revenues: $959 million
expenditures: $1.04 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY98/99 est.)
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
Industrial production growth rate: 9.3% (FY98/99)
Electricity - production: 792 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 0.88%
hydro: 99.12%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 622 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 115 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava
(tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk,
poultry
Exports: $471 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities: coffee, fish and fish products, tea; electrical
products, iron and steel
Exports - partners: EU 51% (Netherlands 6%, Switzerland 6%, Germany
5%, Belgium 4%), Kenya 5% (1998)
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Imports - commodities: vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
Imports - partners: Kenya 12%, UK 6%, Japan 4%, India 4%, South Africa
(1998)
Debt - external: $3.1 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $839.9 million (1997)
Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,525.8 (January
2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2 (1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996),
968.9 (1995)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Uganda:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 54,074 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 9,000 (1998)
Telephone system: seriously inadequate; two cellular systems have been
introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines is
essential; e-mail and Internet services are available
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular
systems for short range traffic
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania
Radio broadcast stations: AM 19, FM 4, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios: 2.6 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 8 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999)
Televisions: 315,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 3 (1999)
@Uganda:Transportation
Railways:
total: 1,241 km
narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge
note: a program to rehabilitate the railroad is underway (1995)
Highways:
total: 27,000 km
paved: 1,800 km
unpaved: 25,200 km (of which about 4,800 km are all-weather roads)
(1990 est.)
Waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake
Edward, Victoria Nile, Albert Nile
Ports and harbors: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,091 GRT/8,229 DWT
ships by type: roll-on/roll-off 3 (1999 est.)
Airports: 26 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 22
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 7 (1999 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1999 est.)
@Uganda:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Wing
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 4,952,945 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 2,687,924 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $95 million (FY98/99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.9% (FY98/99)
@Uganda:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Ugandan military forces are supporting the
rebel forces in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
______________________________________________________________________
UKRAINE
@Ukraine:Introduction
Background: Richly endowed in natural resources, Ukraine has been
fought over and subjugated for centuries; its 20th-century struggle
for liberty is not yet complete. A short-lived independence from
Russia (1917-1920) was followed by brutal Soviet rule that engineered
two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million
died, and World War II, in which German and Soviet armies were
responsible for some 7 million more deaths. Although independence was
attained in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, true freedom
remains elusive as many of the former Soviet elite remain entrenched,
stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civic
liberties.
@Ukraine:Geography
Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and
Russia
Geographic coordinates: 49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 4,558 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,
Poland 428 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia
1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km
Coastline: 2,782 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and
plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians),
and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt,
sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury,
timber, arable land
Land use:
arable land: 58%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 13%
forests and woodland: 18%
other: 9% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 26,050 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water;
air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the
northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe
and Asia; second-largest country in Europe
@Ukraine:People
Population: 49,153,027 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 18% (male 4,482,754; female 4,296,206)
15-64 years: 68% (male 16,018,331; female 17,509,078)
65 years and over: 14% (male 2,243,266; female 4,603,392) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.83% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 9.03 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 16.48 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 21.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.98 years
male: 60.39 years
female: 71.85 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.26 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian
Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox,
Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish
Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97% (1989 est.)
@Ukraine:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: UP
Government type: republic
Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1
autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalities
(mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy),
Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi),
Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k),
Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv),
Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka
(Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k),
L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa),
Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'),
Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sumy), Ternopil's'ka
(Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka
(Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr)
note: oblasts have the administrative center name following in
parentheses
Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union, by voter approval)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
Constitution: adopted 28 June 1996
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Viktor YUSHCHENKO (since 22
December 1999), First Deputy Prime Minister Yuriy YEKHANUROV (since 30
December 1999), and three deputy prime ministers
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved
by the Supreme Council
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but
significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the
NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on
domestic and international matters and advising the president; a
Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and
provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions
that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in
September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyyiv (Kiev) and
Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA
2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president and approved by the People's Council
election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of vote
- Leonid KUCHMA 56.21%, Petro SYMONENKO 37.77%
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450
seats; under Ukraine's new election law, half of the Rada's seats are
allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 4% of the
national electoral vote; the other 225 members are elected by popular
vote in single-mandate constituencies; all serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: percent of vote by party (for parties clearing 4%
hurdle on 29 March 1998) - Communist 24.7%, Rukh (combined) 9.4%,
Socialist/Peasant 8.6%, Green 5.3%, People's Democratic Party 5.0%,
Hromada 4.7%, Progressive Socialist 4.0%, United Social Democratic
Party 4.0%; seats by faction (as of 25 February 2000) - Communist 115,
PRVU 36, Fatherland Party 35, United Social Democratic 34, People's
Democratic Party 27, Trudova Ukrayina 27, Rukh (K) 27, left-center 23,
Green 18, Rukh (U) 17, Peasant Party 15, Hromada 14, Reforms Congress
12, independents 14, unaffiliated 31, vacant 5
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party of Ukraine or APU
; Communist Party of Ukraine [Petro
SYMONENKO]; Fatherland (Motherland) All Ukrainian Party [Yuliya
TYMOSHENKO, chairperson]; Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy
KONONOV, chairman]; Hromada ; Liberal Party of
Ukraine or LPU ; Party of Regional Revival of
Ukraine or PRVU ; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU
; People's Democratic Party [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO,
chairman]; People's Movement of Ukraine or Rukh U [Hennadiy UDOVENKO,
chairman]; Progressive Socialist Party ; Reforms
Congress ; Reforms and Order Party ; Sobor
Party ; Social Democratic Party of
Ukraine (United) ; Socialist Party of
Ukraine or SPU ; Trudova Ukrayina/Working
Ukraine ; Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh K
; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine
; Yabluko Party
note: and numerous smaller parties
International organization participation: BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS,
EAPC, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE,
PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
(applicant), ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Konstantin Ivanovych HRYSHCHENKO
chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: (202) 333-0606
FAX: (202) 333-0817
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Steven Karl PIFER
embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsubynskoho, 254053 Kiev 53
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: (44) 246-9750
FAX: (44) 244-7350
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden
yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky
@Ukraine:Economy
Economy - overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and
away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of
meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its
diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to
industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.
Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas. Shortly
after the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, the Ukrainian
Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for
privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the
government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to
some backtracking. Output in 1992-99 fell to less than 40% the 1991
level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary
levels in late 1993. Since his election in July 1994, President KUCHMA
has pushed economic reforms, maintained financial discipline, and
tried to remove almost all remaining controls over prices and foreign
trade. The onset of the financial crisis in Russia dashed Ukraine's
hopes for its first year of economic growth in 1998 due to a sharp
fall in export revenue and reduced domestic demand. Output continued
to drop, slightly, in 1999. The government has also not been able to
significantly decrease its huge backlog of wage and pension arrears.
Despite increasing pressure from the IMF to accelerate reform,
substantial economic restructuring remains unlikely in 2000, largely
because of resistance in the communist-dominated legislature to
further privatization.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $109.5 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -0.4% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,200 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12%
industry: 26%
services: 62% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: 50% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 20.8% (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 22.8 million (yearend 1997)
Labor force - by occupation: industry and construction 32%,
agriculture and forestry 24%, health, education, and culture 17%,
trade and distribution 8%, transport and communication 7%, other 12%
(1996)
Unemployment rate: 4.3% officially registered; large number of
unregistered or underemployed workers (December 1999)
Budget:
revenues: $8.3 billion
expenditures: $8.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1999 est.)
Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing
(especially sugar)
Industrial production growth rate: 4.3% (1999 est.)
Electricity - production: 171 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 52%
hydro: 5.9%
nuclear: 42.1%
other: 0% (1999)
Electricity - consumption: 144.011 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 7 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 4.15 billion kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds,
vegetables; beef, milk
Exports: $11.6 billion (1999 est.)
Exports - commodities: ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and
petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food products
Exports - partners: Russia 20%, EU 17%, China 7%, Turkey 6%, US 4%
(1999)
Imports: $11.8 billion (1999 est.)
Imports - commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation
equipment, chemicals
Imports - partners: Russia 48%, EU 23%, US 3% (1999)
Debt - external: $12.6 billion (January 2000 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds
Facility $2.2 billion (1998)
Currency: 1 hryvna = 100 kopiykas
Exchange rates: hryvnia per US$1 - 5.59 (February 2000), 5.3811
(January 2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295
(1996), 1.4731 (1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Ukraine:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 9.45 million (April 1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 236,000 (1998)
Telephone system: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan,
running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines and
international connections, and developing a mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a
telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient and in disrepair;
more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be
satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic
trunk system is being improved; from a small base, the mobile cellular
telephone system is expanding at a high rate
international: two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the
fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links
have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL)
project which connects 18 countries; additional international service
is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic
submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and
Intersputnik satellite systems
Radio broadcast stations: AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios: 45.05 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: at least 33 (plus 21 repeater stations
that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997)
Televisions: 18.05 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 35 (1999)
@Ukraine:Transportation
Railways:
total: 23,350 km
broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)
Highways:
total: 176,310 km
paved: 170,139 km (including 1,770 km of expressways); note - these
roads are said to be hard-surfaced, meaning that some are paved and
some are all-weather gravel-surfaced
unpaved: 6,171 km (1998 est.)
Waterways: 4,400 km navigable waterways, of which 1,672 km were on the
Pryp'yat' and Dnistr (1990)
Pipelines: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km
(1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
Ports and harbors: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson,
Kiev (Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni
Merchant marine:
total: 156 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 862,690 GRT/963,550 DWT
ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 105, container 4, passenger 11,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 14, rail car carrier 2,
roll-on/roll-off 5, short-sea passenger 3 (1999 est.)
Airports: 706 (1994 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 163
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 55
1,524 to 2,437 m: 34
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 57 (1994 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 543
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 37
under 914 m: 476 (1994 est.)
@Ukraine:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Internal
Troops, National Guard, Border Troops
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 12,311,052 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 9,645,925 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 373,595 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $500 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.4% (FY99)
@Ukraine:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: dispute with Romania over continental shelf
of the Black Sea under which significant gas and oil deposits may
exist; agreed in 1997 to two-year negotiating period, after which
either party can refer dispute to the ICJ; has made no territorial
claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other nation
Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly
for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to
West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment
point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America,
and Turkey, and to Europe and Russia; drug-related money laundering a
minor, but growing, problem
______________________________________________________________________
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
@United Arab Emirates:Introduction
Background: The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the
UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century
treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al
Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form
the UAE. They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per
capita GDP is not far below the GDPs of the leading West European
nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate foreign
policy stance have allowed it to play a vital role in the affairs of
the region.
@United Arab Emirates:Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian
Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates: 24 00 N, 54 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:
total: 82,880 sq km
land: 82,880 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries:
total: 867 km
border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km
Coastline: 1,318 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of
vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas