wife of a king, or to that of persons of the upper ranks of society.—The
possessive adj. pron. is best repeated before the next noun.
[6] Since the subject begins the sentence, the verb must be placed
immediately after it. Say ‘The king of France sits, etc.’, and transl.
the words ‘at — table’ briefly thus: +beim Frühstückstische+.
[7] Calmness — disturbed. This period is best construed thus: With _the_
exception of the king’s daughter-in-law (i.e. the daughter-in-law of the
king), who looks anxious and disturbed, bear (App. § 14) all _the_ faces
the expression of (S. 3, N. 2) calmness.—+Der König war ~Ludwig Philipp~,
geb. den 6. Oktob. 1773 zu Paris, ältester Sohn des Herzogs Ludwig
Philipp von Orléans. Nach der Julirevolution von 1830 bestieg er kraft
Kammerbeschlusses vom 7. Aug. als König der Franzosen den Thron. Durch
die Februarrevolution von 1848 gestürzt, floh er nach England, wo er
fortan in Claremont unter dem Titel eines Grafen von Neuilly lebte und im
Jahre 1850 starb. Seine Gemahlin war ~Maria Amalie von Sicilien~, welche
ebenfalls in England starb.+
[8] +Die Schwiegertochter des Königs war ~Helene, Herzogin von Orléans~,
verwitwete Gemahlin des im Jahre 1842 infolge eines Sprunges aus dem
Wagen beim Durchgehen der Pferde verunglückten Herzogs ~Ferdinand von
Orléans~, des ältesten Sohnes des Königs Ludwig Philipp, welcher acht
Kinder hatte.+
[9] Supply the indef. art. before the adj. ‘light’; ‘domestic’, here =
confidential; talk = conversation.
[10] such as, +wie+, after which supply the pron. +sie+ to agree with
‘conversation’. It becomes princes, +es paßt sich für Fürsten+.
[11] ‘_that — them_’, may be briefly turned by ‘over them’.
[12] occupies — moments, +läßt die Zeit schnell dahingehen+.
[13] +Horch!+
[14] to move, +sich bewegen+; about the room = in the room.
[15] without = outside.
[16] Use here a demonstrative pronoun to agree with ‘noise’.
[17] more — degrees = louder and louder.
[18] two men pale as ghosts, +zwei geisterbleiche Gestalten+.
[19] They are, +Es sind+.
[20] +Der Pöbel ist auf den Beinen.+
[21] within — meal = and this almost (+fast+) immediately in front
of (+vor+) the windows of the room in which the king had just now
breakfasted.—Use the verb in the Imperfect, and render _just now_ by
+soeben+.
[22] ‘to look sad’, here +trübe einher´blicken+, which use likewise in
the Imperfect.—=The German Imperfect is chiefly used as a historical
tense and to express a past action or occurrence with reference to
another.= It is, however, likewise used to denote the continuance of
an action, to describe a certain state, and to express customary and
habitual action. Comp. S. 48, N. 2, for the use of the Perfect.
_Section 102._
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
II.
What is to be done? The king is thunderstruck[1], hesitates _for_ a
moment, and[2] then, urged[3] by the queen, instantly leaves the room.
The[4] queen follows[5] her husband with her (S. 43, N. 9, _A_) eyes
from the palace window. She sees[6] him on horseback[7] reviewing[8]
the National Guards[9]. She has no fear, neither[10] has he. What[11]
more? He returns, accompanied[3] by[12] the man whom[13], yesterday, to
satisfy public clamour, he created Prime Minister. Has the Minister power
to save his master? You (S. 92, N. 5) observe at[14] a glance that[15] he
is far more anxious to save himself. He craves[16] permission to resign.
Permission[17] is granted, when (S. 4, N. 2) a volley[18] is (S. 4, N.
4) heard close[19] to their ears. What does it mean? This[20] man will
tell you who now enters. The King has a pen in his hand, with which he
is about (S. 6, N. 4) to appoint his new Prime Minister. “Sign[21] not,”
shouts the[22] last comer, a[23] man of the press, with the face[24] of
a student, and the spirit[25] of a soldier. “Sign rather[26] your own
abdication.” The situation is fine[27]. The pen drops[28] from the King’s
fingers; the speaker[29] takes it up, and quietly[30] replaces[31] it in
the Monarch’s hand (see S. 43, N. 9).
[1] +wie vom Donner gerührt.+
[2] Here place the verb ‘leaves’.
[3] =The Past (Perfect) Participle is often used elliptically to denote
an existing state or condition=; as—
Urged by his father, he instantly left the room.
+Von seinem Vater gedrängt, verließ er eiligst das Zimmer.+
[4] Construe this period by beginning with the adverbial clause ‘from
the palace window’, +~von~ den Fenstern des Palastes ~aus~+. The verb
must then follow immediately. To denote a starting point with respect
to place, the English preposition ‘=from=’ is generally translated by
+=von=+ followed by the prepositional adverb +=aus=+, or by +aus ...
hinaus+ when the verb indicates a motion from one place to another. In
relation to time we use +=von ... an=+, which often corresponds to the
English ‘=beginning with=’, or to ‘=from=’ followed by ‘=forwards=’; as—
_Beginning with_ to-morrow (_From to-morrow forwards_) you must
take a walk every day.
+~Von morgen an~ müssen Sie jeden Tag spazieren gehen.+
[5] +folgen+ requires the dative.
[6] see S. 78, N. 14.
[7] +zu Pferde.+
[8] +mustern.+
[9] the National Guards, +die Nationalgarde+.
[10] neither has he = and he also not.
[11] +Was giebt’s weiter?+
[12] by the man, +von einem Manne+.
[13] ‘whom — Minister’, construe ‘whom he only (+erst+) yesterday
appointed Prime Minister, to satisfy (+genügen+, with the dat.) the
impetuous (+ungestüm+) demands of the people’. To appoint, to create,
+ernennen+. =Verbs denoting choosing and appointing=, as =+ernennen+,
+machen+, and +erwählen+=, to choose, to elect, require in German an
Accusative followed by the prep. +=zu=+ with the dative, =when in English
they govern two Accusatives in the active voice=; as—
The King _appointed_ Prince Bismarck Prime Minister.
+Der König ~ernannte~ den Fürsten Bismarck ~zum~
Premierminister.+
S. 27, N. 4 will show the construction in connection with the passive
voice.
[14] at a glance, +augenblicklich+.
[15] that — anxious, +daß es ihm viel mehr darum zu thun ist+.
[16] to crave permission to resign, +um Erlaubnis bitten, sein Amt
nie´derlegen zu dürfen+.
[17] Use the def. art. with this noun, and supply the dat. of the pers.
pron. er after the auxiliary; the verb is in the passive voice.
[18] +Musketensalve+, f.
[19] close to their ears = in _the_ immediate neighbourhood.
[20] ‘This — enters’ may be briefly rendered: +Der soeben Eintretende
wird es uns zu erkennen geben.+
[21] +unterschrei´ben+, insep. comp. str. v., which use in the 3rd pers.
pl. of the Imperative mood. As a mark of respect, the word ‘+Sire+’ may
be inserted after this clause.
[22] the — comer, +der Hereingetretene+.
[23] +ein Journalist.+
[24] ‘face’, here = impudence or boldness.
[25] spirit = courage.
[26] +lieber.+
[27] fine = critical.
[28] to drop from, +entfallen+, with the dat.
[29] Form a noun of the present participle of the verb +sprechen+. The
noun +Sprecher+ applies, as a rule, to the Speaker in the English House
of Commons. The Speaker in the Imperial German Reichstag is styled
+Präsident+.
[30] =In German, when the subject stands before the verb, the adverb must
never precede the latter or, in compound forms, the copula (auxiliary
verb).= Comp. App. § 9.
[31] +wieder geben.+
_Section 103._
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
III.
The audience[1] is already touched[2]. The poor king looks around him
for[3] advice; no[4] one offers it; even the Prime Minister of[5]
yesterday is dumb; and in[6] another instant the[7] deed is done. The
King has abdicated in[8] favour of his grandson[9]. Behind the scenes[10]
you (S. 92, N. 5) hear sounds[11] of tumult and disorder, and your[12]
heart is already beating for the issue. The King doffs[13] his robes[14],
places his sword upon the table, and[15], dressed (S. 102, N. 3) as _a_
private gentleman[16], is _evidently_ anxious[17] to depart. The Queen
would[18] fain meet the coming danger, but his[19] Majesty has already
ordered the carriages. The horses are put[20] to, but horses and groom
are shot[21] by the multitude[22]. A broad path leads from[23] the palace
garden[24], and at the end[25] of it a friendly hand[26] has brought two
hired coaches[27]. “Let[28] us go,” exclaims the Monarch, and, leaning
(S. 53, N. 12) heavily[29] upon the Queen, whose[30] head is high
and erect, he hurries on. The coaches are[31] reached; the fugitives
escape[32]. They arrive at St. Cloud[33], at Versailles, but not to (S.
19, N. 7. Supply the adv. dort) stay. On[34] they go, and at half-past
eleven o’clock at night they descend at Dreux[35].
[1] +Die Anwesenden.+
[2] +tief ergriffen sein.+
[3] +nach.+
[4] No — it, +Keiner erbietet sich dazu+.
[5] of yesterday, +gestern ernannt+, which use attributively before the
noun.
[6] in another = in the next.
[7] ‘to do a deed’, here +eine Urkunde vollziehen+.
[8] +zu gunsten.+
[9] +Der Enkel war der älteste Sohn des verstorbenen Herzogs Ferdinand
von Orléans und seiner Gemahlin Helene. Dieser Sohn, welcher noch
heute (Dez. 1886) in England lebt, trägt den Namen Ludwig Philipp von
Orléans und führt den Titel eines Grafen von Paris. Sein jüngerer Bruder
ist Robert Philipp von Orléans mit dem Titel Herzog von Chartres,
augenblicklich ebenfalls in England.+
[10] Use here the Sing.
[11] sounds — disorder = confusion and noise.
[12] your — issue = our hearts beat already in anxious expectation of the
events to come (+des Kommenden+).
[13] +von sich werfen.+
[14] ‘robes’, here +Staatskleider+.
[15] Here place the verb ‘is’.
[16] ‘priv. gentl.’, here +Civilist+.
[17] +begierig+; ‘to depart’, here = to flee.
[18] would fain = would willingly; use the Imperf. Subj. of +mögen+ with
the adv. +gern+. To meet danger, +der Gefahr die Stirne bieten+.
[19] +Se.+ (for +Seine+) +Majestät+, after which place the verb in the
3rd pers. pl., which is customary in speaking of Sovereigns.
[20] to put to = to put the horses to, +an´spannen+.
[21] +erschießen.+
[22] +Pöbel+, m.
[23] ‘from’, here +aus ... hinaus+. Comp. S. 102, N. 4.
[24] Form a compound of ‘castle’ and ‘garden’.
[25] ‘end’, here +Ausgang+, m.
[26] Form a comp. of ‘friend’ and ‘hand’ according to S. 76, N. 22, _B_.
[27] +Mietskutsche+, f.
[28] The King would address his Consort in the 2nd pers. sing.
[29] to lean heavily upon, +sich fest stützen auf+ (with Acc.).
[30] +welche mit stolzerhobenem Haupte einherschreitet.+
[31] are reached, +werden bestiegen+.
[32] +entkommen.+
[33] +~Sanct Cloud~ bei Versailles war zu jener Zeit eine beliebte
Residenz der königlichen Familie.+ ‘+Sanct+’ (abbreviated +St.+) comes
from the Latin ‘sanctus’.
[34] +Es geht weiter.+
[35] +~Dreux~ ist ein Städtchen im Departement Eure-Loire, an der Eure,
mit 7000 Einwohnern und enthält ein Schloß mit Grabkapelle des Hauses
Orléans, welche von der Mutter des Königs Ludwig Philipp gegründet wurde.+
_Section 104_.
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
IV.
At one in the morning they are joined[1] by (+von+) one of the King’s
sons, who informs the unhappy pair that the claims[2] of the grandson
_had[3] been_ disregarded, and _that_ the republic had been declared by
the people of Paris. It is enough. The King shaves off his whiskers,
puts on green spectacles, buries[4] his face in a handkerchief, speaks
English, and calls himself Smith. The wind is[5] high, the coast[6]
dangerous, embarkation[7] is out of question at the moment, and before an
opportunity offers, the rank of the runaways[8] is discovered. Fortune
(S. 3, N. 2), however, is[9] with them: they escape[10] capture and put
to sea. Protected by Heaven, they reach in safety[11] the hospitable
shores of England.
Meanwhile[12], what has happened in Paris? The whole city has given
way[13] to a handful of rioters—men (S. 53, N. 9) who meditated
an “emeute[14]”, and effected, to their astonishment, an _actual_
revolution. But[15] two individuals upon the side of the King evinced
a[16] particle of courage, and these were women—his wife and his
daughter-in-law already[17] mentioned. The[18] rest of the city were[19]
faithless to themselves as well as to the King.
[1] ‘to be joined’, here +eingeholt werden+ (to be overtaken).
[2] Here +Thronansprüche+.
[3] According to the two rules in §§ 28 and 30 of the Appendix, the
Perfect of the Subjunctive Mood is to be used in this and the following
clause. The two clauses, however, can be joined by omitting the second
conjunction ‘that’ and the copula ‘had been’ of the first clause. Turn
‘to disregard’ by +nicht anerkennen+; the words ‘by — Paris’ may be
briefly rendered by +von den Parisern+, which place immediately after the
conjunction ‘and’.
[4] ‘to bury’, here = to veil, +umhüllen+; the prep. ‘in’ must then be
rendered by +mit+.
[5] is high = blows violently.
[6] since the copula ‘is’ was changed into another verb in the previous
clause, it must be inserted here.
[7] The literal version of this clause would not read well. I propose
to use the following construction: it is (Comp. N. 19) for the moment
impossible to embark.
[8] runaways = fugitives.
[9] is with them, +ist ihnen hold+ (propitious).
[10] to escape capture, +der Verhaftung entgehen+; to put to sea, +in die
See stechen+.
[11] +glücklich+; ‘shores’, here +Gestade+.
[12] +Inzwischen+, which place after the copula ‘has’. The verb ‘to
happen’ is conjugated with +sein+.
[13] to give way = to yield, conj. with +sein+; handful, +Häuflein+.
[14] +Aufruhr+ m.; rioter, +Aufrührer+.
[15] but = only; individuals = persons.
[16] a particle of = a little.
[17] +deren wir schon erwähnten.+
[18] All _the_ others in the city.
[19] were — King = ‘were just as faithless towards themselves as they
were towards the King’, and insert the grammatical subject +es+ after
the pronoun ‘they’.—=The grammatical subject +es+ is frequently employed
for emphasizing the real subject or to give more tone and like to the
construction=; as—+Es sprach die Leidenschaft aus seinen Zügen.+ It is,
moreover, used with all impersonal verbs; as—+es friert+, +es donnert+,
+es giebt+, +es ist+.
_Section 105._
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
V.
Princes, peers[1], soldiers, and statesmen were all sneaking[2] in
hiding places whilst the capital was[3] made over to the mercy of a few
dozen incendiaries. The daughter-in-law, seeing (S. 55, N. 1) the King
depart[4], carries[5] her child to the Chamber of Deputies[6], and[7]
there, with womanly courage and queenly dignity, vindicates his rights.
Her friends entreat her to withdraw. Firm[8] in her purpose, she does
not move[9] an inch. She attempts to speak, but is interrupted; and[10]
he who interrupts is himself silenced by an armed mob that pours[11]
into the hall[12]. The Duchess is forced away[13], and in that terrible
extremity _is_ separated from her son. The child is seized by (S. 106,
N. 23) a rough hand, which[14] is strong enough to strike[15], but[16]
generous enough to save. The boy is brought[17] to his mother, and
mother and son pass[18] from asylum to asylum, chased[19] by scythes,
sabres, muskets, and, worse[20] than all, the[21] bloody passions of
an infuriated “canaille”. For[22] four days they[23] creep into hiding
places; on the fifth day they are beyond the frontier.
[1] The Peers of France were called ‘Pairs’, which term is used in
German, the final +s+ being pronounced.
[2] to sneak into hiding places, +in den Winkel kriechen+.
[3] was made over = was left (+überlas´sen+), with the dat. Construe the
sentence after the following model:—+Die Festung wurde einer kleinen
Anzahl Soldaten auf Gnade oder Ungnade überlassen.+
[4] +davon´reisen.+ Comp. App. § 19.
[5] +führen+, before which the subjective pronoun ‘she’ must be supplied.
[6] +Deputiertenkammer+, f.
[7] and — rights = where she vindicates his rights with, etc.
[8] +Fest ihren Zweck verfolgend.+
[9] +zurück´weichen.+
[10] and — himself, +und der sie Unterbrechende selbst wird+.
[11] to pour = to rush.
[12] +Saal+, m.
[13] +gewaltsam hinweg´drängen+.
[14] After the rel. pron. insert the adverb +zwar+ (certainly, it is
true, indeed), which will give more force to the clause.
[15] +darein´zuschlagen.+
[16] ‘but’, here +doch+, or +aber auch+.
[17] ‘to bring’, here = to bring back.
[18] ‘to pass’, here = to flee.
[19] chased = pursued; by, +von+.
[20] what is still worse.
[21] +von dem blutgierigen Zorn eines rasenden Pöbels.+
[22] +Vier Tage lang+.
[23] they — places = they try to conceal themselves.
_Section 106._
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
VI.
Everybody is escaping at[1] the same moment. There is the King’s eldest
son, pale and half-naked, throwing[2] aside his tinsel and putting on
fustian, looking[3] less than a man in his fear, trembling with[4]
emotion, and finally running[5] like a madman for[6] his life. There are
your[7] ministers, of[8] European reputation and wisdom unapproachable,
bounding[9] like antelopes, northwards[10], southwards, “anywhere,
anywhere[11] out of the city”, which they and all the rest give up[12]
to indiscriminate riot. And[13] now the crowning point of our first
“tableau” is near. The (S. 107, N. 13) mob, masters[14] of Paris, are
sacking the Tuileries. The choicest moveables[15] are broken to atoms; a
group[16] takes[17] the places which Royalty filled a moment ago at the
breakfast table; others are in the wine cellar drinking[18] themselves
ten times drunk; others, again[19], are in the Queen’s apartments,
defiling[20] that[21] domestic sanctuary. Outside the palace and on the
top[22] of it a flag is waved[23] by[24] a dozen men, whose[25] shouts
and shrieks invite hundreds, whom[26] you see crawling up with no earthly
object but immediately to (S. 19, N. 7) slide down again.
[1] at — moment = with them.
[2] ‘throwing — life’. The rendering of this passage according to
the rule of S. 16, N. 4 would be inelegant, since there are a number
of Present Participles following one another. I propose, therefore,
to begin a new period here, saying: He throws aside his tinsel (here
+Flitterstaat+, m.), puts on fustian, etc.; to put on fustian, +sich in
Barchent kleiden+.
[3] to look less than a man, +kaum einem Manne ähnlich sehen+.
[4] +vor+; emotion = excitement.
[5] +davon´laufen.+
[6] +um sein Leben zu retten.+
[7] your = the.
[8] of — unapproachable = incomparable in (+an+) European fame and wisdom.
[9] Since a relative clause follows immediately, it would be bad taste
to render this clause, beginning with a Present Participle, in the same
form. It will be best to commence a new period. Comp. N. 2.
[10] +nach Nord und Süd.+
[11] The second ‘anywhere’ is best turned by +nur hinweg+.
[12] +dem allgemeinen Aufruhr preisgeben.+
[13] And — near = And now we approach (+sich nähern+, with Dat.) the end
(+Schluß+, m.) of our first tableau. The French ‘tableau’ is used with
French pronunciation in the same sense in German. It is of the neuter
gender and takes the inflection of an +s+ in the Gen. Sing.
[14] masters of Paris = which rules _in_ Paris; to rule, +beherrschen+
(v. tr.).
[15] moveables = objects; atoms = pieces.
[16] Insert the noun ‘men’.
[17] +ein´nehmen+; Royalty = the Royal family; filled = occupied (+inne
haben+, treated like a comp. sep. v.). The adverbial clause ‘at the
breakfast table’ is best placed after the verb ‘takes’.
[18] drinking themselves drunk = and drink themselves drunk (+sich
betrinken+).
[19] +wiederum andere.+
[20] and defile (+besudeln+).
[21] +diese geheiligte Stätte der Häuslichkeit.+
[22] top = roof; of it = of the same.
[23] +hin und her schwenken.+
[24] =The preposition ‘by’ in connection with the passive voice and
establishing a relation with the noun or pronoun that denotes the doer of
the action expressed by the verb, is rendered by +von+.=
[25] To avoid a succession of relative clauses, which should always be
avoided, begin again a new period here and say: The shouts and shrieks of
these men invite (+herbei´locken+), etc.
[26] whom — but = who seem only to climb up (+erklettern+) the roof. The
adv. ‘immediately’ comes after the conjunction ‘to’.
_Section 107._
THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.
VII.
There[1] is sentiment in all things. The apartments of the poor
daughter-in-law are reached (S. 4, N. 4, +man+), but, strange[2] to say,
are respected[3] in the midst of the work[4] of general destruction.
Her children’s toys are[5] not even touched; the hat and (S. 10, N. 9)
whip of her dead[6] husband are[7] still sacred; the books (S. 16, N.
10) she had been reading lie still open[8]. It[9] is an incident that
cannot fail to[10] elicit rounds of applause. And whilst[11] anarchy and
destruction prevail here, there[12] is equal confusion and danger in the
Chamber of Deputies. We have seen the[13] mob forcing their way into
(+zu+) that deliberative assembly. Everybody[14] is now rushing to the
tribune. Three[15] speakers become marked from the rest; their[16] names
are Lamartine[23], Crémieux[23], and Ledru Rollin[23]; they[17]
gain the popular ear, and undertake (S. 51, N. 13) to establish[18]
order—a superhuman responsibility! A Provisional Government is announced,
named[19], and approved on the spot. “To (S. 72, N. 4) the Hôtel de
Ville!” exclaims one[20]. “To the Hôtel de Ville!” respond _a_ hundred;
and amidst[21] yells and hootings, cries[22] of “Vive la République!”
“Vive Lamartine!” “A bas tout le monde!” _Monsieur_ Lamartine[23] sets
out for that celebrated building, followed by a train made[24] up of the
dregs of a seething metropolis. In the middle[25] of the shouting the
curtain falls, and[26] the first act terminates. Search[27] the dramatic
annals of the world for such another.—ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES”.
[1] +Es findet sich jedoch überall noch eine Spur von Gefühl.+
[2] strange to say, +sonderbarerweise+.
[3] are respected, +werden dieselben ... verschont+.
[4] work — destruction, +allgemeines Zerstörungswerk+.
[5] +bleiben+; not touched = untouched.
[6] +verstorben.+
[7] +sind dem Andenken noch heilig.+
[8] Supply here the adverb +da+, which will make the sentence more
emphatic.
[9] It is, +Es ist dies+. Comp. S. 104, N. 19.
[10] to — applause, +den allgemeinsten Beifall hervorzurufen.—Dieser
Vorfall erklärt sich durch die große Popularität des verstorbenen Herzogs
und seiner Gemahlin, der Herzogin Helene von Orléans.+
[11] Place the adv. ‘here’ after whilst, and use the adverb +noch+ with
it.
[12] ‘there is’, here +findet man+, after which place ‘in — Deputies’.
[13] the — way = how the mob forces its way (+sich einen Weg bahnen+).
=In German the verb agrees in the Singular with a collective substantive
in the Singular.=
[14] +Alles+; to, +auf+.
[15] +Drei Redner hört man über die andern hinaus.+
[16] +sie heißen.+
[17] they = these; to gain the popular ear, +sich beim Volke Gehör
verschaffen+.
[18] +wieder her´stellen.+
[19] +mit Namen benannt.+
[20] Say ‘one voice’, and afterwards ‘hundred other voices’.
[21] +unter.+
[22] +und unter wiederholten Ausrufen von ...+