_Akavais_, or _Accowoios_, in southern British Guiana.
_Apalais_, on the lower Paru.
_Apiacas_, on the lower Tocantins.
_Arecunas_, on Rio Branco.
_Aricoris_, see _Yaos_.
_Bakairis_, on the Upper Schingu.
_Caribisis_, in Guiana.
_Carijonas_, head-waters of the Caqueta.
_Cariniacos_, on lower Orinoco.
_Chaimas_, in ancient province of Cumana.
_Cumanagotos_, in ancient province of Cumana.
_Galibis_, in French Guiana.
_Guaques_, on the upper Caqueta.
_Guaharibos_, on the upper Caura.
_Guayqueris_, in province of Cumana.
_Jauamerys_, on Rio Jauapery.
_Macusis_, on Rio Negro.
_Maqueritares_, on Rio Branco.
_Motilones_, near R. Zulia in Venezuela.
_Palmellas_, on Rio Paruahyba.
_Paramonas_, sub-tribe of Akavais.
_Paravilhanas_, on Rio Branco.
_Pianagotos_, on Rio Branco.
_Pimenteiras_, on Rio Paruahyba.
_Purigotos_, on Rio Jauapery.
_Roucouyennes_, in French Guiana.
_Tamanacas_, on Rio Cuccivero.
_Tiverighotto_, on Rio Branco.
_Trios_, on upper Corentyn.
_Vaiyamaras_, on Rio Branco.
_Voyavois_, on Rio Branco.
_Yaos_, in Guiana.
_Zurumutas_, sub-tribe of Macusis.
(The Orinoco sub-stock will be described later.)
_5. The Cariris._
In his enumeration of the tribes of Central Brazil, Von Martius brings
together a large number who once dwelt in the provinces of Bahia and
Pernambuco, under the general title, “the Guck or Coco stem,” so called
from the word which in many of them means “the paternal uncle.”[389]
This division has not been endorsed by later research, and it is evident
that Von Martius included several quite different stocks under this
appellation.
Among these, the most prominent were the _Cariris_ or Kiriri. They are
now reduced to about 600 souls, but at one time were a powerful nation,
and in 1699 the Jesuit Mamiani published a grammar and other works in
their tongue.[390] They were among the more cultivated of the Brazilian
tribes, given to agriculture, skilled in dyeing and weaving cotton,
employing a primitive spindle and loom, with weapons of several kinds and
of superior finish.
The Sabuyas, who dwell near them, speak a closely related dialect;
but further affinities have not been verified. They have, indeed,
many loan words from the Tupi, and some from the Carib stock, but the
ground-work of these tongues is different. Von den Steinen offers some
reasons for believing that they moved down the Amazon from a far western
residence.[391]
_6. The Coroados, Carajas and others._
The Coroados derive their name from the Portuguese word _coroa_, a crown,
the term “crowned” being applied to several native tribes who wore their
hair in a peculiar manner. It is not at all an ethnic designation, and I
use it to bring into relief the need of some term of greater precision.
Thus, there are the Coroados who are neighbors and linguistically related
to the Puris, dwelling on the Paruahyba river. By some they have been
included among the Tapuyas as alleged relatives of the Botocudos. But
not only is there no relationship of language, but physically they
are widely apart. The Puris-Coroados are a dark yellow brown, with
mesocephalic heads, dark brown oblique eyes, large mouths and thick
lips--nowise the type of the Botocudo. They are moreover agricultural in
habits, and farther advanced in the arts.[392]
There are other Coroados in the extreme south of Brazil, in the province
of Rio Grande do Sul, whither they are said to have wandered from the
north. These do not appear to be Botocudos either. They have round heads,
dark brown eyes, low foreheads, and are of a light coffee color. They
are noticeable for their clean and ornamental huts, and for their skill
in hunting, in which they employ arrows five feet in length, with bone
points. They pray to certain stars as protective divinities, and like
some northern tribes, clean and preserve the bones of the dead.[393]
The _Carajas_ belong to a stock who dwell on the affluents of the
river Araguay, in the province of Goyaz in southern Brazil. The
traveler Castelnau[394] penetrated to them, and was our earliest source
of information about them. They are wild and warlike, with a bad
reputation among their neighbors. He was told they had no religion and
no rites, but also that they were strictly monogamous and singularly
firm moralists, punishing libertinage with the death of both parties;
statements which do not accord. Their method of burial was curious. The
corpse was interred in an upright position, the head out of the ground.
An ample stock of bananas and other food was placed near it, and renewed
from time to time. This clearly indicates a belief in life after death.
The pure Carajas are markedly dolichocephalic.
The Caraja language is known too imperfectly to permit a proper study of
its relationship. It is complex and difficult, and spoken differently by
the men and the women. From the scant material at hand I perceive lexical
relationship in some important words to the Tapuya stock,[395] but a wide
divergence in phonetics and apparently in construction. Its members are
as follows: