like, str. v. governing the Dat.) a sock.
[17] = antiquated, +veraltet+.
[18] +verdrängt+, i.e. displaced.
[19] Say ‘Although fashion here is far from (+weit davon entfernt+) being
(S. 1, N. 3) immutable.
[20] to abide by a thing, +bei etwas verbleiben+. Use the attributive
constr. in this clause.
[21] +Auf diese Weise+, which place at the head of the period. ‘Old’,
here +bejahrt+; ‘to stamp’, here +aus´prägen+.
[22] to assume the airs of a dandy, +den Stutzer spielen+. Render ‘not’
by ‘not possibly’, +unmöglich+.
[23] = but generally also.
[24] = When we returned to the vessel.
[25] Yesterday I witnessed a very pretty scene, +gestern bot sich mir ein
sehr hübsches Schauspiel dar+.
[26] = Numerous children.
[27] +und die in der Nähe stehenden Bäume.+
[28] = who formed a circle (+Kreis+, m.), sang verses in their
mother-tongue (i.e. native language).
[29] = and joined them (+sich an´schließen+, sep. comp. str. v. refl.,
governing the Dat.).
[30] +aus dem Stegreif.+
[31] = and related (+sich beziehen+, insep. comp. irreg. v. refl.), I
believe (inverted), to (+auf+) our arrival.
[32] the ‘line’ of a verse is generally rendered by ‘+Strophe+’, f.
[33] which — parts, +welche von den übrigen mehrstimmig aufgenommen
wurde+.
[34] = and formed.
[35] made — aware, +legte unzweifelhaftes Zeugnis davon ab+.
[36] = that we found ourselves.
[37] here +vielbesungen+, adj.
_Section 172._
AUDUBON[1], THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIST, RELATES HOW NEARLY[2] A THOUSAND
OF HIS ORIGINAL DRAWINGS WERE DESTROYED.
I left the village _of_ Henderson, in Kentucky, situated[3] on the
banks of the Ohio, where I[4] resided for several years, to proceed[5]
to Philadelphia on business. I (S. 115, N. 1) looked[6] to my drawings
before my departure, placed them carefully in a wooden box, and gave[7]
them in charge of a relative, with[8] injunctions to see that no injury
should happen to them. My absence was of (= lasted) several months; and
when I returned, after[9] having enjoyed the pleasures of home _for_ a
few days, I inquired[10] after my box, and[11] what I was pleased to call
my treasure. The box was produced[12] and opened; but[13], reader, feel
for me—a pair _of_ Norway rats had taken possession of the whole, and
reared a young family among the gnawed[14] bits of paper, which, but[15]
a month previous, had represented nearly a thousand inhabitants of[16]
the air! The burning heat which[17] instantly rushed through my brain
was too great without[18] affecting my whole nervous system. I slept for
(S. 166, N. 10) several nights, and the days passed like[19] days of
oblivion—until[20] the animal powers being recalled into action, through
the strength of my constitution, I[21] took up my gun, my note-book and
my pencils, and went forth to the woods as gaily as if nothing had
happened. I[22] felt pleased that I might now make better drawings than
before; and, ere a period not exceeding three years had elapsed, my
portfolio was again filled.—JOHN AUDUBON.
[1] +~John James Audubon~, der berühmte amerikanische Ornithologe (oder
Vogelkundige), geboren den 4. Mai 1780 in Louisiana, gestorben den 27.
Januar 1851 zu New-York, befuhr die Ströme und Flüsse des Westens, um die
Vögel zu beobachten und zu zeichnen.+
[2] nearly a thousand, +nahe an tausend+.
[3] Use the attributive constr., and see S. 7, N. 3, and S. 48, N. 6.
[4] = I had resided for (+seit+).
[5] +reisen+; on business, +in Geschäften+.
[6] to look to a thing, +nach etwas sehen+.
[7] to give a thing in charge to a person, +einem etwas überge´ben+.
[8] = with the express command to protect (+bewahren+) them from (+vor+)
any (+jeder+) injury.
[9] = and had enjoyed. The pleasures of home, +die Freuden der
Häuslichkeit+.
[10] to inquire after a thing, +nach etwas fragen+.
[11] = and after (+nach+) my treasure, as I was pleased to call its
contents (+wie ich dessen Inhalt gerne zu bezeichnen pflegte+).
[12] = brought.
[13] = but have pity on (+mit+) me, O reader!
[14] +zernagt+; bits of paper, +Papierfetzen+.
[15] +noch vor einem Monat.+
[16] +der Lüfte+, which is the poetic form.
[17] = which instantly took possession of my brain (+Gehirn+, n.). To
take possession of a thing, +sich einer Sache bemächtigen+.
[18] +um nicht auch mein ganzes Nervensystem zu erschüttern.+
[19] like — oblivion, +im gänzlichen Vergessen alles Geschehenen+.
[20] = till my vital powers (+Lebenskräfte+) were reanimated (+wieder
angeregt waren+, App. § 17) through the strength of my constitution
(+Natur+, f.).
[21] Say ‘and I was able (+imstande sein+) to take up (+ergreifen+) my
gun (+Büchse+, f.), my sketch-book and my pencils to (S. 19, N. 7) go
therewith again as (+so+) cheerfully into the woods as if nothing had
happened (+als ob nichts vorgefallen wäre+)’.
[22] Say ‘It gave me pleasure to think that I would now perhaps produce
better drawings than ever (+je+) before; and even before (+noch ehe+)
three years had passed away, my portfolio was again filled with drawings.
_Section 173._
THE BATTLE OF[1] KASSASSIN.
I.
Mahsamah, Monday, August 28, 1882.
At[2] seven this morning, guns were heard in the direction of Kassassin,
which is[3] four miles to our front. The troops were called[4] under
arms, the Cavalry, consisting of the Household Cavalry[5] and 7th Dragoon
Guards, saddled _up_, and the Infantry fell[6] in in readiness to[7]
march to the assistance of the force there under General Graham. That
officer, however, sent a[8] message saying that the firing was in the
enemy’s camp, and[9] was inexplicable, except upon the supposition that
the Egyptians were fighting[10] among themselves.
At[11] eleven o’clock, however, the flags of the signallers at Kassassin
were in motion, and (S. 104, N. 19) the news came that the enemy were
approaching[12]. The Cavalry again turned out[13] and rode _off_ to
Kassassin. As the enemy approached, General Graham opened fire with his
two guns, and[14] the Egyptian artillery replied. The 19th Hussars[15]
came on[16] to the place from Mahuta, where General Willis has his
headquarters.
The enemy made no attack, but halted at[17] a considerable distance from
the camp, and kept[18] up a continued shell-fire, but at a distance
altogether[19] out of range. Their conduct[20] was, indeed, altogether
inexplicable. The Cavalry remained out all day, and the Infantry _here_
were kept in readiness to march at[21] a moment’s notice, but as the
enemy made[22] no movement in advance, they were not called _forward_ to
the front.
The heat was terrific[23] all day, the[24] sun beating down with almost
insupportable force upon the wide sand waste. It[25] had been hard
work for horses and men. No shade was obtainable[26], and the hot wind
raised[27] great dust storms, which penetrated[28] everywhere and made
breathing difficult. The brigade of Guards (S. 36, N. 7, _A_) fell in
under arms[29] ready[30] to march, but the Cavalry returned and reported
that the enemy had fallen back[31], after[32] keeping the troops the
whole day out in the full force of the sun.
[1] +bei+. The very graphic account of the Battle of Kassassin given
in Sections 173-177 was written by the correspondent of the London
‘Standard’, who was with the cavalry at Mahsamah. Kassassin (also called
Kassassin Lock) is four miles west from Mahsamah Station, which, only
a few days previous to this action, was captured from the Egyptians by
General Drury Lowe. The Egyptians had established a camp at that place,
and, after the capture, the Household Cavalry and the Dragoon Guards were
stationed there, under the command of General Drury Lowe, as a reserve
to the small force that held Kassassin Lock, an important fortified
position occupied by General Graham. The enemy, under the rebel-leader
Arabi, held the strongly fortified camp of Tel-el-Kebir, about twelve
miles west from Kassassin. Arabi’s stronghold (Tel-el-Kebir) was stormed
and captured by the English under their skilful Commander-in-chief Sir
Garnet Wolseley (now Lord Wolseley of Cairo), on Wednesday, September 13,
when the rebel-army was totally beaten, and the Egyptian war brought to a
successful issue.
[2] Say ‘This (+Heute+) morning _at_ 7 o’clock we (+man+) heard _the_
thunder of cannons (comp. n.)’, etc.
[3] = is situated; to our front = before us.
[4] to call under arms, +zu den Waffen rufen+.
[5] Nom. Pl. +Gardekürassiere+; the 1st Dragoon Guards, +das erste
Dragoner Garderegiment+.
[6] fell — readiness, +stellte sich in Reih und Glied+.
[7] +um den dort unter General Graham stehenden Truppen zu Hülfe zu
eilen.+
[8] a — saying = a messenger with the information (+Nachricht+, f.).
[9] and — supposition, +und daß man sich dasselbe nur durch die Vermutung
erklären könne+.
[10] The rebels fight among themselves, +die Empörer bekämpfen sich unter
einander+.
[11] = At 11 o’clock, however, we (+man+) saw the flag-signals (S. 76, N.
22, _A_) at Kassassin.
[12] +heran´rücken+. Comp. S. 107, N. 13.
[13] = got ready (+sich fertig machen+).
[14] which was answered (+erwiedern+) by the Egyptian artillery.
[15] +Husarenregiment+, n.
[16] on — place = here (+hieher+).
[17] at a = +in+.
[18] to keep up a continued shell-fire, +ein ununterbrochenes
Bombardement+ (pronounced as in French) +unterhal´ten+.
[19] +welche außer dem Bereiche der Schußweite lag.+
[20] +Handlungsweise+, f.; indeed = really; altogether, +ganz+.
[21] at — notice = any moment.
[22] to make a movement in advance, +vor´rücken+.
[23] = extraordinary great.
[24] = and the sun shone down, etc.; ‘force’, here +Glut+, f.
[25] = Horses and men had had hard work (here +einen schweren Stand
haben+).
[26] = to be found.
[27] +Staubwolken auf´treiben.+
[28] here +hin´dringen+.
[29] to fall in under arms, +unter Waffen treten+.
[30] = and held itself ready to march (+sich zum Abmarsch bereit halten+).
[31] to fall back, +sich zurück´ziehen+. See App. §§ 28 and 22. The
auxiliary in this clause is best omitted to avoid its repetition, the
next sentence containing the same.
[32] = after he (i.e. the enemy) had kept (+zurückhalten+, App. § 30) the
troops the whole day at (+bei+) the great heat of the sun (comp. n. S.
76, N. 22; use +n+ as a connecting link, since fem. nouns ending in +e+
in olden times used to take +n+ as an inflection for the Gen., Dat., and
Acc. Sing., as well as for the Pl.) in the field.
_Section 174._
THE BATTLE OF KASSASSIN.
II.
Ismailia[1], Tuesday, August 29,
3 o’clock in the morning.
Scarcely had the Cavalry unsaddled, and[2] horses and men begun to eat,
when the[3] sound of artillery was heard (S. 4, N. 4, +man+) again at
Kassassin, and by[4] the heavy _and_ continuous roar[5] it was evident[6]
that this time the attack was[7] in earnest. Again the wearied men
saddled their no less weary horses and[8] prepared to advance. The[9]
sun was still beating down fiercely even at that late hour, and the hot
withering[10] wind was raising[11] the sand clouds so high that it was
impossible to see what was going[12] on, but through the dust and haze
numerous[13] jets of smoke from the guns were visible.
The cannonade increased[14] in violence, and the Cavalry moved[15] away
to the right, the[16] Artillery following them, and pressed[17] round
towards the flank of the enemy’s Infantry. With[18] the movement of such
masses of men and horses the dust rose over the whole scene thicker than
ever, and it was impossible to obtain[19] more than a general idea of
what was going on; while the sun set in[20] a red glare over the sandy
plain.
The Cavalry pushed[21] still further to the right until[22] hidden from
the enemy by some low sand hills, and[23] then goaded their weary horses
into as fast a trot as the heavy sand and their weary condition would
permit.
It was evident that it was the General’s intention to repeat the tactics
of the previous fight, and that he meant[24] to get round the enemy’s
rear. It was a striking proof of his confidence in[25] his troops that
(S. 66, N. 15), with[26] tired horses and night approaching, he should
attempt this manœuvre against an enemy of unknown strength and with[27]
fresh horses. Against any other enemy it would have been rash[28], but
the result proved that General Drury Lowe did not over-estimate the
fighting powers[29] of his men.
[1] Ismailia, then the head quarters of Sir Garnet Wolseley, is 21 miles
east of Kassassin, on the Suez Canal. In the morning, +morgens+.
[2] and = and scarcely had; ‘men’, here +Reiter+; to begin to eat, +mit
dem Essen an´fangen+.
[3] the — artillery, +Artilleriesalven+.
[4] = through, +durch+; heavy = loud.
[5] +Kanonendonner+, m.
[6] = clear.
[7] = was meant in earnest (+ernstlich+, adv.). See App. § 17.
[8] +und rüsteten sich zum Vorrücken+.
[9] Say ‘Even at (+zu+) this late hour the sun sent down burning rays’,
and insert the adv. +noch+ before ‘burning’.
[10] +versengend.+
[11] +treiben.+
[12] to go on, +vor´gehen+.
[13] numerous — guns, +zahlreiche aus den Kanonen aufsteigende
Rauchsäulen+.
[14] = became more and more violent (+immer+ with the comparative form of
the adj.).
[15] to move away, +ab´reiten+; to the right, +nach rechts+.
[16] = whilst the A. followed them (+ihr+, to agree with +Kavallerie+ in
the fem. Sing.)
[17] ‘to press round’, here +seitwärts vor´dringen+; towards, +auf+; ‘of
— infantry’ may be briefly expressed by ‘of the hostile Infantry’.
[18] With — horses, +Durch die massenhafte Truppenbewegung+.
[19] ‘to obtain’, here +sich ... machen+; of what was going on, +von dem
Verlaufe des Gefechts+, which place after the pron. +sich+.
[20] in — glare, +mit blendend rotem Glanze+, which place before the
verb, which stands?
[21] +vor´dringen.+
[22] until — enemy, +bis dieselbe den Blicken des Feindes ... entzogen
war+.
[23] Render ‘and — permit’ freely, and say ‘+und spornten dann ihre
ermüdeten Pferde zum möglichst schnellen Trabe an+’.
[24] +gedenken+; to — rear, +dem Feinde in den Rücken zu fallen+. The
Impf. of the verb +gedenken+ stands, of course, after +fallen+, accord.
to App. § 19.
[25] +welches er zu seinen Truppen hegte.+
[26] = in spite of the tired horses and the approaching (+heran´nahen+)
night.
[27] = in the possession of fresh horses.
[28] +unbesonnen+, i.e. imprudent.
[29] fighting powers, +Stärke+, f.; ‘men’, here = troops.
_Section 175._
THE BATTLE OF KASSASSIN.
III.
Soon[1] darkness came down rapidly upon us. The rattle and roar of[2]
combat on[3] our left never ceased, and it was evident that the two
thousand Infantry[4] at Kassassin were hard pressed. Presently[5] the
moonlight streamed palely over the grey sand, but the clouds of dust
obscured[6] the advancing horsemen, who sometimes trotted, sometimes[7]
walked.
By about seven o’clock we had got in the rear of the firing[8], and[9]
wheeled in that direction, advancing[10] very slowly to[11] allow the
Artillery to[12] come up. We could see the flashes of[13] the enemy’s
artillery _gleam_ on the horizon like the flicker of incessant summer
lightning[14].
We slowly drew[15] nearer to the scene of conflict. It was almost
dark[16], but, unfortunately, we showed up[17] a black mass against the
bright moonlit sky and ground[18], and[19] the sudden rush of shell
through the air, followed[20] by an explosion far in our rear, showed
that the enemy had at last discovered us. They[21] were about fifteen
hundred yards[22] away, and[23] we saw nine flashes, one after another,
at short intervals, spurt out, no[24] longer like sheet lightning, but
in angry jets of flame. Almost simultaneously the sky above us seemed
to[24] be torn in pieces as by (= through) a mighty hurricane. Shells
screamed[25] and burst[26], and shrapnel bullets[27] tore up the sand on
either side of us.
The brigade now moved[28] to the right to[29] disconcert their aim,
and the next salvo of shell missed us. We moved quickly forward, and
the gunners again saw us, and the shells burst over and around. Yet,
strangely[30], but few were hit, though it seemed as if the storm[31]
would mow men and horses down by squadrons[32].
[1] = Soon after (+darauf+) the darkness (+Dunkel+, n.) of the night
descended (+hernie´dersteigen+) rapidly upon us.
[2] = of the.
[3] +zu.+
[4] +Infanteristen.+
[5] = Now streamed the pale moonlight, etc.
[6] = concealed; horsemen, +Reiterei+, f. Sing.
[7] +zuweilen auch im Schritt dahinritt.+
[8] = enemy; got = arrived.
[9] +und schwenkten der Richtung zu, aus der das Schießen kam.+
[10] = advanced (+vor´wärtsreiten+) however only very slowly.
[11] to allow = to (S. 19, N. 7) give time to.
[12] Inf. +heran´kommen+.
[13] = of the hostile artillery.
[14] = sheet lightning, +Wetterleuchten+, n.
[15] to draw near, +sich nähern+.
[16] The fact of its being dark soon after seven at the end of August is
explained when we remember that there is no twilight in Egypt.
[17] = we formed.
[18] +Erdboden+, m.
[19] +und das Sausen einer plötzlich die Luft durchfliegenden Bombe.+
[20] = which exploded far behind us.
[21] = He (the enemy).
[22] = steps, +Schritte+; away, +von uns entfernt+.
[23] Arrange this sentence literally thus: and now saw we nine at
(+in+) short intervals one another (+einander+) following cannon-shots
(+Kanonenschüsse+) spurt out (+hervor´blitzen+).
[24] +welche nicht mehr dem Wetterleuchten, sondern verzehrenden
Feuerströmen glichen+; to — pieces, +zu zerreißen+.
[25] +sausen.+
[26] +platzen ... in der Luft.+
[27] +Granaten.+
[28] +ab´schwenken.+
[29] +um dem Ziele des Feindes aus dem Wege zu gehen.+
[30] +sonderbarerweise.+
[31] +der Kugelregen.+
[32] men and horses by squadrons = whole squadrons of (+von+) men
(+Menschen+) and horses.—To mow down, +hernie´dermähen+.
_Section 176._
THE BATTLE OF KASSASSIN.
IV.
Now[1] tiny flashes, with the sharp ping of bullets, told that the
enemy’s Infantry were also at work, whilst[2] a horse here and a man
there dropped[3] in the ranks.
The battery having (S. 30, N. 4) by this time come up, the Cavalry
moved[4] to the right, in order to[5] allow them to come into action, and
_in a_ few seconds, after taking up their ground, our guns spoke[6] out
their answer to the enemy’s fire.
The Cavalry now advanced[7] from the left, the[8] 7th Dragoons leading.
Under[9] cover of these the Life Guards formed for a charge, and[10] by
word of command the Dragoons opened[11] right and left to allow them to
pass. Already Herbert Stewart, General Drury Lowe’s brigade-major, had
passed[12] down the line the word: “The Cavalry are to charge the guns!”
Sir Baker Russell was in front (= at the head), and shouted: “Now we have
them. Charge!”
Away[13] went the long line, disappearing[14] almost instantly in the
darkness and dust, and _away_ behind them went[15] the 7th Dragoons,
keeping[16] (S. 16, N. 4) on either flank of the Guards.
We[17], remaining in the rear, had the full benefit of the storm and shot
which was to greet the advancing horsemen (+Reiterei+, f.) and of whom
from (S. 102, N. 4) this moment we saw no more till the battle was over;
_and_ only (S. 109, N. 5) then we learned[18] what they had done.
Led by Baker Russell, they charged[19] straight at the guns, sabring[20]
the gunners as they passed, and[21] dashing into and cutting down the
flying Infantry beyond them. Russell’s horse was shot under him, but he
seized another and kept with[22] his men.
The battle was ended[23] at a stroke, and a scene of wild confusion
ensued[24]; some guns were[25] still firing, bodies[26] of Infantry still
kept up a fusillade, and numerous bodies[27] of horses and men dotted the
moonlit plain.
Being now separated altogether from the Cavalry, with[28] the enemy
intervening between us, myself and two companions endeavoured to find
our[29] way round to Kassassin. It was an adventurous ride, for several
shells burst near us, but before we reached the camp, the conflict was at
an end.
[1] = At (+In+) this moment (App. § 14) flashes of lightning (+kleine
Blitze+) and the sharp ping (+Knallen+, n.) of bullets betrayed that also
the hostile Infantry were (= was) engaged in the attack (+beim Angriff
beteiligt sein+).
[2] Place ‘here’ after ‘whilst’, and ‘there’ after ‘and’.
[3] +zu Boden fallen.+
[4] ‘to move’, here +ab´ziehen+, sep. comp. irreg. v.
[5] = in order to allow (+gestatten+) the same (to agree with ‘battery’)
to begin the combat.
[6] spoke out their answer to = answered (+erwiedern+), v. tr.
[7] +vor´rücken.+
[8] = and (+und zwar+) the 7th Regiment of Dr. at (+an+) the head
(+Spitze+, f.).
[9] = Under their (+dessen+) cover (+Schutz+, m.) formed the Life Guards
(+die Gardekürassiere+) a line of attack (+eine Angriffslinie+).
[10] = and upon a given command.
[11] = opened ... the ranks (+Reihen+).
[12] to pass the word, +den Befehl ergehen lassen+; down = all along,
+längs+.
[13] +Die lange Linie sprengte davon.+
[14] = and disappeared.
[15] away ... went = followed.
[16] to keep, +sich halten+; on, zu, either flank = both flanks.
[17] = Since we remained (+zurück´bleiben+) behind all, (+so+) we had the
full effect of the shower of shot (+Kugelregen+, m.)
[18] = heard.
[19] to charge straight at the guns, +die feindliche Artillerie sogleich
an´greifen+.
[20] = sabred down; as they passed, +auf ihrem Zuge+.
[21] = and dashed (+sprengen+) into the ranks of the flying Infantry
behind the same, which they (+sie+, f. Sing. to agree with +die
Reiterei+) cut down (+nie´dermetzeln+).
[22] +bei+; men = regiment.
[23] = with one stroke (+Schlag+, m.) at an end (+zu Ende+).
[24] = followed.
[25] = thundered still.
[26] +einzelne Teile.+
[27] bodies — plain = and numerous bodies (+Haufen+) _of_ Cavalry were
still here and there upon the moonlit plain visible.
[28] = and the enemy stood between us. (The verb must stand last, since
also this clause is a depending one, co-ordinated to the preceding clause
by the conjunction ‘and’.)
[29] our way round, +einen Weg seitwärts+.
_Section 177._
THE BATTLE OF KASSASSIN.
V.
The Infantry there[1] had indeed had a hot time of it[2]. Hundreds of
shells had (S. 29, N. 3) burst in the confined[3] space, and the shelter
trenches[4] afforded but _an_ insufficient protection. On the left
of the position[5], next to the Canal, were[6] the Marine Artillery,
then came the 46th, and next[7] to them the 84th[8], the[9] slight
earthworks sweeping round again in a semi-circle almost to the Canal.
The Mounted[10] Infantry were in front under Captain Pigott, who[11] has
received a wound, having been shot through the thigh.
The Egyptians came on with great bravery, _and_ in spite of the[12] heavy
like of our men[13], were rapidly gaining ground, and would soon have
rushed[14] into the entrenchments, when the roar of our guns on[15] their
left rear, followed[16] by the rush of our Cavalry, proved[17] too much
for them, and from (S. 102, N. 4) that moment they thought only of flight.
Our casualties are surprisingly[18] small considering[19] the fire to
which our men were exposed. Lieutenant Edwards, of the Mounted Infantry,
was[20] shot in the arm, Surgeon-Major[21] Shaw, of the 46th, was[22]
killed, and _some_ ten or a dozen men, but, fortunately, the Remington
bullet wounds rather than kills; the hospital was crowded[23] with
wounded men.
About 10 o’clock the Cavalry came in[24] in high spirits over their
brilliant achievement. Many, of course, are missing in the darkness, but
will, no doubt, turn up[25] in the morning. Upon their[26] return from
the pursuit they[27] were unable to find the guns over which they had
charged, but these[28] will doubtless be discovered at sunrise. After
learning from them[29] the events[30] of the charge, I[31] started to
ride here to get off[32] my despatches,—a[33] distance of twenty-four
miles. This solitary ride over the dismal desert by moonlight was not[34]
the least exciting part of an exciting day.
Late[35] as it was, I found at (+auf+) the different posts the men[36]
busy at work entrenching, and met troops also on[37] their march to
reinforce those at the front.