@Jordan:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: none
______________________________________________________________________
JUAN DE NOVA ISLAND
@Juan de Nova Island:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about
one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique
Geographic coordinates: 17 03 S, 42 45 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 4.4 sq km
land: 4.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about seven times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24.1 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth the of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical
Terrain: low and flat
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 10 m
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 90%
other: 10%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1993)
Natural hazards: periodic cyclones
Environment - current issues: NA
Geography - note: wildlife sanctuary
@Juan de Nova Island:People
Population: no indigenous population
note: there is a small military garrison (July 2000 est.)
@Juan de Nova Island:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Juan de Nova
Data code: JU
Dependency status: possession of France; administered by a high
commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Legal system: NA
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (possession of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (possession of France)
Flag description: the flag of France is used
@Juan de Nova Island:Economy
Economy - overview: 12,000 tons of guano are mined per year.
@Juan de Nova Island:Communications
Communications - note: 1 meteorological station
@Juan de Nova Island:Transportation
Railways:
total: NA km; short line going to a jetty
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: 1 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1999 est.)
@Juan de Nova Island:Military
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France
@Juan de Nova Island:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar
______________________________________________________________________
KAZAKHSTAN
@Kazakhstan:Introduction
Background: During the 1950s and 1960s Soviet citizens were urged to
help settle the "New Lands" of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
The influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but including some deported
minority nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled
non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence has caused many of
these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: resolving ethnic
differences; speeding up market reforms; establishing stable relations
with Russia, China, and other foreign powers; and developing and
expanding the country's abundant energy resources.
@Kazakhstan:Geography
Location: Central Asia, northwest of China
Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total: 2,717,300 sq km
land: 2,669,800 sq km
water: 47,500 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 12,012 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846
km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of
water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the
plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal,
iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum,
lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use:
arable land: 12%
permanent crops: 11%
permanent pastures: 57%
forests and woodland: 4%
other: 16% (1996 est.)
Irrigated land: 22,000 sq km (1996 est.)
Natural hazards: earthquakes in the south, mud slides around Almaty
Environment - current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites
associated with its former defense industries and test ranges are
found throughout the country and pose health risks for humans and
animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the
two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for
irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of
chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then
picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in
the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals
and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation
practices
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note: landlocked
@Kazakhstan:People
Population: 16,733,227 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 27% (male 2,332,284; female 2,260,730)
15-64 years: 65% (male 5,320,938; female 5,638,710)
65 years and over: 8% (male 398,225; female 782,340) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.05% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 16.78 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 10.56 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 59.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.19 years
male: 57.73 years
female: 68.93 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 46%, Russian 34.7%, Ukrainian 4.9%,
German 3.1%, Uzbek 2.3%, Tatar 1.9%, other 7.1% (1996)
Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages: Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 40%, Russian (official, used
in everyday business) 66%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 96% (1989 est.)
@Kazakhstan:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: KZ
Government type: republic
Capital: Astana
note: the government moved from Almaty to Astana in December 1998
Administrative divisions: 14 oblystar (singular - oblysy) and 3 cities
(qala, singular - qalasy)*; Almaty, Almaty*, Aqmola (Astana), Aqtobe,
Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau
(Aqtau; formerly Shevchenko), Ongtustik Qazaqstan (Shymkent),
Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan (Oskemen;
formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan (Petropavl), Zhambyl
(Taraz; formerly Dzhambul)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses); in 1995 the Governments of Kazakhstan and
Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a
period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Bayqongyr
(Baykonur) space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (formerly
Leninsk)
Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Day of the Republic, 25 October (1990) (date on
which Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty)
Constitution: adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first
post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the
Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December
1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Kazymzhomart TOKAYEV (since 2
October 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously
scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's
previous term had been extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum
held 30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV elected president; percent
of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 79.8%, Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN 11.7%,
Gani KASYMOV 4.6%
note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by decree:
only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss
the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion,
and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47
seats; 7 senators are appointed by the president; other members are
popularly elected, two from each oblast and Almaty, to serve six-year
terms) and the Majilis (67 seats; the addition of 10 "Party List"
seats brings the total to 77; members are popularly elected to serve
five-year terms); note - with the oblasts being reduced to 14, the
Senate will eventually be reduced to 37; a number of Senate seats come
up for reelection every two years
elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to be
held NA 2001); Majilis - last held 10 October 1999 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - NA; 16 seats up for election in 1999, candidates nominated by
local councils; Majilis - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - Otan 25, Civic Party 10, Communist Party 3, Agrarian Party 3,
People's Cooperative Party 1, independents 32, 3 seats unaccounted for
note - most independent candidates are affiliated with parastatal
enterprises and other pro-government institutions
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7
members)
Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party ; Alash
; AZAMAT Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and
Galym ABILSIITOV, cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first
secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first
secretary]; Forum of Democratic Forces ; Labor and Workers
Movement ; Orleu Movement [Seidakhmet
KUTTYKADAM]; Otan ; Pensioners Movement
or Pokoleniye ; People's Congress of
Kazakhstan or NKK ; People's Cooperative
Party ; Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan
Political pressure groups and leaders: Kazakhstan International Bureau
on Human Rights
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD,
ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM
(observer), OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bolat K. NURGALIYEV
chancery: 1401 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: (202) 232-5488
FAX: (202) 232-5845
consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard H. JONES
embassy: 99/97A Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
480091
mailing address: American Embassy Almaty, Department of State,
Washington, DC 20521-7030
telephone: (3272) 63-39-21, 63-13-75, 50-76-23
FAX: (3272) 63-38-83
Flag description: sky blue background representing the endless sky and
a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the
center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold
@Kazakhstan:Economy
Economy - overview: Kazakhstan, the second largest of the former
Soviet republics in territory, possesses enormous untapped fossil fuel
reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals.
It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe
lands accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kazakhstan's
industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these
natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building
sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural
machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR and the
collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry
products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since
1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97
the pace of the government program of economic reform and
privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets
into the private sector. The December 1996 signing of the Caspian
Pipeline Consortium agreement to build a new pipeline from western
Kazakhstan's Tengiz oil field to the Black Sea increases prospects for
substantially larger oil exports in several years. Kazakhstan's
economy turned downward in 1998 with a 2.5% decline in GDP growth due
to slumping oil prices and the August financial crisis in Russia. A
bright spot in 1999 was the recovery of international oil prices,
which, combined with a well-timed tenge devaluation and a bumper grain
harvest, pulled the economy out of recession.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $54.5 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.7% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,200 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 10%
industry: 30%
services: 60% (1999 est.)
Population below poverty line: 35% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 24.9% (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.3% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 8.8 million (1997)
Labor force - by occupation: industry 27%, agriculture and forestry
23%, other 50% (1996)
Unemployment rate: 13.7% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $3.1 billion
expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1999 est.)
Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and
steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery,
electric motors, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 2.2% (1998 est.)
Electricity - production: 49.299 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 87.73%
hydro: 12.07%
nuclear: 0.2%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 48.822 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 400 million kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 3.374 billion kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; wool,
livestock
Exports: $5.2 billion (1999 est.)
Exports - commodities: oil 40%, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
machinery, chemicals, grain, wool, meat, coal
Exports - partners: EU 32%, China 29%, Russia 29% (1998)
Imports: $4.8 billion (1999 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil
and gas, vehicles
Imports - partners: Russia 39%, Ukraine, US, Uzbekistan, Turkey, UK,
Germany, South Korea (1998)
Debt - external: $7.9 billion (1999 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $409.6 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Kazakhstani tenge = 100 tiyn
Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 139.02 (January 2000), 119.52
(1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996), 60.95 (1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Kazakhstan:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 1.963 million (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 4,600 (1995)
Telephone system: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile
cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: international traffic with other former Soviet
republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay;
with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE)
fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
Radios: 6.47 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Televisions: 3.88 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 83 (Kazakhstan and Russia) (1999)
@Kazakhstan:Transportation
Railways:
total: 14,400 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 14,400 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1997)
Highways:
total: 119,390 km
paved: 103,272 km
unpaved: 16,118 km (1998 est.)
Waterways: 3,900 km on the Syrdariya (Syr Darya) and Ertis (Irtysh)
Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas
3,480 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Airports: 10 (1997 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (1997 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1997 est.)
@Kazakhstan:Military
Military branches: General Purpose Forces (Army), Air Force, Border
Guards, Navy, Republican Guard
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 4,477,455 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 3,572,688 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 158,838 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $322 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.5% (FY99)
@Kazakhstan:Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Turkmenistan; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory
enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome
Illicit drugs: significant illicit cultivation of cannabis and limited
cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrone);
limited government eradication program; cannabis consumed largely in
the CIS; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia,
North America, and Western Europe from Southwest Asia
______________________________________________________________________
KENYA
@Kenya:Introduction
Background: Ethnic divisions account for many of Kenya's problems.
During the early 1990s, tribal clashes killed thousands and left tens
of thousands homeless. Ethnically split opposition groups allowed the
regime of Daniel Toroitich arap MOI, in power since 1978, to be
reelected for a fourth term in 1997 in balloting marred by violence
and fraud.
@Kenya:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia
and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 582,650 sq km
land: 569,250 sq km
water: 13,400 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries:
total: 3,446 km
border countries: Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km,
Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift
Valley; fertile plateau in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies,
fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 37%
forests and woodland: 30%
other: 25% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 660 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: recurring drought in northern and eastern regions;
flooding during rainy seasons
Environment - current issues: water pollution from urban and
industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of
pesticides and fertilizers; deforestation; soil erosion;
desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most
successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers on Mt.
Kenya; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of
scientific and economic value
@Kenya:People
Population: 30,339,770
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population
and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 43% (male 6,566,424; female 6,419,034)
15-64 years: 54% (male 8,284,719; female 8,238,121)
65 years and over: 3% (male 366,200; female 465,272) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.53% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 29.35 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 14.08 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 68.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 47.98 years
male: 46.95 years
female: 49.04 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.66 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Kenyan(s)
adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba
11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian,
European, and Arab) 1%
Religions: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%,
Muslim 7%, other 1%
Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous
indigenous languages
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 78.1%
male: 86.3%
female: 70% (1995 est.)
@Kenya:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
conventional short form: Kenya
former: British East Africa
Data code: KE
Government type: republic
Capital: Nairobi
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast,
Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued
with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1997
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic
law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982
making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal