attitude at, towards Doellinger, 410-14
and the Church at variance, 516-17
popularity of Machiavelli in, 214
statesmen of, permeation of, with Greek ideas, 16
Court of, reformation demanded by Strossmayer, 536
religious power of, as the preservation of civilised Europe,
Lea's view, 568
and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, its complicity (believed in),
128, 131;
reception at, of the news of, 132, 134, 135
result of Vatican Council, scorn of opposition, 544
ties of English Catholics with, tightened by Wiseman, 438
Wiseman's Address at, criticised by _The Patrie_, 439;
his reply and rebuttal of "covert insinuations" in _The Home and
Foreign Review_, 439-40;
reply of that publication, 440;
statement of facts concerning the Address, 444
Emperors of, above legal restraint, 78, 79
pleasure of, force of law possessed by, 31
Empire of, creation of the Roman people, not by usurpation, 77, 78
better services rendered by, to cause of liberty than by the
Republic, 15
seat of, transferred from Rome to Constantinople, 30
heathen, persecution by, how justified, 186
Republic of, conversion into monarchy by Julius Caesar, 15
influenced by precept and example, 13, 14
ruined by its own vices, 74
Roscher, intercourse of, with Doellinger, 403
Rosmini, 381;
disciples of, 314
Doellinger's pupils sent to, 381
erudition of, 400
Rossi, De, 431; Doellinger's guide in Rome, 411
on epistles of St. Ignatius, 419
friendship with Cardinal Reisach, 501
Rouen, clergy of, desirous of Huguenot extirpation, 142
reluctance of Carouge to allow Huguenot
massacre at, 119
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, cause of his power as a political writer, 84
definition of the social compact, 57
effects of his teaching on Marat, 57, 58
proclaimer of equality, 273
vindication of natural society by, 263
on true sense of country, 294
Royalism, execution of Charles I., a triumph for, 51
Royalty exalted into a religion (_see also_ Divine Right of Kings
_and_ Passive Obedience), 47
Ruinart, credulous criticism of, 420
Ruemelin, 589; on political expediency, 222
Russia, and its adoption of Greek Church, 333-4
attitude of, to Vatican Council, 508
quarrel of, with Pius IX., 493
Russian nationality attacked by Napoleon I., 281
Saccarelli, Doellinger's tribute to, 387
"Sacerdotal Celibacy," 561;
and the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566
Sacred College, the, attitude of, on the St. Bartholomew, 140
Salviati's eminence at, 110
Sadolet, Paul, _cited_, on massacre of Vaudois of Provence, 217
Sailer, 402
St. Augustine, _cited_, 197;
in praise of Seneca, 25
St. Bartholomew, the Massacre of (_see_ Massacre of St, Bartholomew),
44, 101;
not a crime of the people, 43
St. Bernard, 434
St. Brieuc, agreement with Gratry's views, 537
St. Cyprian, intolerance a rule of life from the days of, Lea's view, 562
St. Dominic as the First Inquisitor, 553;
so entitled by Sixtus V. 558
attitude of, to heretics, 428, 554
house of, at Toulouse, headquarters of the Inquisition, 552
St. Elizabeth of Hungary, strange choice by, of a confessor, 570
St. Francis of Assisi, Lea's view of, 569
St. Germains, Peace of, advantages of, to French Huguenots, 105;
alarmist views on, of Salviati, 110
St. Irenaeus, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592
St. Louis, Archbishop of, on the Immaculate Conception, 545
on Papal Infallibility, 533, 545;
his protest against the doctrine, 499
St. Martin, mysticism of, 376;
study of, by De Maistre, 377
St. Poelten, Bishop of (Fessler), and the proposed discussion of Papal
Infallibility at Vatican Council, 500-501, 513
reform urged by, 495
Secretary of Vatican Council, 501
St. Raymond and the Inquisition, 556-7
St. Sulpice, Catechism of, Lea's deductions from, 570
opposition of, to Lamennais's Ultramontanism, 463
St. Thomas Aquinas, later exponent of Plato's _Politics_, 72
_cited_ on the relation of Kings to the People, 36, 37
Sainte Beuve, C.A., _cited_ on political fatalism, 221
Ste. Hilaire, Barthelemy, _cited_ on Machiavelli's politics, 219
Salvianus on social virtues of pagans, 33
Salviati, despatches of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 132, 133;
as utilised by Acton, and his predecessors, 102
on the "spirit of a Christian," as shown by Charles IX. at the Massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 122
on the true reason for the Navarre marriage, 135
Samarra, the, 569
San Callisto, Doellinger's visit to, 411
San Germano, treaty of, 555
San Marino, 386
Santa Croce, Nuncio, information derived from, on the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 102;
on the plans framed at Bayonne against Huguenots, 108 & _note_, 108-9
alleged report by, on the intended Huguenot massacre, 131-2
Sarpi, Paolo, _cited_ on political honesty, 213
Savigny, 380;
influence of, on Doellinger, 376
leading doctrines of, 594
source of historical works of, 386
Savonarola, Girolamo, 556
Savoy, motto of its abortive rising in 1834., 286
not surprised by the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109
Duke of, and the marriage of Coligny, 110
Say, J.B., _cited_ on political virtues, 219
Schelling, 403
estrangement of, from Doellinger, 381
mythology of, 405
_cited_ on collective thought, 585-6
Scherer, Edmond, _cited_ on progress, 221
Schlegel, H.W.F. von, classed as Ultramontane, 451
studied by Doellinger, 375
Schleiermacher, F.E.D., Doellinger on, 375
Schmalkald, Confession of, on excommunication, 158
Schomberg on Charles IX. and the provincial massacres, 120
Schopenhauer, metaphysics of, Doellinger's love for, 381
Schottmueller, 421, 574;
conclusions of, on the trial of the Templars, 563
Schrader, Clement, reputation of, 502
on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500
Schwarzenberg, Cardinal, manager of German elections to Commission
on Dogma, 529, 532
Cardinal, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 525-6
on Papal Infallibility, 544
Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von, his doctrines condemned by Melanchthon, 167
Science, demands of, on its students, 453
liberty of, in the Church, 461-91
liberty in, questioned through Frohschammer's excommunication, 477
power of, to act upon religion, not foreseen in 1679., 595
Science and religion, reconciliation of, 462;
denied by Frohschammer, 462;
accepted by Lamennais, 462-3
Science, truth essential in, 449
German, great services to intellectual liberty, 469
religious, definition of, 389
Scientific truth, certainty of essentials for understanding, 458
Sclopis, Count, on character of Machiavelli, 226
Scotland, Doellinger on Presbyterianism of, 337
triumph of Reformation in, over the State, 43
Scott, Hope, consulted by Doellinger, 395
Sega, Bishop of Piacenza and Nuncio, attitude of, to murder for the
glory of God, 139
Self-government, faculty of, opposed to tradition of antiquity, 31
in a great democracy, how alone preservable, 277;
that kind of, which constitutes true republicanism, 277
modern political liberty the result of, 253
Self-sacrifice, renovation of society on principles of, 58
Seneca, his elevated sentiments praised by St. Augustine, 25
religious knowledge of, 406
views of, 73
Sermoneta, 131
Servetus, Michael, 430;
his condemnation approved by Melanchthon, 167;
and by other Reformers, 175, 184-5;
defended by Calvin, 181-2;
but not politically justified, 184-5
Seward, W.H., on the rights sought by the revolting Americans, 587
praise by, of Hamilton's statesmanship, 581
Shakespeare, study of, Doellinger's motive for, 432
Sherman, General, 579
Sicily, the Inquisition in, 1224., 553-4
Sickel, 422
Sidney, Algernon, character of, 53
slight knowledge of Machiavelli's works, 218
Sieyes, 277; council suggested by, 96
doctrine of, 57
Sigismund, King of Poland, Beza's advice to, on Socinianism, 146
Sigonius, Doellinger's gratitude to, 393
Simancas, annotations of, on Campeggio's commentary, 559-60
Simpson, 432
Sixtine Chapel, Vasari's paintings in, illustrative of the Massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 135
Sixtus V., Pope, attitude of, to the murder of the Guises, 121-2
Doellinger's estimate of, 424
St. Dominic entitled by, the First Inquisitor, 558
a strong Pope, 138
Slavery and democracy, 63
Slavery, general extinction of, in Europe in Middle Ages, 39
principle of, implicit opposition of Stoics to, 25, 26
and practice of, rejected by Essenes, 26
Slavonic races, 245
stationary national character of, 241
Smith, Adam, doctrine of, 57
known in France, 219
Smith, Goldwin, on the Catholic Church in Ireland, 259
on history, success only attribute acknowledged by, 223
Smith, Sir Thomas, on English attitude to the French, after the
Huguenot massacres, 144 & _note_
Socialism, baneful alliance of, with democracy, 92, 93, 98
and slavery, 63
Societies, Epicurean notion that they are founded on contract for
mutual protection, 18
Society and government, association and correspondence of, 265
Society of Jesus (_see also_ Jesuits), Arragonese influence in
its constitution, 557
Socinians, reason of their persecution, 169
Socinus, partial advocate of toleration, 52
Socrates, 406; on democracy, 71
death of, crowning act of guilt of Athenian government, 12
method of, essentially democratic, 71
records of, 409
view of, on laws of country as sole guide of conduct, 18
Solon, decentralisation of power advised by, to remedy social
disorders, 7
doctrine of, that political power should be commensurate with
public service, 8
influence of, on democracy, 66, 68
revision of laws of Athens by, 6
good results of his forethought in providing for revision of
Athenian constitution, 7, 8
Sophists, doctrine of, 70
their ideas of utilitarianism, 17
Sorbin, Confessor of Charles IX., and the Orleans massacres, 126;
his account of the death of Charles IX., 126-7 & _note_
on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 112
Soto, on political conscience, 216
_cited_ on assassination as a political resource, 213
Spain (_see also_ Cadiz Constitution), abortive monarchy of (1812), 89
absolute monarchy in, due to appropriation of tribunal of Inquisition, 41
designs against, of Charles IX., utilisation in, of the Protestants,
105, 116
effect on, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124, 143
and the Inquisition, 152
Montalembert's journey to, 425
national character of rejection of French forces and ideas, 281
Parliamentary system of, origin, 34
reasons for persecution in, 170
and representation on Vatican Council, 507
view in, of the planned character of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124
Spinoza, advocate of passive obedience to the State, 48
interpreter of Machiavelli, 228
Spirit of the American Revolution, what it was, 587;
what it was not, 584-5
Spondanus, Bishop, on Gregory XIII., reasons for permitting the Navarre
marriage, 128
Stahl, J., 589; injustice of Doellinger to, 391
Stahr, A., _cited_ on historical deductions, 221
Stanley, Dean, considered Vatican Council important to all
denominations, 493
State, the (_see also_ Church and State), authority of, excessive in
ancient times, insufficient in Middle Ages, 4
free constitution of, free action of Church a test of, 246
limitations of its duties, 3
and religious liberty, 151-3
sole authority according to modern theory, 151
sole care of the Absolutists, eighteenth century, 273
State Church, its connection with the community, 260
of Ireland, Goldwin Smith on, 259
States, boundaries of, as coincident with Nationalities, J.S. Mill on, 285
classic, taking from citizens more than they gave them. 17;
vice of, 16
small, drawbacks of, 295
States-General, the, and the Inquisition, 570
Stein, 282
Stenzel, G.A.H., _cited_ on political expediency, 222
Stephen, Leslie, _cited_ on philosophy of history based on truth, 223
Stewart, Dugald, praise of Machiavelli, 224
Stoics, their emancipation of mankind from subjugation to despotic rule, 24
their implied opposition to principle of slavery, 25, 26
their teaching nearest approach to that of Christianity, 24, 25
views of, 73
Stolberg, classed as Ultramontane, 451
Story, on Tocqueville's views of the American Constitution, 576
_cited_ on _The Federalist_, 581
Strappado, the, 569
Strasburg, Senate of, reluctance of, to act harshly to Catholics, 172
_Stratagemma, Lo, di Carlo IX._, and its author, 129
Strossmayer, Bishop (upon Turkish frontier), 548;
absence of, from vote on decree (involving acceptance of
Infallibility), 543
demand for reform made by, 536
opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522
protest of, to Vatican Council altered before presentation, harmony
restored by, 542
on authority of Vatican Council, 541
on the dogmatic decree, 527, 533
on ungenerous treatment of Protestants, 541
Strozza, Philip, 113 _note_
Stuart, House of, misrule of, only temporarily foiled under Cromwell, 50
upholders of supremacy of kingship over people, 47
Suarez, revision of MS. of, in Rome, 428
Suffrage, limitations of, effects of, 96
restricted, not always a safeguard of monarchy, 2
universal, of what school the triumph, 590
Sunderland, 410
Sura, Bishop of, 519
Sweden, bishops of, and political assassinations, 217
religion in, Doellinger on, 341-2
working of Protestant theory of persecution in, 170
Swift, Jonathan, 409
Swiss, the, true nationality of, 294-5
Constitution (1874), significant work of modern democracy, 91
reformers, unlikenesses of, to the Saxons, 173
Switzerland, _see_ Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and
Calvinism in, Doellinger on, 338-9
Cantons of, influence in days preceding French Revolution, 50
progress and success of democracy in, 91
and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 120, 124-5
Sybel, H. von, historical style of, 384
_cited_ on historical deduction, 221
Sylla, invested with dangerous powers, 77
Syllabus, the Archbishop of Paris led by, to urge moderation, 526
the, designed to restore authority to the Church, 492
opinions of Pius IX. collected in, 496-8
opposition controlled by, 524
Prince Hohenlohe opposed to discussing state maxims of, at Vatican
Council, 503-4
Symmachus, _cited_, 196
Synods, Acts of, alleged tampering with, as affecting doctrine of
Infallibility, 499
Tacitus, confession of, respecting mixed constitutions, 20
Taine, Henri, Doellinger's ambiguous praise of, 417
influence of, on Doellinger, 434
Talleyrand de Perigord, Charles Maurice, 100
signs of sympathy with idea of nationality shown by, 282-3
_cited_ on Hamilton, 581
Tapparelli, classed as Ultramontane, 451
Taxation of American colonists, opposition of Lords Chatham and
Camden to, 55
exemption of clergy from, 34
inseparable from representation, origin of this principle in Middle
Ages, 39
Taylor, Sir Henry, on necessity for political subtlety, 219
Teligny and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107
Tempesti on Catherine de' Medici and the Massacre of St-Bartholomew, 148
Templars, Doellinger's lecture on, 433
trial of, Lea's conclusions on, 552, 563
Temporal power of the Papacy, 312-13, 352-62, 367-71, 412-16, 422-5
antagonism to, 315-16
Doellinger on, 301-74
Terror, the, _see_ Reign of Terror
Tertullian, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592
Teutonic races, missionaries the channel of conversion to Christianity, 245
union political more than religious, 244
State and the Church, quarrel between, cause of revival of democracy, 80
tribes, Christianity readily accepted by, 199
Theiner, A., early views of, superseded, 429
_Life of Clement the Fourteenth_, by, 411
Permission to publish acts of Council of Trent, refused to, by the
Pope, 431
skill of, as editor, 421
as source of information on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 102
views of, on Jesuits not in agreement with Doellinger, 411-12
Theognis on domination of oligarchies, 6
Theology in Germany, unique and scientific, 317, 347-51, 376, 471-82
schools of, at Munich, 375, and Tuebingen, 376
Theramenes as statesman, 70
Thiers, Adolphe, opinion of Machiavelli's works, 227
Thou, De, and the charge against the Bordeaux clergy, 127 _note_
on the Navarre marriage, 128
reproached for condemning Huguenot massacres, 147
Thucydides on reformed government at Athens, 12
Tocqueville, 400;
indictment brought by, against democracy, 93
influence of, on Doellinger's politics, 414
on the inspiration of the American Revolution, 584
on the need for two chambers in a Senate, 575-6
_cited_ on the American federal constitution, 576
on democracy and absolute government, 239
Toledo, Councils of, framework of Parliamentary system of Spain, 34
Toleration, advocacy of, by William Penn, 84
of Anabaptists, varying views of Reformers on, 157, 164, 176
anonymous tract on, against Calvin, 182
Calvinism a danger to, 180
cause and effect of decline of Protestantism, 255
early attitude of Reformers towards, 153-55, 168
in the early church, 186
Edict of, deceitful, of Charles IX., 117
Maryland an example of, 187
as a political principle, reasons for and against, 252
religious, in Poland, 103
forced upon Protestantism, 187
Protestant theory of, 151
and religious liberty, 152
traditional, attitude to, of Lea, 562
views of Beza on, 146
Tommasini, praise of Machiavelli, 226
Torquemada, 569
Tosti, on Papal Liberty, 313
on Temporal Power, 412
Toulouse, and the Albigenses, 556
Count of, and the Council of Arles, 565
Treitschke, _cited_ on Political Morality, 222
Trent Commissioners and prohibited works, 215
Trent, Council of, 111, 175
intolerance of, reformed by Vatican Council, 493-4
spirit of, 138
Treviso (province), story of, 387
Tridentine Reformation, _see_ Trent, Council of
Tronchin, on Voltaire's death, 215
Tuebingen, heresies of, 381
school of positive theology at, 376, 377
Turgot, attempted reforms of, 85
_cited_ on political expediency, 220
views of, on single or double form of Legislature, 576
Turin, Court of, policy of, 445
Turks, Charles IX.'s pourparlers with, 104
Twesten, _cited_ in support of Machiavelli's policy, 229
Tyrol, movement in, against Napoleonic institutions, a national one, 281
Ultramontane school, eminent writers of, two peculiarities of, 451
supersession of, 452
Ultramontanism, _see also_ Doellinger extreme, considered to be keystone
of the Church, by Lamennais, 462-3
United States, _see_ America
Unity, aimed at, by English Catholics, 438
change of constitution effected by, in Italy and Germany, 225
of faith in France, enforcement of, aim of the Court, 117
liberty sacrificed to, by Machiavelli, 229
in relation to nationality, 287, 289
and religious liberty, incompatibility of, frequent, 252
necessity for, in Church and State, 252
religious, in relation to religious freedom, 152
Universal suffrage, of what school the triumph, 590
University of Paris and the Inquisition, 570
Ussher, Archbishop, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 47
Utilitarianism in classical ages, 17
Utrecht Psalter, story of, 551
Vaissete, 565
Valois, Margaret of, _see_ Navarre, Queen of
Vasari, paintings by, in the Sixtine Chapel, of the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 135
Vatican Council, 431, 492-550
constitution of, 501-11
convened by Pius IX., 492;
approbation of Pius IX.'s action in convening, 492-511
decree of, dissatisfaction with, 531
discussion on validity of dicta of, 548
Infallibility, doctrine of, its victory over opposition, 543
letter from German bishops to, on doctrinal points, 517
methods of, reformed to involve admission of Papal Infallibility, 539
opening of, 511
opposition at, 492-511, 525-9
preparations for, 492-511
proceedings of, 527-50
programme of, discussed in _The Reform of the Church in its Head and
Members_, 494-6
representation on:--
by Belgium, 507
by England, 506
by France, 504
by Germany, 505
by Italy, 508
by Portugal, 507
by Spain, 507
Strossmayer prevented by, from protesting, 541
_Vaticinia Pontificum_, Lea's knowledge of, 560
Vauban, Marshal, 48
Vaudois, the, of Provence, extermination of, by Louis XII., 217
Vavasour, Sir Edward, acquaintance of, with Doellinger, 388
Venice, extinction of, as State, 283
not surprised by the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109;
the event celebrated at, 125
and political murders, 213, 214
withdrawal of, from the League, 105, 107
republic of, nature, 49
Vergennes, _cited_ on political judgment, 227
Vergniaud, on the laws in relation to the will of the people, 276
Verona, centre of historical work, 387
Vespucci, 562
Veuillot, Louis, Doellinger on, 428
and the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566
Montalembert, _cited_ on, 428
Vico, 590
Vienna, Congress of, dynastic interests
predominant at, 282-3
effects of, on ideas of nationality, 283
Vienne, Inquisition at, and Servetus, 184
Villari, admiration of Machiavelli, 226
Vinet, 591
Virginia and Maryland, 187
Visconti family, models for Machiavelli, 212
_Vitae Paparum Avenionensium_, utilised by Lea and others, 559
Vives, toleration taught by, 570
Voltaire, profane criticism of, 218
Waldenses, analogy of Arnold of Brescia with, 559
why they opposed persecution, 563
Waldus, 558
Walpole, Horace, _cited_ on political scruples, 219
Walsingham, English ambassador in France, his reports on the Massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 101, 107, 115-16
condemnation by French Catholics as a whole, 143
War, art of, no national feeling in, till after 1789., 274
of Deliverance, new forces evoked by, 282
of 1859, troubles of the Papacy after, 412-14
Wars of religion, end of, 274
Washington, George, 579
political example of, 586
Waterloo, 282
Webster, 584
Weingarten on St. Anthony's life and origin of monasticism, 420
Wesel, English Calvinists at, 170
Wesley, John, Doellinger's tribute to, 395
Westminster, Archbishop of, at Council of Bishops, 1867., 500
on Papal Infallibility, 528
Westphalia, Peace of, and Roman ambition, 323, 324
Whigs, English, and their continental counterparts, attitude of,
after Waterloo, 282
Wilberforce, Archdeacon, Doellinger consulted by, 395
Samuel, Bishop of Winchester, story of, 551
Wilkins, 421
Will or sovereignty, the, of the people (_see also_ Democracy),
as criterion of right, 271;
as above the law, 276;
idea of, the parent of idea of nationality, 277
theory of nationality involved in, 287
William III., King of England, and massacre of Glencoe, 218, 410
Windelband, _cited_ on national government, 227
Windischmann (elder), Doellinger's esteem for, 381
public indifference to, 430
Winkelmann on the Inquisition, 426
Wirtemberg, left by Moehler, after publication of _Symbolik_, 377
Duke of, and the Huguenot refugees, 145
Wiseman, Cardinal, 424, 436
Doellinger consulted by, on mediaeval authorities, 390-91
influence of, on the Church of England, and on the Oxford movement,
437-8
literary standing of, 437, 438
position of, universal and local in Catholicism, 437
relations of, with English Catholics, 437, 438
view of, on English theology, 380
work of, at Oscott, 438
on the "covert insinuations" of the _Home and Foreign Review_, 439-40;
the editor's defence of that publication, 440 _et seq._
Witt, De, murder of, 410
Wittelsbach, house of, contests of the Empire in the, 275
Wuerzburg, Bishop of, reform urged by, 495
(city) Doellinger and Platen at, 375
Wycliffe, John, difference between his teaching and Luther's, 271
Ximenes, Cardinal, and the Inquisition, 570
_Young Europe_, Mazzini's evolution of _Young Italy_, 286
_Young Italy_ and Mazzini, 286
Zanchini, an Inquisitor, leading authority of the fourteenth century, 559;
_cited_ by Lea, 560
Zeller, _cited_ on Anti-Machiavel policy in Prussia, 227
Zimmerman, Wilhelm, and Machiavelli's policy, 227
Zuniga, Juan and Diego, 123
denunciation by, of French treachery even to heretics, etc., 144
Zuerich, the question of toleration in, 174, 175
Zwickau, Saxony, prophets of, Melanchthon's attitude towards, 164
Zwingli, Ulrich, influence of, on politics, 81;
influence of environment on him, 173, 177
theory of government, including persecution, 173-4
republican views of, 42
Zwinglian schism, influence of, on Luther, 155
Zwinglians, the, condemned by Melanchthon, 167, 170 _note_
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
_8vo. 10s. net._
HISTORICAL ESSAYS
AND STUDIES
BY THE LATE LORD ACTON, D.C.L., LL.D., ETC. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN
HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
Edited with an Introduction by JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, M.A., and REGINALD
VERE LAURENCE, M.A.
CONTENTS