HOSPITAL DWELLINGS
“_He_” [_Lanfranc_] “_built a fair and large house of stone, and
added to it several habitations for the various needs and convenience
of the men, together with an ample plot of ground._” (Eadmer’s
History.)
The Canterbury monk mentions the foundation of Archbishop Lanfranc’s
two hospitals. The lepers’ dwellings on the hill-side at Harbledown
were merely wooden houses. The architecture of St. John’s was more
striking: _lapideam domum decentem et amplam construxit_. The edifice
(_palatium_) was divided in two parts, to accommodate men and women.
As Eadmer was living until 1124, he saw the hospital shortly after its
erection. He may even have watched the Norman masons complete it, and
the first infirm occupants take up their abode.
Before considering the plan of hospital buildings, it will be
of interest to learn how they impressed men of those days. The
twelfth-century writer of the _Book of the Foundation_ betrays his
unfeigned admiration of St. Bartholomew’s. The hospital house was at a
little distance from the church, which was “made of cumly stoonewerke
tabylwyse.” The traditional commencement of the work was that Rahere
playfully acted the fool, and thus drew to himself a good-natured
company of children and servants: “with ther use and helpe stonys and
othir thynges profitable to the bylynge, lightly he gaderyd to [p107]
gedyr,” until at length “he reysid uppe a grete frame.” When all was
finished and he had set up the sign of the cross “who shulde not be
astonyd, ther to se, constructe and bylyd thonorable byldynge of pite.”
Matthew Paris gives sketches and brief descriptions of three hospitals
in his _Chronica Major_.[74] St. Giles’, near London—“the memorial of
Matilda the Queen”—seems to consist of hall and chapel with an eastern
tower and another small tower at the south-west (Fig. 10); of the
_Domus Conversorum_, London, he says, “Henry built a decent church, fit
for a conventual congregation, with other buildings adjoining” (Fig.
3); St. John’s, Oxford, he calls _quoddam nobile hospitale_. (Fig. 1.)
The chronicler died in 1259, and these sketches were probably made
about ten years previously, when the two latter houses were newly built.
[Illustration: 16. HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN, EXETER]
[Illustration: 17. HOSPITAL OF ST. ALEXIS, EXETER]
Two thirteenth-century seals depict hospitals at Exeter. Mr. Birch
describes that of St. John’s as “a church-like [p108] building of
rectangular ground-plan, with an arcade of three round-headed arches
along the nave, roof of ornamental shingles, and crosses at the
gable-ends.” The artist contrives to show not only one side, but one
end, apparently the west front, with entrance. (Fig. 16.) The other
seal is that of the neighbouring hospital of St. Alexis “behind St.
Nicholas.” (Fig. 17.) The beautiful seal of St. John’s, Stafford
(reproduced by the kindness of the Society of Antiquaries) shows
architectural features of the transition period between the Early
English and Decorated styles. The windows are triple-lancets with a
delicately-pierced trefoil above; and an arcade runs round the base.
(Fig. 18.)
[Illustration: 18. ST. JOHN’S, STAFFORD]
Casual references to building in progress occur in records, but they
give little information. As early as 1161–3 Pipe Rolls mention works
going on at the houses of the infirm at Oxford; there is one entry of
over £8 spent on repairs. In 1232 timber was being sent to Crowmarsh
to make shingles for the roof of the hospital [p109] church. Land was
granted to St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester, for the widening of their
chancel (1265); it is of interest to compare this fact with the elegant
Early English work shown in Lysons’ view. (Pl. VI.) There occurs on
another roll a licence to lengthen the portico of the Maison Dieu,
Dover (1278).
The arrangement of most of these buildings is unknown, for frequently
not a vestige remains. In many cases they grew up with little definite
plan. A private dwelling was adapted, further accommodation being
added as funds permitted. The domestic buildings were usually of wood
and thatched, which accounts for the numerous allusions to fire. Even
St. John’s, Canterbury, which was chiefly of stone, was burnt in the
fourteenth century, but some traces of Norman work remain. (Pl. III.)
In time of war, houses near the Border or on the South Coast suffered.
The buildings of God’s House, Berwick-on-Tweed, were cast down by
engines during a siege. The master and inmates implored aid in their
sore extremity, declaring that in spite of all efforts to repair the
buildings, the work was unfinished, and that they could not endure
the winter without being utterly perished.[75] The same year (1333)
the destroyed hospital at Capelford-by-Norham was being rebuilt. St.
Nicholas’, Carlisle, was levelled to the ground more than once, and
Sherburn was partly demolished at the time of the Battle of Neville’s
Cross. The same story of attack and fire comes from houses at
Southampton and Portsmouth.
Before proceeding to any classification of buildings, some of the
component parts may be mentioned. The precincts were often entered by
a gateway beneath a [p110] tower. (Pl. VIII, XVI.) Sometimes, as at
Northallerton, there was a hospice near the gate, especially intended
for wayfarers who were too feeble to proceed; and an almonry, as at St.
Cross, for the distribution of out-relief.
The mode of life in different hospitals affected their architectural
arrangement. The warden and professed members of the staff were
expected to live in community. The master of St. John’s, Ely, was
charged not to have delicate food in his own chamber, but to dine in
the refectory. In most houses the rule was relaxed, and the warden
came to have private apartments, and finally, a separate dwelling.
(Pl. XVI, XXI.) In large institutions, the dining-hall was a fine
building. The “Brethren Hall” at St. Cross (about 36 × 20 feet)
consists of four bays, and has a handsome chestnut ceiling. (Pl. X.)
The beautiful refectory at St. Wulstan’s, Worcester (48 feet × 25 feet
8 inches), adjoins another long, narrow hall; these buildings present
interesting features—such as the screen, a coved canopy over the dais,
and a loft from which reading was given during meals. The screen,
gallery and oriel are reproduced in _Domestic Architecture during
the Tudor Period_. The title of “minstrels’ gallery,” given by J. H.
Parker to the screen at the western end of the hall, has been called
in question; but as the same name is found at St. Cross it may be
remarked that in such institutions minstrels were called in to perform
on festal days, for the account rolls of St. Leonard’s, York (1369),
and St. John’s, Winchester[76] (1390), allude to it. The hospital was
a semi-secular house, and such halls were occasionally used for public
affairs. Permission was granted in 1456 that the hall and kitchen of
St. Katherine’s Maison Dieu, [p111] Newcastle, might be used by
young couples for their wedding dinner and the reception of gifts,
because at that time houses were not large. Leland notes that Thornton
“buildid St. Katerines Chapelle, _the Towne Haulle_, and a Place for
poor Almose Menne.” If the above-mentioned kitchen was as magnificent
as that of St. John’s, Oxford (now incorporated into Magdalen College),
a wedding-feast or civic banquet might well take place there.
[Illustration: _PLATE X._ HALL OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER]
The transaction of business was conducted in the chapter-house or in
an audit-room. At Ewelme, for example, there was a handsome chamber
above the steps leading from the almshouse into the church, and the
audit-room at Stamford is still in use.
The development of hospital buildings has been admirably dealt
with by F. T. Dollman. In his earlier work (_Examples of Domestic
Architecture_, 1858), he illustrates in great detail seven ancient
institutions; a reprint with additions followed (1861). The subject
calls for a more exhaustive study, which is now being undertaken by
a competent architect. In this chapter nothing is attempted beyond a
brief indication of the prevalent styles. Frequently, however, the
original construction can be barely conjectured, for only a part
is left, and that has probably suffered from alteration. Dollman
distinguishes four principal modes of arrangement:—
(i) Great hall—infirmary or dormitory—with chapel at the eastern end.
(ii) As above, with chapel detached, and entered from without.
(iii) Suite of buildings, usually quadrangular; chapel apart.
(iv) Narrow courtyard. [p112]
i. HALL WITH TERMINATING CHAPEL
[Illustration: 19. ST. MARY’S, CHICHESTER]
(a) _Infirmary._—The early form of a hospital was that of a church.
A picturesque fragment of St. James’, Lewes, is figured in _Beauties
of Sussex_;[77] the foundations remained within memory, consisting,
apparently, of nave, aisles and chancel, the dimensions of the latter
being about 34 × 15 feet. From an ancient deed in the Record Office,
this building is shown to have been the sick-ward with its chapel;
it refers to the “sick poor in the great hall of the hospital of
Suthenovere.” Mention is frequently made of chapels “within the
dormitory” or “in the infirmary,” and of beds “in the hospital on
the west of the church.” The statutes of Kingsthorpe show how this
arrangement met the patients’ spiritual wants:—
“In the body of the house adjoining the chapel of the Holy Trinity
there should be three rows of beds joined together in length, in
which the poor and strangers and invalids may lie for the purpose
of hearing mass and attending to the prayers more easily and
conveniently.” [p113]
[Illustration: 20. ST. NICHOLAS’, SALISBURY
_Black._ Extant remains (xiii. cent.).
_Tint._ Site of destroyed walls.
_Dotted lines._ Probable arrangement of original buildings.
_AA._ The Chapels.
_BB._ Cubicles.
_C._ Latrines.
_D._ Porch.
_E._ Old Hospital.
_F._ Covered way.]
The finest remaining example of such an infirmary is St. Mary’s,
Chichester. (Pl. XVIII.) It is now a great hall of four bays, and seems
originally to have been longer by two bays. (See Ground-plan, Fig.
19.) The hall measures over 84 feet, and opens into a chapel 47 feet
in length. A wide and lofty roof with open timbers spans the whole
building, the pitch of the roof being such that the north and south
walls are unusually low. (Pl. VI.) The Domus [p114] Dei, Portsmouth,
was of similar construction. Its thirteenth-century chapel still exists
as the chancel of the Royal Garrison Church, the nave and aisles of
which replace the infirmary, or “Nurcery” as it is called in one
document.
The early French hospitals were usually of three wings, as at St.
Jean, Angers, built by Henry II. It is probable that the same design
was commonly adopted in England. St. Bartholomew’s, London, had three
chapels—besides those now called “St. Bartholomew’s the Great” and
“the Less”—and possibly these three were terminating chapels of an
infirmary. At St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, a double-hall opened into two
chapels. (Fig. 20, Ground-plan.) Here there are some traces of Early
English work, which can almost be dated, for an entry of 1231 records a
grant of timber,[78] and Bishop Bingham completed the hospital before
1244. Buckler’s sketches (Pl. XV) give some idea of the charm of the
existing buildings, which are mainly of the fourteenth century.
(b) _Almshouse._—The infirmary-plan became a model for some of the
later almshouses. A fine example remains at Higham Ferrers (about
1423). The dimensions of this building were as follows:—Hall, 63 × 24
feet; Chapel, 17 feet, 10 inches × 20 feet. Wooden screens subdivided
the dormitory; and the statutes directed that each bedeman should join
in evening prayers at his chamber door. Although not so secluded as the
separate-tenement type, the early arrangement was good, for inmates
had the benefit of air from the spacious hall, with its fine and lofty
oak ceiling. Modern examples of this cubicle-system are still seen at
Wells, St. Mary’s, Chichester, and St. Giles’, Norwich. In the latter
case, the dormitory forms [p115] part of a church adapted for the
purpose; the compartments communicate with a corridor-hall and are
open above to the panelled ceiling of St. Helen’s church with its
heraldic devices. The early fifteenth-century Maison Dieu at Ripon was
not unlike that of Higham Ferrers. The ruined chapel exists, with the
arch which led into the domicile. By means of a partition, four men,
four women and two casual guests were accommodated, and the priest had
apartments at the west end.
[Illustration: _PLATE XI._ ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, GLASTONBURY
(_a_) VIEW FROM THE WEST. (_b_) GROUND-PLAN]
St. Saviour’s, Wells, was a contemporary foundation. Leland
remarks:—“The Hospitale and the Chapelle is buildid al in lenghth under
one Roofe.” This interesting old dwelling-place still exists, but has
lost its former character, as has also the Glastonbury almshouse for
men, of which a view and ground-plan are shown on Plate XI.
Slightly different again was the plan of a two-storied block, having
a chancel-like chapel with a roof of lower pitch. Sherborne almshouse
(Dorset) was built thus. It opens to both stories of the adjoining
domicile; this is done on the upper floor, by means of a gallery in
which the women sit during service.
Later, it was customary for the chapel to extend to the height of the
whole building under one roof, as at Browne’s hospital, Stamford. (Fig.
5.) Although the lofty chapel corresponded in height to both stories,
only the lower one—which in this case was the dormitory—communicated
with it. This block formed part of a suite ranging round a quadrangle.
A ground-plan and views of this imposing almshouse, with descriptions
of its architectural features, are found in Wright’s history. There is
a striking similarity of construction between it and [p116] Wigston’s
hospital, Leicester (figured by Nichols[79]). Both were good specimens
of the domestic Perpendicular style.
The earlier almshouse in Leicester, called the “Newark” (afterwards
known as Trinity) was a large building. Nichols’ view (1788)[80] shows
a range of dwellings below, others above with dormer windows in the
roof, clumsy chimneys, a bell-cote, and at one end a chancel-like
extension. There must originally have been extensive buildings to
accommodate the hundred poor. Leland says: “The large Almose House
stondith also withyn the Quadrante of the Area of the College”; and
of the church associated with it Camden says that “the greatest
ornament of Leicester was demolished when the religious houses were
granted to the king.” Bablake hospital, Coventry (_circa_ 1508), which
was somewhat similar to the Leicester almshouse, still exists. This
“Hospitall well builded for ten poore Folkes,” as Leland reports,
formed a simple parallelogram; below, ambulatory, hall, dining-room,
and kitchen; above, dormitories.
ii. HALL WITH DETACHED CHAPEL
Of a great hall with separate chapel, Dollman cites one instance, St.
John’s, Northampton. Here the hospital was a parallelogram, the chapel
touching it at one corner, but not communicating with it; another
detached building, sometimes called the Master’s House, was probably
the refectory. (Plan and details, Dollman; see also T. H. Turner,
_Domestic Architecture_, Vol. III.) From the engraving (Frontispiece)
it would seem that the Maison [p117] Dieu, Dover, was similarly
designed; at the north-east angle is the chapel, three bays of which
may still be seen. The various apartments existing in 1535 are
mentioned in the Inventory.[81] “The Great Chamber called the Hoostrye”
(hostelry or guest-hall) was probably the common-room and refectory,
but besides trestle-tables, settle and seats, the furniture included
a great bedstead and a little one; this hall contained an inner room.
There were four other small bed-chambers, a _fermery_ (infirmary) with
accommodation for fifteen persons, besides day-room, kitchens, etc.
[Illustration: _PLATE XII._
PLAN OF THE LEPER HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, LONDON
(_a_) GATE. (_b_) CHAPEL AND PARISH CHURCH. (_c_) HOSPITAL MANSION.
(_d_) POOL CLOSE. (_e_) ORCHARD. (_f_) COTTAGES. (_g_) HOUSES, ETC., OF
DR. BORDOY. (_h_) GARDENS. (_i_) WALLS. (_l_) GALLOWS.
THE CHURCH OF ST. GILES IN THE FIELDS
(_a_) PARISH CHURCH. (_b_) HOSPITAL CHURCH. (_c_) BELL TOWER. (_d_,
_e_) ALTARS. (_f_) ST. MICHAEL’S CHAPEL. (_g_) SCREEN DIVIDING
CHURCHES. (_h_) WESTERN ENTRANCE.]
iii. GROUP OF BUILDINGS AND CHAPEL
(a) _Leper-house._—Although originally lepers had a common dormitory,
the plan began to be superseded as early as the thirteenth century,
when a visitation of St. Nicholas’, York, shows that each inmate had
a room to himself. The rule at Ilford was that lepers should eat and
sleep together “so far as their infirmity permitted.” The dormitory
afterwards gave place to tenements. The Harbledown settlement in
the eighteenth century is shown in Pl. II, the buildings being
named by Duncombe, master and historian of the hospital. Facing the
“hospital-chapel” were the “frater-house” and domestic quarters.
The chantry-house by the gateway was, doubtless, the residence of
the staff. (See p. 147.) The original dwellings must have been more
extensive, for they sheltered a hundred lepers. The view of Sherburn
(Durham) may reproduce the later mediæval design. (Fig. 21.) In some
cases a cloister ran round the buildings. The statutes of St. Julian’s
leper-hospital ordained “that there be no standing in the corridor
(_penticio_), which extends in [p118] length before the houses of the
brothers in the direction of the king’s road.”
[Illustration: 21. SHERBURN HOSPITAL, NEAR DURHAM]
The Winchester leper-house was quadrangular. It existed until 1788, and
was drawn and described in _Vetusta Monumenta_. (Fig. 22, Pl. XXI.) A
row of habitations extended east and west, parallel to them was the
chapel; the master’s house connected the two; the fourth side being
occupied by a common hall. Probably St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, was
of a similar character. (Pl. XXII.) The long building which remains
north of the chapel has four windows above and four below, as though
to accommodate the eight brethren. When dwellings ranged round an
[p119] enclosure, it was usual to have a well in the centre. Such
“lepers’ wells” may still be seen on the site of St. Mary Magdalene’s,
Winchester, and at Lyme Regis.
[Illustration: 22. PLAN OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, WINCHESTER]
The lepers’ chapel was almost invariably a detached building. Sherburn
had a fair-sized church, which is still in use, besides two chapels,
one of which communicated with the quarters of the sick (_capella
interior infra domum infirmorum_). The above were large institutions;
but at St. Petronilla’s, Bury St. Edmunds—which might be described as
a cottage-hospital for lepers—the chapel and hall were under one roof.
The projection on the right (more clearly seen in Yates’ engraving) was
the [p120] refectory. The window of the chapel shown in Pl. XXVIII
still exists, though the ruin is not _in situ_.
(b) _Almshouse._—The modern design of almshouse, consisting of cottages
each with its own fireplace and offices, developed during the fifteenth
century. Thus about the year 1400, Grendon’s new charity in Exeter
became known as the “Ten Cells.” It was directed by the founder at
Croydon (1443) that every inmate have “a place by himsilf in the
whiche he may ligge and reste.” Some of these tenement almshouses were
quadrangular, whilst others consisted of a simple row of dwellings.
The contemporary charities established at Ewelme and Abingdon
illustrate the two variations of what was in reality the same type. The
picturesque almshouse at Ewelme, dating about 1450, is shown in Pl.
XVII. The founder’s intention was thus expressed in the statutes:—
“We woll and ordeyne that the minister . . . and pore men have and
holde a certeyn place by them self within the seyde howse of almesse,
that is to sayng, a lityl howse, a celle or a chamber with a chemeney
and other necessarys in the same, in the whiche any of them may by
hym self ete and drynke and rest, and sum tymes among attende to
contemplacion and prayoure.”
The buildings (of which Dollman gives views, ground-plan, etc.) were
quadrangular, consisting of sitting-rooms below, with bedrooms above.
[Illustration: _PLATE XIII._ FORD’S HOSPITAL, COVENTRY]
Formerly, inmates gathered round an open hearth (compare Pl. X) or
in a capacious ingle-nook, like that in use at St. Giles’, Norwich.
The chimney—which originally signified fireplace—is a new feature
indicating a change of life. At Ludlow, for example, Hosyer’s almshouse
was constructed with thirty-three chambers [p121] and in every
chamber a chimney. Those at St. Cross are slender and unobtrusive, but
the later erections at St. John’s, Lichfield, are oppressive in size.
Of the simple row of tenements, a beautiful example remains at
Abingdon. (Pl. XXVI.) It was founded by the Gild of the Holy Cross
for thirteen impotent men and women. The present hospital consists
of fourteen dwellings (with a central hall reconstructed in Jacobean
times); the timbered cloister has recently been carefully repaired.
The Spital Almshouse near Taunton, rebuilt by Abbot Beere about 1510,
consists of a simple two-storied row of cottages, with a covered way in
front.
iv. NARROW COURTYARD
Ford’s hospital at Coventry (Pl. XIII) is placed in a class by itself.
This half-timbered house is a perfect gem of domestic architecture. The
oaken framework, the elaborately-carved verge-boards of the gables, the
varied tracery of the windows, the slender pinnacled-buttresses, alike
call for admiration. Entering the doorway, a narrow court (39 × 12
feet) is reached, perhaps the most beautiful part of the building. Each
dwelling communicates with the bed-chamber above, and at either end
were the chapel and common hall. Dollman gives the ground-plan, etc.;
Garner and Stratton’s recent work on Tudor Domestic Architecture also
contains lovely plates of the western front, courtyard and rich details.
v. CRUCIFORM PLAN
The ground-plan of the great Savoy hospital was cruciform, which is
unusual. It would appear from the [p122] following extract from Henry
VII’s will, that he himself superintended the architectural design:—
“We have begoune to erecte, buylde and establisshe a commune Hospital
. . . and the same we entende with Godd’s grace to finish, after the
maner, fourme and fashion of a plat which is devised for the same,
and signed with our hande.”
When completed, this was one of the most notable things of the
metropolis. In 1520, some distinguished French visitors were
entertained at a civic banquet. “In the afternoon, inasmuch as they
desired amonge other things to see the hospital of Savoy and the king’s
chapell at the monastery of Westminster, they were conueyed thither
on horseback.”[82] The engraving (Pl. XIV) shows an imposing pile of
buildings.
* * * * *
Hospital buildings were good of their kind, and the chapels were of
the best that could be provided. In Leland’s eyes Burton Lazars had
“a veri fair Hospital and Collegiate Chirch”; Worcester could show
“an antient and fayre large Chappell of St. Oswald”; St. John’s,
Bridgwater, was “a thing notable” even to that insatiable sight-seer.
Of the finest examples, most have vanished. At St. Bartholomew’s the
Great, Smithfield, however, a portion survives of those “honourable
buildings of pity” which astonished twelfth-century onlookers; and
the noble church and quadrangles of St. Cross, Winchester (Pl. VIII),
show the scale upon which some were designed. The church of the
Dunwich leper-house (Pl. XXVIII) was 107 feet in length. (Ground-plan,
_Archæologia_, XII.) Part of the apse remains, showing a simple arcade
of semicircular arches, the [p123] chancel being ornamented with
intersecting arches. A treatise of Queen Mary’s time describes this
church as “a great one, and a fair large one, after the old fashion
. . . but now greatly decayed.”[83]
[Illustration: _PLATE XIV._ SAVOY HOSPITAL, LONDON
(_a_) HOSPITAL BUILDINGS (_c_) CHAPEL]
The most ancient, and, from an architectural point of view, one of
the most interesting chapels remaining, is that of St. Bartholomew,
Rochester; the domed apse with its own arch, writes the chaplain, is
rare even in the earliest Norman churches. (Ground-plan, see _Journal
Arch. Assoc._, XI.) Norman work may be seen in chapels at Sherburn,
Gloucester and Stourbridge, and in the fine hospital-hall at High
Wycombe. Beautiful specimens of the Early English style remain at St.
Bartholomew’s, Sandwich; the Domus Dei, Portsmouth; and St. Edmund’s,
Gateshead. The latter chapel, built by Bishop Farnham about 1247, is
still in use, for the graceful ruin drawn by Grimm (Pl. XXX) has been
restored. It is described in Boyle’s _Guide to Durham_:—“The west front
has a deeply-recessed central doorway, flanked by two tiers of arcades,
whilst over these is an upper arcade, the alternative spaces of which
are pierced by lancet lights”, etc. The chapel at Bawtry has a fine
Early English window and a handsome niche at the eastern end.
Among disused or misused chapels may be named St. Mary Magdalene’s,
Gloucester; St. Laurence’s, Crediton; Stourbridge; Poor Priests’,
Canterbury; St. Mary Magdalene’s, Durham; some, like the last-named,
are beyond restoration. St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, and St. James’,
Tamworth, long desecrated or deserted, are now being restored as houses
of prayer. St. Katherine’s, [p124] Exeter, has recently been given to
the Church Army, for the use of the destitute poor resorting to the
Labour Home.
[Illustration: 23. CHAPEL OF ABBOT BEERE’S ALMSHOUSE, GLASTONBURY
(For interior see Fig. 25)]
Ancient chapels remain attached to almshouses in the following places:—
Bawtry; Bristol (Three Kings of Cologne); Canterbury (St. John, St.
Thomas); Chichester; Gloucester (St. Margaret); Honiton; Ilford;
Lichfield; Oakham; Ripon (St. John Baptist, St. Mary Magdalene);
Rochester; Salisbury; Sandwich; Sherborne; Sherburn; Stamford;
Wimborne; Winchester (St. John’s); Glastonbury (2); Leicester
(Trinity); Tiverton; Wells.
Those of Wilton (St. John), Taddiport near Torrington, and Holloway
near Bath, are now chapels-of-ease; that of St. John and St. James,
Brackley, is used in connection with Grammar School and Parish
Church; Roman Catholics worship in St. John’s, Northampton, and
French Protestants use the Anglican liturgy in [p125] St. Julien’s,
Southampton; the chapel of the Domus Dei, Portsmouth, is part of the
Garrison Church; St. Mark’s, Bristol, is the Lord Mayor’s Chapel; St.
Edmund’s, Gateshead (Holy Trinity), and St. Cross, Winchester, are
Parish Churches.
FOOTNOTES:
[74] Chron. and Mem., 57, iii. 262–3.
[75] Cal. of Documents relating to Scotland, III, p. 199.
[76] The original hall stands west of the chapel, and is let as a
public dining-hall.
[77] J. Rouse, 1825, Pl. 76.
[78] Close 16 Hen. III, m. 17.
[79] Leicestershire, Vol. I, pt. ii. 495.
[80] Bibliographica Top. Brit., viii. facing p. 718.
[81] M. E. C. Walcott, _Arch. Cant._, VII, pp. 273–80.
[82] B.M., MS. Calig. D. vii. f. 240.
[83] Weever, _Funeral Mon._, ed. 1767, p. 459.
[p126]