[1] For the full development of these principles, I would refer the
reader to my work entitled _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of
Ethnography_ (David McKay, Philadelphia.)
[2] Notably, Adair’s _History of the North American Indians_, and Lord
Kingsborough’s magnificent _Mexican Antiquities_.
[3] For a complete refutation of this venerable hypothesis see an article
“L’Atlantide,” by Charles Ploix, in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 1887, p.
291; and de Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 124.
[4] De Quatrefages, _Histoire Générale des Races Humaines_, p. 558. He
adds the wholly incorrect statement that many Japanese words are found in
American languages.
[5] The nearest of the Aleutian islands to Kamschatka is 253 miles
distant. The explorer Behring found the western Aleutians, those nearest
the Asian shore, uninhabited. See W. H. Dall, “Origin of the Innuit,”
pp. 96, 97, in _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, Vol. I.
(Washington, 1877).
[6] The evidences of a vast ice-sheet once covering the whole of
East Cape are plainly visible. See Dr. I. C. Rosse, _Medical and
Anthropological Notes on Alaska_, p. 29. (Washington, 1883.)
[7] Joseph Prestwich, _Geology_, Vol. II, p. 465, (Oxford, 1888). J.
D. Dana, _Text Book of Geology_, pp. 355-359 (New York, 1883). Geo. M.
Dawson, in _The American Geologist_, 1890, p. 153. The last mentioned
gives an excellent epitome of the history of the great Pacific glacier.
[8] James D. Dana, loc. cit., p. 359.
[9] James D. Dana, “Reindeers in Southern New England,” in _American
Journal of Science_, 1875, p. 353.
[10] See “On an Ancient Human Footprint from Nicaragua,” by D. G.
Brinton, in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_ 1887, p.
437.
[11] J. S. Wilson, in _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_,
Vol. III., p. 163.
[12] The finders have been Messrs. H. P. Cresson and W. H. Holmes. From
my own examination of them, I think there is room for doubt as to the
artificial origin of some of them. Others are clearly due to design.
[13] Her account is in the _American Naturalist_, 1884, p. 594, and
a later synopsis in _Proceedings of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science_, 1889, p. 333.
[14] G. K. Gilbert, in _The American Anthropologist_, 1889, p. 173.
[15] W. J. McGee, “Palæolithic Man in America,” in _Popular Science
Monthly_, November 1888.
[16] See G. Frederick Wright, _The Ice Age in North America_.
[17] Dr. Abbott has reported his discoveries in numerous articles, and
especially in his work entitled _Primitive Industry_, chapters 32, 33.
[18] De Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, p. 132, sq.
[19] Mariano de la Barcena, “Fossil Man in Mexico,” in the _American
Naturalist_, Aug., 1885.
[20] Florentino Ameghino, _La Antiguedad del Hombre en el Plata_, passim.
(2 vols, Buenos Aires, 1880.)
[21] _The Descent of Man_, p. 155. Dr. Rudolph Hoernes, however, has
recently argued that the discovery of such simian forms in the American
tertiary as the _Anaptomorphus homunculus_, Cope, renders it probable
that the anthropoid ancestor of man lived in North America. _Mittheil
der Anthrop. Gesell. in Wien_, 1890, § 71. The Anaptomorphus was a lemur
rather than a monkey, and had a dentition very human in character.
[22] Quoted by G. F. Wright in _The Ice Age in America_, p. 583.
[23] H. Habernicht, _Die Recenten Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche_, s. 27
(Gotha, 1882). He further shows that at that time both northern Russia
and northern Siberia were under water, which would effectually dispose of
any assumed migration by way of the latter.
[24] J. W. Spencer, in the London _Geological Magazine_, 1890, p. 208,
sqq.
[25] James Scroll, _Climate and Time_, p. 451.
[26] G. F. Wright, _The Ice Age in North America_, pp. 582-3 (New York,
1890). De Mortillet, _Le Préhistorique_, etc., pp. 186-7. H. Rink, in
_Proc. of the Amer. Philos. Society_, 1885, p. 293.
[27] In his excellent work, _The Building of the British Isles_, (London,
1888), Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne presents in detail the proofs of these
statements, and gives two plates (Nos. XII. and XIII.), showing the
outlines of this land connection at the period referred to (pp. 252, 257,
etc.).
[28] Wright, _The Ice Age_, p. 504.
[29] Gilbert, _Sixth An. Rep. of the Com. of the N. Y. State
Reservation_, p. 84 (Albany, 1890).
[30] _Races and Peoples_, chapter III. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)
[31] “Palæolithic Man in America” in _Popular Science Monthly_, Nov.,
1888.
[32] “No one could live among the Indians of the Upper Amazon without
being struck with their constitutional dislike to heat.” “The impression
forced itself upon my mind that the Indian lives as a stranger or
immigrant in these hot regions.” H. W. Bates, _The Naturalist on the
Amazon_, Vol. II., pp. 200, 201.
[33] See E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, pp. 189, 190, who
speaks strongly of the debility of the tropical Indians.
[34] See J. Kollmann, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1884, s. 181 _sq._
The conclusion of Virchow is “que les caracteres physionomiques des têtes
Américaines montrent une divergence si manifeste qu’on doit renoncer
definitivement à la construction d’un type universel et commun des
Indigènes Américains.” _Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 260. This is
substantially the conclusion at which Dr. James Aitken Meigs arrived, in
his “Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in
_Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila._, 1866.
[35] Henry Gilman, _Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885_, p.
239. Other perforated skulls from similar graves in the same locality
showed indices of, 82, 83, 85.
[36] D. G. Brinton, _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of
Ethnography_, p. 20. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)
[37] Dr. Washington Matthews, in the _American Anthropologist_, 1889, p.
337.
[38] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. II., s. 195.
[39] Cf. Lucien Carr, in the _Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody
Museum_, p. 367.
[40] Lucien Carr, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the
_Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History_, 1880; and
compare Topinard, _Elements d’Anthropologie Générale_, p. 628. (Paris,
1885.)
[41] H. Fritsch, in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p.
276.
[42] For instance, some of the Mixes of Mexico have full beards (Herrera,
_Decadas de las Indias_, Dec. IV., Lib. IX., cap. VII.); the Guarayos
of Bolivia wear long straight beards, covering both lips and cheeks
(D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. I., p. 126); and the Cashibos of
the upper Ucayali are bearded (Herndon, _Exploration of the Valley of the
Amazon_, p. 209).
[43] “Report on the Blackfeet,” in _Trans. Brit. Assoc. Adv. of Science_,
1885.
[44] “Les Indiens de la Province de Mato Grosso,” in the _Nouvelles
Annales des Voyages_, 1862.
[45] The Mexican president Benito Juarez was a full-blood Zapotec;
Barrios of Guatemala, a full-blood Cakchiquel.
[46] _Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes de
l’Amérique_, Tome I. p. 51.
[47] _Ancient Society_, by Lewis H. Morgan (New York, 1878); _Houses and
House-Life of the American Aborigines_, by the same (Washington, 1881);
Bandelier, in the _Reports of the Peabody Museum_; Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die
Culturvölker Alt Amerikas_ (Cincinnati, 1887); D. G. Brinton, _The Myths
of the New World_, 3d Ed. revised, David McKay (Philadelphia, 1896);
_American-Hero Myths_, by the same (Philadelphia, 1882).
[48] The word totem is derived from the Algonkin root _od_ or _ot_ and
means that which belongs to a person or “his belongings,” in the widest
sense, his village, his people, etc.
[49] Among the Brazilian hordes, for instance, Martius, _Beiträge zur
Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I. s. 116 (Leipzig, 1867).
[50] Thus the Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl of the northwest coast, though
speaking close dialects of the same stock, differ fundamentally in their
social organization. That of the former is matriarchal, of the latter
patriarchal. Boas, _Fifth Report to the Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, p. 38.
[51] _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography_, p. 55
(David McKay, Philadelphia.)
[52] _Die Entstehung der Arten durch Räumliche Sonderung_ (Basel, 1889).
[53] J. W. Sanborn, _Legends, Customs and Social Life of the Seneca
Indians_, p. 36 (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878).
[54] Father Ragueneau tells us that among the Hurons, when a man was
killed, thirty gifts were required to condone the offence, but when a
woman was the victim, forty were demanded. _Relation des Jesuits_, 1635.
[55] Dr. W. H. Corbusier, in _American Antiquarian_, Sept., 1886; Dr.
Amedée Moure, _Les Indiens de Mato Grosso_, p. 9 (Paris, 1862).
[56] This opinion is defended by Max Schlosser in the _Archiv für
Anthropologie_, 1889, s. 132.
[57] The lama was never ridden, nor attached for draft, though the
opposite has been stated. See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 108.
[58] See “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and
Central America,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 433 (Philadelphia,
1890).
[59] The Caribs and some of the Peruvian coast tribes sometimes lifted a
large square cloth when running with the wind; but this is not what is
meant by a sail.
[60] _American Hero-Myths_ (Philadelphia, 1882).
[61] Carlos de Gagern, _Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevölkerung
Mexikos_, s. 23 (Wien, 1873.)
[62] I have treated this subject at considerable length in opposition
to the opinion of Lucien Adam and Friedrich Müller in my _Essays of an
Americanist_, pp. 349-389 (Philadelphia, 1890).
[63] Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimo and their former range
southward,” in _American Naturalist_, 1885, p. 471.
[64] John Murdoch, in _The American Anthropologist_, 1888, p. 129; also
Dr. Henry Rink, _The Eskimo Tribes_ (London, 1887); Dr. Franz Boas, _The
Central Eskimo_, in the Sixth _Annual Report_ of the Bureau of Ethnology;
W. H. Dall, _Tribes of the Extreme Northwest_ (Washington, 1887); Ivan
Petroff, in _The American Naturalist_, 1882, p. 567.
[65] Dall is positive that there is no racial distinction between the
Innuit and the other American Indians, loc. cit., p. 95. He adds: “The
Tartar, Japanese or Chinese origin of these people finds no corroboration
in their manners, dress or language.”
[66] Commander G. Holm found the East Greenlanders, a pure stock, well
marked mesocephalic, with a maximum of 84.2 (_Les Grönlandais Orientaux_,
p. 365, Copenhagen, 1889). Dall gives the range to his measurements of
Innuit skulls from 87 to 70 (_Contributions to American Ethnology_, Vol.
I, p. 71).
[67] “Unlike the Indian,” writes Mr. F. F. Payne, “the Eskimo is nearly
always laughing, and even in times of great distress it is not hard
to make them smile.” “The Eskimo at Hudson Strait,” in _Proc. Canad.
Institute_, 1889, p. 128.
[68] W. J. Hoffman, “On Indian and Eskimo Pictography,” in _Trans.
Anthrop. Soc. of Washington_, Vol. II, p. 146.
[69] See some examples in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 288-290
(Philadelphia, 1890).
[70] G. Holm, _Les Grönlandais Orientaux_, p. 382 (Copenhagen, 1889).
[71] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Darlegungen Grönländischer Verbalformen_ (Wien,
1885).
[72] On the relative position of the Chukchis, Namollos and Yuit, consult
Dall in _American Naturalist_, 1881, p. 862; J. W. Kelly, in _Circular
of the U. S. Bureau of Education_, No. 2, 1890, p. 8; A. Pfizmaier, _Die
Sprachen der Aleuten_, p. 1 (Vienna, 1884). The Yuits are also known as
_Tuski_. The proper location of the Namollos is on the Arctic Sea, from
East Cape to Cape Shelagskoi (Dall).
[73] _Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum_, 1883, p. 427. All of
Clement G. Markham’s arguments for the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos have
been refuted.
[74] Either from the river Olutora and some islands near its mouth
(Petroff); or from Eleutes, a tribe in Siberia, whom the Russians thought
they resembled (Pinart).
[75] Ivan Petroff, in _Trans. Amer. Anthrop. Soc._, Vol. II, p. 90.
[76] Comp. H. Winkler, _Ural-Altäische Völker und Sprachen_, s. 119, and
Dall, _Contributions to N. Amer. Ethnology_, Vol. I, p. 49, who states
that their tongue is distinctly connected with the Innuit of Alaska.
[77] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln_, s. 4
(Vienna, 1884).
[78] Dall, loc. cit., p. 47.
[79] Ivan Petroff, loc. cit., p. 91.
[80] Mr. A. S. Gatschet has compiled the accessible information about
the Beothuk language in two articles in the _Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society_, 1885 and 1886.
[81] J. C. E. Buschmann, _Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm_, 4to., Berlin,
1856, and _Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen_,
Berlin, 1863.
[82] See Mgr. Henry Faraud, _Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages_, pp. 345,
etc. (Paris, 1866.) Petitot, _Les Déné Dindjié_, p. 32.
[83] See George M. Dawson, in _An. Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Canada_,
1887, p. 191, sq.; Washington Matthews and J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. of
Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 89, sq.
[84] The best blanket-makers, smiths and other artisans among the Navajos
are descendants of captives from the Zuñi and other pueblos. John G.
Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 115.
[85] A. F. Bandelier, _Indians of the Southwestern United States_, pp.
175-6 (Boston, 1890).
[86] Dr. Washington Matthews, in _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890,
p. 90.
[87] The student of this language finds excellent material in the
_Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné-Dindjié_, par E. Petitot (folio, Paris,
1876), in which three dialects are presented.
[88] Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 72, 76 (Washington, 1877).
[89] “On voit que leur conformation est à peu près exactement le nôtre.”
Quetelet, “Sur les Indiens O-jib-be-was,” in _Bull. Acad. Royale de
Belgique_, Tome XIII.
[90] I refer to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The
numerous measurements of skulls of New England Algonkins by Lucien Carr,
show them to be mesocephalic tending to dolichocephaly, orthognathic,
mesorhine and megaseme. See his article, “Notes on the Crania of New
England Indians,” in the _Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of
Natural History_, 1880.
[91] The best work on this subject is Dr. C. C. Abbott’s _Primitive
Industry_ (Salem, 1881).
[92] _The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols
of the Walum Olum, and an Inquiry into its Authenticity._ By Daniel G.
Brinton, Philadelphia, 1885 (Vol. V. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal
American Literature_).
[93] See Horatio Hale, “_Report on the Blackfeet_,” in _Proc. of the
Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1885.
[94] See _Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From an anonymous MS. in the
Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa._ Edited with additions
by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D., and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony. Published
by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1888. Quarto,
pp. 236.
[95] J. Aitken Meigs, “Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in
_Proceedings_ of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, May, 1866.
[96] Horatio Hale, _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, pp. 21, 22.
(Philadelphia, 1883. Vol. II. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal
American Literature_.)
[97] J. W. Powell, _First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, p. 61.
(Washington, 1881.)
[98] _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, referred to above.
[99] There are twenty-one skulls alleged to be of Muskoki origin in
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of which fifteen have a
cephalic index below 80.
[100] Examples given by William Bartram in his MSS. in the Pennsylvania
Historical Society.
[101] See on this subject an essay on “The Probable Nationality of the
Mound-Builders,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 67. (Philadelphia,
1890.)
[102] D. G. Brinton, “The National legend of the Chahta-Muskoki Tribes,”
in _The Historical Magazine_, February, 1870. (Republished in Vol. IV. of
Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)
[103] “The Seminole Indians of Florida,” by Clay MacCauley, in _Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-4.
[104] See for the Yuchis, their myths and language, Gatschet in
_Science_, 1885, p. 253.
[105] _Arte de la Lengua Timuquana_ compuesto en 1614 per el Pe
Francisco Pereja. Reprint by Lucien Adam and Julien Vinson, Paris,
1886. An analytical study of the language has been published by Raoul
de la Grasserie in the _Compte Rendu du Congrès International des
Américanistes_, 1888.
[106] See “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language” in my _Essays of an
Americanist_, p. 452.
[107] D. G. Brinton, “The Language of the Natchez,” in _Proceedings_ of
the American Philosophical Society, 1873.
[108] _Die Länder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte._ S. 120, sqq.
(Heidelberg, 1861.) I give the following words from his vocabulary of the
Carrizos:
Man, _nâ_.
Woman, _estoc_, _kem_.
Sun, _al_.
Moon, _kan_.
Fire, _len_.
One, _pequeten_.
Two, _acequeten_.
Three, _guiye_.
Four, _naiye_.
Five, _maguele_.
The numbers three, four and five are plainly the Nahuatl _yey_, _nahui_,
_macuilli_, borrowed from their Uto-Aztecan neighbors.
[109] Bartolomé Garcia, _Manuel para administrar los Santos Sacramentos_.
(Mexico, 1760.) It was written especially for the tribes about the
mission of San Antonio in Texas.
[110] As _chiquat_, woman, Nah. _cihuatl_; _baah-ka_, to drink, Nah.
_paitia_. The song is given, with several obvious errors, in Pimentel,
_Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 564; Orozco y Berra’s lists
mentions only the Aratines, _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico_, p. 295.
[111] Adolph Uhde, _Die Länder am unteru Rio Bravo del Norte_, p. 120.
[112] The name Pani is not a word of contempt from the Algonkin language,
as has often been stated, but is from the tongue of the people itself.
_Pariki_ means a horn, in the Arikari dialect _uriki_, and refers to
their peculiar scalp-lock, dressed to stand erect and curve slightly
backward, like a horn. From these two words came the English forms Pawnee
and Arikaree. (Dunbar.)
[113] The authorities on the Panis are John B. Dunbar, in the _Magazine
of American History_, 1888; Hayden, _Indian Tribes of the Missouri
Valley_ (Philadelphia, 1862), and various government reports.
[114] J. Owen Dorsey, “Migrations of Siouan Tribes,” in the _American
Naturalist_, 1886, p. 111. The numerous and profound studies of this
stock by Mr. Dorsey must form the basis of all future investigation of
its history and sociology.
[115] The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
[116] Mrs. Mary Eastman, _Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux_, p.
211. (New York, 1849.)
[117] W. P. Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885);
Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_, pp. 28, 80.
(Washington, 1855.)
[118] R. Virchow, _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthropologie_,
1889, s. 400.
[119] Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West
Coast,” in _Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1887.
[120] Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the
Indians of California,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of
Science_, 1852, p. 379.
[121] Dr. Aurel Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_. (Jena, 1885.)
[122] See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson,
published by the Canadian government.
[123] _A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon._ By
Horatio Hale. (London, 1890.)
[124] Dr. W. F. Corbusier, in _American Antiquarian_, 1886, p. 276; Dr.
Ten Kate, in _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. Für Anthrop._, 1889, s. 667.
[125] J. R. Bartlett, _Explorations in New Mexico_, Vol. I., p. 464. C.
A. Pajeken, _Reise-Erinnerungen in ethnographischen Bildern_, s. 97.
[126] Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_ (Washington,
1855), and numerous later authorities, give full information about the
Yumas.
[127] Jacob Baegert, _Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel
Californien_. (Mannheim, 1773.)
[128] I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem,
introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such
branch exists. See _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889,
ss. 666-7.
[129] Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the
characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are
found contains 200,000 square miles. _Compte Rendu du Congrès des
Américanistes_, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.
[130] “Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the
quotation to Alphonse Pinart.
[131] The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. Amer. Folk-lore_,
1890, p. 114.
[132] This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in his _Spuren
der aztekischen Sprache_, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it
to later authority. See his very useful _Report of Investigations among
the Indians of the South Western United States_, p. 116. (Cambridge,
1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on
the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.
[133] Buschmann, _Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko
und höheren Americanischen Norden_. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.
_Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen._ 4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266;
Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.
[134] Perez de Ribas, _Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_,
Lib. I., cap. 19.
[135] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)
[136] Col. A. G. Brackett, in _Rep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879_, p. 329.
[137] Capt. W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118.
(Philadelphia, 1885.)
[138] _Ibid._, p. 338.
[139] See _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, Vol. I., p. 224.
(Washington, 1877).
[140] R. Virchow, _Crania Ethnica Americana_.
[141] W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118.
[142] _The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona._ By John G. Bourke. (New
York, 1884.)
[143] For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., in _Report
of the Smithsonian Institution_, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas
Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the
hero of their flood myth.
[144] The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt.
John G. Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 114. The
Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.
[145] See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas,
_Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. VI., cap. 2.
(Madrid, 1645.)
[146] “Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro;
y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas, _Historia
de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)
[147] Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting
sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken,
_Reise-Erinnerungen_, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)
[148] Perez de Ribas, _Historia_, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.
[149] Eustaquio Buelna, _Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres
Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa_, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)
[150] Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.
[151] Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care,
reports this fact. _Historia de los Triumphos_, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.
[152] See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in my _Essays of an
Americanist_, pp. 83-100.
[153] There is an interesting anonymous MS. in the _Fond Espagnol_ of
the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the title _La Guerra de los
Chichimecas_. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied
to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He
instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca,
though speaking quite different languages.
[154] “Cuitlatl, = _mierda_” (Molina, _Vocabulario Mexicano_).
Cuitlatlan, _Ort des Kothes_ (Buschmann, _Aztekische Ortsnamen_, s.
621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a
locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra, _Geog.
de las Lenguas_, p. 233).
[155] Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those
designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a
wider scope. See Brühl, _Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas_, pp. 337-8.
[156] See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in my _Essays of an
Americanist_, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)
[157] Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.
[158] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X, cap. 29.
[159] D. G. Brinton, _Ancient Nahuatl Poetry_, p. 134. (Philadelphia,
1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)
[160] E. G. Tarayre, _Explorations des Regions Mexicaines_, p. 282.
(Paris, 1879).
[161] D. G. Brinton, _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 366.
[162] H. de Charencey, _Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie
Américaine_, p. 23.
[163] Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properly
_Tarex_, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex
is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of
the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the
name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, in _Anales del Museo
Michoacano_, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we
see the same radical.
[164] Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the
archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning
of the dynasty at 1200; _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Tom. I., p. 116.
[165] From the Nahuatl, _yacatl_, point, apex, nose; though other
derivations have been suggested.
[166] For numerous authorities, see Bancroft, _Native Races of the
Pacific Coast_, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the
country, Dr. Leon, in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, passim, and
Beaumont, _Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan_, Tom. III., p. 87, sq.
(Mexico, 1874).
[167] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 6.
[168] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. II., Lib. V.,
cap. 8.
[169] Strebel, _Alt-Mexiko_.
[170] Pimentel, _Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.
[171] From _didja_, language, _za_, the national name.
[172] Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins
_(Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico_, Boston, 1884) spells this
Lyo-ba. But an extensive _MS. Vocabulario Zapoteco_ in my possession
gives the orthography _riyoo baa_.
[173] Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy
extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.
[174] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. VI.
[175] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X.,
cap. 7.
[176] _Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp.
126-7. (Washington, 1872.)
[177] J. G. Barnard, _The Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp. 224, 225. (New
York, 1853.)
[178] _Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS._
[179] Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. III., Lib. III.,
cap. 15.
[180] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X.,
cap. 11.
[181] Gregoria Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. v.
[182] Oviedo, _Historia General de las Indias_, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.
[183] Peralta, _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI_, p. 777.
(Madrid, 1883.)
[184] Lucien Adam, _La Langue Chiàpanéque_ (Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller,
_Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.
[185] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)
[186] Beristain y Souza, _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional_,
Tomo I., p. 438.
[187] For example:
_Tequistlatecan._ _Yuma dialects._
Man, acue, eke-tam, ham-akava.
Woman, canoc, anai, sinyok.
Sun, orá, rahj.
Moon, mu_tla_, h’la.
Water, laha, aha, kahal.
Head, ahūa, hū.
Eyes, au, yu.
Mouth, aco, a, aha.
Tree, ehe, ee-ee.
Foot, la_mish_, mie.
Two, ucuc, kokx, goguo.
[188] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 187.
[189] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap.
III.
[190] See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H.
Morgan’s _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family_, p.
263. (Washington, 1871.)
[191] In his _Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments_, Vol. II.,
pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)
[192] “Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos qui _Popolocae_
nuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus
plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga, _De
Origine Seraphicae Religionis_, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)
[193] “Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de
otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y
vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta, _Historia
Eclesiastica Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44.
[194] “Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet, _Novus Orbis_, p. 25.
[195] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.
[196] See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to the _Doctrina_ of Fernandez,
in H. Harrisse’s _Biblioteca Americana Vetustissima_, p. 445, sq.
[197] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 273.
[198] See an article “Los Tecos,” in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_,
Año II., p. 26.
[199] Domingo Juarros, _Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de
Guatemala_, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)
[200] Dr. Otto Stoll, _Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala_, s. 26
(Zurich, 1884).
[201] In the _Sitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Wien,
1855.
[202] “Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera. _Historia de las Indias
Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.
[203] I have edited some of these with translations and notes, in _The
Maya Chronicles_, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of my _Library of
Aboriginal American Literature_).
[204] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.
[205] One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the
decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article
on “Art in Shells,” in the _Second Annual Report of the Bureau of
Ethnology_. (Washington, 1883.)
[206] On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized
Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_,
p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)
[207] The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa, _Relacion de
las Cosas de Yucatan_. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by
the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately
by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.
[208] The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by
Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and
Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or
codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in
my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 230-254.
[209] _Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré._ Paris, 1861.
[210] _The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a
Translation, Notes and Introduction._ Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of my
_Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)
[211] See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_,
pp. 255-273.
[212] The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotec _huavi_, to become
rotten through dampness. (_Vocabulario Zapoteco._ MS. in my possession.)
It was probably a term of contempt.
[213] _Nicaragua, its People and Scenery_, Vol. II., p. 310.
[214] E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” in _Harper’s
Magazine_, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.
[215] I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic
material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic
Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” in _Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society_, 1884.
[216] On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, in
_Mems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London_, Vol. III., p. 149, _sq._; C. N.
Bell, in _Jour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc._, Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and
the _Bericht_ of the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has
recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.
[217] See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, in _Rep. of the Smithsonian
Institution_, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel, _Apuntes Lexicograficos_, Parte
III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_, p. 346.
[218] _Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas._ Madrid, 1805. This is the
enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and
it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.
[219] _Personal Narrative_, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London,
1826).
[220] _The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by
Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by
him on the American Verb._ By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia,
1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von
Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor
Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.
[221] _L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses
Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux._ Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris,
1839.
[222] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache._ Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)
[223] _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal
Brasiliens._ Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2
vols.
[224] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, s. 15, note.
[225] He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its
branches about 1730. See _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tom. II., p.
111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.
[226] See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des
bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in the _Compte-Rendu du Congrès
internationale des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 489 _sqq._
[227] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p. 168.
(Paris, 1848.)
[228] _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.
[229] Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies
in the Chibcha and its dialects. (_Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat.
Américanistes_, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the
best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the
Carib. (_Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna._ Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)
[230] A. L. Pinart, _Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana_,
Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer in _Revu d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p.
117, and _Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque_. Paris, 1890.
[231] On the Chocos consult _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s.
359; Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado del Cauca_, p. 229, sq.
(Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary of _Chami_, collected near Marmato by C.
Greiffenstein, and published in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, p.
135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in the
_Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1887, p. 302, is quite
pure Choco. The Chocos call their language _embera bede_, “the speech of
men.”
[232] “Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de
Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños, _Historia de Venezuela_, Tom. II.
Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)
[233] Aristides Rojas, _Estudios Indigenos_, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)
[234] “Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.”
This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later.
(Navarrete, _Viages_, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages
reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country
“Venezuela.”
[235] According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and
to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See
Dr. A. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, p. 190.
[236] Joaquin Acosta, _Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada_, p. 31, note.
[237] Martin Fernandez de Enciso, _La Suma de Geografia_. (Sevilla,
1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor
of Castilla de Oro in 1515.
[238] See Jose Ignacio Lares, _Resumen de las Actas de la Academia
Venezolana_, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift
für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 190.
[239] G. Coleti, _Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale_, s. v. (Venezia,
1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.
[240] _Ibid._, s. v.
[241] G. Marcano, _Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela._ (Paris,
1889.)
[242] “La lingua _Muysca_, detta anticamente _Chybcha_, era la comune e
generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti, _Dizionario
Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia,
1771.)
[243] “Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios
Mozcas.” Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico de America_, s. v. _Moscas_. “La
lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio;
en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani, _Historia del
Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the
Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.
[244] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. IV., Lib. X.,
cap. 8.
[245] Rafael Celedon, _Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba_, Introd., p. xxiv.
(_Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_.)
[246] The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in the
_Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana_, 1886, p. 54. I offer
for comparison the following:
SIQUISIQUE. CHIBCHA-AROAC.
Sun, _yuan_, _yuia_.
Wife, _esio_, _sena_.
Fire, _dueg_, _gue_.
Water, _ing_, _ni_.
Snake, _tub_, _kĕbi_.
[247] The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha
was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in his _Grundriss
der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted
independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to
the family. (_Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888,
p. 466.)
[248] Pinart, _Bulletin de la Société de Geographie_, 1885; Berendt, in
_Bull. of Amer. Geog. Society_, 1876, No. 2.
[249] In _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_. Washington,
1888.
[250] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p.
77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui
lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by
tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes,
Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (_Id._, p. 454.)
[251] The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that
given in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879, by a missionary (name
not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical
remarks.
[252] Herrera, _Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales_, Cap. XVI.
[253] Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico_, s. v., Muzos.
[254] _Vocabulario Paez-Castellano_, por Eujenio del Castillo i Orosco.
Con adiciones por Ezequiel Uricoechea. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque
Linguistique Américaine.)
[255] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Tolima_, p. 76 (Bogota,
1863); R. B. White, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1883,
pp. 250-2.
[256] Dr. A. Posada-Arango, “Essai Ethnographique sur les Aborigenes de
l’Etat d’Antioquia,” in the _Bulletin de la Société Anthrop. de Paris_,
1871, p. 202.
[257] Thirty thousand, says Herrera, with the usual extravagance of the
early writers (_Decadas de Indias_, Dec. VII., Lib. IV., cap IV.)
[258] Leon Douay, in _Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888,
p. 774, who adds a vocabulary of Moguex. The name is derived from _Mog_,
vir.
[259] Hervas, _Catologo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 279.
Father Juan de Ribera translated the Catechism into the Guanuca, but so
far as I know, it was not printed.
[260] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, etc., pp. 6,
64, etc. The words he gives in Coconuca are:
IN MOGUEX.
Sun, _puitchr_, _piuchr_.
Moon, _puil_, _pulue_.
Stars, _sil_, _?_
Chief, _cashu_, _?_
Maize, _bura_, _purat_.
Bollaert probably quoted these without acknowledgment from Gen. Mosquera,
_Phys. & Polit. Geog. of New Granada_, p. 45 (New York, 1853).
[261] My knowledge of the Totoro is obtained from an anonymous notice
published by a missionary in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879. Its
relationship to the group is at once seen by the following comparison:
TOTORO. MOGUEX.
Man, _mujel_, _muck_.
Woman, _ishu_, _schut_.
Head, _pushu_, _pusts_.
Eye, _cap-tshal_, _cap_.
Mouth, _trictrap_, _chidbchab_.
Nose, _kim_, _kind_.
Arm, _qual_, _cuald_.
Fingers, _cambil_, _kambild_.
[262] See Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias_, Dec. VI., Lib. VII., cap. V.
[263] The vocabulary was furnished by Bishop Thiel. It is edited with
useful comments by Dr. Edward Seler in _Original-Mittheilungen aus der
Ethnologischen Abtheilung der König. Museen zu Berlin_, No. I., s. 44,
sq. (Berlin, 1885).
[264] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 344. From this very
meagre material I offer the following comparison:
TELEMBI. COLORADO.
Eye, _cachu_, _caco_.
Nose, _quimpu_, _quinfu_.
House, _yall_, _ya_.
Hand, _ch’to_, _te-de_.
Foot, _mi-to_, _ne-de_.
Mother, _acuá_, _ayá_.
Hair, _aichi_, _apichu_.
The terminal syllable _to_ in the Telembi words for hand and foot
appears to be the Colorado _té_, branch, which is also found in the Col.
_té-michu_, finger, _te-chili_, arm ornament, and again in the Telembi
_t’raill_, arm.
[265] In the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1887,
ss. 597-99.
[266] Other analogies are undoubted, though less obvious. Thus in Cayapa,
“man” is _liu-pula_; “woman,” _su-pula_. In these words, the terminal
_pula_ is generic, and the prefixes are the Colorado _sona_, woman,
abbreviated to _so_ in the Colorado itself, (see Dr. Seler’s article,
p. 55); and the Col. _chilla_, male, which in the Spanish-American
pronunciation, where _ll = y_, is close to _liu_.
[267] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 82.
[268] Manuel I. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. I.,
p. 52.
[269] A. Codazzi in Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado de Tolima_, pp.
81 sqq. (Bogota, 1863.)
[270]
As tooth, Andaqui, _sicoga_; Chibcha, _sica_.
house, ” _co-joe_; ” _jüe_.
[271] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnolog. Soc._, Vol. I.,
pp. 55, sq. See also General T. C. de Mosquera, _Memoir on the Physical
and Political Geography of New Granada_, p. 41 (New York, 1853).
[272] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VIII., cap. 5.
He calls the natives Huancavillcas.
[273] F. G. Saurez, _Estudio Historico sobre los Cañaris_ (Quito, 1878).
This author gives cuts of these axes, and their inscribed devices.
[274] For a description, with cuts, see M. L. Heuzey, “Le Trésor de
Cuenca,” in _La Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, August, 1870.
[275] _Cronica del Peru_, Pt. I., cap. cxvi.
[276] _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.
[277] _Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches, in New Granada,
Ecuador, Peru and Chili_, p. 101 (London, 1860).
[278] He complains that the languages which the Incas tried to suppress,
had, since their downfall, arisen as vigorous as ever, _Comentarios
Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.
[279] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 64 (Leipzig, 1884).
[280] See von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 65. It is to
be regretted that in the face of the conclusive proof to the contrary,
Dr. Middendorf repeats as correct the statement of Garcilasso de la Vega
(_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 15, note).
[281] See his Introduction to the _Travels of Pedro Cieza de Leon_, p.
xxii. (London, 1864).
[282] See his _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, ss. 64-66.
[283] The Chinchaya dialect is preserved (insufficiently) by Father
Juan de Figueredo in an Appendix to Torres-Rubio, _Arte de la Lengua
Quichua_, edition of Lima, 1701. It retained the sounds of _g_ and _l_,
not known in southern Kechua. The differences in the vocabularies of the
two are apparent rather than real. Thus the Chin. _rupay_, sun, is the K.
for sun’s heat (ardor del sol); Chin. _caclla_, face, is K. _cacclla_,
cheeks. Markham is decidedly in error in saying that the Chinchaya
dialect “differed very considerably from that of the Incas” (_Journal
Royal Geog. Soc._, 1871, p. 316).
[284] Introduction to his translation of Cieza de Leon, p. xlvii, note.
[285] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 81.
[286] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 66. Hervas was
also of the opinion that both Quitu and Scyra were Kechua dialects
(_Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 276).
[287] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer des Alten Americas_, Bd. II., s. 93.
[288] Juan de Velasco, _Histoire du Royaume de Quito_, pp. 11-21, sq.
(Ed. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1840.) But Cieza de Leon’s expressions
imply the existence of the matriarchal system among them. See Markham’s
translation, p. 83, note. Some claim that the Quitus were a different,
and, in their locality, a more ancient tribe than the Caras.
[289] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru. Tom. I., p. 19. (Madrid,
1881.)
[290] In _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. The word _Yumbo_ appears to be
derived from the Paez _yombo_, river, and was applied to the down-stream
Indians.
[291] “Casi tal come lo enseñaron los conquistadores.” Manuel
Villavicencio, _Geografia de la Republica del Ecuador_, pp. 168, 354,
413, etc. (New York, 1858.) According to Dr. Middendorf, the limit of the
Incarial power (which, however, is not identical in this region with that
of the Kechua tongue), was the Blue river, the Rio Ancasmayu, an affluent
of the upper Patia. (_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 5. Berlin, 1890.)
[292] Mr. C. Buckley, “Notes on the Macas Indians of Ecuador,” in
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1874, pp. 29, sqq.
[293] References in Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s.
492.
[294] _Arte de la Lengua Chilena_, Introd. (Lima, 1606).
[295] Paul Topinard, in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, Tome IV., pp. 65-67.
[296] Lucien Carr, _Fourth Report of the Peabody Museum of Archæology_.
[297] I would especially refer to the admirable analysis of the Peruvian
governmental system by Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerikas_,
p. 335, sqq. (Cincinnati, 1887.) I regret that the learned Kechuist,
Dr. E. W. Middendorf, had not studied this book before he prepared his
edition of the _Ollanta_ drama (Berlin, 1890), or he would have modified
many of the statements in its _Einleitung_.
[298] See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_,
1885, s. 93.
[299] Dr. Nehring has shown that all the breeds of Peruvian dogs can be
traced back to what is known as the Inca shepherd dog. _Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 520.
[300] _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Abth. I., 370.
[301] A careful edition is that of G. Pacheco Zegarra, _Ollantai;
Drame en Vers Quechuas du temps des Incas_ (Paris, 1878); an English
translation, quite faulty, was given by C. G. Markham (London, 1871); one
in Kechua and German by Von Tschudi, and recently (1890) Dr. Middendorf’s
edition claims greater accuracy than its predecessors.
[302] Espada, _Yaravies Quiteños_. (Madrid, 1881.)
[303] J. J. Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_ (Leipzig,
1884); Dr. E. W. Middendorf, _Das Runa Simi, oder die Keshua Sprache_.
(Leipzig, 1890.)
[304] The Yauyos spoke the Cauqui dialect, which was somewhat akin to
Aymara.
[305] See Markham’s paper in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_,
1871, p. 309.
[306] _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, Roma, 1603; _Vocabulario de la Lengua
Aymara_, Juli, 1612. Both have been republished by Julius Platzmann,
Leipzig, 1879.
[307] See Steinthal, “Das Verhältniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara,”
in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes_, 1888, p.
462. David Forbes reverses the ordinary view, and considers the Kechua
language and culture as mixed and late products derived from an older
Aymara civilization. See his article on the Aymara Indians in _Journal of
the Ethnological Society of London_, 1870, p. 270, sqq.
[308] “Principalmente se enseña en este Arte la lengua Lupaca, la qual no
es inferior a la Pacasa, que entre todas las lenguas Aymaricas tiene el
primer lugar.” Bertonio, _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, p. 10.
[309] For measurements, etc., see David Forbes, in _Journal of the London
Ethnological Society_, October, 1870.
[310] One of the most satisfactory descriptions of them is by E. G.
Squier, _Travels in Peru_, Chaps. XV., XVI. (New York, 1877).
[311] The observations of David Forbes on the present architecture of
the Aymaras lend strong support to his theory that the structures of
Tiahuanuco, if not projected by that nation, were carried out by Aymara
architects and workmen. See his remarks in _Jour. of the London Ethnol.
Soc._, 1870, p. 259.
[312] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 309.
[313] Quoted by A. Bastian.
[314] “Son estos _Uros_ tan brutales que ellos mismos no se tienen por
hombres.” Acosta, _Historia de las Indias_, p. 62 (Ed. 1591).
[315] “Los Indios Puquinas … son rudos y torpes.” La Vega, _Comentarios
Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 4.
[316] _Mithridates_, Theil III., Abth. II., ss. 548-550.
[317] In the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1871, p. 305.
[318] In his _Organismus der Ketschua Sprache_, s. 76 (Leipzig, 1884).
[319] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru, Tom. I., p. 82. (Madrid,
1881.)
[320] Fernando de la Carrera, _Arte de la Lengua Yunga_. (Lima, 1644,
reprint, Lima, 1880.)
[321] See Von Tschudi, _Die Kechua Sprache_, p. 83, 84.
[322] Charles Wiener, _Perou et Bolivie_, p. 98, seq. (Paris, 1880.)
[323] _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VI., cap. 32.
[324] See the chapter on “The Art, Customs and Religion of the Chimus,”
in E. G. Squier’s _Peru_, p. 170, sq. (New York, 1877.)
[325] “En la lengua Mochica de los Yungas.” Geronimo de Ore, _Rituale seu
Manuale Peruanum_. (Neapoli, 1607.)
[326] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer Alt-Amer._ Bd. II.
[327] In C. R. Markham’s translation of Cieza de Leon, Introduction, p.
xlii. (London, 1864.)
[328] _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tome I., p. 274.
[329] Dr. R. A. Philippi, _Reise durch die Wüste Atacama_, s. 66. (Halle,
1860.) J. J. von Tschudi, _Reisen durch Sud-Amerika_, Bd. V., s. 82-84.
T. H. Moore, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1877,
Vol. II., p. 44, sq. Francisco J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza de los
Naturales de Atacama_ (Santiago de Chile, 1890). The word _cunza_ in this
tongue is the pronoun “our,”--the natives speak of _lengua cunza_, “our
language.” Tschudi gives the only text I know--two versions of the Lord’s
Prayer.
[330] “Con la nacion Aymara esta visiblimente emparentada la Atacameña.”
Dr. L. Darapsky, “Estudios Linguisticos Americanos,” in the _Bulletin del
Instituto Geog. Argentino_, 1890, p. 96.
[331] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 330.
[332] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 71, and _Reisen_, Bd. V., s.
84.
[333] Alcide D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 334. (Paris,
1839.)
[334] “Entre los Changos no se conserva vestigio de lengua indijena
alguna.” F. J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza_, p. 4.
[335] Wallace estimates the area of the Amazon basin alone, not including
that of the Rio Tocantins, which he regards as a different system, at
2,300,000 square miles. (_Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 526.)
[336] See authorities in Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde
Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 185. (Leipzig, 1867.)
[337] The origin of the Chiriguanos is related from authentic traditions
by Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. XI., Cap.
2. The name Chiriguano means “cold,” from the temperature of the upland
region to which they removed.
[338] “Nullam gentem Christianis moribus capessendis aut retiendis
aptiorem in australi hoc America fuisse repertam.” Nicolas del Techo,
loc. cit., Lib. X., Cap. 9.
[339] Comp. von Martius, u. s., s. 179.
[340] _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 450.
[341] “Though widely different from the Tupi, ancient or modern, I am
satisfied that the Mundurucú belongs to the same family.” C. F. Hartt, in
_Trans. of the Amer. Philological Association_, 1872, p. 75.
[342] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s.
412. A specimen of their vocalic and sonorous language is given by E.
Teza, _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 43. (Pisa, 1868.)
[343] G. Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America
Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 38. (Venezia, 1771.)
[344] Lozano, _Hist. de la Conquista de Paraguay_, pp. 415, 416.
[345] Lozano, _Ibid._, pp. 422-425.
[346] Paul Marcoy, _Voyage à travers l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p.
241; comp. Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 427.
[347] The “Amazon-stones,” _muira-kitan_, are ornaments of hard stone, as
jade or quartz.
[348] H. Müller, in _Compte Rendue du Congrès Internat. des
Américanistes_, 1888, p. 461.
[349] Dr. P. M. Rey, _Etude Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 51 and
passim. (Paris, 1880.) Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” in
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, Heft I.
[350] Von Tschudi, _Reise in Sud Amerika_, Bd. II., p. 281. If this is
one of their ancient arts, it is the only instance of the invention of an
artificial light south of the Eskimos in America.
[351] Dr. P. M. Rey states that the custom of kissing is known to them
both as a sign of peace between men, and of affection from mothers to
children. (_Et de Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 74, Paris,
1880.) This is unusual, and indeed I know no other native tribe who
employed this sign of friendship.
[352] Dr. Rey, _loc. cit._, p. 78, 79.
[353] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 49.
[354] A comparative vocabulary of these dialects is given by Von Martius,
_Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 310.
[355] In the _Transactions of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science_, 1886, p. 329. The terms for comparison are
borrowed from Von den Steinen’s Comparative Vocabulary of the Tapuya
Dialects.
[356] See D. G. Brinton, “The Arawack Language of Guiana in its
Linguistic and Ethnological Relations,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Phil.
Soc._, 1871.
[357] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 282.
[358] C. Greiffenstein, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, s. 137.
[359] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, p. 67. For other
members of the Campas see Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_,
Tom. I., p. 262; Amich, _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion_, p.
35, and _Scottish Geog. Journal_, Feb., 1890.
[360] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 104, note.
[361] “Los Guanas son la mejor nacion de las barbaras hasta ahora
descubiertas en America.” Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_,
Tom. I., p. 189.
[362] _Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p. 480.
[363] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 510.
[364] The words from the Paiconeca and Saraveca are from D’Orbigny,
_L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 165; those from the Arawak stock from
the table in Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 294.
[365] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 165. Comp. Von den
Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, ss. 295, 307.
[366] Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, in _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the
Adv. of Science_, 1848, pp. 96-98. See also Im Thurn, u. s., pp. 163,
272; Martius, _Ethnographie_, Bd. I., s. 683.
[367] Lucien Adam, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. d’Américanistes_,
1888, p. 492.
[368] “All the numerous branches of this stem,” says Virchow, “present
the same type of skull.” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, s. 695.
[369] Everard F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 189.
(London, 1883.)
[370] F. X. Eder, _Descriptio Provinciæ Moxitarum_, p. 217. (Budæ, 1791.)
Dr. Washington Matthews has kindly made for me a number of observations
upon Navajo Indians with reference to this anatomical peculiarity. It is
not markedly present among them.
[371] For particulars see Im Thurn, _ubi suprá_, Chap. VII.
[372] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s.
625-626.
[373] Karl von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, Cap. XXI., “Die
Heimat der Kariben.”
[374] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 171-3.
[375] See Francisco de Tauste, _Arte, Bocabulario, y Catecismo de la
Lengua de Cumana_, p. 1 (Ed. Julius Platzmann).
[376] They are printed in the Berlin _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878.
[377] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 308 (Paris, 1889).
[378] Joao Barboza Rodrigues, _Pacificaçáo dos Crichanas_, (Rio de
Janeiro, 1885). Dr. Rodrigues was Director of the Botanical Museum of
the Amazons. His work contains careful vocabularies of over 700 words
in the Macuchi, Ipurucoto and Crichana dialects. His journeys to the
Rio Jauapery were undertaken chiefly from philanthropic motives, which
unfortunately did not bear the fruit they merited.
[379] “D’un blanc presque pur.” Dr. J. Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique
du Sud_, p. 111 (Paris, 1883).
[380] Dr. Crévaux, _Ibid._, p. 304.
[381] See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the _Verhandlungen der Berliner
Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the
Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word _apiaca_ or
_apiaba_ in Tupi means simply “men.”
[382] A. S. Pinart, _Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses
Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes_ (folio, Paris, 1890).
[383] Report of the _Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1848, p. 96.
[384] _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society_, Vol. I., p. 59.
[385] The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst,
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 296.
[386] “La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F.
Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Official de la America del Sur_, p. 54
(Bruselas, 1867).
[387] See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St.
Vincent,” in _Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia_,
1889, p. 417.
[388] Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M.
Coudreau in the _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1886.
[389] Martius, _Ethnographie_, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean
either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.
[390] Luiz Vincencio Mamiani, _Arte de la Lingua Kiriri_, and his
_Catechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri_. The former has been republished
(1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).
[391] _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 303. This writer looks upon the
Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.
[392] See Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 320; Paul
Ehrenreich, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, s. 184.
[393] Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” in
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. II., s. 195.
[394] F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud_, Tom. I., p.
446.
[395] For instance:
CARAJA. BOTOCUDO.
Woman, _awkeu_, _joku-nang_.
Sun, _tiou_, _taru_.
Head, _w-oara_, _curu_.
Tooth, _wa-djon_, _yune_.
Hand, _wa-depo_, _nipo_.
Fire, _eaotou_, _poté_.
Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the
Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group.
_Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 548.
[396] Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in his
_Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161,
212, etc.
[397] The list is given in his _Personal Narrative of a Journey in the
Equinoctial Regions of America_, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English
translation (London, 1826).
[398] F. S. Gilii, _Saggio di Storia Americana_, Tom. III., Lib.
III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking of _lengue matrici_, he says
positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che
nove,” p. 204.
[399] Aug. Codazzi, _Geografia de Venezuela_, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).
[400] J. Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et la Caura_, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).
[401] Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p.
344 (Bruselas, 1867).
[402] A. Coudreau, _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1885,
p. 281.
[403] _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 183.
[404] See the Vocabularies.
[405] Consult J. Cassani, _Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de
Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and
Joseph Gumilla, _El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido_, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).
[406] Quoted by Aristides Rojas, _Estudios Indigenas_, p. 183 (Caracas,
1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan
languages.
[407] Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” in _Orig.
Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin_, 1886, s.
162.
[408] Joseph Gumilla, _El Orinoco_, p. 66.
[409] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 109.
[410] _Historia de la Provincia de Granada_, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a
“nacion suave y racional.”
[411] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Boyuca_, p. 136.
[412] G. D. Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America
Meridionale_, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).
[413] J. Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 121.
[414] “Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de
vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani, _Hist. de la Prov. de Granada_, p.
111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran
variedad de Chiricoas.” (_El Orinoco Ilustrado_, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)
[415] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.
[416] The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by
Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 346.
[417] See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion
Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well
described by Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 600, sqq.
(Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon, _Archives de la Société Américaine de
France_, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them
in his _Indians of British Guiana_, p. 167.
[418] A. Von Humboldt, _Personal Narrative_, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng.
trans. London, 1826).
[419] Joseph Gumilla, _L’Orinoco Ilustrado_, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke
Carib to him, but that was the _lengua general_ of the lower river.
[420] A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect
are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer.
Ethnol. Soc._, Vol. I., p. 55.
[421] Arthur Simpson, _Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador_, p. 196 (London,
1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and
also one of the Zaparo).
[422] Printed in the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_, by M. L.
Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.
[423] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society_, Vol. I.,
p. 55.
[424] See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani,
_Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de
Granada_, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the
Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on
the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement:
“De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocas _erres_, y
aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas
Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y
Atabaca.” (_El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido_, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid,
1745.)
[425] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 113.
[426] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s. 336, sq.
[427] _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).
[428] _Ibid._, _Geografia del Estado de Cauca_, p. 313.
[429] Chaffanjon, _ubi suprá_, p. 203.
[430] He gives _oueni_, water, _zenquerot_, moon, as identical in the
Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See
his remarks in A. R. Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p.
528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from
Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of the _Bibliothèque Linguistique
Américaine_ (Paris, 1882).
[431] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati
describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches.
_Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali_, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).
[432] This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good
authorities.
[433] Hervas, _Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 262. The
term _Encabellados_ was applied to the tribe from their custom of
allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (_Lettres Edifiantes_, Tom.
II., p. 112). The _Pater Noster_ in the Encabellada dialect is printed by
E. Teza in his _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).
[434] In the closing chapters of his _Esplorazione_, above quoted.
[435] An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the
“Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini in _Real. Accad.
dei Lincei_, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson, _Travels in the Wilds
of Ecuador_, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).
[436] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406.
[437] Prof. Raimondi, in the _Anthropological Review_, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.
[438] “La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand
groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux
Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in the _Revue d’Anthropologie_,
1873, p. 390.
[439] The _Mithridates_ (Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas
the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (_Saggi inediti di
Lingue Americane_, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo
and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.
[440] See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in his _Reise
in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.
[441] _Literature of American Aboriginal Languages_, p. 12.
[442] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in the _Revue
d’Ethnologie_, 1887, p. 320.
[443] For example:
YAHUA. PEBA.
Bow, _cano_, _canou_.
Ear, _on-tisiu_, _mi-tiwi_.
Hair, _rinoncay_, _rainosay_.
Head, _fi-rignio_, _raino_.
Heart, _hu-iachai_, _ca-iishi_.
Forehead, _uno_, _nimo_.
Nose, _unirou_, _vinerro_.
Woman, _huata_, _uatoa_.
The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.
[444] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 112.
[445] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s.
445.
[446] _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 415.
[447] Jose Amich, _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion_, etc.,
pp. 77, 78.
[448] E. Pöppig, _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig,
1836).
[449] Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in _Revue
d’Ethnologie_, 1887, pp. 316, 317.
[450] Von Martius, _Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 435.
[451] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 438.
[452] See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” in _Report of the
Smithsonian Institution_, 1877, p. 308, sq.
[453] Professor Antonio Raimondi, _Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto_
(Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, in _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_. He
states that they speak a dialect of Pano.
[454] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 262.
[455] W. Chandless, in _Jour. of the Royal Geog. Soc._, Vol. XXXIX., p.
302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.
[456] _Ibid._, Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.
[457] The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich
has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the
tribe later known as the Setibos. See his _Compendio Historico de la
Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes_, p. 29 (Paris, 1854).
Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards,
believed they were the ancient Cashibos (_Exploration of the Valley of
the Amazon_, p. 209. Washington, 1853).
[458] According to Veigl. See _Mithridates, III._, II. 580, 581, 583.
[459] Called also _Mananaguas_, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to
have been the _Manoas_ among whom an old missionary found an elder of
the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll
(_Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or
Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.
[460] W. Chandless, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, Vol.
XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.
[461] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 414.
[462] Von Martius, _Ibid._, p. 422.
[463] _Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 1890, p. 242.
[464] _Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society_, 1889, p. 501.
[465] Muratori, _Il Cristianesimo Felice_, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743).
Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (_Lettres
Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tom. II., p. 174).
[466] A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry, _Arte de la
lengua Chiquita_, Paris, 1880. (_Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_,
Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I
refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny, _L’Homme
Américain_, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.
[467] Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 159.
[468] Alcide D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among
the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited
grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very
desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue
rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P.
la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig, _Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages_, p.
206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing
the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a
different family.
[469] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. I., p. 374.
[470] _Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 1890.
[471] E. Heath, _Kansas City Review_, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies
of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.
[472] _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1889, p. 498.
[473] De Laet, quoted in _Mithridates_, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.
[474] “En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.”
_Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba_ (Lima, 1771).
[475] Weddell, _Voyage dans la Bolivie_, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).
[476] Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius.
Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent
à peu prés la même langue.” _Lettres Edifiantes_, Tome II., p. 191. See
also D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 142.
[477] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 247.
[478] Professor E. Teza gives some texts in his _Saggi Inediti di
Lingue Americane_, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful
vocabulary of recent date (_Kansas City Review_, April, 1883).
[479] Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza, _Saggi
Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 51.
[480] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome II., p. 257.
[481] _Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru_, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The
only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is
in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among
the MSS. of this great library is a _Confessionario_ in Itonama, which
should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some
remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_,
Tome II., p. 239.
[482] According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts
under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were
spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.” _Lettres Edifiantes_, Tom.
II., p. 161.
[483] See von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 412.
Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of
Bolivia (_Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 43).
[484] Pater, an Ave and a Credo. _Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane_, pp.
48, 49. The author of the _Descripcion_, however, distinguishes between
the _Ocoronos_ and the _Rotoroños_, both at the Moxos Mission.
[485] See _Mithridates_, Th. II., s. 577.
[486] The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo, _Historia
Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. XII., cap. 33.
[487] The word _chaco_, properly _chacu_, in Kechua is applied to game
driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to
the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (_Descrip.
Chronograph. del Gran Chaco_, p. 1).
[488] Del Techo, _ubi suprá_, Lib. I., cap. 41.
[489] _Historia de Abiponibus_, Vienna, 1784. An English translation,
London, 1822.
[490] Pedro Lozano, _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 62-65.
[491] “C’est _à_ peine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre
individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written
about 1834.
[492] A. J. Carranza, _Expedicion al Chaco Austral_, p. 422 (Buenos
Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together
with a number of familiar phrases.
[493] A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius,
_Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. II., s. 131. See also _Ibid._, Bd.
I., s. 244.
[494] Lozano, _Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco_, p. 83.
[495] Richard Rohde, in _Orig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus._, 1885,
s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the
Payaguas, which is open to doubt (_Ethnographie_, Bd. I., 226).
[496] _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 73, 76, 77.
[497] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 510,
quoted by M. Lucien Adam.
[498] _Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote_ (Madrid, 1732).
[499] Printed in Gilii, _Saggio di Storia Americana_, Tom. III., p. 363.
[500] _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.
[501] Pedro Lozano, _Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco_, pp. 94-97
(Cordoba, 1733).
[502] As shown by Adelung, _Mithridates_, Bd. II., s. 508.
[503] S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were
the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana
(_American Anthropologist_, 1890, p. 64).
[504] Del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. II., cap. 20.
[505] _Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco_ (Firenze, 1881).
[506] “Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas
Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 164.
[507] Lozano, _Descripcion del Gran Chaco_, pp. 75, 76.
[508] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 225-6.
[509] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.
[510] _Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748_, MS.
[511] Printed in the _Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina_,
1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in the
_Mithridates_, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived
no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.
[512] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 116.
[513] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., 226.
[514] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 165.
[515] _Catalogo de las Lenguas_, Tom. I., p. 185.
[516] Pedro Lozano, _Historia de la Conquista de Paraguay_, Tom. I., p.
407 (Ed. Buenos Aires, 1873).
[517] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 83.
[518] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1889, s. 658.
[519] _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 107.
[520] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 245, 246. A good
vocabulary is supplied by Castelnau, _Expédition_, Tome V., Appendix.
[521] Richard Rohde, in the _Orig. Mittheil. der Ethnol. Abtheil d. Mus.
zu Berlin_, 1885, s. 15.
[522] On the ruins of their fortresses and tombs, see Vincente G.
Quesada, _Estudios Historicos_, pp. 45-48 (Buenos Aires, 1864).
[523] Nicolas del Techo, _Hist. Prov. Paraquariæ_, Lib. V., cap. 23.
[524] See Von Tschudi, in _Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1885,
s. 184, sqq. This traveler could find no relics of the tongue in the
ancient Calchaqui district, which he visited in 1858. The only languages
then were Spanish and Kechua (_Reisen_, Bd. V., s. 84).
[525] Virchow, in _Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1884, s. 375.
[526] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. II., p. 11.
[527] Barcena’s report is published in the _Relaciones Geograficas de
Indias_, Peru, Tom. II.
[528] Dr. Darapsky remarks that the Araucanians first crossed the Andes
into the Pampas about 300 years ago (_La Lengua Araucana_, p. 4, Santiago
de Chile, 1888). This is true, but the tribes they found there were
members of their own stock.
[529] Some have derived these names from the Kechua, _aucca_, enemy; but
I am convinced by the examples of Federico Barbara, _Manuel de la Lengua
Pampa_, p. 6 (Buenos Aires, 1879), that at any rate the same root belongs
to the Araucanian.
[530] Dr. Martin de Moussy gives an interesting sketch of these people in
the _Annuaire du Comité d’Archæologie Américaine_, 1865, p. 218, sq.
[531] The chief source of information on this tribe is Col. Lucio de
Mansilla, _Una Escursion á los Indios Ranqueles_, Vol. II. (Buenos Aires,
1870). The name Ranqueles means “thistle people,” from the abundance of
that plant in their country.
[532] G. Coleti, _Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale_, s. v., _Cuyo_.
[533] Valdivia, _Arte de la Lengua Chilena_. Ed. Lima, 1607.
[534] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, Vol. I., p. 205.
[535] Paolo Riccardi, in _Memoire della Soc. Ethnograf. di Firenze_,
1879, p. 139; also the estimable work of Jose T. Medina, _Los Aborijenes
de Chile_ (Santiago, 1882).
[536] Bernard Havestadt, _Chilidugu, sive Res Chilenses_ (Westphalia,
1777. Reprint by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1883).
[537] Many of these are portrayed in the work of Medina, _Los Aborijenes
de Chile_, above referred to.
[538] Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. VI., Cap.
IX.
[539] The Boroas live on the Tolten river, and have blue eyes, a fair
complexion, and aquiline noses. Pablo Treuter, _La Provincia de Valdivia
y los Araucanos_, p. 52, note (Santiago de Chile, 1861). E. Pöppig,
_Reise in Chili und Peru_, Bd. I., s. 463 (Leipzig, 1836).
[540]
“Mi nombre es Glaura, en fuerte hora nacida,
Hija del buen cacique Quilacura
De la sangre de Frisio esclarecida.”
Alonso de Ercilla, _La Araucana_, Canto XXVIII.
Faulkner and others refer to these as the _Cessares_ (_Description of
Patagonia_, p. 113, Hereford, 1774). There was such a tribe, and it was
made the subject of a Utopian sketch, _An Account of the Cessares_,
London, 1764.
[541] See Petermann’s _Mittheilungen_, 1883, s. 404, and compare the
same, 1878, s. 465. Dr. Martin elsewhere gives a vocabulary of the
Chauques of Chiloe. It is pure Araucanian (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_,
1877, s. 168).
[542] On the stature of the Patagonians, see the very complete study of
D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. II., pp. 26-70.
[543] Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” u. s., p. 194, sq.
[544] Ramon Lista, _Mis Esploraciones y Descubrimientos en Patagonia_,
p. 116 (Buenos Aires, 1880). This author gives, pp. 125-130, a full
vocabulary of the “Choonke” as it is in use to-day.
[545] _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde_, Bd. I., s. 313.
[546] _Lettres Ed. et Curieuses_, Tome II., p. 88; Hervas, _Catalogo de
las Lenguas_, Tom. I., p. 136.
[547] See Lucien Adam, _Grammaire de la Langue Jagane_ (Paris, 1885). Dr.
Darapsky thinks this tongue reveals a common point of divergence with
“los idiomas meso-Andinos.” _Boletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino_,
1889, p. 287.
[548] See Dr. Hyades, in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, Tome IV., No. VI.,
and the chapter “L’Ethnographie des Fuégiens,” in L. F. Martial,
_Mission Scientifique du Cap-Horn_, Tome I., Chap. VI. (Paris, 1888).
_Yakana-cunni_ means “foot people,” as they did not use horses.
[549] Dr. Domenico Lovisato, in _Cosmos_, 1884, fas. IV.
[550] Dr. Johann Seitz, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, pp. 267,
268.
[551] Domenico Lovisato, _ubi suprá_.
[552] At the Congrès des Américanistes, Paris, 1890.