_Pachytylus cinerascens_, 293, 297, 298, 299, 308;
_P. marmoratus_, 298;
_P. migratorioides_, 298;
_P. migratorius_, 298, 299, 308;
_P. nigrofasciatus_, 285, 298
Packard, on cave-Myriapods, 34;
on air sacs of locusts, 283, 294;
on classification, 173;
on development of _Diplax_, 419;
on may-flies, 430;
on metamorphosis of _Bombus_, 497;
on scales, 397;
on spiral fibre, 129
Pad, 105
Paedogenesis, 142
Pagenstecher on development of _Mantis_, 247
Palaeacrididae, 309
Palaeoblattariae, 239
_Palaeoblattina douvillei_, 238 f.
_Palaeocampa_, 73
Palaeodictyoptera, 486
Palaeomantidae, 259
Palaeontology, 178
_Palaeophlebia superstes_, 427
Palaeozoic, Myriapods, 76;
Insects, 343, 486
_Palingenia bilineata_, 430;
_P. feistmantelii_, 443;
_P. papuana_, 441;
_P. virgo_, 431
Palmén, on dragon-fly nymphs, 423;
on Ephemeridae inflation, 439;
on gills of Perlidae, 402;
on rectal gills, 422;
on tracheal system of immature Ephemeridae, 436
_Palmon_, 546
Palmula, 105
_Palophus centaurus_, 275
_Palpares_, 454
Palpiger, 95
Palpus, 95;
of _Pieris brassicae_, 122
_Pambolus_, 561
Pamphagides, 303, _310_
_Panchlora viridis_, 229
Panchlorides, _241_
Panesthiides, _241_
_Paniscus virgatus_ larva, 555 f.
_Panorpa_, 450, 453;
leg, 104;
_P. communis_, 449;
larva, 452
Panorpatae, _175_, 453
Panorpidae, _449_, 451
Pantel on phonation of _Cuculligera_, 304
Papiriidae, _191_
Paraderm, 164
Paraglossa, 95, 96, 96
Parapteron, 100, 101, 102
Parasites, 540 f., 543;
external, 555
Parasitica, _520_, _521_
Parasitism, 521 f., 535, 559, 560
Parthenogenesis, 141, 481, 497, 516 f. 530 f., 547;
utility, 517
Passalidae, mandibles, 95
Patagia, 102, 103
Patagonia, 459
Paunch, 348, 360, 446, 448
Paurometabola, 158, 199
Pauropidae, 33, 42, _47_
Pauropoda, _47_, 57, 77, 79;
structure, 62
_Pauropus_, 47
Pazlavsky on bedeguar, 527
Pedicellate, 519
Pedunculate body, 495
Pelecinidae, _563_
_Pelecinus polyturator_, 563
_Pelopaeus spinolae_ foot, 105, 106
Perez on Termes, 366, 382
_Perga lewisii_, 517
Periblast, 149
Pericardial septum, 134;
sinus, 134;
tissue, 135
_Peringueyella jocosa_, 325
_Peripatus_, 1, 6, 23, 77, 79;
tracheae, 3, 14, 15;
affinities, 4;
external features, 5;
head, 6; {579}
tail, 6;
colour, 6;
jaws, 7;
legs, 8;
habits, food, 9;
breeding, 10, 19;
alimentary canal, 11;
nervous system, 12, 22;
body-wall, 13;
muscles, vascular system, 15;
haemocoele, 22, 23;
body-cavity, 16, 22;
nephridia, 16, 17, 22;
reproductive organs, 18;
development, 10, 19, 20, 22;
species, _23_;
distribution, 24-26
_Periplaneta americana_, 236;
_P. australasiae_, 221, 236, 239
Periplanetides, _241_
Perisphaeriides, _241_
_Perla_, anatomy, 403 f.;
nymph, 400;
_P. cephalotes_, 406;
_P. maxima_, 400, 406;
_P. parisina_, 399
Perlidae, _398_ f.
Perris on _Termes_, 366, 374
_Petasia_, 303
Petiolata, 496, 503, _519_
Petiolate, 519
Petiole, 492, 493, 519
Petioliventres, 503, 519
Peyrou on atmosphere in bodies, 131
Peytoureau on styles of cockroach, 224
_Pezomachus_, 556
Phagocytes, 137, 165
Phaneropterides, 323, _328_
Pharynx, 114, 124
Phasgonuridea, 311
_Phasma_, 276
Phasmidae, _201_, 407, _260_-278, _277_
Phasmides, _278_
_Phasmodes ranatriformis_, 324
_Philopotamus_, 483
Philopterides, 346, 350
Phonation, 200, 257, 302, 306;
of Acridiidae, 284, 304;
of Locustidae, 318, 319, 320, 324, 327;
of Gryllidae, 331 f;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 334;
of _Brachytrypes_, 332
Phosphorescent Myriapods, 34;
may-flies, 442
Phragma, 103, 491
_Phryganea grandis_, 422;
_P. pilosa_, pupa, 477
Phryganeidae, 398, _473_ f.
Phryganeides, _480_
Phylliides, 267, _278_
_Phyllium_, 262, 263, 267 f.;
_P. crurifolium_, 269 f.;
egg-capsule, structure, 271;
_P. scythe_, 267, 268;
egg, 270;
_P. siccifolium_, egg, 265
_Phyllodromia germanica_, 229, 236;
egg-capsule, 229
Phyllodromiides, _240_
_Phymateus_, 303
Phytophagous Parasitica, 522, 546, 547, 557
Pick, of death-watch, 391
Pictet on nymphs of Ephemeridae, 433
_Pieris_, palpus, 122;
instars, 156;
parasites, 561
Pigment, of iris, 98;
retinal, 98
Pillared eyes, 430
_Pimpla_, 553, 557
Pimplides, _557_
Pitfalls of ant-lions, 455, 459
_Planipennia_, _342_
Plantula, 105
Plateau, on marine Myriapods, 30;
on digestion, 127;
on sight, 416
_Platephemera antiqua_, _428_
_Platyblemmus lusitanicus_, 339
_Platycleis grisea_, 312
_Platycnemis_, 413;
_P. pennipes_, 413, 417
_Platycrania edulis_, egg, 265
_Platygaster_, embryology, 536
Platyptera, _174_
Platypterides, 259, 344, 428
Plecoptera, _175_, 407
Plectoptera, _174_, 442
Plectopterinae, _241_
Pleura, abdominal, 493
Pleuron, 88, 91, 100
Plica of earwig, 209
_Pneumora scutellaris_, 302
Pneumorides, 299, 302, _309_
Pocock on W. Indian Myriapods, 33
_Podacanthus wilkinsoni_, 272
_Podagrion_, parasitism of, 546
Podeon, 491
_Podura_, 194;
_P. aquatica_, 194
Poduridae, _190_
_Poecilimon affinis_, 200
Poisers, 108
Poison-claws, 36, 58, 60
Poletajewa, Olga, on dorsal vessel, 133;
on Odonata, 414
_Polistes lanio_, parasite of, 564
_Polycentropus_, 483
Polydesmidae, 34, 36, _44_, 76
_Polydesmus_, 36, 39, 44
_Polymitarcys_, 440
Polymorphism, 500, 536
_Polynema natans_, 538
Polynephria, 175
Polyxenidae, _43_, 53, 59, 77
_Polyxenus_, 33, 37, 48, 55, 72;
transverse section, 56;
sense-organ, 51
Polyzoniidae, _44_, 53
_Polyzonium_, 44, 48
_Pompholyx dimorpha_, _518_
Pompilides, 494
_Porthetis_, 280, 282
Post-clypeus, 93
Post-embryonic development, 154
Post-scutellum, 100, 101
_Potamanthus_, 433
Potts on _Mantis_, 249
Poulton on _Paniscus_, 556
Praescutum, 100, 101
_Praon_, 550
Pratt, on imaginal discs, 167 {580}
Praying Insects, 242
_Prestwichia aquatica_, 538
Primary larva, 542
Primary segmentation, 150
_Prisopus_, 272
Procephalic lobes, 97, 150
Prochilides, _328_
_Prochilus australis_, 324
Proctodaeum, 123, 151;
in _Musca_, 124
Proctotrypidae, _533_-538
Production of sex, 499
Pro-legs, 514
Pronotal wing-rudiments, 344, 395
Pronotum, 88, 100;
of _Xylocopa_, 490
Pronymph, 164
Propleuron, 100, 489
Propodeon, 491
Propodeum, 491, 492
Proscopiides, 299, _309_, 325
_Prosopistoma punctifrons_, 435
Prostemmatic organ, 195
Prosternum, 88, 100;
of _Vespa crabro_, 491
Protection, 513, 515
Protephemerides, 443
Prothoracic dorsal appendages, 443
Prothorax, 102
Protoblast, 149
Proto-cerebron, 118
Protocranium, 92, 93
Protodonates, 428
Protoperlidae, 408
Protosyngnatha, _75_
Prototracheata, ix, 4
Proventriculus, 114, 124, 125, 450
_Psalis americana_, 215
_Psectra dispar_, 466
Psenides, 524, 533
_Pseudoglomeris fornicata_, 235
Pseudoneuroptera, _342_
Pseudonychium, 105
Pseudophyllides, _328_
Pseudo-sessile, 493
_Pseudotremia_, 34, 35
_Psilocnemis dilatipes_, 413
Psocidae, _390_ f.
_Psocus fasciatus_, 390;
_P. heteromorphus_, 391
Pteromalini, _539_
_Pteronarcys frigida_, 398;
_P. regalis_, 402
_Pteroplistus_, 331
Pterygogenea, 175, 196
Pulvillus, 105
Pupa, 157, 169;
active, 448, 465, 473, 479
Pupation, of Chalcididae, 550;
of _Encyrtus_, 546;
of Proctotrypids, 534, 535
Pupipara, 143
_Pygidicrana hugeli_, 202
Pygidium, 205
Pylorus, 127
Pyramids of Egypt, 462
_Pyrgomantis singularis_, 252
_Pyrgomorpha grylloides_, 303
Pyrgomorphides, 303, _309_
Queen, 144, 361, 378
Radial cell, 524
_Raphidia_, _447_;
_R. notata_, 447;
larva, 448
Raphidiides, _444_, _447_
Raptorial legs, 242 f., 257, 463, 484
Ratzeburg, on _Anomalon_, 553;
on trochanter, 520
Ravages of Termites, 388
Réaumur, on ant-lions, 455;
on circulation of silkworm, 135;
on galls, 525;
on may-flies, 438, 441;
on sawflies, 512, 513;
on spheroidal condition, 164
Receptaculum seminis, 139, 404
Rectal, gills, 421 f.;
respiration, 435
Rectum, 125
Redtenbacher, on migratory locust, 297;
on wing, of _Oligotoma_, 353;
of _Termes_, 359
Reduviid egg, 145
Reflex action, 250
Reproduction of lost parts, 213, 265, 266
Reproductive organs of Ephemeridae, 439
Resemblance, of eggs to seeds, 265, 270, 271;
of one part to another, 208, 266;
of parasite to host, 532;
histological, 271;
of Trichoptera to moths, 484;
to bark, 251;
to flowers, 254, 255, 256;
to inorganic things, 253, 304, 307;
to leaves, 255, 267, 268, 322 f., 323;
to lichens, 253;
to other creatures, 235;
to other Insects, 197, 215, 235, 251, 274, 300, 301, 323, 324, 504,
513, 550;
to vegetation, 200, 260, 274
Respiration [and respiratory organs], 128-132, 431;
by integument, 483;
by setae, 435;
of nymphs of Odonata, 420 f.;
of Perlidae, 401 f.
Respiratory chamber, 434
Retinula, 98
Reuter on ventral tube, 192
Rhabdom, 98
_Rhipipteryx_, 337, 338
_Rhizotrogus_ egg-tubes, 138
_Rhodites rosae_, 498, 527, 528, 531;
larva, 532;
parasite, 539
Rhyacophilides, _483_
_Rhyacophylax_, 482
Rhynchota, _175_
_Rhyparobia maderae_, 237
_Rhyssa persuasoria_, 554
Riley, on caprification, 549;
on _Cephus_, 505;
on development of _Caloptenus_, 288, 289;
on galls, 526 f.;
on Katydids, 320;
on locust swarms, 293;
on _Microcentrum_, 313;
on ovipositing of locust, 290; {581}
on subimago, 437;
on _Thalessa_, 554
Ritsema on _Enoicyla_, 481
Ronalds on anglers' flies, 441
Roux on _Necrophilus_, 462
Royal pairs, 377
Rühl on earwig, 213
SACS—see Air Sacs
Sagides, _328_
Salivary glands, 124, 126, 187, 210, 228, 246, 283, 335, 348, 353, 403,
414, 495;
of _Peripatus_, 11;
of Myriapods, 48, 49
Salivary receptacle, or reservoir, 126, 228, 246, 335, 348, 360
Saltatoria (Orthoptera), _201_
Sandwich Islands—see Hawaiian Islands
Saunders, Sir Sydney, on _Scleroderma_, 536;
on caprification, 548
Saussure, H. de—see De Saussure
Savage on Termites, 368
Saw, 493, 512
Sawflies—see Tenthredinidae
Scales, 185, 189, 397
_Scapteriscus_, 334
_Scelimena_, 301
Schindler on Malpighian tubes, 246;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 335
_Schistocerca peregrina_, 298;
development, 287;
_S. americana_, 298, 308
_Schizodactylus monstrosus_, 325
Schizophthalmi, 459
Schizotarsia, 35, _46_, 57, 58, 70, 75;
structure, 59
Schletterer on parasitic Hymenoptera, _562_, _563_
Sclerite, 91
_Scleroderma_, 536
_Scolia_, ovaries, 138
_Scolopendra_, 30, 31, 32, 41, 78
_Scolopendrella_, 47, 61
Scolopendrellidae, 33, 42, _46_
Scolopendridae, 31, 33, 39, _45_, 75;
spermatophores, 39
Scorpion-flies, 449 f.
Scudder, on grasshopper music, 287;
on Katydids' music, 320;
on locusts at sea, 297;
on reproduction of lost limbs, 265;
on fossil Insects, 486;
on fossil earwigs, 216;
on fossil may-flies, 443;
on fossil Sialidae, 449;
on Tertiary Insects, 179
Scutellum, 100, 101
_Scutigera_, 35, 36, 48;
sense organ, 51
Scutigeridae, 35, 36, 40, _46_, 50
Scutum, 100, 101
Secondary, 427, 472;
larva, 542
Securifera, 503
Segmentation, 149, 237;
of ovum of _Smicra_, 545
Segments, 88, 90;
number of, 87
Selys, De, on dragon-flies, 425, 427
Semi-pupa, 497
Sense organs, 121-123
Senses, 541, 544, 553
Sericostomatides, _474_, _482_
Series, 177, 201
Serosa, 148
Serrifera, 503
Sessile abdomen, 493
Sessiliventres, 492, 496, _503_
Sex, 498, 499, 500
Sexes, 137
Sexual organs, external, 141
Shaw on Orthoptera, 201
Sialidae, 407, _444_
Sialides, _444_
_Sialis lutaria_, 444;
eggs, 445;
larva, 445;
tracheal gill, 446
Silk, 127
_Silo_, parasite of, 558
Silurian Insect, 238
Silver fish, 186
Simple eyes, 97, 184
—see also Ocelli
Siphonaptera, _174_, _175_
_Sirex_, habits of its parasite, 554;
_S. augur_, 509;
_S. gigas_, 508, 510;
_S. juvencus_, 508
Siricidae, _507_;
parasites of, 563
Siricides, _510_
_Sisyra_ 467;
_S. fuscata_ larva, 467
Sisyrina, _467_
_Sitaris humeralis_, early stages, 159
Sloane, Sir Hans, on locusts at sea, 297
Smallest Insect, 537
Smeathman on Termites, 366 f., 381, 383, 387
_Smicra clavipes_ embryology, 545
Smith, F., on _Cynips_, 530;
on _Trigonalys_, 564
Smynthuridae, _191_
_Smynthurus variegatus_, 191;
_S. fuscus_, 192
Snow-Insects, 194
Social, Insects, 85, 361, 369;
Hymenoptera, 488, 500 f.
Soldiers, 370, 371, 372
Somites, 87
Sommer on _Macrotoma_, 163, 195
Soothsayers, 242
Sound production, 358
—see also Phonation
_Spathius_, 561
Species, number of—see Number
Spencer, Herbert, on caste and sex, 500
Spermatheca, 139, 228, 499
Spermatophores, 39
Spermatozoa, 140
_Sphaeropsocus kunowii_, 397
Sphaerotheriidae, _43_
_Sphaerotherium_, 43
_Sphex chrysis_, 490
Spiders eaten, 464, 465 {582}
Spinneret, 458
Spinners, 441
Spiracles, 89, 111, 128;
number of, 186;
of dragon-fly nymph, 423;
absent, 436
—see also Stigmata
Spiral fibre, 128
_Spongilla fluviatilis_, larva in, 467
Spontaneous generation, 525
Spring of Collembola, 191
Spurs, 104
Stadium, 155, 158
Stalked, cocoons, 560;
eggs, 469
St. Augustine quoted, 85, 565
Stein on _Raphidia_ larva, 448
_Stelis_, parasitic, 544;
parasitised, 543
Stem sawflies, 504
_Stenobothrus_, 308;
sound-instruments, 284
Stenodictyopterides, _344_
Stenopelmatides, 321, _329_
_Stenophasmus ruficeps_, 561
_Stenophylla cornigera_, 257, 258
Stephanidae, _561_
_Stephanus_, 562
Sternum, 91, 100
St. Helena, 389
Stick-Insects, 260
Stigma of wing, 524, 534
Stigmata, 88, 89, 111, 204;
position, 493;
on head, 193;
S. repugnatoria, 36
—see also Spiracles
_Stilopyga orientalis_, 223, 228, 231, 236
Sting, 493;
and ovipositor, 534
Stink-flies, 469
Stink-glands, 31, 125, 210, 264, 335
Stipes, 95
Stoll on spectres, etc., 254
Stomach, 114, 124, 125
Stomato-gastric nerves, 120, 121
Stomodaeum, 123, 151
Stone-flies, 407
_Stratiomys strigosa_ parasite, 545
Stridulation, 304
—see also Phonation
Stummer-Traunfels on Thysanura and Collembola, 189
St. Vincent, island of, 461
Styles, 224, 238
Sub-imago, 429, 437
Sub-Order, 177
Subulicornia, _426_
Sucking spears, 466, 467, 470, 471
Suctorial mandibles, 453, 456
Super-Orders, 177
Supplementary Ichneumon-flies, _558_
Supra-oesophageal ganglion, 117
Sutures, 92
Swarms: of locusts, 292-299;
of may-flies, 441;
of Termites, 362
Sympathetic nervous system, 120;
absent, 353
_Symphrasis varia_, 465
Symphyla, 42, _46_, 77, 79;
structure, 61
Symphyta, 503
_Sympycna fusca_, 415
Synaptera, _175_
_Synergus_, 531
Syngnatha, _44_
Tananá, 319
_Tarachodes lucubrans_, 249
Tarsus, 88, 104, 106
Taschenberg on parthenogenesis, 141
Tausendfüsse, 41
Teeth, 95
Tegmina, 108;
leaf-like, of _Pterochroza_, 322;
of crickets, 331;
of earwigs, 205, 212;
of _Phyllium_, 269;
of _Schizodactylus_, 325
Tegula, 103, 108
_Teleganodes_, 442
Telson, 205
Temples, 94
Templeton on _Lepisma_, 195
Tendons, 116
Tenthredinidae, _510_-518
_Tenthredo_ sp., 489;
testes, 140
Tentorium, 99
Tepper on fossorial Blattid, 241
Terebrantia, _520_
Tergum, 91, 100
_Termes_ sp., 378;
_T. lucifugus_, 359, 360, 364, 365, 373, 374;
_T. mossambicus_, 356;
_T. bellicosus_, 366, 371;
trophi, 357;
cell of, 367;
_T. occidentis_, 371;
_T. armiger_, 371;
_T. tenuis_, 389;
_T. cingulatus_, 371;
_T. dirus_, 371;
_T. debilis_, 371;
_T. viarum_, 383
Termitarium, 386, 387
Termites, 357 f.;
distinctions from ants, 502;
wings, 359;
anatomy, 360
Termitidae, _356_;
number of species, 389
Tertiary, 196, 216, 239, 276, 309, 340, 398, 427, 442, 449, 453, 472,
485, 533, 551, 558
Testes, 18, 49, 140, 404, 440;
of Psocidae, 392;
of _Stilopyga orientalis_, 228
_Tetrophthalmus chilensis_, 346
Tettigides, 299, 300, _309_
_Tettix bipunctatus_, 300
_Thalessa_ larva, 507;
oviposition, 554
_Thamastes_, 485
_Thamnotrizon apterus_, 316
_Thecla_ egg, 145
Thelyotoky, 141, 498
_Thermobia furnorum_, 186
_Thliboscelus camellifolius_, 319
_Thoracantha latreillei_, 550
Thorax, 99-103, 101, 103
_Thorax porcellana_ wing, 227
_Thyrsophorus_, 395
Thysanoptera, _173_
Thysanura, _182_ f.; {583}
distinctions from Symphyla, 61, 77, 79
Tibia, 88, 104
_Tillus elongatus_ larva, 90
_Tinodes_, 483
_Titanophasma fayoli_, 276, 428
_Tomateres citrinus_, 454, 458
_Tomognathus_, 498
Tongue, 96
—see also Lingua
Torymides, _547_
_Toxodera_, 253;
_T. denticulata_ 254
Trabeculae, 345
Tracheae, 128;
absent, 553, 555
Tracheal gills, 400 f., 401
—see also Branchiae
_Tremex columba_, 507
Trias, 449
Triassic, 239
_Trichijulus_, _76_
_Trichodectes_, 350;
_T. latus_, 349
Trichoptera, _342_, _473_ f.
_Trichostegia_, 480
_Tricorythus_, 434, 436
Tridactylides, _340_
_Tridactylus variegatus_, 337
Trigonalidae, _564_
_Trigonalys maculifrons_, 564
Trigonidiides, _340_
Trimen on _Trachypetra bufo_, 304
Trinidad, 501
_Trinoton luridum_, 345, 347
Trito-cerebron, 118
Trochanter, 88, 104, 491, 494, 520
Trochantin, 104;
of cockroach, 222
Trophi, 91, 94
Tryphonides, _557_
Tryxalides, 303, _309_, 325
_Tryxalis nasuta_, 279
Tubulifera, _520_
Tympanophorides, _328_
Tympanum, 285 f.
Tyndall on grasshopper music, 286
Ulloa, 33
Uroceridae, _507_
Useless wings, 199, 394, 484, 561
Uterus, 18, 392
Vagus nervous system, 120
Van Rees on metamorphosis, 162, 164
Variation, 536;
of colour, 252, 288, 304, 308;
in desert Insects, 305;
in ocelli, 267, 395, 536
Vatides, _259_
Vas deferens, 18, 140, 187, 392
Vayssière, on nymphs of Ephemeridae, 434;
on lingua, 438
Veins, 206
Ventral chain, 116, 187, 414;
of Perlidae, 404
Ventral plate, 148;
tube, 191, 192
Verhoeff, 38
Verloef [misprint for Verhoeff]
Verlooren on circulation, 436
Vertex, 94
Vesicula seminalis, 140, 392;
absent, 404, 414
_Vespa crabro_ prosternum, _491_
Vestibule, 112
Viallanes, on head, 87;
on brain, 118, 119;
on metamorphosis, 162
Visceral nervous system, 120
Vitellophags, 147, 152, 168
Viviparous Insects, 217, 229, 143, 218
Voetgangers, 295 f.
Vom Rath on sense organs, 122
Voracity, 250, 258
Vosseler on stink-glands, 210
Walker, J. J., on Australian Termites, 386
Walking-leaves, 267
Walking on perpendicular and smooth surfaces, 106
Walsh on galls, 531
Wasmann on St. Augustine's works, 565
Wattenwyl, Brunner von—see Brunner
Weismann, on caste, 500;
on metamorphosis, 162, 166;
on imaginal discs, 167
Westwood, on _Forficula_, 204;
on _Helicomitus_ larva, 460, 461;
on _Lachesilla_, 395;
on _Scleroderma_, 536
Weta-punga, 326
Wheeler, on Malpighian tubes, 127;
on embryology of Orthoptera, 199;
on embryology of _Xiphidium_, 321;
on vitellophags, 147, 152, 168;
on segmentation, 150
White ants, 356
—see Termites
Wielowiejski on blood-tissue, 133, 137
Will on brain of Aphididae, 118
Wingless: caddis-fly, 481;
earwigs, 205;
Insects, 345, 352, 356, 451, 488, 536, 547;
wingless Psocidae, 394 f.
—see also Apterous
Wings, 107;
origin and function, 394;
of Blattidae, 225 f., 227;
development of, in locust, 288;
in Trichoptera, 479, 480;
of dragon-fly, 413;
of earwigs, 206;
of _Ephemera_, 431;
growth of, 418;
of Ichneumon and _Bracon_, 559;
posterior absent, 466, 485;
wing-hooks, 494;
veins, 107
—see also Tegmina and Alar Organs
"Wire-worm," 29, 36
Wistinghausen on tracheae, 129
Wood-Mason on _Cotylosoma_, 272;
on mandibles, 95;
on Mantidae, 251, 253;
on _Oligotoma_, 352;
on phonation of Mantidae, 258
Woodworth on embryology, 146, 153
Workers, 361, 374, 488, 495
Wyandotte Caves, Myriapods in, 34
Xambeu on _Palmon_, 546 {584}
_Xerophyllum simile_, 301
_Xiphidium ensiferum_, 321
_Xiphocera asina_, 303
_Xylobius_, 73, _76_
_Xylocopa_, 494;
metamorphosis, 170;
pronotum, 490
Xyphidriides, 507 f., _510_
Yolala, 298
Yolk, 19, 64, 145, 152, 545
Zimmermann on caudal respiration, 435
Zittel, figure from, 276
_Zygaena_ embryo, 151
Zygopterides, _417_, _426_;
nymphs, 422
END OF VOL. V
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NOTES
[1] L. Guilding, "_Mollusca caribbaeana_: an Account of a New Genus of
Mollusca," _Zool. Journ._ vol. ii. 1826, p. 443, pl. 14; reprinted in
_Isis_, vol. xxi. 1828, p. 158, pl. ii.
[2] H. N. Moseley, "On the Structure and Development of _Peripatus
capensis_," _Phil. Trans._ clxiv. pls. lxxii.-lxxv. pp. 757-782; and
_Proc. R. S._ xxii. pp. 344-350, 1874.
[3] A. Sedgwick, "A Monograph of the Genus _Peripatus_," _Quart. Journ.
of Mic. Science_, vol. xxviii., and in _Studies from the
Morphological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge_, vol. iv.
[4] A. Sedgwick, "A Monograph of the Development of _Peripatus
capensis_," _Studies from the Morphological Laboratory of the
University of Cambridge_, vol. iv.
[5] F. M. Balfour, "The Anatomy and Development of _Peripatus capensis_,"
edited by Professor H. N. Moseley and A. Sedgwick, _Quart. Journ.
Mic. Sci._ xxiii. pp. 213-259, pls. xiii.-xx. 1883.
[6] See Whitman, _Journal of Morphology_, vol. i.
[7] There are now, I am told by Professor Jeffrey Bell, specimens from
Natal (I believe undescribed) at the British Museum with twenty-three
and twenty-four pairs of legs.
[8] This name was first applied by Blanchard to a species from Cayenne.
The description, however, is very imperfect, and it is by no means
clear that the Cayenne species is identical with the species here
named _Edwardsii_.
[9] The existence of this species is very doubtful. The description of it
was taken from a single specimen. The evidence that this specimen was
actually found in Sumatra is not conclusive.
[10] Not to be confused with the larva of _Elater lineatus_, also known as
"wire-worm."
[11] See L. Jenyns' _Observations in Nat. Hist._ London, 1846, p. 296.
[12] "A Revision of the Lysiopetalidae, a family of the Chilognath
Myriapoda, with a notice of the genus _Cambala_," by A. S. Packard,
junior, _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxi. 1884, p. 187.
[13] C. L. Koch, _System der Myriapoden_. Regensburg, 1847.
[14] C. L. Koch, _Die Myriapoden_. Halle, 1863.
[15] Latzel, _Die Myriapoden der Œsterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie_.
Wien, 1880.
[16] Tres muscae consumunt cadaver equi, aeque cito ac leo. _Syst. Nat._,
ed. xii. ref. I. pt. 2, p. 990.
[17] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) iv. 1887, p. 111.
[18] _Stettin. Ent. Zeit._ l. 1889, p. 165.
[19] The wings, by many morphologists, are not included in the category of
"appendages"; they apparently, however, differ but little in their
nature from legs, both being outgrowths of the integument; the wings
are, however, always post-embryonic in actual appearance, even when
their rudiments can be detected in the larva. No insect is hatched
from the egg in the wing-bearing form.
[20] See on this subject, p. 217.
[21] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ I. 1824, p. 97, etc.
[22] See also Fig. 47 (p. 88).
[23] In entomological language the piece between each two joints of an
appendage is itself called a joint, though segment is doubtless a
better term.
[24] _Arch. f. Naturgeschichte_, lvi. 1890, p. 221.
[25] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liv. 1892, p. 579.
[26] _Mem. Acc. Lincei Rom._ (4) iv. 1888, p. 554.
[27] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvii. 1867, p. 187.
[28] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 584.
[29] _The Cockroach_, 1886, p. 151.
[30] _Anatomy of the Blowfly_, 1893, p. 362.
[31] Lyonnet, _Traité anatomique de la Chenille qui ronge le bois de
Saule_. La Haye, 1762. On p. 188 he says that he found 1647 muscles,
without counting those of the head and internal organs of the body.
He puts the number found in the human body at 529.
[32] _SB. Ak. Wien_, Abth. 1, lxxxiii. 1881, pp. 289-376.
[33] _Mem. Acc. Torino_ (2), xliii. 1893, p. 229.
[34] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ Paris (7), xi. 1887, p. 119, etc., and _C. R._
civ. 1887, p. 444.
[35] _Zool. Jahrbuch. Anat._ iii. 1888, p. 276.
[36] Kolbe, _Einführung_, 1893, p. 411.
[37] _Arch. de Biol._ i. 1880, p. 381.
[38] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (7) ii. 1887, and iv. 1887.
[39] _Zool. Anz._ iv. 1881, p. 452.
[40] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, pl. xxxi.
[41] _On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals, with special
reference to Insects._ Vol. LXV. International Scientific Series,
1888.
[42] _Bijd. Dierkunde_, 16, 1888, p. 192.
[43] For a review of their number see Wheeler, _Psyche_, vi. 1893, pp.
457, etc.
[44] _Ann. Soc. Ent. France_, lxi. 1892, Bull. p. cclvi.
[45] _Mem. Ac. Belgique_ (2), xli. 1875, and _Bull. Ac. Belgique_ (2),
xliv. 1877, p. 710.
[46] _American Naturalist_, xx. 1886, pp. 438 and 558.
[47] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._, xlix. 1890, p. 565.
[48] See Miall and Denny, _Cockroach_, p. 158.
[49] Eisig, _Mon. Capitelliden_, 1887, p. 781.
[50] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London Zool._ xxiii. 1860, p. 29.
[51] _Blowfly, etc._ p. 376.
[52] _C. R. Ac. Sci._, cxv. 1892, p. 61, and _Bull. Sci. France Belgique_,
xxv. 1893, p. 18.
[53] _Compt. rend. Ac. Paris_, cii. 1886, p. 1339.
[54] See Newport, _Phil. Trans._ 1837, and Lubbock _Linn. Trans._ xxiii.
1860, p. 29, etc.
[55] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 137.
[56] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xliii. 1886, p. 512.
[57] _Zool. Anz._ ix. 1886, p. 13.
[58] _Cockroach_, p. 140.
[59] _Bull. Sci. France Belgique_, xxv. 1893, p. 22.
[60] _Biol. Centralbl._ xi. 1891, p. 212.
[61] _Acta. Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1867, No. 2.
[62] _Linnaea entomologica_, xii. 1858, p. 313.
[63] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ 1886, xliii. p. 539.
[64] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_, 2nd ser.; _Zool._ v. 1890, p. 173.
[65] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ l. 1890, p. 317.
[66] _Abh. Ges. Halle_, xvii. 1892, p. 365.
[67] _Tr. Ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 241.
[68] _Arch. Anat. Phys._ 1855 and 1859.
[69] _Acta. Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1867, No. 2, p. 81.
[70] _Müller's Arch. Anat. Phys._ 1855, p. 90.
[71] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 115.
[72] Scudder, _Butterflies of New England_, i. 1889, p. 99.
[73] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 81; see also Graber's table on p. 149.
[74] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, lv. 1888, p. 109, etc.
[75] _Morph. Jahrb._ xiv. 1888, p. 347.
[76] In Miall and Denny, _Cockroach_, p. 188.
[77] _Morph. Jahrb._ xiv. 1888, p. 345.
[78] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 1.
[79] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, pp. 64, 65, and 81.
[80] _Trans. Linn. Soc._, 2nd Series, "Zool." 1888, iii. p. 12.
[81] _Orthoptera europaea_, 1853, p. 37.
[82] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ Ser. iv. vol. vii. 1857, pl. 17.
[83] Nature Series, 1874.
[84] See _Proctotrupidae_ subsequently.
[85] _Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 839.
[86] "Syst. Zool. Stud." _SB. Ak. Wien_, Abth. 1, xci. 1885, p. 291.
[87] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xiv. 1864, p. 187.
[88] Viallanes, _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Series 6, "Zool." xiv. 1882.
[89] Unfortunately in the Russian language.
[90] _Zool. Jahrb._ Abth. Anat. iii. 1888, p. 1.
[91] _Zeitschr. Biol._, xxix. 1892, p. 177.
[92] _Trans. Linn. Soc. London_, "Zoology," 2nd series, v. 1890, p. 174.
[93] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxv. 1866, p. 491.
[94] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xli. 1885, p. 712.
[95] "Fauna und Flora d. Golfes von Neapel," _Die Capitelliden_, 1887, p.
781.
[96] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 65.
[97] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ "Zool." v. 1892, p. 267.
[98] _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Series 6, "Zool." xiv. 1882, p. 150.
[99] _Zool. Anz._ viii. 1885, p. 125.
[100] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ viii. 1893, p. 403.
[101] _Recherches Org. des Volucelles_, 1875, p. 143.
[102] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlv. 1887, p. 587.
[103] _Lehrbuch Entwicklungsgeschichte_, Spec. Theil. 1890, p. 875.
[104] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xiv. 1864, p. 187.
[105] _Arch. f. Naturges._ lix. 1893, 1, p. 168.
[106] Wheeler, in _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 81.
[107] _Syst. Nat. Ed._ 12, ref. i. pars ii. p. 536 (by error, 356).
[108] It must not be supposed that all wingless Insects fall within the
limits of this Order.
[109] _American Naturalist_, xx. 1886, p. 808.
[110] "Syst. Zool. Studien." _S.B. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, Abth. I. p. 374.
[111] The term natural is here employed in the empirical sense described by
Brunner von Wattenwyl, _Nouv. Syst. Blattaires_, 1865, p. vii.
[112] Lord Walsingham, _Proc. Ent. Soc. London_, 1889, p. lxxx.
[113] We may mention that fossil Insects are chiefly determined from their
wing-remains, which are often surprisingly perfect. This is one of
the reasons that have induced us to prefer a classification of
Insects in which the nature of the wings is considered of great
value. It would be impossible to refer fossil Insects to groups that
are established on account of the metamorphosis or of the internal
structure of their components, for there is not yet any evidence on
either of these points in the fossil remains preserved for us by the
rocks.
[114] _Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey_, No. 31, 1886, p. 109.
[115] _Mem. Acc. Lincei Roma_ (4), iv. 1888, p. 543, etc., and other
preceding memoirs mentioned therein.
[116] _Bijdr. Dierkunde_, xvi. 1888, pp. 147-227.
[117] _Natural. Sicil._, ix. 1889, pp. 25, etc.
[118] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1892, p. 34.
[119] _Morph. Jahrb._ xv. 1889, p. 363.
[120] _SB. Ak. Wien_, c. 1891, Abth. I. p. 216.
[121] _Ent. Tidskr._ i. 1880, p. 159.
[122] _Morphol. Jahrb._ xv. 1888, p. 361.
[123] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, viii. 1858, p. 564.
[124] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 4th ser. iv. 1864, p. 705.
[125] _Rev. biol. Nord France_, ii. 1890, p. 347.
[126] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 64.
[127] _Ent. Mo. Mag._ xxv. 1889, and xxvi. 1890.
[128] _Ann. Mus. Genova_, xxxiii. (1892).
[129] _Orthoptera Europaea_, 1853, pl. vi. f. 4, p. 434.
[130] _Morph. Bedeut. Seg. Orthopt._ 1876, p. 14; and _Prod. Orthopt.
Europ._ 1882, p. 3.
[131] _Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 586.
[132] _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 475.
[133] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xxxvi. 1890, p. 565.
[134] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ xiii. 1828, p. 337.
[135] _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 475.
[136] Some writers are of opinion that there are only two thoracic
spiracles in Insects, considering the third as belonging really to
the abdomen. Looking on the point as at present chiefly one of
nomenclature, we make use of the more usual mode of expression.
[137] As on last page, and also _op. cit._ v. 1868, p. 278.
[138] _Bull. Ent. Ital._ xii. 1880, p. 46.
[139] It may be worth while to repeat that "joint" means a piece, and is
the equivalent of "link" in a chain.
[140] _Materials for the Study of Variation_, 1894, p. 413.
[141] _Naturhist. Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 474.
[142] _Mt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ vii. 1887, p. 310.
[143] _Mem. hist. Insectes_, iii. 1773, p. 548.
[144] _SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin_, 1893, p. 127.
[145] _Ent. Tidskr._ 1894, p. 65.
[146] This enigmatic structure is similar in position to the aural orifice
of Locustidae (see Fig. 101); but it is closed by a transparent
membrane, whereas the ear orifice of Locustidae is, as we shall
subsequently see, quite open.
[147] _Rev. biol. Nord France_, vii. 1894, p. 111.
[148] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ Decr. 6th, ser. x. 1892, p. 433.
[149] _Prod. Orth. europ._ 1882, p. 27, and _Rev. Syst. Orthopt._ 1892, p.
15. Unfortunately de Saussure adopts a different nomenclature; we
have preferred Brunner's as being more simple.
[150] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ ser. 5, x. 1868, p. 161.
[151] _Nouv. Syst. Blattaires_, 1865, p. 265.
[152] _The Cockroach_, p. 170.
[153] Cf. Duchamp, _Rev. Sci. Nat. Montpellier_, vii. [?1879], p. 423.
[154] Huxley, _Manual Anat. Invert. Animals_, 1877, p. 416.
[155] Riley, _Insect Life_, iii. 1891, p. 443, and iv. 1891, p. 119.
[156] _Essais entomologiques_, St. Petersburg, 1821.
[157] _Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss von Periplaneta orientalis_,
Elberfeld, 1853.
[158] _Nouv. Syst. Blattares_, 1865, p. 16, etc.
[159] _Naturalist in Nicaragua_, 1874, p. 110.
[160] See Bolivar, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1892, p. 29.
[161] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 1.
[162] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Orthopt._ 1893, p. 57.
[163] Schäff, _Zool. Anz._ xvi. 1893, p. 17.
[164] Westwood, _Modern Class. Insects_, i. 1839, p. 418.
[165] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlviii. 1889, p. 89; and _Mem. Ac. St.
Petersb._ xxxviii. No. 5, 1891.
[166] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien._, i. 1886, p. 104.
[167] Zittel, _Handb. Palaeont._ I Abth. ii. 1885, p. 753.
[168] _Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orthoptera_, 1893.
[169] Although the genus _Chorisoneura_ has unarmed femora, it must be
placed in this division.
[170] The "black beetle," _Stilopyga orientalis_, belongs to this tribe, as
does also _Periplaneta americana_.
[171] _Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral._ xvii. 1893, p. 68.
[172] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. 1878, p. 609, pl. xxxviii. fig. 7.
[173] _Arch. f. Naturgesch._ xxx. Band 1, 1864, p. 7.
[174] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Orthopt._ 1894, p. 160.
[175] Our figures do not exhibit this attitude; if portrayed in their
natural position in a drawing the front legs would be to a large
extent obscured.
[176] The name of the species is not given (_Tr. N. Z. Inst._ xvi. 1883, p.
114), but it is probably _Orthodera ministralis_ Fab., an Australian
Insect perhaps taken to New Zealand by miners. Cf. Wood-Mason, _Cat.
Mantodea_, i. 1889, p. 20.
[177] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ viii. 1864, p. 234.
[178] _Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon_, xi. 1893, p. 205.
[179] _Proc. ent. Soc. London_, 1867, p. cv.
[180] _Cat. Mantodea_, i. 1889, p. 4.
[181] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1835, p. 457.
[182] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1877, p. xxix.
[183] _Afbeeldingen der Spoken en wandelende Bladen_, etc., Amsterdam,
1813.
[184] _P. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, 1877, p. 193.
[185] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1878, p. 263.
[186] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 3rd ser. xix. 1867, p. 144.
[187] _Bull. Soc. Philomat._ (8) ii. 1890, p. 154.
[188] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1894, p. 353.
[189] _Acta Ac. German._ xii. 1825, pp. 555-672, pls. l.-liv.
[190] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse_, series 7, iii. pp. 1-30.
[191] _Edinburgh Philosoph. Journ._ January 1856.
[192] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ i. 1886, p. 724.
[193] _P. Boston Soc._ xii. 1869, p. 99.
[194] _Prod. Zool. Victoria_, Decade vii. 1882, p. 34.
[195] See de Borre, _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxvii. 1883, p. cxliii.
[196] See Murray, _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, January 1856.
[197] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, No. 24, p. 1299.
[198] _SB. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, p. 361. The nomenclature applied to the
nervures by these authors is not the same as that of Brunner;
according to their view the wing of _Phyllium_, female, differs more
from the wing of _Blatta_ than it does according to a comparison made
with the nomenclature we adopt.
[199] _Bull. Soc. Philomathique_ (8), ii. p. 18.
[200] Laboulbène, _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1857, p. cxxxvi., and Henneguy
as above.
[201] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) i. 1878, p. 101.
[202] The antennae in the specimen represented were no doubt mutilated,
though Westwood did not say so.
[203] _CR. Ac. Paris_, xcviii. 1884, p. 832.
[204] In his recent _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, pp. 373 and
396, M. Brongniart has himself removed this Insect to Protodonates.
We shall again mention it when discussing that group.
[205] _Bactridium_, though placed in this tribe, has only short antennae,
of 20 joints.
[206] _Bostra_ and _Clonistria_, belonging to Bacunculides, have the median
segment almost as long as the metanotum.
[207] The American genera _Pterinoxylus_, _Haplopus_, and _Candaules_, as
well as the African _Palophus_, possess winged females.
[208] The African and Australian genera _Orobia_ and _Paraorobia_, although
they have a short median segment, are placed in the tribe Phasmides
of this division.
[209] This character is evidently erroneous as regards the males of the
genus Phyllium.—D. S.
[210] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 175.
[211] Newport, _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 419.
[212] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Étrang._ vii. 1834, p. 274.
[213] _First Ann. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1878, p. 271.
[214] _Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ ii. 1880, p. 223.
[215] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) iv. _Zool._ 1887.
[216] _Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxi. 1871, p. 1097.
[217] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxiv. 1874, p. 286.
[218] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xxxvi. 1875; _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xx. and xxi.,
1882.
[219] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Étrang._ vii. 1834, p. 306.
[220] _Bull. Soc. Philomath._ (8) v. 1893, p. 5.
[221] _First Ann. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1878, p. 279.
[222] _Rep. Ins. Missouri_, ix. 1877, p. 86.
[223] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (6), x. 1890, p. xxxvii., and _CR. Ac.
Paris_, ex. 1890, p. 657.
[224] Carruthers in _Nature_, xli. 1889, p. 153.
[225] _Blue-book, C_, 4960, 1887; and _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p.
xxxviii.
[226] _Rep. Entomologist_, 1885, p. 229.
[227] _Tr. S. Afr. Phil. Soc._ i. 1880, p. 193. The species is thought to
be _Pachytylus sulcicollis_ Stål.
[228] _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxi. 1878, p. 5.
[229] _Addit. ad Prodromum Oedipodiorum_, 1888, p. 12.
[230] See Redtenbacher, _Über Wanderheuschrecken_, in _Jahresber.
Realschule Budweis_, 1893.
[231] _J. Bombay N. H. Soc._ viii. 1893, p. 120.
[232] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. xxi.
[233] _Rep. injurious Insects_, xvii. 1893, p. 47.
[234] _Ent. Nachricht._ viii. 1882, p. 160.
[235] Monograph by Bolivar, _Ann. Soc. Esp._ xiii. 1884, p. 1, etc.
[236] Monograph, de Saussure, _Spicilegia entomologica Genavensia_, pt. 2,
Geneva, 1887.
[237] Monograph, de Saussure, _Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève_, xxviii. 1884, No.
9; and xxx. 1888, No. 1.
[238] _Prod. Eur. Orthopt._ 1882, p. 160.
[239] _Science_, xxi. p. 133.
[240] _An. Soc. Espan._ xv. 1886, p. 273.
[241] _Nature_, iv. 1871, p. 333.
[242] _Bull. Soc. Rouen_, 1885, and _Insectes fossiles_, etc. 1894, p. 439.
[243] A few species of Proscopiides and Oedipodides, though placed in the
next division, are destitute of any claw-pad.
[244] This applies specially to the males.—D. S.
[245] _Ann. Rep. Insects Missouri_, vi. 1874, p. 155.
[246] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1875, pp. 174-200, pl. xii.
[247] _Arch. f. mikr. Anat._ xx. 1882, and xxi. See also von Adelung,
_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liv. 1892, p. 316.
[248] The small space above _lm_ left free from dots is, we presume, due to
an omission on the part of Graber's artist, but we have not thought
it right to interfere with his diagram.
[249] _Ann. Rep. Insects Missouri_, vi. 1874, p. 159.
[250] Wheeler, _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893.
[251] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxxiii. 1883, p. 248.
[252] Bonnet and Finot, _Rev. Sci. Nat._ (3) iv. p. 345. The word we have
translated as humming is "bruissement."
[253] De Saussure, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1888, p. 151, pl. v. fig. 1.
[254] _Indian Mus. Notes_, ii. 1893, p. 172.
[255] _Zoologist_, 1867, p. 489.
[256] This diagnosis is an attempt to express in something approaching an
exact manner the distinction of the flattened from the arched or
convex head.
[257] Scrobes are the depressions in which the antennae are inserted.
[258] There are unfortunately a few exceptions in the case of this
character.
[259] See Pungur, _Termes. Füzetek_, 1877, p. 223.
[260] Brunner, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxiv. 1874, p. 288.
[261] _Natural History of Selborne_, Letter xc.
[262] Müller's _Arch._ 1859, p. 159.
[263] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. cccxli.
[264] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxiii. 1876, p. 122.
[265] _Ibid._ xli. 1885, p. 570.
[266] _Morph. Jahrb._ xv. 1889, p. 400.
[267] _Mem. Soc. phys. Genève_, xxv. 1877, and _Biol. Centr. Amer.
Orthoptera_, 1894, p. 198.
[268] The genus _Myrmecophila_, being exceptional in several respects, is
treated separately.
[269] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1893, vol. i. and atlas.
[270] Giebel and Nitzsch, _Insecta epizoica_, folio, 1874.
[271] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, p. 537.
[272] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, pl. xviii. f. 15.
[273] _Arch. f. Naturg._ xxxv. i. 1869, p. 154, pls. x. xi.
[274] _Op. cit._ pp. vii.-xiv. For classification, etc., see also Piaget,
_Les Pédiculines_. Leyden, 1880.
[275] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, p. 532.
[276] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1890, p. xxx.
[277] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ (7) ix. p. 33.
[278] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 628.
[279] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 171.
[280] _Atti Acc. Gioenia_, vii. 1893.
[281] _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xiii. 1878, pl. xxi. f. 2.
[282] _Canadian Entomologist_, xvii. 1885, throughout.
[283] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ ix. 1875, pl. xii. See also Stokes in
_Science_, xxii. 1893, p. 273.
[284] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 183.
[285] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ ix. 1875, p. 257.
[286] Bidie, in _Nature_, xxvi. 1882, p. 549.
[287] _Linnaea Entomologica_, xii. 1858, p. 305.
[288] _P. Boston Soc._ xx. 1878, p. 118.
[289] _Atti Acc. Gioen._ vi. and vii. 1893 and 1894.
[290] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (4) v. 1856, p. 227.
[291] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5), vi. 1876, p. 201.
[292] _Phil. Trans._ lxxi. 1781, pp. 139-192.
[293] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (2) v. 1850, p. 92.
[294] Dr. G. D. Haviland informs the writer that he thinks it probable this
so-called peristaltic movement is merely the result of alarm; he has
not, however, had any opportunity of observing _T. bellicosus_.
[295] _Tr. N. York Ac._ viii. 1889, pp. 85-114; and ix. 1890, pp. 157-180.
[296] Camerano, _Bull. Soc. ent. Ital._ xvii. 1885, p. 89; and Kollmann,
_Verh. Ges. Basel_, vii. 1883, p. 391.
[297] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ vii. 1873, p. 458.
[298] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxix. 1894, p. 804.
[299] _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 249.
[300] _P. Boston Soc._ xi. 1868, p. 399.
[301] Kolbe, _Ent. Nachr._ xiii. 1887, p. 70.
[302] _Trans. N. York Ac._ viii. 1889, p. 91.
[303] _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, p. 249.
[304] _P. Boston Soc._ xix. 1878, p. 267; and xx. 1881, p. 121.
[305] According to Melliss, it is thought that the Insect may have been
carried to the island in a captured slave-ship. Melliss, _St.
Helena_, 1875, p. 171.
[306] In some exotic species there is a dense network on a part of the
anterior wing.
[307] _P. Boston Soc._ xix. 1878, p. 292.
[308] Germar, _Mag. Entomol._ iv. 1821, p. 276, pl. ii.
[309] _Psyche_, iii. 1881, p. 196.
[310] Kolbe, _Stettin, ent. Zeit._ xli. 1880, p. 179.
[311] _Op. cit._ p. 209, etc.
[312] _Arch. f. Naturg._ xlix. i. 1883, p. 99.
[313] _Verh. Ver. Rheinland_, xxxix. 1882, Corr.-bl. p. 128.
[314] _Berlin ent. Zeit._ xxviii. 1884, p. 36.
[315] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xliv. 1883, pp. 299, 305.
[316] For the British species, see M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ iii. 1867,
p. 177.
[317] The genera _Atropos_ and _Clothilla_ were named after the two fates
Atropos and Clotho. Westwood attempted some years ago to complete the
trio by establishing a genus _Lachesilla_. This proved a failure, the
genus being a misconception. As the name Lachesis is in use in
various branches of zoology, the desired circle of Psocid fates is
likely to remain always incomplete.
[318] _Phil. Trans._ xxii. 1701, pp. 832-834; and xxiv. 1704, pp.
1586-1594, Plate 291, Figs. 4, 5 (pp. 1565 to 1604 occur twice in
this volume).
[319] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xliii. 1882, p. 265.
[320] _P. Boston Soc._ xiii. 1871, p. 407.
[321] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 433.
[322] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (4), viii. 1868, p. xxxvii.
[323] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 304.
[324] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xxxviii. 1877, p. 487.
[325] _Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, p. 21.
[326] _Beitr. Anat. Perla maxima._ Inaug.-Diss. Aarau, 1881.
[327] _Entom. Month. Mag._ xxix. 1893, p. 249.
[328] No satisfactory systematic work of a general character on British
Perlidae exists. References to the scattered descriptions and notes
will be found in the Catalogue of British Neuroptera published by
Entom. Soc. London, 1870.
[329] _Mem. Ac. Pétersb._ (7) xxxvi. No. 15, 1889.
[330] _Insectes fossiles_, etc., p. 407, 1893.
[331] _Festschrift Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin_, 1873.
[332] Reference may be made to Calvert's recent paper introductory to the
study of Odonata, in _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xx. 1893, pp. 159-161.
[333] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xvi. 1881, p. 3.
[334] _Physiol. facett._ _Aug._ 1891, p. 115.
[335] _Bull. Ac. Belgique_ (3), xvi. 1888, No. 11, p. 31.
[336] _SB. Ak. Wien_, lxxxiii. 1881, pp. 289-376, pls. i.-vii.
[337] _Rev. Sci. Nat. Montpellier_ (3), ii. p. 470.
[338] _Abh. Senckenb. Ges._ x. 1875, p. 13, pl. iii.
[339] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 160.
[340] _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxiii. 1880, p. lxvii.
[341] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (5) xi. Zool. 1869, p. 377.
[342] _Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, p. 38.
[343] _Zool. Anz._ xiii. 1890, p. 500.
[344] The following works convey the best information: Evans's _British
Libellulinae or Dragon-flies_, illustrated in a series of
lithographic drawings, 1845. Hagen, "A Synopsis of the British
Dragon-flies," in _Entomologists' Annual_, 1857. M‘Lachlan,
_Catalogue of the British Neuroptera_, published by the Entomological
Society of London in 1870; and "The British Dragon-flies annotated,"
_Entom. Month. Mag._ xx. 1884, pp. 251-256.
[345] _Rev. d'Entomol._ v. 1886, p. 232.
[346] Riveau, _Feuille Nat._ xii. 1882, p. 123.
[347] _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, viii. 1880-81, p. 276.
[348] _Insectes fossiles_, p. 394.
[349] _Insectes fossiles_, p. 396.
[350] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse_ (7), iii. 1871, p. 379.
[351] In reference to a doubt as to the name of this nymph cf. Eaton, _Tr.
Linn. Soc. Zool._ (2) iii. p. 20.
[352] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 62, and xxv. 1866, p. 477.
[353] _Hist. Nat. Neuropt. Ephémérines_, 1843, p. 24.
[354] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (6) xiii. 1882, pp. 1-137, pls. 2-11.
[355] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (7) ix. 1890, pp. 19-87, pls. 2-5.
[356] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (3) xviii. 1866, p. 145.
[357] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiv. 1880, p. 404.
[358] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xv. 1885, p. 494.
[359] _Mem. Cour. Ac. Belg._ 4to, xix. 1847, p. 1.
[360] _Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, pp. 1-20.
[361] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxv. 1866, p. 483.
[362] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (3) xviii. 1866, p. 145.
[363] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (6) xiii. 1882, p. 113.
[364] Réaumur, _Mem._ vi. 1742, p. 457.
[365] _Über vaarige Ausführsgänge_, etc., Helsingfors, 1884, p. 53.
[366] _Ber. Ges. Freiburg_, iv. p. 5; cf. _J. R. Micr. Soc._ 1889, p. 206.
[367] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ 2nd ser. _Zool._ iii. 1883, p. 11.
[368] _Fly-Fisher's Entomology_, 4th ed. 1849, p. 49.
[369] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1882, p. xiii.
[370] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ series 3, ix. _Zool._ 1848, p. 91, pl. 1.
[371] Newport, _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, pl. 21, fig. 13. Loew, however,
who also describes and figures the anatomy of _S. lutaria_, states
that there is no paunch. _Linnaea entomologica_, iii. 1848, p. 354.
[372] M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ vii. 1870, p. 145.
[373] _Rep. Ins. Missouri_, ix. 1877, p. 125.
[374] _Tijdschr. Ent._ vol. xxxiv. 1891.
[375] _Arch. f. Naturg._ iv. i. 1838, p. 315.
[376] _Linnaea entomologica_, iii. p. 1848, 346, pl. i.
[377] _Mem. Ac. Sci. étrang._ vii. 1841, p. 582.
[378] _Linnaea entom._ iii. 1848, p. 363.
[379] _Ent. Month. Mag._ 1894, p. 39.
[380] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xxvii. 1866, p. 369; this author has also
sketched a classification of the larvae in _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873,
p. 243.
[381] _Ov. Danske Selsk._ 1889, p. 43.
[382] _Ann. Sci. étrang._ vii. 1834, pl. 12.
[383] M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ ii. 1865, p. 73.
[384] Redtenbacher, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlviii. 1884, p. 335.
[385] _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xi. 1873, p. 227.
[386] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, iv. 1854, p. 471.
[387] Westwood, _l.c._ p. 12.
[388] _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873, p. 244.
[389] _Tr. Entom. Soc. London_, 1888, p. 1, pls. 1, 2.
[390] Cf. M‘Lachlan, _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ ii. 1873, p. 219.
[391] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xiv. 1825, p. 140, and xv. 1827, p. 509.
[392] _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873, p. 245.
[393] M‘Lachlan, _Tr. Ent. Soc. London_, 1885, p. 375.
[394] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 831.
[395] Brauer, _Zool. Anz._ x. 1887, pp. 212 and 218.
[396] _Linnaea entomologica_, vii. 1852, p. 368, with plates.
[397] See Albarda in _Tijdschr. Ent._ xvii. 1874, p. xvi.
[398] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1868, p. 189.
[399] _Biol. Centralbl._ iv. 1885, p. 722.
[400] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (6), i. 1881, pp. xxi. and xxxi.
[401] _Arch. Naturges._ lix. 1893, Band I. p 285.
[402] _Ent. Nachr._ xiv. 1888, p. 274.
[403] _Trichoptera europ._ 1878, p. 356, note.
[404] _Berl. ent. Zeitschr._ xxv. 1881, p. 54.
[405] Monograph of the British Trichoptera in _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, third
series, vol. v. 1865; and Monographic Revision of the European
Trichoptera, 1874-1880.
[406] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxv. 1881, Pl. IV. fig. 6.
[407] _Rep. of the Entomologist_, 1886, p. 510, Washington.
[408] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1893, p. 38.
[409] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1866, p. lxv.
[410] For a history of this complex question, see Gosch, _Naturhist.
Tidskr._ (Rk. 3) vol. xiii. 1881; and also Brauer, _Sitzb. Ak. Wien_,
lxxxv. 1882.
[411] _Introd. hist. Insects_, 1841, p. 143. The names proposed by Newman
may be adopted when it is specially requisite to use terms that are
morphologically correct. According to his nomenclature the true whole
abdomen of petiolate Hymenoptera consists of three anatomical parts:
1, the petiole or podeon; 2, the propodeon or part in front of the
petiole; 3, the metapodeon or part behind the petiole.
[412] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1874, p. 184.
[413] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) x. 1892, p. 442.
[414] _CR. Ac. Paris_, lxxxiii. 1876, p. 613, and _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._
(4) xviii. 1876, p. 504; also _Horae Soc. Ross._ xv. 1880, pp. 20 and
31.
[415] _P. Boston Soc._ x. 1866, p. 279.
[416] Adler, _Deutsche ent. Zeitschr._ xxi. 1877, p. 209.
[417] Cameron, _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ Ray Society, i. 1882, p. 29, and ii.
1885, p. 218.
[418] Cameron, _op. cit._ iv. 1893, p. 9.
[419] _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ i. p. 27. Fletcher's record, referred to by
Cameron, mentions _N. miliaris_, but this name was probably
erroneous.
[420] See Perez and Cameron, _Tr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, n.s. ii. 1889,
p. 194.
[421] Fabre, Marchal, Nicolas.
[422] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. Supp. 1878, p. 103.
[423] Rejoinder to Professor Weismann, p. 11. Reprint from _Contemporary
Review_, December 1893.
[424] _Mon. Brit. Phyt. Hym._ 4 vols. 1882 to 1893.
[425] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 8.
[426] _Souvenirs entomologiques_: quatrième série, 1891, p. 308.
[427] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, i. 1836, p. 232.
[428] _Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten_, i. 1844, p. 86.
[429] See Cameron, _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ iii. Ray Soc. 1890, p. 152.
[430] The term inquiline is applied in entomology to a great variety of
conditions covered by the Latin word "inquilinus" (incolinus),
signifying a tenant or dweller in another's property. The term
parasite is used in a still wider and vaguer sense, being in fact
applied to a large number of cases, in many of which we do not at
present understand the exact relations between the two parties
concerned. This subject is no doubt destined to become a most
interesting department of entomology. See Riley, _P. ent. Soc.
Washington_, ii. 1893, p. 397; and Wasmann, _Zusammengesetzten
Nester_, etc., 1891.
[431] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_ (2), vii. 1892, p. 357.
[432] _Science_ (n.s.), i. 1895, p. 457.
[433] _Ray Soc._ vol. iv. 1893, p. 24.
[434] _Term. Füzetek_, v. 1882, p. 198, and _Biol. Centralbl._ ii. 1882, p.
617.
[435] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), vi. 1866, p. 198.
[436] Adler and Straton, _Alternating Generations_, 1894, p. 119.
[437] _P. entom. Soc. Philadelphia_, ii. 1864, pp. 447, etc.
[438] _P. ent. Soc. Philad._ ii. 1863, p. 34.
[439] _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ vols. iii. and iv. Ray Soc. 1891 and 1893.
[440] _Entom. Mag._ ii. 1835, p. 219.
[441] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 109.
[442] _Bull. U. S. Museum_, No. 45, 1893, p. 28.
[443] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 117.
[444] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, pt. vi. f. 3; pp. 120, 126.
[445] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869; Ganin's observations are described
by Lubbock, _Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects_, 1874, p. 34.
[446] See also Kulagin, _Zool. Anz._ xiii. 1890, p. 418; xv. 1892, p. 85;
and _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 258.
[447] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ (2) _Zool._ i. 1878, p. 587.
[448] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 135.
[449] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869, p. 417.
[450] _Souvenirs entomologiques._ Troisième série, 1886, p. 155.
[451] _Souvenirs entomologiques._ Troisième série, 1886, p. 179.
[452] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1855, p. 67.
[453] According to Ashmead, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1893, p. 228,
this genus should take the name of _Melittobia_.
[454] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) x. 1892, p. 271.
[455] _Rec. Zool. Suisse_, v. 1891, pp. 435-534. Cf. Koulaguine, _Congr.
internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 265.
[456] _Bull. Soc. Ent. France_ (5) vii. 1877, p. lxix.; also André,
_Feuille Natural._ vii. 1877, p. 136, and Riley and Howard, _Insect
Life_, iv. 1892, p. 242.
[457] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 121.
[458] _Report of the Entomologist, Dep. Agriculture, Washington_, 1886, p.
542.
[459] Wachtl, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xii. 1893, p. 24, and Howard, _P.U.S. Nat.
Mus._ xiv. 1892, p. 586.
[460] _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxviii. 1882.
[461] _Mitt. Stat. Neapel_, iii. 1882, p. 55.
[462] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1883. p. 389.
[463] _P. biol. Soc. Washington_, vii. 1892, p. 99.
[464] _Ann. Botan. Garden, Calcutta_, i. 1889, Appendix L.
[465] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. x.
[466] For a systematic memoir refer to Mayr, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_,
xxxv. 1885, p. 147, etc.
[467] _Insect Life_, iv. 1891, p. 193.
[468] Tosquinet, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxviii. 1894, p. 694.
[469] _Ichneum. Forst. Ins._ 1844, p. 81.
[470] _Mitt. schweizer. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 518.
[471] _Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm._ 1890, p. 15.
[472] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1852, p. 71.
[473] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 162, and 1887, p. 303.
[474] _Ent. Month. Mag._ xiii. 1877, p. 200.
[475] A catalogue, with references, of the British Ichneumonidae was
published by the Entomological Society of London in 1872. Since then
many additional species have been detected and recorded, by Mr.
Bridgman and others, in the _Transactions_ of the same Society.
[476] Klapálek, _Ent. Month. Mag._ xxv. 1889, p. 339, and _Arch.
Landesdurchforschung Böhmen_, viii. No. 6, 1893, p. 53.
[477] _Ichneum. Forst. Ins._ 1844.
[478] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2), iii. 1845, p. 355.
[479] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1885, pp. 224, 219.
[480] A monograph of the British Braconidae was commenced by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall in 1885, and is still in progress, in the _Transactions of
the Entomological Society of London_; cf. _op. cit._ 1885, 1887,
1889, 1891, 1894.
[481] _Berlin entom. Zeitschr._ xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.
[482] _Ibid._
[483] Monograph, Schletterer, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxxv. 1885, p.
267, etc.; xxxvi. 1886, p. 1, etc.; and _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, iv. pp.
107, etc.
[484] _Berlin. entom. Zeitschr._ xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.
[485] _Amer. Nat._ xxviii. 1894, p. 895.