elections was given by the legislature of the Territory, and
in one of these, Wyoming, it was retained when the Territory
received Statehood in 1890. In Utah it was abolished by a
Federal statute, because thought to be exercised by the Mormon
wives at the bidding of their polygamous husbands, and thus to
strengthen the polygamic party. In Washington Territory the
law which conferred it in 1883 was declared invalid by the
courts in 1887, because its nature had not been properly
described in the title, was re-enacted immediately afterwards,
and was in 1888 again declared invalid by the United States
Territorial Court, on the ground that the Act of Congress
organizing the Territorial legislature did not empower it to
extend the suffrage to women. In enacting their State
Constitution (1889) the people of Washington pronounced
against female suffrage by a majority of two to one; and a
good authority declared to me that most of the women were well
pleased to lose the privilege. In 1893 the legislature of
Colorado submitted to the voters (in virtue of a provision in
the Constitution) a law extending full franchise for all
purposes to women, and it was carried by a majority of 6,347.
… In Michigan in 1893, women received the suffrage in all
municipal elections. In Michigan, however, the law has since
been declared unconstitutional. … In Connecticut, the latest
State which has extended school suffrage to women (1893), it
would appear that the women have not, so far, shown much
eagerness to be registered. However, while the advanced women
leaders and Prohibitionists started a campaign among the women
voters, the husbands and brothers of conservative proclivities
urged their wives and sisters to register, and not without
success. In Wyoming (while it was still a Territory) women
served as jurors for some months till the judges discovered
that they were not entitled by law to do so, and in Washington
(while a Territory) they served from 1884 to 1887, when the
legislature, in regranting the right of voting, omitted to
grant the duty or privilege of jury service. … As respects the
suffrage in Wyoming, the evidence I have collected privately
is conflicting. … No opposition was offered in the Convention
of 1889, which drafted the present Constitution, to the
enactment of woman suffrage for all purposes. The opinion of
the people at large was not duly ascertained, because the
question was not separately submitted to them at the polls,
but there can be little doubt that it would have been
favourable. … The whole proceedings of the Convention of 1889
leave the impression that the equal suffrage in force since
1869 had worked fairly, and the summing up of the case by a
thoughtful and dispassionate British observer (Mr. H.
Plunkett) is to the same effect."
_J. Bryce,
The American Commonwealth (3d edition),
chapter 96 (volume 2)._
"No complete and reliable statistics have ever been obtained
of the number of women who register and vote on school
questions. This varies greatly in different localities, and in
the same localities in different years. With women, as with
men, the questions connected with the schools do not suffice
to bring out many voters as a rule. Those few who have voted
hitherto have been of more than average character and ability,
and influenced wholly by public spirit. But comparatively few,
even of suffragists, have as yet availed themselves of the
privilege. To secure any general participation of women in
elections, a wider range of subjects must be thrown open to
them. Wherever, as in Kansas, party issues and moral questions
are involved, the women show a greater interest. In several
States, as in Kansas, Iowa, and Rhode Island, prohibition
amendments are said to have been carried by the efforts of
women-workers at the polls, although not themselves voters."
_The Nation,
April 28, 1887,
page 362._
{3661}
WOOL, General John E.: In the war of 1812.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
WOOD'S HALFPENCE.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1722-1724.
WOOLLY-HEADS, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.
WOOLSACK, The.
"Perhaps you have noticed, when paying a visit to the House of
Lords in holiday time, a comfortable kind of ottoman in front
of the throne. This is the Woolsack, the seat of the Lord
Chancellor [who presides in the House of Lords]. In the reign
of Elizabeth an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the
exportation of wool, and to keep in mind this source of our
national wealth, woolsacks were placed in the House of Lords,
whereon the judges sat."
_A. C. Ewald,
The Crown and its Advisers,
lecture 3._
WORCESTER, Marquis of, The inventions of.
See STEAM ENGINE.
WORCESTER, Battle of.
See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1651 (AUGUST).
WORDE, Wynkyn de, The Press of.
See PRINTING &c.: A. D. 1476-1491.
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, The.
See CHICAGO: A. D. 1892-1893.
[Transcriber's note]
See
_C. D. Arnold and H. D. Higinbotham,
Official Views Of The World's Columbian Exposition
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22847_
WORLD'S FAIR, The First.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1851.
WORMS.
"Worms (Wormatia) (Borbetomagus), situated on the left bank of
the Rhine, existed long before the Roman conquest, and is
supposed to have been founded by the Celts, under the name of
Borbetomagus. … In the 4th and 5th centuries it was a
flourishing town in the possession of the Burgundians. Under
their King Gundahar, the vicinity of Worms was the scene of
the popular legend handed down in the romantic poem known as
the Nibelungen-lied. In 496, by the victory of Tolbiacum, it
formed a part of the empire of Clovis."
_W. J. Wyatt,
History of Prussia,
volume 2, page 447._
WORMS: A. D.406.
Destruction by the Germans.
See GAUL: A. D. 406-409.
WORMS: A. D. 1521.
The Imperial Diet.
Luther's summons and appearance.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1521-1522.
WORMS: A. D. 1713.
Taken by the French.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
WORMS: A. D. 1743.
Treaty between Austria, Sardinia and England.
See ITALY: A. D. 1743;
and AUSTRIA: A. D. 1743-1744.
WORMS: A. D. 1792.
Occupied by the French Revolutionary Army.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).
WORMS, Concordat of(1122).
See PAPACY: A. D. 1056-1122.
WÖRTH, Battle of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (JULY-AUGUST).
WRANGLERS, Senior.
At Oxford and Cambridge Universities, "by a strange relic of
the logical and disputatory studies of the Middle Ages, the
candidates for University honors maintained in public some
mathematical thesis, about which they disputed in Latin,
never, as it may be supposed, of the best. To keep up the
illusion of the monkish time, and the seven liberal arts, a
little metaphysics and a good deal of theology were thrown in
at the time of the examination; but the real business of the
'schools' at Cambridge was mathematics. The disputing,
however, was so important a part of the performances that the
first division of those to whom were awarded honors were
called by distinction,'the wranglers'; and the head man—the
proud recipient of all the glory which at the end of a four
years' course the ancient University showered on the son she
possessed most distinguished in her favorite studies—was
called the senior wrangler. In process of time, the
disputations and Latin were all done away with. An examination
from printed papers was made the test. Yet, still, every year,
at the end of the arduous eight days' trial, the undergraduate
who takes his bachelor's degree in virtue of passing the best
examination in mathematics, is called the senior wrangler; and
attains the proudest position that Cambridge has to bestow."
_W. Everett,
On the Cam,
lecture 2._
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS.
WRIT OF MAINPRISE.
WRIT DE HOMINE REPLEGIANDO.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1679.
WRITS OF ASSISTANCE.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1761;
and MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1761.
WROXETER, Origin of.
See URICONIUM.
----------WÜRTEMBERG: Start--------
WÜRTEMBERG:
Early Suevic population.
See SUEVI.
WÜRTEMBERG: Founding of the Dukedom.
"Conrad of Beutelsbach, the first of this family that appears
upon record, got the County of Würtemberg from the Emperor
Henry IV. in 1103, and was succeeded by his son Ulrick I. as
Count of Würtemberg, in 1120. Henry, the fourteenth in lineal
descent from Ulrick, was made Duke of Würtemberg in 1519.
Frederick II., and eighth Duke of Würtemberg, succeeded his
father in 1797, and was proclaimed King of Würtemberg in
1805."
_Sir A. Halliday,
Annals of the House of Hanover,
volume 1, page 430._
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1801-1803.
Acquisition of territory under the Treaty of Luneville.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1801-1803.
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1805-1806.
Aggrandized by Napoleon.
Created a Kingdom.
Joined to the Confederation of the Rhine.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1805-1806; and 1806 (JANUARY-AUGUST).
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1809.
Incorporation of the rights and revenues of the Teutonic
Order with the Kingdom.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1813.
Abandonment of the Rhenish Confederacy and the French Alliance.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (JANUARY-MARCH).
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1816.
Accession to the Holy Alliance.
See HOLY ALLIANCE.
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1866.
The Seven Weeks War.
Indemnity to Prussia.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.
WÜRTEMBERG: A. D. 1870-1871.
Treaty of union with the Germanic Confederation,
soon transformed into the German Empire.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1870 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER); and 1871.
----------WÜRTEMBERG: End--------
WÜRTZBURG, Battle of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).
WUZEER,
VIZIR.
See OUDE; and VIZIR.
WYANDOT CONSTITUTION, The.
See KANSAS: A. D. 1854-1859.
WYANDOTS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HURONS OR WYANDOTS.
{3662}
WYAT'S INSURRECTION.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1554.
WYCLIF'S REFORMATION.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1360-1414;
BOHEMIA: A. D. 1405-1415,
and BEGUINES.
WYOMING:
The Name.
"Wyoming is a corruption of the name given to the locality by
the Indians. They called it 'Maughwauwame.' The word is
compounded of 'maughwau,' large, and 'wame,' plains. The name,
then, signifies 'The Large Plains.' The Delawares pronounced
the first syllable short, and the German missionaries, in
order to come as near as possible to the Indian pronunciation
wrote the name M'chweuwami. The early settlers, finding it
difficult to pronounce the word correctly, spoke it Wauwaumie,
then Wiawumie, then Wiomic, and, finally, Wyoming,"
_G. Peck,
Wyoming: Its History &c.,
chapter 1._
WYOMING (State): A. D. 1803.
Eastern portion embraced in the Louisiana Purchase.
See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.
WYOMING (State): A. D. 1890.
Admission to the Union as a State.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1889-1890.
WYOMING (Valley): A. D. 1753-1799.
Connecticut claims and settlements.
The Pennamite and Yankee War.
See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1753-1799.
WYOMING (Valley): A. D. 1755.
The Grasshopper War of the Delaware and Shawanese tribes
of American Indians.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SHAWANESE.
WYOMING (Valley): A. D. 1778.
The Tory and Indian invasion and massacre.
Its misrepresentation by historians and poets.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778 (JULY).
X.
X, Y, Z, CORRESPONDENCE, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1797-1799.
XENOPHON'S RETREAT.
See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.
XERES DE LA FRONTERA, Battle of (A. D. 711).
See SPAIN: A. D. 711-713.
XERXES.
See PERSIA: B. C, 486-405,
and GREECE: B. C. 480-479.
Y.
YAKOOB BEG, The Dominion of.
The Chinese obtained possession of Kashgar or Chinese
Turkestan (see TURKESTAN) about 1760, and held it for a
century, overcoming much revolt during the last forty years of
that period. In 1862, the revolt assumed a more formidable
character than it had borne before. Its beginning was among a
neighboring people called, variously, the Tungani, Dungani, or
Dungans. These were "a Mahomedan people settled in the
north-west province of Kansuh and in a portion of Shensi. Many
of them had migrated westward at the time of the wars of Keen
Lung, and had colonized various parts of the Chinese
conquests. During a century this movement westward had
continued, and in 1862 the Tungani represented the majority of
the population, not only in parts of Kansuh, but also in the
country to the west, as far as Ili and the city of Turfan.
Although Mahomedans, they had acted as the soldiers of the
Chinese. They had won their battles, laid down their roads,
and held the Tartar population in check. From the Tungani the
Chinese never for an instant expected danger. They were
certainly heretics; but then they were part and parcel of
themselves in every other respect. They hated the Khokandians
and the people of Kashgar with a hatred that was more bitter
than that they bore to the Khitay or Buddhist Chinese. In all
essentials the Tungani were treated exactly like the most
favoured children of the empire. … The only cause that it is
possible to assign for their rebellion is that vague one of
the religious revival which was then manifesting itself among
the Mahomedans all over the world. But whatever the cause, the
consequences were clear enough. In 1862 a riot occurred at a
village in Kansuh. Order was restored with some small loss of
life; and the momentary alarm which had been caused by it
passed away. The alarm was, however, only too well founded. A
few weeks afterwards a more serious riot took place at the
town of Houchow or Salara. This was the signal for the rising
of the Tungani in all directions. The unanimity shown by the
various Tungani settlements proved that there had been a
preconcerted arrangement amongst them; but the Chinese had
known nothing of it. … The few Imperial troops remaining in
the province of Kansuh were unable to withstand the desperate
and unanimous assault of the Mahomedans. They were swept out
of existence, and with them the larger portion of the Khitay
population as well. The Mahomedan priests took the lead in
this revolt, and the atrocities which they and their followers
enacted were of the most horrible and blood-thirsty character.
The butchery of tens of thousands of their Buddhist subjects
in Kansuh appealed loudly to the Chinese Government for
revenge; and it was not long before their troops restored
Kansuh to its allegiance. Those of the Tungani who were
captured were given over to the executioner. But a large
number escaped, fleeing westward to those cities beyond the
desert, where other Mussulmans had imitated, with like
success, the deeds of their kinsmen in Kansuh. … No sooner
then did the tidings of the events in Kansuh reach Hamil and
Barkul, Turfan and Manas, than risings at once took place
against the Khitay. In all cases the movement was successful.
The Manchus were deposed: the 'mollahs' were set up in their
stead. After a short interval the other cities of Karashar,
Kucha, and Aksu, followed the example, with an identical
result. The Tungan revolt proper had then reached its limit. …
The communications between Pekin and Jungaria were cut, and a
hostile territory of nearly 2,000 miles intervened. To restore
those communications, to reduce that hostile country, would
demand a war of several campaigns; and China was not in a
condition to make the slightest effort. All that her statesmen
could hope for was, that she would not go irretrievably to
pieces.
{3663}
The Tungani flourished on the misfortunes of the empire. …
During some months after the first successes of the Tungani,
the people of Kuldja and Kashgaria remained quiet, for the
prestige of China's power was still great. But when it became
evident to all, that communication was hopelessly cut off
between the Chinese garrisons and the base of their strength
in China, both the Tungan element and the native population
began to see that their masters were ill able to hold their
own against a popular rising. This opinion gained ground
daily, and at last the whole population rose against the
Chinese and massacred them. … But no sooner had the Chinese
been overthrown, than the victors, the Tungani and the
Tarantchis, began to quarrel with each other. Up to the month
of January, 1865, the rising had been carried out in a very
irregular and indefinite manner. … It was essentially a blind
and reckless rising, urged on by religious antipathy; and,
successful as it was, it owed all its triumphs to the
embarrassments of China. The misfortunes of the Chinese
attracted the attention of all those who felt an interest in
the progress of events in Kashgaria. Prominent among these was
a brother of Wali Khan, Buzurg Khan [heir of the former
rulers, the exiled Khojas], who resolved to avail himself of
the opportunity afforded by the civil war for making a bold
attempt to regain the place of his ancestors. Among his
followers was Mahomed Yakoob, a Khokandian soldier of fortune,
already known to fame in the desultory wars and feuds of which
Central Asia had been the arena. His previous career had
marked him out pre-eminently as a leader of men, and he now
sought in Eastern Turkestan that sphere of which Russian
conquests had deprived him in its Western region. There is
little to surprise us in the fact that, having won his
battles, Yakoob deposed and imprisoned his master Buzurg. In
several campaigns between 1867 and 1873 he bent back the
Tungani from his confines, and established an independent
government in the vast region from the Pamir to beyond Turfan,
and from Khoten and the Karakoram to the Tian Shan. He treated
on terms of dignity with the Czar, and also with the
Government of India. He received English envoys and Russian
ambassadors, and his palace was filled with presents from
London and St. Petersburg. … Urged on by some vague ambition,
he made war upon the Tungani, when every dictate of prudence
pointed to an alliance with them. He destroyed his only
possible allies, and in destroying them he weakened himself
both directly and indirectly. In the autumn of 1876 Yakoob Beg
had indeed pushed forward so far to the east that he fancied
he held Barkul and Hamil in his grasp; and the next spring
would probably have witnessed a further advance upon these
cities had not fate willed it otherwise. With the capture of
the small village of Chightam, in 92° E. longitude, Yakoob's
triumphs closed. Thus far his career had been successful; it
may then be said to have reached its limit. In the autumn of
1876, the arrival of a Chinese army on his eastern frontier
changed the current of his thoughts. … From November, 1876,
until March, 1877, the Chinese generals were engaged in
massing their troops on the northern side of the Tian Shan
range. … Yakoob's principal object was to defend the Devan
pass against the Chinese; but, while they attacked it in
front, another army under General Chang Yao was approaching
from Hamil. Thus outflanked, Yakoob's army retreated
precipitately upon Turfan, where he was defeated, and again a
second time at Toksoun, west of that town. The Chinese then
halted. They had, practically speaking, destroyed Yakoob's
powers of defence. That prince retreated to the town of Korla,
where he was either assassinated or poisoned early in the
month of May. … Korla was occupied on the 9th of October
without resistance; and towards the end of the same month,
Kucha, once an important city, surrendered. The later stages
of the war were marked by the capture of the towns of Aksu,
Ush Turfan, and Kashgar. With the fall of the capital, on the
17th of December, 1877, the fighting ceased. The Chinese
authority was promptly established in the country as far south
as Yarkand, and after a brief interval in Khoten."
_D. C. Boulger,
Central Asian Questions,
chapter 12._
YALE COLLEGE.
See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1701-1717.
YAMASIS AND YAMACRAWS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.
YAMCO, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.
YANACONAS.
MAMACONAS.
"The Yanaconas were a class existing [in Peru] in the time of
the Incas, who were in an exceptional position. They were
domiciled in the houses of their masters, who found them in
food and clothing, paid their tribute, and gave them a piece
of land to cultivate in exchange for their services. But to
prevent this from degenerating into slavery, a decree of 1601
ordered that they should be free to leave their masters and
take service elsewhere on the same conditions." The Mamaconas
of Peru were a class of domestic servants.
_C. R. Markham,
Colonial History of South America,
(Narrative and Critical History of America,
volume 8, page 296)._
YANAN FAMILY, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: YANAN FAMILY.
YANKEE:
Origin of the term.
"The first name given by the Indians to the Europeans who
landed in Virginia was 'Wapsid Lenape' (white people); when,
however, afterwards, they began to commit murders on the red
men, whom they pierced with swords, they gave to the
Virginians the name 'Mechanschican' (long knives), to
distinguish them from others of the same colour. In New
England they at first endeavoured to imitate the sound of the
national name of the English, which they pronounced
'Yengees.'" After about the middle of the Revolutionary War
the Indians applied the name "Yengees" exclusively to the
people of New England, "who, indeed, appeared to have adopted
it, and were, as they still are, generally through the country
called 'Yankees,' which is evidently the same name with a
trifling alteration. They say they know the 'Yengees,' and can
distinguish them by their dress and personal appearance, and
that they were considered as less cruel than the Virginians or
'long knives.' The proper English they [for 'they' read 'the
Chippeways and some other nations.'—Editor's foot-note] call
'Saggenash.'"
_J. Heckewelder,
History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations
(Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs, volume 12)
pages 142-143._
{3664}
"The origin of this term [Yankees]. so frequently employed by
way of reproach to the New England people, is said to be as
follows. A farmer, by name Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge,
about the year 1713, used it as a cant, favorite word, to
express excellency when applied to any thing; as a Yankee good
horse, Yankee cider, &c., meaning an excellent horse and
excellent cider. The students at college, having frequent
intercourse with Mr. Hastings, and hearing him employ the term
on all occasions, adopted it themselves, and gave him the name
of Yankee Jonathan; this soon became a cant word among the
collegians to express a weak, simple, awkward person, and from
college it was carried and circulated through the country,
till, from its currency in New England, it was at length taken
up and unjustly applied to the New Englanders in common, as a
term of reproach: It was in consequence of this that a
particular song, called 'Yankee doodle,' was composed in
derision of those scornfully called Yankees."
_J. Thatcher,
Military Journal during the Revolutionary War,
page 19._
"Dr. William Gordon, in his History of the American War,
edition 1789, volume i., pages 324,325, says it was a
favourite cant word in Cambridge, Massachusets, as early as
1713, and that it meant 'excellent.' … Cf. Lowland Sc.
'yankie,' a sharp, clever, forward woman; 'yanker,' an agile
girl, an incessant speaker; 'yanker,' a smart stroke, a great
falsehood; 'yank,' a sudden and severe blow, a sharp stroke;
'yanking,' active, pushing (Jamieson). … If Dr. Gordon's view
be right, the word 'yankee' may be identified with the Sc.
'yankie,' as above; and all the Scotch words appear to be of
Scandinavian origin, due, ultimately Icel. 'jaga,' to move about. …
The fundamental idea is that of 'quick motion'; see 'yacht.'
But the word cannot be said to be solved."
_W. W. Skeat,
Etymological Dictionary._
"The best authorities on the subject now agree upon the
derivation of this term from the imperfect effort made by the
Northern Indians to pronounce the word 'English.'"
_M. Schele de Vere,
Americanisms,
page 22._
ALSO IN:
Notes and Queries,
series 1, volume 6, page 57.
YANKTONS. The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.
YARD-LAND.
An ancient holding of land in England equivalent to the
virgate.
See HIDE OF LAND;
and MANORS.
YATASSEES. The.
See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.
YEAR BOOKS, English.
See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1307-1509.
YEAR OF ANARCHY, The.
See ATHENS: B. C. 404-403.
YEAR OF METON, The.
See METON, THE YEAR OF.
YELLOW FEVER, Appearance of.
See PLAGUE: 18TH CENTURY.
YELLOW FORD, Battle of the (1598).
See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.
YELLOW TAVERN, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY: VIRGINIA) SHERIDAN'S RAID.
YELLOWS (of Venezuela) The.
See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.
YEMAMA, Battle of.
See ACRABA.
YENIKALE, Attack on (1855).
See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856.
YEOMEN.
"A 'yeoman' is defined by Sir Thomas Smith (Rep. Anglor. lib.
1. c. 24) as he whom our law calls 'legalem hominem,' a
free-born man that may dispend of his own free land in yearly
revenues to the sum of forty shillings. But it had also a more
general application, denoting like 'valet' a higher kind of
service, which still survives in the current phrase to do
'yeoman's service.' In the household of the mediæval knight or
baron the younger sons of yeomen would form a large proportion
of the servitors, and share with the younger sons of knight or
squire the common name of 'valetti.' The yeomen too who lived
on their own land, but wore the 'livery of company' of some
baron or lesser territorial magnate, would also be his
'valets.' The mediæval 'yeoman' was the tenant of land in free
socage. The extent of his holding might be large or small."
_T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History,
page 343, foot-note._
"At the period when the higher gentry began to absorb what
remained of the feudal nobility, and established themselves
definitely as an upper class, the small landowners—freeholders
holding estates of inheritance or for life—long leaseholders
and the larger copyholders made corresponding progress, and
the yeomen (the common term applied to all of them) began in
their turn to fill the position and take the rank of an
agricultural middle class. The reign of Henry VI. had marked
the zenith of their influence; they had by that time fully
realized the fact of their existence as a body. The inferior
limit of their class was approximately determined by the
electoral qualification of the forty-shilling freeholder
(under the Act of 1430), or by the £4 qualification for the
office of juror. The superior limit was marked from a legal
point of view by the property qualification of a magistrate,
but socially there was not on this side any definite boundary
line. In 1446 it was considered necessary to forbid the county
electors to return 'valetti,' that is yeomen, to the House of
Commons, a proof that custom and opinion left to themselves
did not look upon the higher section of their class as
unworthy of a seat in Parliament, an honour originally
confined to the knights. Fortescue testifies almost with
triumph to the fact that in no country of Europe were yeomen
so numerous as in England."
_E. Boutmy,
The English Constitution,
part 2, chapter 4._
In later English use the word "yeoman" has signified "a man of
small estate in land, not ranking among the gentry."
YEOMEN OF THE GUARD.
"This corps was instituted by Henry VII. in 1485. It now
consists of 100 men, six of whom are called Yeomen Hangers,
and two Yeomen Bed-goers; the first attending to the hangings
and tapestries of the royal apartments, and the second taking
charge of all beds during any royal removals. The yeomen of
the guard carry up the royal dinner, and are popularly
designated as 'beef-eaters, 'respecting the origin of which
name some differences of opinion exist, for many maintain that
they never had any duties connected with the royal beaufet. A
yeoman usher and a party of yeomen attend in the great chamber
of the palace on drawing-room and levee days, to keep the
passage clear."
_C. R. Dodd,
Manual of Dignities,
part 2, section 1._
YERMOUK, Battle of (A. D. 636).
See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 632-639.
YEZID I., Caliph, A. D. 679-683.
Yezid II., Caliph, 720-724.
Yezid III., Caliph, 744.
YNCAS,
INCAS.
See PERU.
{3665}
YNGAVI, Battle of (1841).
See PERU: A. D. 1826-1876.
YORK: The Roman capital of Britain.
See EBORACUM.
YORK:
The capital of Deira and Northumbria.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 547-633.
YORK: A. D. 1189.
Massacre of Jews.
See JEWS: A. D. 1189.
YORK: A. D. 1644.
Parliamentary siege raised by Prince Rupert.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1644 (JANUARY-JULY).
YORK, Pennsylvania: A. D. 1777.
The American Congress in session.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1777 (JANUARY-DECEMBER).
YORKINOS, The.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.
YORKISTS.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.
YORKTOWN: A. D. 1781.
Surrender of Cornwallis and his army to Washington.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1781 (MAY-OCTOBER).
YORKTOWN: A. D. 1862.
McClellan's siege.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MARCH-MAY: VIRGINIA).
YOUNG, Brigham, and the Mormons.
See MORMONISM: A. D. 1830-1846, 1846-1847;
and UTAH: A. D. 1849-1850, and 1857-1859.
YOUNG IRELAND MOVEMENT, The.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1841-1848.
YOUNG ITALY.
See ITALY: A. D. 1831-1848.
YPRES: A. D. 1383.
Unsuccessful but destructive siege by the English.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1383.
YPRES: A. D. 1648.
Taken by the French.
See NETHERLANDS (SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1647-1648.
YPRES: A. D.1659.
Restored to Spain.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.
YPRES: A. D. 1679.
Ceded to France.
See NIMEGUEN, THE PEACE OF.
YPRES: A. D. 1713.
Ceded to Holland.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1713-1715.
YPRES: A. D. 1744-1748.
Taken by the French and restored to Austria.
See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1743-1744;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS.
YPRES: A. D. 1794.
Siege and capture by the French.
See FRANCE; A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).
YUCATAN:
The aboriginal inhabitants, their civilization
and its monuments.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MAYAS, and QUICHES;
also MEXICO, ANCIENT.
YUCATAN:
Discovery.
Disputed origin of the name.
See AMERICA: A. D. 1517-1518.
YUCHI.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: UCHEAN FAMILY.
YUGUARZONGO, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.
YUKIAN FAMILY, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: YUKIAN FAMILY.
YUMAN FAMILY, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: YUMAN FAMILY.
YUMAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: APACHE GROUP.
YUNCAS, The.
See PERU: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.
YUNGAY, Battle of (1839).
See PERU: A. D. 1826-1876.
YUROKS,
EUROCS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS.
Z.
ZAB, Battle of the (A. D. 750).
See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 715-750.
ZACHARIAS, Pope, A. D. 741-752.
ZAGONARA, Battle of (1424).
See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.
ZAHARA: A. D. 1476.
Surprise, capture and massacre by the Moors.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1476-1492.
ZALACCA, Battle of (1086).
See ALMORAVIDES;
and PORTUGAL: EARLY HISTORY.
ZAMA, Battle of (B. C. 202).
See PUNIC WARS: THE SECOND.
ZAMBESIA.
See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1885-1893.
ZAMINDARS, OR ZEMINDARS.
See TALUKDARS;
also INDIA: A. D. 1785-1793.
ZAMZUMMITES, The.
See JEWS: EARLY HEBREW HISTORY.
ZANCLE.
See MESSENE IN SICILY, FOUNDING OF.
ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1885-1886.
Seizure of territory by Germany.
See AFRICA: A. D. 1884-1891.
ZAPORO, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.
ZAPOTECS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ZAPOTECS, etc.
ZARA: A. D. 1203.
Capture and Destruction.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1201-1203.
ZARAGOSSA.
See SARAGOSSA.
ZARAKA, The.
See SARANGIANS.
ZARANGIANS, The.
See SARANGIANS.
ZARATHUSTRA,
ZOROASTER.
See ZOROASTRIANS.
ZEA.
See PIRÆUS.
ZEALOTS, The.
A party among the Jews which forced on the great struggle of
that people with the Roman power,—the struggle which ended in
the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. A party of ardent
patriots in its origin, and embracing the flower of the
nation, it degenerated, by enlistment of the passions of the
populace, into a fierce, violent, desperate faction, which
Ewald (History of Israel, book 7) compares to that of the
Jacobins of the French Revolution.
_Josephus,
The Jewish War._
ZEEWAND.
See WAMPUM.
ZEGRIS, The.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1238-1273; and 1476-1492.
ZELA, Battle of (B. C. 47).
See ROME: B. C. 47-46.
ZEMINDARS,
ZAMINDARS.
See TALUKDARS;
also INDIA: A. D. 1785-1793.
{3666}
ZEMSTVO, The.
"The Zemstvo (in Russia] is a kind of local administration
which supplements the action of the rural communes [see MIR],
and takes cognizance of those higher public wants which
individual communes cannot possibly satisfy. Its principal
duties are to keep the roads and bridges in proper repair, to
provide means of conveyance for the rural police and other
officials, to elect the justices of peace, to look after
primary education and sanitary affairs, to watch the state of
the crops and take measures against approaching famine, and in
short to undertake, within certain clearly-defined limits,
whatever seems likely to increase the material and moral
well-being of the population. In form the institution is
parliamentary—that is to say, it consists of an assembly of
deputies which meets at least once a year, and of a permanent
executive bureau elected by the assembly from among its
members. … Once every three years the deputies are elected in
certain fixed proportions by the landed proprietors, the rural
communes, and the municipal corporations. Every province
(guberniya) and each of the districts (uyezdi) into which the
province is subdivided has such an assembly and such a
bureau."
_D. M. Wallace,
Russia,
chapter 14._
ZENDAVESTA, The.
See ZOROASTRIANS.
ZENDECAN, Battle of (1038).
See TURKS: A. D. 999-1183.
ZENGER'S TRIAL.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1720-1734.
ZENO, Roman Emperor (Eastern). A. D. 474-491.
ZENOBIA, The Empire of.
See PALMYRA.
ZENTA, Battle of (1697).
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1683-1699.
ZEPHATHAH, Battle of.
Fought by Asa, king of Judah, with Zerah the Ethiopian, whom
he defeated.
_2 Chronicles, xiv. 9-15._
ZEUGITÆ, The.
See ATHENS: B. C. 594.
ZEUGMA.
See APAMEA.
ZIELA, Battle of.
A battle fought in the Mithridatic War, B. C. 67, in which the
Romans were badly defeated by the Pontic king.
_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 5, chapter 2._
ZIGANI.
ZIGEUNER.
ZINCALI.
ZINGARRI.
See GYPSIES.
ZINGIS KHAN, The conquests of.
See MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227;
and INDIA: A. D. 977-1290.
ZINGLINS.
See HAYTI: A. D. 1804-1880.
ZINZENDORF, Count, and the Moravian Brethren.
See MORAVIAN OR BOHEMIAN BRETHREN.
ZION.
See JERUSALEM: CONQUEST AND OCCUPATION BY DAVID.
ZNAIM, Armistice of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).
ZOAN.
TANIS.
SAN.
These are the names which, at different periods, have been
given to an ancient city near the northeastern borders of
Egypt, the ruins of which have been identified and are being
explored, on the east bank of the canal that was formerly the
Tanitic branch of the Nile. Both in Egyptian history and
Biblical history Zoan was an important place. "The whole
period of the Hebrew sojourn is closely interwoven with the
history of Zoan. Here ruled the king in whose name Egypt was
governed by the Hebrew, who was no less than regent; here
ruled those who still favoured the people of Israel. Under the
great Oppression, Zoan was a royal residence."
_R. S. Poole,
Cities of Egypt,
chapter 5._
ALSO IN:
_W. M. F. Petrie,
Tanis (2d Mem., Egypt Expl. Fund)._
See, also, JEWS: THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL IN EGYPT.
ZOBAH, Kingdom of.
A kingdom of brief importance, extending from the Orontes to
the Euphrates, which appears among the allies of the
Ammonites, in their war with David King of Israel.
_H. Ewald,
Lectures on the History of Israel,
volume 3, pages 150-152._
ZOE AND THEODORA, Empresses in the East
(Byzantine, or Greek). A. D. 1042.
ZOHAR, The.
See CABALA.
ZOHARITES, The.
A singular Jewish sect which sprang up in Poland during the
seventeenth century, taking its name from the Zohar, one of
the books of the Cabala, on which it founded its faith.
_H. H. Milman,
History of the Jews.
book 28._
ZOLLPARLAMENT, The.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1866-1870.
ZOLLVEREIN, The German.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION AND CONVENTIONS (GERMANY): A. D. 1833.
Also (in Supplement) GERMANY: A. D. 1815-1848.
ZOQUES, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ZAPOTECS. etc.
ZORNDORF, Battle or.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1758.
ZOROASTRIANS.
MAGIANS.
PARSEES.
"The Iranians were in ancient times the dominant race
throughout the entire tract lying between the Suliman
mountains and the Pamir steppe on the one hand, and the great
Mesopotamian valley on the other. … At a time which it is
difficult to date, but which those best skilled in Iranian
antiquities are inclined to place before the birth of Moses,
there grew up, in the region whereof we are speaking, a form
of religion marked by very special and unusual features. …
Ancient tradition associates this religion with the name of
Zoroaster. Zoroaster, or Zarathrustra, according to the native
spelling, was, by one account, a Median king who conquered
Babylon about B. C. 2458. By another, which is more probable,
and which rests, moreover, on better authority, he was a
Bactrian, who, at a date not quite so remote, came forward in
the broad plain of the middle Oxus to instil into the minds of
his countrymen the doctrines and precepts of a new religion. …
His religion gradually spread from 'happy Bactra,' 'Bactra of
the lofty banner,' first to the neighbouring countries, and
then to all the numerous tribes of the Iranians, until at last
it became the established religion of the mighty empire of
Persia, which, in the middle of the 6th century before our
era, established itself on the ruins of the Assyrian and
Babylonian kingdoms, and shortly afterwards overran and
subdued the ancient monarchy of the Pharaohs. In Persia it
maintained its ground, despite the shocks of Grecian and
Parthian conquest, until Mohammedan intolerance drove it out
at the point of the sword, and forced it to seek a refuge
further east, in the peninsula of Hindustan. Here it still
continues, in Guzerat and in Bombay, the creed of that
ingenious and intelligent people known to Anglo-Indians—and
may we not say to Englishmen generally?—as Parsees [see
PARSEES]. The religion of the Parsees is contained in a volume
of some size, which has received the name of 'the Zendavesta.'
… 'Anquetil Duperron introduced the sacred book of the Parsees
to the knowledge of Europeans under this name; and the word
thus introduced can scarcely be now displaced.
{3667}
Otherwise, 'Avesta-Zend' might be recommended as the more
proper title. 'Avesta' means 'text,' and Zend means 'comment.'
'Avesta u Zend,' or 'Text and Comment,' is the proper title,
which is then contracted into 'Avesta-Zend.' … Subjected for
the last fifty years to the searching analysis of first-rate
orientalists—Burnouf, Westergaard, Brockhaus, Spiegel, Haug,
Windischmann, Hübschmann,—this work has been found to belong
in its various parts to very different dates, and to admit of
being so dissected as to reveal to us, not only what are the
tenets of the modern Parsees, but what was the earliest form
of that religion whereof theirs is the remote and degenerate
descendant. Signs of a great antiquity are found to attach to
the language of certain rhythmical compositions called Gâthâs
or hymns; and the religious ideas contained in these are found
to be at once harmonious, and also of a simpler and more
primitive character than those contained in the rest of the
volume. From the Gâthâs chiefly, but also to some extent from
other, apparently very ancient, portions of the Zendavesta,
the characteristics of the early Iranian religion have been
drawn out by various scholars, particularly by Dr. Martin
Haug. … The most striking feature of the religion, and that
which is generally allowed to be its leading characteristic,
is the assertion of Dualism. By Dualism we mean the belief in
two original uncreated principles, a principle of good and a
principle of evil. … Both principles were real persons,
possessed of will, intelligence, power, consciousness, and
other personal qualities. To the one they gave the name of
Ahura-Mazda, to the other that of Angro-Mainyus. … The names
themselves sufficiently indicated to those who first used them
the nature of the two beings. Ahura-Mazda was the
'all-bountiful, all-wise, living being' or 'spirit,' who stood
at the head of all that was good and lovely, beautiful and
delightful. Angro-Mainyus was the 'dark and gloomy
intelligence' that had from the first been Ahura-Mazda's
enemy, and was bent on thwarting and vexing him. And with
these fundamental notions agreed all that the sacred books
taught concerning either being. … The two great beings who
thus divided between them the empire of the universe were
neither of them content to be solitary. Each had called into
existence a number of inferior spirits, who acknowledged their
sovereignty, fought on their side, and sought to execute their
behests. At the head of the good spirits subject to
Ahura-Mazda stood a band of six dignified with the title of
Amesha-Spentas, or 'Immortal Holy Ones.' … In direct
antithesis to these stood the band, likewise one of six, which
formed the council and chief support of Angro-Mainyus. …
Besides these leading spirits there was marshalled on either
side an innumerable host of lesser and subordinate ones,
called respectively 'ahuras' and 'devas,' who constituted the
armies or attendants of the two great powers, and were
employed by them to work out their purposes. The leader of the
angelic hosts, or 'ahuras' was a glorious being, called
Sraosha or Serosh—'the good, tall, fair Serosh,' who stood in
the Zoroastrian system where Michael the Archangel stands in
the Christian. … Neither Ahura-Mazda nor the Amesha-Spentas
were represented by the early Iranians under any material
forms. The Zoroastrian system was markedly anti-idolatrous:
and the utmost that was allowed the worshipper was an
emblematic representation of the Supreme Being by means of a
winged circle, with which was occasionally combined an
incomplete human figure, robed and wearing a tiara. … The
position of man in the cosmic scheme was determined by the
fact that he was among the creations of Ahura-Mazda. Formed
and placed on earth by the Good Being, he was bound to render
him implicit obedience, and to oppose to the utmost
Angro-Mainyus and his creatures. His duties might be summed up
under the four heads of piety, purity, industry, and veracity.
Piety was to be shown by an acknowledgment of Ahura-Mazda as
the One True God, by a reverential regard for the
Amesha-Spentas and the Izeds, or lower angels, by the frequent
offering of prayers, praises, and thanksgivings, the
recitation of hymns, the occasional sacrifice of animals, and
the performance from time to time of a curious ceremony known
as that of the Haoma or Homa [see SOMA.—HAOMA). … The purity
required of the Iranians was inward as well as outward. … The
duty of veracity was inculcated perhaps more strenuously than
any other. … If it be asked what opinions were entertained by
the Zoroastrians concerning man's ultimate destiny, the answer
would seem to be, that they were devout and earnest believers
in the immortality of the soul, and a conscious future
existence. … The religion of the early Iranians became
corrupted after a time by an admixture of foreign
superstitions. The followers of Zoroaster, as they spread
themselves from their original seat upon the Oxus over the
regions lying south and south-west of the Caspian Sea, were
brought into contact with a form of faith considerably
different from that to which they had previously been
attached, yet well adapted for blending with it. This was
Magism, or the worship of the elements [see MAGIANS). The
early inhabitants of Armenia, Cappadocia, and the Zagros
mountain-range, had, under circumstances that are unknown to
us, developed this form of religion, and had associated with
its tenets a priest-caste. … The four elements, fire, air,
earth, and water, were recognised as the only proper objects
of human reverence. … When the Zoroastrians came into contact
with Magism, it impressed them favourably. … The result was
that, without giving up any part of their previous creed, the
Iranians adopted and added on to it an the principal points of
the Magian belief, and all the more remarkable of the Magian
religious usages. This religious fusion seems first to have
taken place in Media. The Magi became a Median tribe, and were
adopted as the priest-caste of the "Median nation." This
"produced an amalgam that has shown a surprising vitality,
having lasted above 2,000 years—from the time of Xerxes, the
son of Darius Hystaspis (B. C. 485-465) to the present day."
_G. Rawlinson,
Religions of the Ancient World,
chapter 3._
"As the doctrines of Zoroaster bear in several points such a
striking resemblance to those of Christianity, it is a
question of grave importance to ascertain the age in which he
lived. … Since there can be no doubt that … we must assign to
Zarathustra Spitama a date prior to the Median conquest of
Babylon by a Zoroastrian priest king, the only question
remaining to be solved is, whether he lived only a short time,
or long, before that event.
{3668}
I am inclined to believe that he lived only about 100 or 200
years before that time, and that the conquest of Babylon was
one of the last consequences of the great religious enthusiasm
kindled by him. He preached, like Moses, war and destruction
to all idolaters and wicked men. … According to this
investigation we cannot assign to Zarathustra Spitama a later
date than about 2300 B. C. Thus he lived not only before
Moses, but even, perhaps, before Abraham. … He was the first
prophet of truth who appeared in the world, and kindled a fire
which thousands of years could not entirely extinguish."
_M. Haug,
Lectures on an Original Speech of Zoroaster
(Yasna 45),
pages 17, 26._
_M. Haug,
Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings
and Religion of the Parsees._
"Prof. Darmesteter has published a new translation [of the
Zend Avesta] with a most ably written introduction, in which
he maintains the thesis that not a line of our Avesta text is
older than the time of Alexander's conquest, while the greater
part belongs to a much later date. We may briefly remind our
readers that, according to the traditional view, the old
Zoroastrian books, which belong to the times of the
Achæmenidæ, were destroyed at the Macedonian conquest, but
that portions were preserved by the people, who retained the
old faith, during the long period of the Arsacidan rule,
though the Court favoured Greek civilization. … According to
this view, we still possess the genuine remains of the old
pre-Alexandrine literature, mutilated and corrupted during the
period of Arsacidan indifference, but yet, so far as they go,
a faithful representative of the sacred text of the Achæmenian
time. … Professor Darmesteter, on the contrary, maintains that
all our texts are post-Alexandrine in form and in substance.
Some may belong to the 1st century B. C. or A. D., and some,
as the legislative parts of the Vendidad, may be founded on
older texts now lost; but a large portion was composed by the
priests of Ardashir's Court in the 3d century. The Gâthâs,
which till now have been generally considered as the ancient
nucleus of the whole system and ascribed to Zoroaster himself,
are, in the Professor's opinion, certainly modern, and are
relegated to the 1st century of our era."
_The Athenæum,
June 30, 1894_
ALSO IN:
_W. Geiger,
Civilization of the Eastern Iranians._
_W. Geiger, and F. von Spiegel,
The Age of the Avesta._
_D. F. Karaka,
History of the Parsis._
_S. Johnson,
Oriental Religions: Persia._
ZOTTS.
See GYPSIES.
ZOUAVES, The.
During the wars of the French in Algeria, there arose a body
of soldiers "who, both in the campaign in Algeria and in the
contest in the Crimea, have acquired the very highest renown.
The name of the Zouaves will never be forgotten as long as the
story of the siege of Sebastopol endures. … They were
originally intended to be regiments composed of Frenchmen who
had settled in Algeria, or their descendants; but the
intermixture of foreigners in their ranks ere long became so
considerable, that when they were transported to the shores of
the Crimea, though the majority were French, they were rather
an aggregate of the 'Dare-devils' of all nations. In their
ranks at Sebastopol were some that held Oxford degrees, many
those of Göttingen and Paris, crowds who had been ruined at
the gaming-table, not a few who had fled from justice, or
sought escape from the consequences of an amorous adventure.
Yet had this motley crowd, composed of the most daring and
reckless of all nations, become, in the rude school of the
wars in Algeria, an incomparable body of soldiers, second to
none in the world in every military duty, perhaps superior to
any in the vehemence and rush of an assault."
_Sir A. Alison,
History of Europe, 1815-1852,
chapter 45._
ZÜLPICH, Battle of (A. D. 496).
See ALEMANNI: A. D. 496-504;
also FRANKS: A. D. 481-511.
ZULUS,
AMAZULU.
The Zulu War.
See SOUTH AFRICA: ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS:
and SOUTH AFRICA, A. D. 1877-1879.
ZUÑI.
See AMERICA, PREHISTORIC;
also AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ZUÑIAN FAMILY, and PUEBLOS.
ZURICH: A. D. 1519-1524.
Beginning of the Swiss Reformation, under Zwingli.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1519-1524;
and SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.
ZURICH: A. D. 1799.
Battle of French and Russians.
Carnage in the city.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
ZURICH, Treaty of (1859).
See ITALY: A. D. 1859-1861.
ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1572.
Massacre by the Spaniards.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1572-1573.
ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1586.
Battle of English and Spaniards.
Death of Sir Philip Sidney.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1585-1586.
ZUTPHEN: A. D. 1591.
Capture by Prince Maurice.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1588-1593.
ZUYDERZEE, Naval battle on the (1573).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1573-1574.
ZWINGLI, and the Swiss Reformation.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1519-1524;
and SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.
ZYP, Battle of the.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).
{3669}
SUPPLEMENT.
This Supplement contains:
1. Some passages translated from German and French writings,
touching matters less competently treated in the body of the
work, where the compilation is restricted to "the literature
of history in the English language," either originally or in
published translations.
2. Some postscripts on recent events, and some excerpts from
recent books.
3. Treatment of some topics that were omitted from their
places in the body of the work, either intentionally or by
accident, and which it seems best to include.
4. Some cross-references needed to complete the
subject-indexing of the work throughout.
5. A complete series of chronological tables, by centuries.
6. A series of dynastic genealogies, in a form different from
the usual plan of their construction, and which, it is hoped,
may be found more easily intelligible.
7. Select bibliographies, partly annotated, of several of the
more important fields of history.
8. A full list of the works quoted from in this compilation of
"History for Ready Reference and Topical Reading," with the
names of the publishers.
The selections and translations from the German, excepting
Bismarck's speeches, have been made by Ernest F. Henderson,
A. M., Ph. D., author of "A History of Germany in the Middle
Ages." Mr. Henderson has also prepared and annotated the
bibliography of German and French writings.
---------- A --------
ABELARD AND THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES.
See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL (page 692).
ABHORRERS.
Charles II. and his court, in England, were troubled about
1680 with numerous petitions for the calling of parliament.
"As the king found no law by which he could punish those
importunate, and, as he deemed them, undutiful solicitations,
he was obliged to encounter them by popular applications of a
contrary tendency. Wherever the church and court party
prevailed, addresses were framed, containing expressions of
the highest regard to his majesty, the most entire
acquiescence in his wisdom, the most dutiful submission to his
prerogative, and the deepest abhorrence of those who
endeavoured to encroach upon it, by prescribing to him any
time for assembling the parliament. Thus the nation came to be
distinguished into 'petitioners' and 'abhorrers.'"
_D. Hume,
History of England,
chapter 68._
ACCAD.
ACCADIANS.
See SEMITES: PRIMITIVE BABYLONIA (page 2888).
ADAIS.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ADAIS (page 77).
ADAMS, John Quincy.
His defense of the right of petition.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1842 (page 3378).
ADELBERT COLLEGE.
See EDUCATION (page 743).
ADMIRALTY LAW, History of.
See LAW (page 1955).
ADVENTURERS, Merchant.
See MERCHANT ADVENTURERS (page 2153).
----------AFRICA: Start--------
AFRICA.
A chronological record of European Exploration,
Missionary Settlement, Colonization and Occupation.
AFRICA: 1415.
Conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese.
AFRICA: 1434-1461.
Portuguese explorations down the western coast, from Cape
Bojador to Cape Mesurado, in Liberia, under the direction of
Prince Henry, called the Navigator.
AFRICA: 1442.
First African slaves brought into Europe by one
of the ships of the Portuguese-Prince Henry.
AFRICA: 1471-1482.
Portuguese explorations carried beyond the Guinea Coast,
and to the Gold Coast, where the first settlement was
established, at El Mina.
AFRICA: 1482.
Discovery of the mouth of the Zaire or Congo by the
Portuguese explorer, Diogo Cao, or Diego Cam.
AFRICA: 1485-1596.
Establishment of Roman Catholic missions on the western coast,
and creation, by Pope Clement VIII., of the diocese of Mbazi
(San Salvador), embracing Congo, Angola and Benguela.
AFRICA: 1486.
Unconscious rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by
Bartholomew Diaz.
AFRICA: 1490-1527.
Visit to Abyssinia of Pedro da Covilhão, or Covilham,
the Portuguese explorer.
AFRICA: 1497.
Voyage of Vasco da Gama round the Cape of Good Hope to India.
{3670}
AFRICA: 1505-1508.
Portuguese settlements and fortified stations' established on
the eastern coast, from Sofala to Zanzibar.
AFRICA: 1506.
Discovery of Madagascar by the Portuguese.
AFRICA: 1520-1527.
Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia, narrated by Father Alvarez.
AFRICA: 1552-1553.
Beginning of English voyages to the Guinea and Gold Coasts.
AFRICA: 1560.
French trading to the Senegal and Gambia begun.
AFRICA: 1562.
First slave-trading voyage of Sir John Hawkins to the Guinea
Coast.
AFRICA: 1569.
Expedition of Barreto up the Zambesi from its mouth to Sena
and beyond.
AFRICA: 1578.
Founding of St. Paul de Loando, the capital of the Portuguese
possessions on the west coast.
AFRICA: 1582 (about).
Founding of the French post, St. Louis, at the mouth of the
Senegal.
AFRICA: 1588.
First (English) African Company chartered by Queen Elizabeth.
AFRICA: 1595.
Opening of trade on the western coast by the Dutch.
AFRICA: 1618-1621.
Exploration of the River Gambia by George Thompson and Captain
Richard Jobson, for the Royal Niger Company of England.
AFRICA: 1625.
Jesuit mission of Father Lobo and his companions to Abyssinia.
AFRICA: 1637.
Visit of Claude Jannequin, Sieur de Rochfort, to the River
Senegal.
AFRICA: 1644.
Fort Dauphin founded by the French in the island of Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1652.
Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope.
AFRICA: 1662.
British African Company chartered by Charles II.
and fort built on the Gambia.
AFRICA: 1664-1684.
Wars of France with the Algerines.
AFRICA: 1681-1683.
Brandenburg African Company formed by "the Great Elector";
settlements established and trade opened on the western coast.
AFRICA: 1694-1724.
Explorations of the River Senegal and interior by André Brue,
the French governor, for the Royal Senegal Company.
AFRICA: 1698.
Arab conquests from the Portuguese on the eastern coast,
breaking their ascendancy.
AFRICA: 1702-1717.
Captivity of Robert Drury in Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1723.
Exploration of the Gambia by Captain Bartholomew Stibbs, for
the English Royal African Company.
AFRICA: 1736.
Moravian Mission planted on the Gold Coast.
AFRICA: 1737.
Moravian Mission planted by George Schmidt among the
Hottentots; suppressed by the Dutch government in 1744, and
revived in 1792.
AFRICA: 1754.
Substantial beginning of the domination in Madagascar of the
Hovas, a people of Malay origin.
AFRICA: 1758.
British conquest of the French establishments on the Senegal.
AFRICA: 1761-1762.
Dutch expedition from Cape Colony beyond the Orange River into
Namaqualand.
AFRICA: 1768-1763.
Journey of James Bruce to the fountains of the Blue Nile in
Abyssinia.
AFRICA: 1774.
Founding of a French colony in Madagascar by Count Benyowsky.
AFRICA: 1775-1776.
Explorations of Andrew Sparrman from Cape Town to Great Fish
River.
AFRICA: 1778.
Cession by Portugal to Spain of the island of Fernando Po.
AFRICA: 1779.
Recovery of Senegal from the English by the French.
AFRICA: 1781-1785.
Travels of M. Le Vaillant from the Cape of Good Hope into the
interior of South Africa, among the Hottentots and Kafirs.
AFRICA: 1787.
Founding of the English settlement for freed slaves at Sierra
Leone.
AFRICA: 1788.
Formation of the African Association in England, under the
presidency of Sir Joseph Banks, for systematic exploration in
the interest of geographical science.
AFRICA: 1789-1794.
Fruitless attempts by agents of the African Association to
reach the Niger and Timbuctoo from the west coast and from the
Nile.
AFRICA: 1795.
The Cape Colony taken from the Dutch by the English.
AFRICA: 1795-1797.
The first exploring journey of Mungo Park, in the service of
the African Association, from the Gambia, penetrating to the
Niger, at Sego.
AFRICA: 1798.
Mission of Dr. John Vanderkemp to the Kafirs, with the support
of the London Missionary Society.
AFRICA: 1798.
Journey of the Portuguese Dr. Lacerda from the Lower Zambesi
to the kingdom of Cazembe, on Lake Moero.
AFRICA: 1800.
Unsuccessful attempts of the Dutch Missionary Society in Cape
Town among the Bechuanas.
AFRICA: 1801-1805.
War of the United States with the pirates of Tripoli.
AFRICA: 1802-1806.
Restoration of Cape Colony to the Dutch and its reconquest by
the English.
AFRICA: 1802-1811.
Journey of the Pombeiros, Baptista and Jose (negroes) across
the continent from Angola to Tete, on the Zambesi River.
AFRICA: 1804.
Founding of the Church of England Mission in Sierra Leone.
AFRICA: 1805.
Second expedition of Mungo Park from the Gambia to the Niger,
from which he never returned.
AFRICA: 1805.
Travels of Dr. Lichtenstein in Bechuanaland.
AFRICA: 1806.
Missionary journey of Christian and William Albrecht beyond
the Orange River.
AFRICA: 1809.
Second conquest of Senegal by the English.
AFRICA: 1810.
Missions in Great Namaqualand and Damaraland begun by the
London Missionary Society.
AFRICA: 1812.
Exploration of the Orange River and the headwaters of the
Limpopo by Campbell, the missionary.
AFRICA: 1812-1815.
Journey of Burckhardt under the auspices of the African
Association, up the Nile, through Nubia, to Berbera, Shendy,
and Suakin; thence through Jidda to Mecca, in the character of
a Mussulman.
AFRICA: 1815.
Senegal restored to France by the Treaty of Paris.
AFRICA: 1815.
War of the United States with the piratical Algerines.
AFRICA: 1815.
Shipwreck and enslavement of Captain James Riley in Morocco.
AFRICA: 1816.
Bombardment of Algiers by a British fleet under Lord Exmouth.
AFRICA: 1816-1818.
Fatal and fruitless attempts of Tuckey, Peddie, Campbell, Gray
and Dochard to explore the lower course and determine the
outlet of the Niger.
{3671}
AFRICA: 1818.
Mission in Madagascar undertaken by the London Missionary
Society.
AFRICA: 1818.
Beginning, on the Orange River, of the missionary labors of
Robert Moffat in South Africa.
AFRICA: 1818.
Exploration of the sources of the Gambia by Gaspard Mollien,
from Fort St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal.
AFRICA: 1818-1820.
Exploration of Fezzan to Its southern limit, from Tripoli, by
Captain Lyon.
AFRICA: 1820.
First Wesleyan Mission founded in Kafirland.
AFRICA: 1820.
Treaty abolishing the slave-trade in Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1821.
Mission-work in Kaffraria undertaken by the Glasgow Missionary
Society.
AFRICA: 1822.
Founding of the republic of Liberia by the American
Colonization Society.
AFRICA: 1822.
Official journey of Lieutenant Laing from Sierra Leone in the
"Timannee, Kooranko and Soolima" countries.
AFRICA: 1822-1825.
Expedition of Captain Clapperton, Dr. Oudney, and Colonel
Denham, from Tripoli to Lake Tchad and beyond.
AFRICA: 1825-1826.
Expedition of Major Laing, in the service of the British
Government, from Tripoli, through the desert, to Timbuctoo,
which he reached, and where he remained for a month. Two days
after leaving the city he was murdered.
AFRICA: 1825-1827.
Expedition of Captain Clapperton from the Bight of Benin to
Sokoto.
AFRICA: 1827.
Moravian Mission settled in the Tambookie territory, South
Africa.
AFRICA: 1827.
Journey of Linant de Bellefonds, for the African Association,
up the White Nile to 18° 6' north latitude.
AFRICA: 1827-1828.
Journey of Caillé from a point on the west coast, between
Sierra Leone and the Gambia, to Jenna and Timbuctoo; thence to
Fez and Tangier.
AFRICA: 1828.
Undertakings of the Basle Missionary Society on the Gold
Coast.
AFRICA: 1830-1831.
Exploration of the Niger to the sea by Richard and John
Lender, solving the question as to its mouth.
AFRICA: 1830-1846.
French conquest and subjugation of Algiers.
AFRICA: 1831.
Portuguese mission of Major Monteiro and Captain Gamitto to
the court of Muata Cazembe.
AFRICA: 1831.
Absorption of the African Association by the Royal
Geographical Society of London.
AFRICA: 1832-1834.
First commercial exploration of the lower Niger, from its
mouth, by Macgregor Laird, with two steamers.
AFRICA: 1833.
Mission in Basutoland established by the Evangelical
Missionary Society of Paris.
AFRICA: 1834.
Beginning of missionary labors under the American Board of
Missions in South Africa.
AFRICA: 1834.
Mission founded at Cape Palmas on the western coast, by the
American Board for Foreign Missions.
AFRICA: 1834.
The Great Trek of the Dutch Boers from Cape Colony and their
founding of the republic of Natal.
AFRICA: 1835.
Mission among the Zulus established by the American Board of
Foreign Missions.
AFRICA: 1835-1849.
Persecution of Christians in Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1836-1837.
Explorations of Captain Sir James E. Alexander in the
countries of the Great Namaquas, the Bushmen and the Hill
Damaras.
AFRICA: 1839-1811.
Egyptian expeditions sent by Mehemet Ali up the White Nile to
latitude 6° 35' North; accompanied and narrated in part by
Ferdinand Werne.
AFRICA: 1839-1843.
Missionary residence of Dr. Krapf in the kingdom of Shoa, in
the Ethiopian highlands.
AFRICA: 1840.
Arrival of Dr. Livingstone in South Africa as a missionary.
AFRICA: 1841.
Expedition of Captains Trotter and Allen, sent by the British
Government to treat with tribes on the Niger for the opening
of commerce and the suppression of the slave trade.
AFRICA: 1842.
Travels of Dr. Charles Johnston in Southern Abyssinia.
AFRICA: 1842.
Gaboon Mission, on the western coast near the equator, founded
by the American Board of Foreign Missions.
AFRICA: 1842.
The Rhenish Mission established by German missionaries at
Bethanien in Namaqualand.
AFRICA: 1842.
Wesleyan and Norwegian Missions opened in Natal.
AFRICA: 1842-1862.
French occupation of territory on the Gaboon and the Ogowé.
AFRICA: 1843.
British annexation of Natal, and migration of the Boers to
found the Orange Free State.
AFRICA: 1843.
Exploration of the Senegal and the Falémé by Huard-Bessinières
and Raffenel.
AFRICA: 1843-1845.
Travels and residence of Mr. Parkyns in Abyssinia.
AFRICA: 1843-1848.
Hunting journeys of Gordon Cumming in South Africa.
AFRICA: 1844.
Mission founded by Dr. Krapf at Mombassa, on the Zanzibar
coast.
AFRICA: 1845.
Duncan's journey for the Royal Geographical Society from
Whydah, via Abome, to Adofudia.
AFRICA: 1845.
Mission to the Cameroons established by the Baptist Missionary
Society of England.
AFRICA: 1846.
Unsuccessful attempt of Raffenel to cross Africa from Senegal
to the Nile, through the Sudan.
AFRICA: 1846.
Mission of Samuel Crowther (afterwards Bishop of the Niger), a
native and a liberated slave, to the Yoruba country.
AFRICA: 1846.
Mission on Old Calabar River founded by the United
Presbyterian Church in Jamaica.
AFRICA: 1847-1849.
Interior explorations of the German missionaries Dr. Krapf and
Mr. Rebmann, from Mombassa on the Zanzibar coast.
AFRICA: 1848.
Founding of the Transvaal Republic by the Boers.
AFRICA: 1849.
Missionary journey of David Livingstone northward from the
country of the Bechuanas, and his discovery of Lake Ngami.
AFRICA: 1849-1851.
Journey of Ladislaus Magyar from Benguela to the kingdoms of
Bihe and Moluwa on the interior table-land, and across the
upper end of the Zambesi valley.
AFRICA: 1850.
Sale of Danish forts at Quetta, Adds, and Fingo, on the
western coast, to Great Britain.
AFRICA: 1850-1851.
Travels of Andersson and Galton from Walfish Bay to
Ovampo-land and Lake Ngami.
AFRICA: 1850-1855.
Travels of Dr. Barth from Tripoli to Lake Tchad, Sokoto and
the Upper Niger to Timbuctoo, where he was detained for nine
months.
AFRICA: 1851.
Discovery of the Zambesi by Dr. Livingstone.
{3672}
AFRICA: 1852-1863.
Hunting and trading journeys of Mr. Chapman in South Africa,
between Natal and Walfish Bay and to Lake Ngami and the
Zambesi.
AFRICA: 1853.
Founding of the Diocese of Natal by the English Church and
appointment of Dr. Colenso to be its bishop.
AFRICA: 1853-1856.
Journey of Dr. Livingstone from Linyanti, the Makololo
capital, up the Zambesi and across to the western coast, at
St. Paul de Loando, thence returning entirely across the
continent, down the Zambesi to Quilimane at its mouth,
discovering the Victoria Falls on his way.
AFRICA: 1853-1858.
Ivory-seeking expeditions of John Petherick, up the
Bahr-el-Ghazel.
AFRICA: 1853-1859.
Roman Catholic mission established at Gondokoro, on the Upper
Nile.
AFRICA: 1854.
Exploration of the Somali country—the "eastern horn of
Africa"—by Captains Burton and Speke.
AFRICA: 1855.
Beginning of attempts by the French governor of Senegal,
General Faidherbe, to carry the flag of France into the
Western Sudan.
AFRICA: 1856-1859.
Journeys of Du Chaillu in the western equatorial regions, on
the Gaboon and the Ogobai.
AFRICA: 1857-1858.
Expedition of Captains Burton and Speke, from Zanzibar,
through Uzaramo, Usagara, Ugogo, and Unyamwezi, to Ujiji, on
Lake Tanganyika—making the first European discovery of the
lake; returning to Kazé, and thence continued by Speke alone,
during Burton's illness, to the discovery of Lake Victoria
Nyanza.
AFRICA: 1858.
Journey of Andersson from Walfish Bay to the Okavango River.
AFRICA: 1858.
English mission station founded at Victoria on the Cameroons
coast.
AFRICA: 1858-1863.
Expedition of Dr. Livingstone, in the service of the British
Government, exploring the Shiré and the Rovuma, and
discovering and exploring Lake Nyassa—said, however, to have
been known previously to the Portuguese.
AFRICA: 1860-1861.
Journey of Baron von Decken from Mombassa on the Zanzibar
coast, to Kilimanjaro mountain.
AFRICA: 1860-1862.
Return of Speke, with Captain Grant, from Zanzibar to Lake
Victoria Nyanza, visiting Karagwe, and Uganda, and reaching
the outlet of the Nile; thence through Unyoro to Gondokoro,
and homeward by the Nile.
AFRICA: 1861.
Establishment of the Universities Mission by Bishop Mackenzie
on the Upper Shiré.
AFRICA: 1861-1862.
English acquisition of the town and kingdom of Lagos on the
Bight of Benin by cession from the native ruler.
AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Sir Samuel Baker's exploration of the Abyssinian tributaries
of the Nile.
AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Journey of Captain Burton from Lagos, on the western coast, to
Abeokuta, the capital of the Akus, in Yoruba, and to the
Camaroons Mountains.
AFRICA: 1861-1862.
Journey of Mr. Baines from Walfish Bay to Lake Ngami and
Victoria Falls.
AFRICA: 1862.
Resumption of the Christian Mission in Madagascar, long
suppressed.
AFRICA: 1862-1867.
Travels of Dr. Rohlfs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunis, and
exploring journey from the Gulf of the Syrtes to the Gulf of
Guinea.
AFRICA: 1863.
Travels of Winwood Reade on the western coast.
AFRICA: 1863.
Incorporation of a large part of Kaffraria with Cape Colony.
AFRICA: 1863.
Second visit of Du Chaillu to the western equatorial region
and journey to Ashangoland.
AFRICA: 1863-1864.
Official mission of Captain Burton to the King of Dahomey.
AFRICA: 1863-1864.
Exploration of the Bahr-el-Ghazel from Khartoum by the wealthy
Dutch heiress, Miss Tinné, and her party.
AFRICA: 1863-1865.
Expedition by Sir Samuel Baker and his wife up the White Nile
from Khartoum, resulting in the discovery of Lake Albert
Nyanza, as one of its sources.
AFRICA: 1864.
Mission of Lieutenant mage and Dr. Quintin, sent by General
Faidherbe from Senegal to the king of Segou, in the Sudan.
AFRICA: 1866.
Founding of a Norwegian mission in Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1866-1873.
Last journey of Dr. Livingstone, from the Rovuma River, on the
eastern coast, to Lake Nyassa; thence to Lake Tanganyika, Lake
Moero, Lake Bangweolo, and the Lualaba River, which he
suspected of flowing into the Albert Nyanza, and being the
ultimate fountain head of the Nile. In November, 1871,
Livingstone was found at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, by Henry
M. Stanley, lender of an expedition sent in search of him.
Declining to quit the country with Stanley, and pursuing his
exploration of the Lualaba, Livingstone died May 1, 1873, on
Lake Bangweolo.
AFRICA: 1867.
Mission founded in Madagascar by the Society of Friends.
AFRICA: 1867-1868.
British expedition to Abyssinia for the rescue of captives;
overthrow and death of King Theodore.
AFRICA: 1868.
British annexation of Basutoland in South Africa.
AFRICA: 1869.
Christianity established as the state religion in Madagascar.
AFRICA: 1869.
Fatal expedition of Miss Tinné from Tripoli into the desert,
where she was murdered by her own escort.
AFRICA: 1869-1871.
Explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth between the Bahr-el-Ghazel
and the Upper Congo, discovering the Wellé River.
AFRICA: 1869-1873.
Expedition of Dr. Nachtigal from Tripoli through Kuka,
Tibesti, Borku, Wadai, Darfur, and Kordofan, to the Nile.
AFRICA: 1870-1873.
Official expedition of Sir Samuel Baker, in the service of the
Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, to annex Gondokoro, then named
Ismalia, and to suppress the slave-trade in the Egyptian
Sudan, or Equatoria.
AFRICA: 1871.
Transfer of the rights of Holland on the Gold Coast to Great
Britain.
AFRICA: 1871.
Annexation of Griqualand West to Cape Colony.
AFRICA: 1871.
Scientific tour of Sir Joseph D. Hooker and Mr. Ball in
Morocco and the Great Atlas.
AFRICA: 1871.
Missionary journey of Mr. Charles New in the Masai country and
ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro.
AFRICA: 1871-1880.
Hunting journeys of Mr. Selous in South Africa, beyond the
Zambesi.
AFRICA: 1872-1875.
Travels of the naturalist, Reinhold Buchholz, on the Guinea
coast.
AFRICA: 1872-1879.
Trave]s of Dr. Holub between the South African diamond fields
and the Zambesi.
AFRICA: 1873-1875.
Expedition of Captain V. L. Cameron, from Zanzibar to Lake
Tanganyika, and exploration of the Lake; thence to Nyangwe on
the Lnalaba, and thence across the continent, through Ulunda,
to the Portuguese settlement at Benguela, on the Atlantic
coast.
{3673}
AFRICA: 1873-1875.
Travels of the naturalist, Frank Oates, from Cape Colony to
the Victoria Falls.
AFRICA: 1873-1876.
Explorations of Güsfeldt, Falkenstein and Pechuel-Loesche,
under the auspices of the German African Association, from the
Loango coast, north of the Congo.
AFRICA: 1874.
British expedition against the Ashantees, destroying their
principal town Coomassie.
AFRICA: 1874.
Mission of Colonel Chaillé-Long from General Gordon, at
Gondokoro, on the Nile, to M'tesé, king of Uganda, discovering
Lake Ibrahim on his return, and completing the work of Speke
and Baker, in the continuous tracing of the course of the Nile
from the Victoria Nyanza.
AFRICA: 1874-1875.
Expedition of Colonel C. Chaillé-Long to Lake Victoria Nyanza
and the Makraka Niam-Niam country, in the Egyptian service.
AFRICA: 1874-1876.
First administration of General Gordon, commissioned by the
Khedive as Governor of Equatoria.
AFRICA: 1874-1876.
Occupation and exploration of Darfur and Kordofan by the
Egyptians, under Colonels Purdy, Mason, Prout and Colston.
AFRICA: 1874-1877.
Expedition of Henry M. Stanley, fitted out by the proprietors
of the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph, which
crossed the continent from Zanzibar to the mouth of the Congo
River; making a prolonged stay in the empire of Uganda and
acquiring much knowledge of it; circumnavigating Lakes
Victoria and Tanganyika, and exploring the then mysterious
great Congo River throughout its length.
AFRICA: 1874-1877.
Explorations of Dr. Junker in Upper Nubia and in the basin of
the Bahr-el-Ghazel.
AFRICA: 1875.
Expedition of Dr. Pogge, for the German African Association,
from the west coast, south of the Congo, in the Congo basin,
penetrating to Kawende, beyond the Ruru or Lulua River,
capital of the Muata Yanvo, who rules a kingdom as large as
Germany.
AFRICA: 1875.
Expedition of Colonel Chaillé-Long into the country of the
Makraka Niam-Niams.
AFRICA: 1875.
Founding by Scottish subscribers of the mission station called
Livingstonia, at Cape Maclear, on the southern shores of Lake
Nyassa; headquarters of the mission removed in 1881 to
Bandawé, on the same lake.
AFRICA: 1875.
Mission founded at Blantyre, in the highlands above the Shiré,
by the Established Church of Scotland.
AFRICA: 1875-1876.
Seizure of Berbera and the region of the Juba River, on the
Somali Coast, by Colonel Chaillé-Long, for the Khedive of
Egypt, and their speedy evacuation, on the remonstrance of
England.
AFRICA: 1876.
Conference at Brussels and formation of the International
African Association, under the presidency of the king of the
Belgians, for the exploration and civilization of Africa.
AFRICA: 1876.
Voyage of Romolo Gessi around Lake Albert Nyanza.
AFRICA: 1876.
Mission in Uganda established by the Church Missionary Society
of England.
AFRICA: 1876-1878.
Scientific explorations of Dr. Schweinfurth in the Arabian
Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea.
AFRICA: 1876-1880.
Explorations and French annexations by Svorgnan de Brazza
between the Ogowé and the Congo.
AFRICA: 1877.
The Livingstone Inland Mission, for Christian work in the
Congo valley, established by the East London Institute for
Home and Foreign Missions.
AFRICA: 1877-1879.
Second administration of General Gordon, as Governor-General
of the Sudan, Darfur and the Equatorial Provinces.
AFRICA: 1877-1879.
War of the British in South Africa with the Zulus, and
practical subjugation of that nation.
AFRICA: 1877-1879.
Journey of Serpa Pinto across the continent from Benguela via
the Zambesi.
AFRICA: 1877-1880.
Explorations of the Portuguese officers, Capello and Ivens, in
western and central Africa, from Benguela to the territory of
Yacca, for the survey of the river Cuango in its relations to
the hydrographic basins of the Congo and the Zambesi.
AFRICA: 1878.
Founding in Glasgow of the African Lakes Company, or "The
Livingstone Central Africa Company," for trade on Lakes Nyassa
and Tanganyika; by which company the "Stevenson Road" was
subsequently built between the two lakes above named.
AFRICA: 1878.
Walfish Bay and fifteen miles around it (on the western coast,
in Namaqualand) declared British territory.
AFRICA: 1878.
Journey of Paul Soleillet from Saint-Louis to Segou.
AFRICA: 1878-1880.
Royal Geographical Society's East Central African expedition,
under Joseph Thomson, to the Central African lakes,
Tanganyika, Nyassa and Leopold, from Zanzibar.
AFRICA: 1879.
Establishment, by the Belgian International Society, of a
station at Karema, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika.
AFRICA: 1879.
Formation of the International Congo Association and the
engagement of Mr. Stanley in its service.
AFRICA: 1879.
Missionary expeditions to the Upper Congo region by the
Livingstone Inland Mission and the Baptist Missionary Society.
AFRICA: 1879.
Journey of Mr. Stewart, of the Livingstonia Mission, on Lake
Nyassa, from that lake to Lake Tanganyika.
AFRICA: 1879.
Discovery of the sources of the Niger, in the hills about 200
miles east of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, by the
French explorers, Zweifel and Moustier.
AFRICA: 1879-1880.
Journey of Dr. Oskar Lenz, under the auspices of the German
African Society, from Morocco to Timbuctoo, and thence to the
Atlantic coast in Senegambia. The fact that the Sahara is
generally above the sea-level, and cannot therefore be
flooded, was determined by Dr. Lenz.
AFRICA: 1879-1881.
Expedition of Dr. Buchner from Loanda to Kawende and the
kingdom of the Muata Yanvo, where six months were spent in
vain efforts to procure permission to proceed further into the
interior.
AFRICA: 1880.
Mission established by the American Board of Foreign Missions
in "the region of Bihé and the Coanza," or Quanza, south of
the Congo.
AFRICA: 1880-1881.
War of the British with the Boers of the Transvaal.
AFRICA: 1880-1881.
Official mission of the German explorer, Gerhard Rohlfs,
accompanied by Dr. Stecker, to Abyssinia.
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AFRICA: 1880-1884.
Campaigns of Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes in Upper Senegal,
capturing Bamakou and extending French supremacy to the Niger.
AFRICA: 1880-1884.
German East African Expedition, under Kaiser, Böhm, and
Reichard, to explore, in the Congo Basin, the region between
the Lualaba and the Luapula.
AFRICA: 1880-1886.
Explorations of Dr. Junker in the country of the Niam-Niam,
seeking to determine the course and the outlet of the great
river Wellé, and his journey from the Equatorial Province held
by Emin Pasha against the Mahdl, through Unyoro and Uganda, to
Zanzibar.
AFRICA: 1880-1889.
Journey of Captain Casati, as correspondent of the Italian
geographical review, "L' Exploratore," from Suakin, on the Red
Sea, into the district of the Mombuttu, west of Lake Albert,
and the country of the Niam-Niam; in which travels he was
arrested by the revolt of the Mahdi and forced to remain with
Emin Pasha until rescued with the latter by Stanley, in 1889.
AFRICA: 1881.
French Protectorate extended over Tunis.
AFRICA: 1881.
Portuguese expedition of Captain Andrada from Senna on the
Zambesi River to the old gold mines of Manica.
AFRICA: 1881.
Journey of F. L. and W. D. James from Suakin, on the Red Sea,
through the Base country, in the Egyptian Sudan.
AFRICA: 1881.
Founding of a mission on the Congo, at Stanley Pool, by the
Baptist Missionary Society of England.
AFRICA: 1881-1884.
Expedition of Dr. Pogge and Lieutenant Wissmann to Nyangwe on
the Lualaba, from which point Lieutenant Wissmann pursued the
journey to Zanzibar, crossing the continent, while Dr. Pogge,
returning, died soon after his arrival at St. Paul de Loanda.
AFRICA: 1881-1885.
Revolt of the Mahdl in the Sudan; the mission of General
Gordon to Khartoum to effect the evacuation of the country;
his beleaguerment there by the Mahdists; the unsuccessful
expedition from England to rescue him; the fall of the city
and his death.
AFRICA: 1881-1887.
French protectorate established over territory on the Upper
Niger and Upper Senegal.
AFRICA: 1882.
Italian occupation of Abyssinian territory on the Bay of
Assab.
AFRICA: 1882.
Formation in England of the National African Company for the
development of trade in the region of the Niger.
AFRICA: 1882.
Missionary visit to the Masal people by Mr. J. T. Last.
AFRICA: 1882-1883.
German scientific expedition, under Dr. Böhm and Herr
Reichard, to Lakes Tanganyika and Moero.
AFRICA: 1882-1883.
Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston on the Congo.
AFRICA: 1882-1885.
Mr. Stutfield's travels through Morocco.
AFRICA: 1883.
German acquisition of territory on Angra Pequeña Bay, in Great
Namaqualand.
AFRICA: 1883.
Exploration of Masailand by Dr. Fischer, under the auspices of
the Hamburg Geographical Society.
AFRICA: 1883.
Explorations of Lieutenant Giraud in East Central Africa,
descending for some distance the Luapula, which flows out of
Lake Bangweolo, but driven back by hostile natives.
AFRICA: 1883.
Geological and botanical investigation of the basins of Lakes
Nyassa and Tanganyika, by Mr. Henry Drummond, for the African
Lakes Company.
AFRICA: 1883.
Journey of Mr. O'Neill to Lake Shirwa and the sources of the
Lujenda.
AFRICA: 1883.
Journey of Mr. Révoil in the South Somali country to the Upper
Jub.
AFRICA: 1883-1884.
Explorations of Mr. Joseph Thomson from Mombassa, through
Masailand, to the northeast corner of the Victoria Nyanza,
under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society.
AFRICA: 1883-1885.
War of the French with the Hovas of Madagascar, resulting in
the establishment of a French Protectorate over the island.
AFRICA: 1883-1885.
Exploration of Lieutenant Giraud in the lake region—Lake
Nyassa to Lake Bangweolo, Lake Moero and Lake Tanganyika.
AFRICA: 1883-1886.
Austrian expedition, under Dr. Holub, from Cape Colony,
through the Boer states, Bechuanaland and Matabeleland to the
Zambesi, and beyond, to the borders of the Mashukulumbe
territory, where the party was attacked, plundered, and driven
back.
AFRICA: 1884.
Annexation by Germany of the whole western coast (except
Walfish Bay) between the Portuguese Possessions and those of
the British in South Africa.
AFRICA: 1884.
German occupation of territory on the Cameroons River, under
treaties with the native chiefs. English treaties securing
contiguous territory to and including the delta of the Niger.
AFRICA: 1884.
German Protectorate over Togoland on the Gold Coast declared.
AFRICA: 1884.
Expedition of Dr. Peters, representing the Society of German
Colonization, to the coast region of Zanzibar, and his
negotiation of treaties with ten native chiefs, ceding the
sovereignty of their dominions.
AFRICA: 1884.
Crown colony of British Bechuanaland acquired by convention
with the South African Republic.
AFRICA: 1884.
Portuguese Government expedition, under Major Carvalho, from
Loanda to the Central African potentate called the Muata
Yanvo.
AFRICA: 1884.
Exploration of the Benué and the whole region of the Adamawa,
by Herr Flegel, for the German African Society.
AFRICA: 1884.
Scientific expedition of Mr. H. H. Johnston to Kilimanjaro
mountain, sent by the British Association for the Advancement
of Science and the Royal Society.
AFRICA: 1884.
Discovery of the M'bangi or Ubangi River (afterwards
identified with the Wellé—see below, 1887), by Captain Hansens
and Lieutenant Van Gèle.
AFRICA: 1884.
Exploration of Reichard in the southeastern part of the Congo
State.
AFRICA: 1884-1885.
The Berlin Conference of Powers, held to determine the limits
of territory conceded to the International Congo Association;
to establish freedom of trade within that territory, and to
formulate rules for regulating in future the acquisition of
African territory.
AFRICA: 1884-1885.
Journey of Mr. Walter M. Kerr from Cape Colony, across the
Zambesi, to Lake Nyassa, and down the Shiré River to the
coast.
AFRICA: 1884-1885.
Travels of Mr. F. L. James and party in the Somali country.
AFRICA: 1884-1887.
Exploration by Dr. Schinz of the newly acquired German
territories in southwest Africa.
AFRICA: 1885.
Transfer of the rights of the Society of German Colonization
to the German East Africa Company, and extension of imperial
protection to the territories claimed by the Company. German
acquisition of Witu, north of Zanzibar.
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AFRICA: 1885.
Agreement between Germany and France, defining their
respective spheres of influence on the Bight or Biafra, on the
slave coast and in Senegambia.
AFRICA: 1885.
Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent
State of the Congo, with King Leopold of Belgium as its
sovereign.
AFRICA: 1885.
British Protectorate extended to the Zambesi, over the country
west of the Portuguese province of Sofala, to the 20th degree
of east longitude.
AFRICA: 1885.
British Protectorate extended over the remainder of
Bechuanaland.
AFRICA: 1885.
Italian occupation of Massowa, on the Red Sea.
AFRICA: 1885.
Mission of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the National African
Company, up the Niger, to Sokoto and Gando, securing treaties
with the sultans under which the company acquired paramount
rights.
AFRICA: 1885-1888.
Mission of M. Borelli to the kingdom of Shoa (Southern
Ethiopia) and south of it.
AFRICA: 1885-1889.
When, after the fall of Khartoum and the death of General
Gordon, in 1885, the Sudan was abandoned to the Mahdi and the
fanatical Mohammedans of the interior, Dr. Edward Schnitzer,
better known as Emin Pasha, who had been in command, under
Gordon, of the province of the Equator, extending up to Lake
Albert, was cut off for six years from communication with the
civilized world. In 1887 an expedition to rescue him and his
command was sent out under Henry M. Stanley. It entered the
continent from the west, made its way up the Congo and the
Aruwimi to Yambuya; thence through the unexplored region to
Lake Albert Nyanza and into communication with Emin Pasha;
then returning to Yambuya for the rearguard which had been
left there; again traversing the savage land to Lake Albert,
and passing from there, with Emin and his companions, by way
of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza (then ascertained to be the
ultimate reservoir of the Nile system) around the southern
extremity of the Victoria Nyanza, to Zanzibar, which was
reached at the end of 1889.
AFRICA: 1886.
Settlement between Great Britain and Germany of the coast
territory to be left under the sovereignty of the Sultan of
Zanzibar, and of the "spheres of influence" to be appropriated
respectively by themselves, between the lakes and the eastern
coast, north of the Portuguese possessions.
AFRICA: 1886.
Agreement between France and Portugal defining limits of
territory in Senegambia and at the mouth of the Congo.
AFRICA: 1886.
Transformation of the National African Company into the
British Royal Niger Company, with a charter giving powers of
administration over a large domain on the River Niger.
AFRICA: 1886.
Mission station founded by Mr. Arnot at Bunkeya, in the
southeastern part of the Congo State.
AFRICA: 1886-1887.
Journey of Lieutenant Wissmann across the continent, from
Luluaburg, a station of the Congo Association, in the dominion
of Muata Yanvo, to Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, and thence to
Zanzibar.
AFRICA: 1886-1889.
Expeditions of Dr. Zintgraff in the Cameroons interior and to
the Benue, for the bringing of the country under German
influence.
AFRICA: 1887.
Annexation of Zululand, partly to the Transvaal, or South
African Republic, and the remainder to the British
possessions.
AFRICA: 1887.
French gunboats launched on the Upper Niger, making a
reconnoissance nearly to Timbuctoo.
AFRICA: 1887.
Identity of the Wellé River with the M'bangi or Ubangi
established by Captain Van Gèle and Lieutenant Liénart.
AFRICA: 1887.
First ascent of Kilimanjaro by Dr. Hans Meyer.
AFRICA: 1887-1889.
Exploration by Captain Ringer of the region between the great
bend of the Niger and the countries of the Gold Coast.
AFRICA: 1887-1890.
Expedition of Count Teleki through Masailand, having for its
most important result the discovery of the Basso-Narok, or
Black Lake, to which the discoverer gave the name of Lake
Rudolf, and Lake Stefanie.
AFRICA: 1888.
Chartering of the Imperial British East Africa Company, under
concessions granted by the sultan of Zanzibar and by native
chiefs, with powers of administration over a region defined
ultimately as extending from the river Umba northward to the
river Jub, and inland to and across Lake Victoria near its
middle to the eastern boundary of the Congo Free State.
AFRICA: 1888.
British supremacy over Matabeleland secured by treaty with its
King Lobengula.
AFRICA: 1888.
British Protectorate extended over Amatongaland.
AFRICA: 1888.
Ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro by Mr. Ehlers and Dr. Abbott; also
by Dr. Hans Meyer.
AFRICA: 1888.
Travels of Joseph Thomson in the Atlas and southern Morocco.
AFRICA: 1889.
Royal charter granted to the British South Africa Company,
with rights and powers in the region called Zambesia north of
British Bechuanaland and the South African Republic, and
between the Portuguese territory on the east and the German
territory on the west.
AFRICA: 1889.
Will of King Leopold, making Belgium heir to the sovereign
rights of the Congo Free State.
AFRICA: 1889.
Protectorate of Italy over Abyssinia acknowledged by the
Negus.
AFRICA: 1889.
Portuguese Roman Catholic Mission established on the south
shore of Lake Nyassa. Portuguese exploration under Serpa Pinto
in the Lake Nyassa region, with designs of occupancy
frustrated by the British.
AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of M. Crampel from the Ogowé to the Likuala tributary
of the Congo, and return directly westward to the coast.
AFRICA: 1889.
Dr. Wolf's exploration of the southeast Niger basin, where be
met his death.
AFRICA: 1889.
Major Macdonald's exploration of the Benue, sometimes called
the Tchadda (a branch of the Niger), and of its tributary the
Kebbi.
AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston north of Lake Nyassa and to Lake
Leopold.
AFRICA: 1889.
Journey of Mr. Sharpe through the country lying between the
Shiré and Loangwa Rivers.
AFRICA: 1889.
Mr. Pigott's journey to the Upper Tana, in the service of the
Imperial British East Africa Company.
AFRICA: 1889-1890.
British Protectorate declared over Nyassaland and the Shiré
Highlands.
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AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Italian Protectorate established over territory on the eastern
(oceanic) Somali coast, from the Gulf of Aden to the Jub
River.
AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Imperial British East Africa Company's expedition, under
Jackson and Gedge, for the exploring of a new road to the
Victoria Nyanza and Uganda.
AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Captain Lugard's exploration of the river Sabakhi for the
Imperial British East Africa Company.
AFRICA: 1889-1890.
Journey of Lieutenant Morgen from the Cameroons, on the
western coast to the Benue.
AFRICA: 1889-1890.
French explorations in Madagascar by Dr. Catat and MM. Maistre
and Foucart.
AFRICA: 1890.
Anglo-German Convention, defining boundaries of the
territories and "spheres of influence" respectively claimed by
the two powers; Germany withdrawing from Vitu, and from all
the eastern mainland coast north of the river Tana, and
conceding a British Protectorate over Zanzibar, in exchange
for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea.
AFRICA: 1890.
French "sphere of influence" extending over the Sahara and the
Sudan, from Algeria to Lake Tchad and to Say on the Niger,
recognized by Great Britain.
AFRICA: 1890.
Exploration of the river Sangha, an important northern
tributary of the Congo, by M. Cholet.