been sketched by De Geer and Newport. The observations of the latter[472]
refer to _Paniscus virgatus_; he found small, shining, black bodies
attached to the skin of the larva of a moth, _Mamestra pisi_; these were
the eggs of the Ichneumon. They are furnished with a short peduncle, which
is implanted in the skin of the victim; the egg, according to De Geer,
being retained more firmly by the peduncle subsequently swelling, so as to
form two knobs. The hatching takes place by the egg-shell splitting
longitudinally, while from the split protrudes the little head of the
destroying larva. This becomes fixed to the caterpillar, from which the
nutriment is to be drawn; the _Paniscus_ larva does not, however, leave the
egg-shell, but, on the contrary, becomes adherent to it, so that the
parasite is in this manner fixed by the two ends to its victim. In fifteen
days the parasite was full-grown, and had become half an inch in length. At
first no tracheae were to be seen, but these were detected after the second
day. Moulting took place three times, and in a peculiar manner, very
different from that described by Ratzeburg as occurring in the internal
parasites (which, he states, change their very delicate skin by detaching
it in almost imperceptible fragments). In the external parasite the
{556}skin remains entire, and is shuffled down to the extremity of the
body, but cannot be completely detached owing to the anchoring of the
posterior part of the body to the caterpillar; the cast skins thus remain
as envelopes to the posterior part of the body. Newport states that if the
mouth of the parasite be detached, it usually cannot again seize hold of
the victim, and consequently perishes. It is a curious fact that more eggs
than one caterpillar can support are habitually placed on it, and some of
the resulting larvae of necessity perish during the period of growth.
Poulton, who has recently made some additional observations on the
development of _Paniscus_,[473] says that if three larvae are close
together, it is the middle one that perishes, and suggests that this is due
to some simple physical condition. From Newport's account it may be
gathered that the _Mamestra_ retains sufficient vitality to form its
cocoon, and that the _Paniscus_ larvae likewise construct their own cocoons
within that of the _Mamestra_. In the case of _Paniscus cephalotes_ feeding
on _Dicranura vinula_, Poulton relates that the latter died after the
twelfth day of attack. The parasites, having relaxed their hold on the
victim just previous to this event, then thrust their heads into the dead
body, and devoured the larva, leaving only a dried and empty integument.
These larvae span a loose sort of web in which to undergo their
metamorphosis. In a natural state, however, they form cocoons inside the
cocoon of the _Dicranura_. The period passed in the pupal condition was
about four weeks. This parasite only attacks the Lepidopterous larva during
the last stage of its existence as a larva, but the eggs may be laid on the
victim in an earlier stage; and in such case De Geer has stated, and
Poulton has confirmed the observation, that though the larva sheds its skin
it does not get rid of the eggs.
The little Ichneumons of the genus _Pezomachus_ are quite destitute of
wings and somewhat resemble ants; they are common Insects in Britain. Only
the female sex is known, and it is believed that the winged Ichneumons
assigned to the genus _Hemiteles_—of which no females are known—are the
males of _Pezomachus_. Repeated efforts have been made to place this beyond
doubt, but they have usually failed, for when a brood of these parasites is
reared, the individuals generally prove to be {557}either all _Hemiteles_
or all _Pezomachus_. It is to be hoped that this interesting case will be
fully elucidated.
Although the Ichneumonidae are perhaps the most purely carnivorous of all
the great families of Hymenoptera, there is nevertheless reason for
supposing that some of them can be nourished with vegetable substances
during a part at any rate of the larval existence, Giraud and Cameron[474]
having recorded observations that lead to the conclusion that some species
of the genus _Pimpla_ may inhabit galls and live on the substance, or
juices thereof.
[Illustration: FIG. 364.—_Agriotypus armatus_, female. Britain. (After
Curtis.)]
Over 1200 species of Ichneumonidae are known to inhabit Britain, and there
can be no doubt that this number will be increased as a result of further
observation. Unfortunately no general work has yet been published on this
department of our fauna, and the literature is very scattered.[475] The
species of North America have not received so much investigation as those
of Europe, and the Ichneumon fauna of the tropics remains almost
uninvestigated. Six sub-families are recognised: Agriotypides,
Ichneumonides, Cryptides, Tryphonides, Pimplides, Ophionides. Of these the
first is the most remarkable, as it consists of an Insect having aquatic
habits. It has for long been known that the unique species _Agriotypus
armatus_, a rare Insect in our islands, is in the habit of going under
water and remaining there for a considerable period, and it has now been
satisfactorily ascertained that it does this for the purpose of laying its
eggs in the larvae of Trichoptera.[476] The resultant larva lives inside
the cases of species of _Silo_, _Goëra_, etc. It undergoes a sort of
hypermetamorphosis, as its shape before assuming the pupal condition
{558}is very different to what it was previously. It changes to a pupa
inside the case of the Trichopteron in a cocoon attached to the walls of
the case. Previous to making this, however, the _Agriotypus_ forms a
curious, elongate, string-like process attached to the anterior extremity
of its cocoon. The use of this is unknown. Full information as to the
life-history of this aquatic Hymenopterous larva, especially as to its
respiratory functions, would be of great interest. The affinities of this
remarkable Insect are still doubtful. It may probably prove to be between
Proctotrypidae and Ichneumonidae.
[Illustration: FIG. 365.—Metamorphosis of _Agriotypus_. (After Klapálek.)
A, Larva; B, sub-nymph; C, case of the _Silo_ with the string of attachment
formed by _Agriotypus_; D, section of the case: _v_^1, operculum of case;
_v_^2, cocoon; _ag_, pupa of _Agriotypus_; _e_, exuvia of _Agriotypus_;
_w_^2, wall of cocoon; _s_, remains of _Silo_; _w_^1, closure of case.]
Remains of Insects that may be referred with more or less certainty to
Ichneumonidae have been found in some abundance in various tertiary strata
both in Europe and North America, but nothing indicative of the existence
of the family has yet been found in the older rocks.
FAM. V. BRACONIDAE—SUPPLEMENTARY ICHNEUMON-FLIES.
_Antennae with many (nearly always more than fifteen) joints, not
geniculate. Wings with a moderate number of cells, which on the anal part
of the front wing are more or less imperfect, the anal (i.e. the second
posterior) cell being separated from the cubital cells by a large space
in which there is no cross-nervure. Abdomen with but little mobility
between the segments; the suture between the second and third usually
{559}absent, or obsolete. Larvae living parasitically in—possibly
exceptionally outside—the bodies of larvae or pupae of Insects._
[Illustration: FIG. 366.—_Bracon palpebrator_, female. Europe. (After
Ratzeburg.)]
[Illustration: FIG. 367.—Diagram of wing of Ichneumonid (A) and of Braconid
(B). 1, 2, 3, 4, series of cells extending across the wing; _a_, _b_,
divided cell of the Ichneumonid wing, corresponding with _a_, the undivided
cell of the Braconid wing.]
The Braconidae are the Ichneumones, or Ichneumonides, adsciti of the older
Hymenopterists. They are extremely similar to the Ichneumonidae, but the
hind body has a much less degree of mobility of its segments, and there are
some constant distinctions in the wings. Although there is a great deal of
difference in the various forms of each of the two families, yet there are
two points of distinction easily appreciated; the series of cells running
across the wing (Fig. 367) being only three in the Ichneumonides (Fig. 367,
A), but four in the Braconids (Fig. 367, B); besides this the space _a_ of
the Braconid wing is divided into two (_a_, _b_) in the Ichneumonid wing. A
glance at these characters enables us at once to separate correctly the
thousands of species of the two families.
The habits of the Braconidae are similar to those of Ichneumonidae, it
being believed that all are parasites. Usually they attack larvae, but they
are bred in great numbers from pupae, and even from imagos of other
Insects. _Elasmosoma_ is one of the few parasites known to attack ants. As
many as 1200 specimens of _Microgaster_ have been reared from a single
Lepidopterous larva. Although such parasitism raises a feeling of
repulsion, yet there is reason for supposing that there may be {560}little
or no cruelty or acute suffering connected with this mode of life. The
victim attacked is not eaten, the parasites in the interior taking in the
lymph of the caterpillar either by the mouth or by endosmosis, but not
biting their host. The latter displays no sign of sickness, but eats
voraciously, so that it serves merely as a sort of intermediary between the
juices of the plant and the larvae inside itself. It is only when the
metamorphosis is at hand that the host sickens, but this does not always
happen: parasitised larvae frequently change to pupae, and they may
occasionally even become perfect Insects. Cases are known in which imagos
have appeared with some of the small parasites embedded in some of the
outer parts of their bodies. These cases are, however, very rare; in the
enormous majority of instances the host is destroyed either when it is in
the larval stage or before the pupa has advanced to any great extent on its
metamorphosis to an imago. Particulars as to various species will be found
in the valuable work of Ratzeburg we have already referred to.[477]
Reference may also be made to Goureau's account of _Microgaster
globatus_,[478] this latter including some suggestions by Dr. Boisduval on
some of the difficult physiological questions involved in the lives of
these parasites.
[Illustration: FIG. 368.—Stalked cocoon of _Apanteles formosus_. (After
Marshall.)]
The metamorphosis of _Microgaster fulvipes_ has been studied by Ratzeburg,
and an epitome of his observations is given by Marshall.[479] The larva
goes through a series of changes somewhat similar to those we have already
sketched in _Anomalon circumflexum_. Usually these Insects after emerging
from the body of their host spin a mass of cocoons more or less loosely
connected together. A most curious case has, however, been recorded by
Marshall[479] of a stalked cocoon (Fig. 368) being formed as an exceptional
act by _Apanteles formosus_. Mr. Marshall has recently received other
specimens of this cocoon as well as the Insects reared therefrom in France,
and inclines to the opinion that the stalked cocoon may be the usual form,
and is sometimes departed from by the Insect for unknown reasons.
{561}This family is of enormous extent; we have several hundred species of
it in Britain,[480] and there are no doubt many thousands of undescribed
exotic forms. To _Apanteles glomeratus_ we are indebted for keeping our
cabbages and kindred vegetables from destruction by the caterpillars of the
white butterflies. The larvae of the various species of _Pieris_, as well
as those of other Lepidoptera, are attacked by this little Insect, the
masses of whose cocoons may frequently be found in numbers in and near
cabbage gardens. The tropical species of Braconidae are greatly neglected,
but many large and remarkable forms—some of brilliant colours—have been
brought from there, so that we are justified in believing that Insects of
this family will prove to be very numerous. There are but few apterous
Braconidae. Both sexes of _Chasmodon apterus_ are destitute of wings; the
females of one species of _Spathius_, and also those of _Pambolus_ and
_Chasmodon_ are apterous; in a small number of species of various genera
the wings are so minute as to be incapable of serving as organs of flight.
In the genus _Alloea_ the wings of the male are shorter than those of the
female.
[Illustration: FIG. 369.—_Stenophasmus ruficeps_, female. Aru Islands.
(After Westwood.)]
FAM. VI. STEPHANIDAE.
_Antennae composed of many (thirty to seventy) joints; hind body attached
to the lower and posterior part of the median dorsal {562}plate. Wings
with a distinct costal cellule; head globose, posterior femora frequently
toothed._
This is a doubtful family, consisting of a few anomalous Insects.
Schletterer assigns to it only two genera, _Stephanus_ and
_Stenophasmus_;[481] both have a wide distribution over the world, though
we have no species in Britain. Nothing is known of their habits, and they
are apparently all very scarce Insects. The definition is compiled from
those of Cameron and Schletterer. There seems very little to distinguish
these Insects from Braconidae.
FAM. VII. MEGALYRIDAE.
_Hymenoptera with short broad hind body, which is not separated by a
pedicel from the thorax. The female has a very long bristle-like
ovipositor. Antennae with fourteen joints._
This family is constituted by the Australian genus _Megalyra_,[482] one of
the most interesting of the numerous extraordinary Insect-forms found in
that region; the species appear to be very rare and not numerous.
Apparently nothing is known as to their habits. It is quite possible that
these Insects will prove to be anomalous Braconidae.
FAM. VIII. EVANIIDAE.
_Petiole of the abdomen attached to the upper part of the median dorsal
plate; antennae not elbowed, of thirteen or fourteen joints. Wings with a
moderate number of nervures. Larva of parasitic habits._
This family is composed of only three genera—_Evania_, _Gasteruption_, and
_Aulacus_, each possessing a considerable number of species; they agree in
the characters mentioned above, and may be readily recognised by the
peculiar insertion of the hind body. This character occurs outside the
limits of the Evaniidae only in one or two genera of Chalcididae and
Braconidae; it is to this latter family that the Evaniidae must be
considered most closely allied.
The species of the genus _Evania_ are believed to live at {563}the expense
of cockroaches (Blattidae), and to deposit their eggs in the egg-capsules
of those Insects. The species of _Gasteruption_ live, in the larval state,
on the larvae of other Hymenoptera, more especially of such as form nests
in wood. Very little is known as to the habits of the species of _Aulacus_,
but it is believed that they are parasitic on members of the Hymenopterous
families, Siricidae and Oryssidae. Only the most meagre details as to the
life history of any of the Evaniidae have been recorded. The species of
_Evania_ are met with most freely where cockroaches abound, and are said,
hence, to be frequently observed on board ship. Two or three species of
each of the two genera _Evania_ and _Gasteruption_ occur in Britain. The
latter genus is more widely known under the name of _Foenus_.[483]
FAM. IX. PELECINIDAE.
_Sexes very different; the female without exserted ovipositor, but with
extremely long abdomen. Articulation between the femur and trochanter
oblique and elongate, but without division of the trochanter._
[Illustration: FIG. 370.—_Pelecinus polyturator_, ♀. Mexico.]
This family at present comprises, according to Schletterer,[484] only the
three genera _Pelecinus_, _Ophionellus_, and _Monomachus_. The systematic
position of the Insects is very doubtful, and their habits are but little
known. _Pelecinus polyturator_ (Fig. 370) appears, however, in the female
sex, to be a common Insect over a large part of the warmer regions {564}of
the New World; it is in all probability parasitic in its habits, the
elongate ovipositor of the female Ichneumon being in this Insect replaced
by an extraordinary linear extension of the abdomen itself. Doubleday has
recorded that he saw twenty or thirty specimens of this species that had
perished with their elongated hind bodies inserted into the stem of a tree,
from which they could not extricate themselves. On the other hand, Patton
thinks they are parasitic on locusts.[485]
The male in _Pelecinus_ has the proportions of the parts of the body
normal, there being no elongation of the abdomen; it thus differs very much
in appearance from the female. There seems to be very little to distinguish
_Pelecinus_ from Proctotrypidae. The undivided trochanters have led to
these Insects being placed, by some, among the Aculeate Hymenoptera. This
character, as we have already shown, occurs also in Proctotrypidae.
FAM. X. TRIGONALIDAE.
_Abdomen ovate, not separated by a pedicel from the thorax. Antennae
twenty-five-jointed. Trochanters imperfectly two-jointed. Both the
anterior and posterior wings provided with a well-developed neuration.
Abdomen composed of only five apparent segments. Larva (in some cases)
parasitic on Aculeate Hymenoptera._
[Illustration: FIG. 371.—_Trigonalys maculifrons_ Cam. _i.l._ Mexico.]
This family is chiefly constituted by the very rare Insects contained in
the genus _Trigonalys_, of which we have one species in Britain. Although,
so far as appearance goes, they have little in common with the parasitic
Hymenoptera, and look quite like members of the Aculeata, yet the late F.
Smith found a species in the cells of _Polistes lanio_, thereby showing it
to be of parasitic habits. Although some Aculeate Hymenoptera are also of
parasitic habits, yet the characters of _Trigonalys_ perhaps agree, on the
whole, better with the Hymenoptera parasitica. The British species is very
{565}rare. The South American genus, _Nomadina_, looks still more like a
bee, and the trochanters are even more imperfectly divided than they are in
some of the Aculeate group, Nyssonides, the outer portion being merely a
small piece imperfectly separated from the base of the femur.
----
_Note._—The citation of Saint Augustine on p. 85 is made in the words
used by Wasmann in _Der Trichterwickler, eine naturwissenschaftliche
Studie über den Thierinstinkt_, 1884.
The authenticity of the passage we have adopted as the motto for this
volume is somewhat doubtful. It is explained in an "admonitio ad
lectorem" of the soliloquy, that this work is probably a compilation by a
later writer, from two, or more, works of Saint Augustine. Father Wasmann
has been so kind as to inform the writer that the idea of the passage
quoted occurs frequently in the undoubted works of the Saint, as, for
instance, de Civitate Dei, lib. xi. cap. 22; Serm. ccxiii. in traditione
symboli II. cap. i.; contra Faustum, lib. xxi. cap. v. etc. The passage
quoted is, however, the only one in which "angeli" and "vermiculi" are
associated.
{567}INDEX
Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or
species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to
systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. =
and in following page or pages.
Abdomen, 109;
of Hymenoptera, 492 f.
Abdominal appendages, 188, 189, 190
_Acantherpestes_, 74, _76_
Accessory glands, 392, 404
_Acheta_, 330, 338
_Achorutes murorum_, 194
Acini, 126
Acoustic orifice, 317
Acridiidae, _201_, 279-310, _309_
Acridiides, _310_
_Acridium peregrinum_, 298;
growth, 156;
at sea, 297
—see also _Schistocerca_
Acrophyllides, _278_
Aculeata, _520_
Aculeates and Proctotrypids, 535, 564
Adler, on alternation of generations, 530;
on galls, 526 f.;
on useless males, 498
_Aeschna cyanea_, 412;
_A. grandis_, labium, 411;
nymph, 420, 421
Aeschninae, 416, _426_
Agaonides, _547_
_Agathemera_, 274, 276
Agrion nymph, 426
_Agrion pulchellum_, 412
Agrioninae, 412, _426_
Agriotypides, _557_
_Agriotypus armatus_, 557
Air sacs, 128, 282, 283, 294, 495
_Alaptus excisus_, 537;
_A. fusculus_, 538
Alar organs, of earwigs, 206;
of Blattidae, 225;
of Mantidae, 245;
of Phasmidae, 269;
of Acridiidae, 281;
development of, in earwigs, 212;
in Mantidae, 248
—see also Tegmina, Wings, Elytra
Alary muscles, 134
Albarda on Raphidiides, _448_
Alder flies, 444
_Aleuropteryx_, _471_
Alimentary canal, 123-127, 403, 446;
of may-flies, 438 f.;
of _Panorpa_, 450;
closed, 457, 466, 496, 544
Alitrunk, 489 f., 490, 492
_Alloea_, _561_
Alternation of generations, 497, 530
Amber, Myriapods in, 74, 76, 77;
Insects, 179;
Aptera, 196;
Blattidae, 239;
Mantidae, 258;
Phasmidae, 276;
Psocidae, 397;
Perlidae, 407;
Phryganeidae, 485;
Tenthredinidae, 518;
Cynipidae, 533
Ambua, 40
_Ameles_, 245
Ametabola, 158, 174
Amnion, 148, 545
Amnios, 291
Amorphoscelides, 251, _259_
_Amorphoscelis annulicornis_, 251
Amphibiotica, _342_
_Amphientomum paradoxum_, 397
_Ampulex_, abdomen, 492
Ampulla, 290
_Amylispes_, _76_
_Anabolia furcata_, mouth-parts, 475;
_A. nervosa_, larva, 476
_Anabrus purpurascens_, 321
_Anaplecta azteca_, folded wing, 227
Anaplectinae, _240_
Anatomy—see External Structure and Internal Anatomy
_Anax formosus_, 410, 414
Anderson, Dr. J., on _Gongylus_, 254
_Anechura scabriuscula_, 208
_Anisolabis maritima_, 205;
_A. moesto_, 205;
_A. tasmanica_, 216
_Anisomorpha pardalina_, 274
Anisomorphides, _278_
Anisopterides, 412, _414_, _426_;
nymphs, 421
_Anomalon_, metamorphosis, 552
_Anomalopteryx_, 484
_Anostostoma australasiae_, 326
_Anoura_, 190
Ant, brain, 119; {568}
nervous system, 495;
castes, 500
Ant destroyer, 545, 559
Ante-clypeus, 93
Antennae, 97;
growth of, 212
_Anthophora retusa_, parasites of, 544, 545
_Anthophorabia retusa_, 545
Ant-lions, 453, 454
_Anurida maritima_, 194, 195
Aorta, 133, 134
_Apanteles glomeratus_, 561
_Apatania_, 481;
_A. arctica_, _A. muliebris_, 481
Apex, 112
_Aphilothrix_, 531
Apocrita, 519
Apodeme, 103
Apophysis, 103, 520
Appendages, 91, 188, 189, 190
Aptera, 172, _180_-189
Apterous Insects, 205, 216, 217, 220, 234, 235, 252, 261, 262, 264, 269,
272, 274, 277, 299, 302, 303, 307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329,
518, 556, 561
—see also Wingless Insects
Apterygogenea, 175, 196
Aquatic Acridiidae, 301, 303;
Aq. Hymenoptera, 538, 557;
Aq. Phasmids, 272
Arachnides antennistes, 77
Archidesmidae, _76_
_Archidesmus_, _76_
Archijulidae, _76_
Archipolypoda, 74, _76_
Arolium, 105, 223
Arrhenotoky, 141, 498
Arthromeres, 87
_Arumatia ferula_, anatomy, 262
Ascalaphides, _459_ f.
_Ascalaphus coccajus_, 459;
_A. longicornis_, 459;
_A. macaronius_, 460;
eggs, 460
_Aschipasma catadromus_, 263, 266
Aschipasmides, _278_
Ashmead, on Mymarides, 537;
on Proctotrypids, 537;
on _Scleroderma_, 536
_Astroma_, 300
Asymmetry, 216
_Athalia_ (_centifoliae_) _spinarum_, 515
Atropinae, 394 f.
_Atropos divinatoria_, 394 f., 396
_Atta_ (_Oecodoma_) _cephalotes_, 501
Attitude, 248, 250, 256, 268, 514
Attraction of light, 230
Auditory organ, 400;
of _Calotermes_, 358
—see also Ear
Audouin on thorax, 100, 101
_Aulacus_, _562_
_Aulax_, 532
Avicenna, 41
Axes of body, 113
BACILLIDES, _278_
_Bacillus patellifer_, 263
_Bacteria_, _276_
Bacteriides, _277_
Bacunculides, _277_
_Baëtis_, 433
_Ballostoma_, 196
Ballowitz on spermatozoa, 140
Barber, Mrs., on S. African locust, 294
_Barbitistes yersini_, 321
Barnston on Perlidae, 402, 405
Barriers with eggs, 461
Base, 112
Basement membrane, 162
Bassett on oviposition of inquilines, 532
Bataillon, on metamorphosis, 131, 168;
on reversed circulation, 135
Bates, on singing grasshopper, 319;
on Termites, 375
Bateson, on forceps of earwig, 209;
on antennae of same, 212
_Batrachotettix whiti_, 305
Bedeguar, 527, 531
Bees killed by _Locusta_, 321
Belt on domestic cockroaches, 231
Bermuda, 33
Bertkau, on _Psocus_, 391;
on micropterous Psocidae, 394
_Bethylus_ habits, 535
Bherwa, 326
Bird eaten by _Mantis_, 250
Bird-lice, 345, 351
Biting-lice, 345, 351
_Bittacus_, 451, 453;
_B. tipularius_, 452
_Blabera_, 235;
wings, 237;
_B. gigantea_, 222
Blaberides, _241_
Black beetle, 221
Blanjulidae, _44_
_Blanjulus_, 44
Blastoderm, 147
_Blastophaga grossorum_, 547 f.
_Blatta_, 240
Blattidae, _201_, 220-241, _240_;
parasites of, 563
Blattinae, _240_
Blind Insects, 217, 233
Blood, 132
Blood-gills, 479
Blowfly, egg, 145;
metamorphosis, 163
Bolivar on eyes of _Machilis_, 185
_Bombus_, dorsal vessel of, 133;
metamorphosis, 497;
_B. lucorum_, 488
Bombyliidae, 291
Bonnet and Finot on _Eugaster_, 324
Book-lice, 390 f.
_Boreus hiemalis_, 451;
larva, 453
Boutan on concealment of leaf-like Insects, 323
Brachyscelides, 526
_Brachystola magna_, 308
_Brachytrypes megacephalus_, 332
_Bracon palpebrator_, 559
Braconidae, _558_ f.
Bradford Cave, Myriapods in, 34 {569}
Brain, 118, 120;
of ant, 119;
of Perlidae, 404
Branchiae, 401, 421
—see also Gills
Brandt on nervous system, 119, 495
Brauer, on classification, 175;
on median segment, 491;
on hypermetamorphosis, 160;
on Menorhyncha, etc., 161;
on _Ascalaphus_ larva, 460;
on development of _Mantispa_, 464;
on Palaeodictyoptera, 486;
on _Panorpa_ larva, 452;
on tegmina of _Phyllium_, 270
Breitenbach on Proscopiides, 299
Bridgman on British Ichneumonidae, 557
Brindley on growth of cockroach, 229
British, Myriapods, 36;
Orthoptera, 201;
earwigs, 215;
grasshoppers and locusts, 308;
crickets, 339;
Psocidae, 395;
Perlidae, 406;
Odonata, 424;
Sialidae, 444, 448;
Chrysopides, 469;
Trichoptera, 480;
Phytophagous Hymenoptera, 504;
Siricidae, 510;
Cynipidae, 533;
Ichneumonidae, 557;
Braconidae, 561
Brongniart, on fossil Insects, 428;
on fossil Neuroptera, 343;
on Neuropteroidea, 486;
on post-embryonic development of locust, 287;
on young _Mantis_, 247 f.
Brongniart and Becquerel on chlorophyll in _Phyllium_, 268
Bruner on variation of Orthoptera, 304
Brunner, on Hypertely, 322;
on classification of Orthoptera, 202;
of Blattidae, 240;
of Mantidae, 259;
of Phasmidae, 277;
of Acridiidae, 309;
of Locustidae, 328;
on variation of Oedipoda, 304
_Bryodema tuberculata_, 281
Bugnion on histolysis, 166;
on _Encyrtus_, 545
Buller on Weta-punga, 326
Burchell on _Mantis_, 249
Burgess on _Psocus_, 391 f.
Burmeister on Mantidae, 250
Bursa copulatrix, 139
Caddis-flies, 473 f.
Caecum, 125
_Caenis dimidiata_, 442
Calcares, 104
Calepteryginae, 422, _426_
_Calepteryx_, _417_, 420, 422;
its eggs' parasite, 538
Callimenides, 318, _329_
_Callimome bedeguaris_, 532
_Caloptenus spretus_, 288 f., 289, 298, 303;
development, 289
_Calotermes flavicollis_, 362, 363, 371, 376;
_C. nodulosus_, 359;
_C. rugosus_, 358, 382, 383
Calvert on Odonata, 412
_Calvisia atrosignata_, 266, 273
Calyx, 283, 439
Cameron, on ant-parasite, 545;
on gall-producing plants, 527;
on parthenogenesis, 498, 499, 517;
on _Pimpla_ larva, 557
Camerano on earwig, 211, 213
_Campodea_, 61;
_C. staphylinus_, 182, 183, 197
Campodeidae, _183_
_Camponotus_, nerves, 495
Cannibalism, 425, 477
Cantharidae, 291
_Capnia vernalis_, 405
Caprification, 547 f.
Capsule of eggs, 201
—see also Egg-capsule
_Caraphractus cinctus_, 538
Carboniferous, Myriapods, 75, 76;
Insects, 196, 238 f., 259, 276, 408, 428, 442 f., 449
_Cardiophorus_ larva, 90
Cardo, 95
Carnivorous and vegetarian, 250
Carpenter bee wings, 494
Carruthers on locust swarm, 292
Case, Hymenopterous, 514
Cases, caddis-fly, 476 f., 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485
Castes, 500, 501
Caudal branchiae, 423
Cave, Myriapods, 34, 37;
Insects, 197, 451;
Locustidae, 321;
cockroach, 232, 233
_Cecidomyia_, parasites of, 536, 537
Cenchri, 511
Centipedes, 30, 36, 40
_Cephalocoema lineata_, 299
_Cephalonomia formiciformis_, 536
Cephidae, 504 f.
_Cephus integer_, 505;
_C. pygmaeus_, 505
Cerci, 110, 183, 216, 257, 337, 400;
of Blattidae, 224, 238
_Cermatia_, 35
Cermatiidae, _46_
_Ceroys saevissima_, 264
Cervical sclerites, 99, 99, 409
Chalcididae, _539_
_Chalicodoma muraria_, nest, parasites, 540 f.
Changing colour, 288, 253, 267, 268
_Chasmodon apterus_, 561
Chatin on labrum, 93;
on mandibles, 95
_Chauliodes_, _447_
Cheeks, 94
_Cheimatobia brumata_, parasites, 521
_Chelidura dilatata_, 205
Cheshire on fertilisation of bee, 499
_Chilaspis lowii_, 530;
_C. nitida_, 531
Chilian Insects, 447, 463
Chilognatha, 30, _43_, 47, _76_;
development of, 63-72;
structure of, 52-56, 53;
double segments, 53, 70
Chilopoda, 30, 33, _44_, 47, 52, 74, _75_;
structure of, 56-59;
development of, 70-72
Chitin, 162 {570}
Chitinogenous cells, 162
Chlorophyll in tegmina, 269
_Choeradodis cancellata_, 252
Cholodkovsky, on head, 87;
on styles of cockroach, 224;
on embryology of _Phyllodromia_, 237;
on morphology of sting, 493
_Chordeuma_, 31
Chordeumidae, _44_
Chordotonal organs, 121
Chorion, 144
_Chorisoneura_, _240_
Chromosomes, 146
_Chrysopa_ eggs, 469;
larva, 469;
_C. aspersa_, 470;
_C. flava_, 469;
_C. pallida_ larva, 470
Chrysopides, _469_ f., 472
Chun on rectal gills, 422
Chyle, 133
Chylific ventricle, 125, 228
_Cimbex_ abdomen, 493;
abdominal articulation, 492;
dorsal vessel, 134;
_C. sylvarum_, saws, 512
Cimbicides, 511, 517
Cinura, 182
Circulation, 132 f.;
in caudal setae, 435
Cladomorphides, _278_
_Cladonotus humbertianus_, 301
Classification, 171 f.;
of Blattidae, _240_;
of Mautidae, _259_;
of Phasmidae, _277_;
of Acridiidae, _309_;
of Locustidae, _328_;
of Gryllidae, _340_
Claws, 105, 106, 469
Clitumnides, _278_
_Cloëon_, eyes, 430;
_C. dimidiatum_, larvule, 432;
_C. dipterum_, nymph, 432;
respiration of nymph, 435
_Clothilla_, 395;
_C. pulsatoria_, 395, 396;
anatomy, 392
Clypeus, 92, 93
Cockroaches, 220
Cocoons of sawfly, 515
Coeloblast, 149
Coleoptera, _173_
Collembola, _182_, _189_ f.
Collophore, 193
Colour, 200
Commissures, 116
Common cocoons, 515
Compass Termite, 386
Complementary Termites, 361
Compound eyes, 97, 430;
(=facetted eyes) in Myriapods, 36
Concealment by movement and position, 268;
by selection of place, 308
Coniopterygides, _471_
_Coniopteryx lutea_, 471;
_C. psociformis_, 471;
_C. tineiformis_, 472
Conocephalides, 313, 327, 328
_Copiophora cornuta_, 313
_Cordulegaster_, 415;
_C. annulatus_, 415
Cordulegasterinae, _426_
Corduliinae, _426_
Correlative variation, 536
Corrodentia, _175_, 389
Corrosion by Termites, 360
_Corydalis_, _447_;
_C. crassicornis_, 447
_Corydaloides scudderi_, 344
_Corydia_, 221;
_C. petiveriana_, 233
Corydiides, _241_
_Coryna_, 550
_Corynothrix borealis_, 191
Costa, 108
Cotes on Indian locusts, 298
_Cotylosoma dipneusticum_, 272
Coxa, 88, 104
_Craspedosoma_, _76_
Crawlers, 447
Creepers, 407
Cretaceous Myriapods, 75;
Insects, 485
Creutzberg on circulation, 436
Cricket, 330, 338
_Crioceris asparagi_, legs of larvae, 106
Crop, 114, 124, 495
_Crunoecia irrorata_, case of, 480
Cryptides, _557_
_Cryptocerus_, abdomen of, 109
_Cryptops_, 36, 41
Crystalline cone, 98
_Cuculligera flexuosa_, 304
Cunningham on fig fertilisation, 549
Cursoria (Orthoptera), _201_
Cuvier, 77
Cyclops form, 536
_Cylindrodes campbellii_, 336;
_C. kochi_, 336
Cynipidae, _523_
_Cynips aciculata_, 531;
_C. disticha_, 530;
_C. folii_, 530;
_C. kollari_, 530;
_C. lignicola_, 530;
_C. spongifica_, 531
_Cyphocrania aestuans_, 266
Cyprus, 32
_Cyrtophyllus concavus_, 320;
_C. crepitans_, 311
Dahl and Ockler on feet, 105
D'Albertis on may-flies, 441
Damsel-flies, 417
Dancing may-flies, 439 f.
_Dasyleptus lucasii_, 196
Death-watch, 395 f.
Decaux on cannibalism of mole-cricket, 336
Deception, 250, 265
Decoys, 257
Decticides, _329_
De Geer on earwigs, 214
Degeeriidae, _190_
_Deinacrida heteracantha_, 326
Demoiselles, 417
_Dendroleon pantherinus_, 458
Denny on _Mantis_ in England, 258
Derham on death-watches, 396, 397
Dermaptera, 202, 216
Dermatoptera, 202
_Derocalymma_, 235 {571}
_Deroplatys sarawaca_, 243
De Saussure, on Orthoptera, 202;
on wings of Blattidae, 226 f.;
on classification of Gryllidae, 340;
on _Hemimerus_, 217;
on nomenclature of Blattidae, 240;
on oceans as barriers to migration, 297
Desert Insects, 253, 304
Deuterotoky, 141, 497 f.
Deuto-cerebron, 118
Development, of alar organs of _Platycleis_, 312;
of crickets, 332
—see also Embryology and Metamorphosis
Devonian, 428, 442
Dewitz on caste, 500;
on ovipositor of _Locusta_, 314;
on morphology of sting, 493;
on internal legs, 496;
on development of wings of Phryganeidae, 479, 480;
on dragon-fly nymphs, 423;
on _Chrysopa_ larva, 470
_Diaphana fieberi_, 226
_Diapheromera femorata_, 263, 264, 265, 267
_Diastrophus_, 532
_Diaulus_, 484
_Dicranota_, larva, glands of, 142
_Dictyoneura_, 277, 344
_Dictyopteryx microcephala_, 406;
_D. signata_, 401
_Dielocerus ellisii_, 515
Digestion, 127
Dilarina, _465_
Dilke, Sir Charles, on Orchis-like _Mantis_, 254
Dimorphic cocoons, 560;
males, 547, 549
_Diplectrona_, 479
Diploglossata, 217
Diplopoda, _43_, 53, 74
_Diploptera silpha_ folded wing, 227
Diptera, _173_
Disgorgement, 495
Distant on S. African locust, 298
Ditrochous, 494, 520
Divided eyes, 409
_Docophorus fuscicollis_ anatomy, 348;
_D. icterodes_, _D. cygni_, 349
Dog, biting-louse of, 349
Dohrn on tracheal system of _Gryllotalpa_, 132;
on embryology of _Gryllotalpa_, 336
_Dolichopoda palpata_, 322
Dorsal vessel, 133, 134;
reversed action, 435
Dorsum, 100
Dragon-flies, 409
Drakes, 441
_Drepanepteryx phalaenoides_, 453, 468;
wings, 468
Drones, 499
Drummers, 237
Dubois on decapitated _Mantis_, 250
Duchamp on egg-capsule of cockroach, 228
Ductus ejaculatorius, 140
Dudley and Beaumont on Termites, 372, 387
Dufour, on alimentary canal, 124;
on tracheal system, 129;
on air sacs of Acridiidae, 283;
on sexual organs, 138, 139;
on testes, 140;
on phonation, 286;
on _Tridactylus_, 338;
on Mantidae, 246;
on earwigs, 210;
on anatomy of cockroach, 228;
on anatomy of _Gryllotalpa_, 335;
on anatomy of Termites, 360;
on anatomy of _Panorpa_, 450;
on larva of _Sialis_, 446;
on _Myrmeleon_ larva, 458
Duns, 441
Dust-lice, 390 f.
Dwellings of Termites, 385 f.
_Dytiscus_, mesothorax, 101;
egg-tube, 138, 139
Dzierzon theory, 499
Ear, 101, 121;
of Acridiidae, 285 f., 285;
of Locustidae, 316 f., 316, 317;
of crickets, 332;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 333, 334
Earliest Insect, 238
Earwig, 202 f., 211, 213, 214;
forceps, 208 f., 209;
wing, 206;
the name, 214
Eaton, on nymph, 157;
on Ephemeridae, 435, 437, 440
Ecdysis, 156, 162;
nature of, 169
_Ectobia_, 236;
_E. lapponica_, egg-capsule, 229
Ectobiides, _240_
Ectoblast, 149
Ectoderm, 148;
of _Peripatus_, 20 f., 22
Ectognathi, 189
Ectotrophi, 189
Eggs, 143-145;
of _Peripatus_, 19;
of Myriapods, 38, 39, 64;
of _Ascalaphus_, 460;
growing, 513;
of parasites, 552;
of egg-parasites, 545;
of _Corydalis_, 447;
of Cynipidae, 528;
of _Limacodes_, 153;
of Mallophaga, 348;
of _Microcentrum_, 314;
of Phasmidae, 265, 270 f., 270;
of _Perla_, 404;
of _Sialis_, 445;
of Trichoptera, 476
Egg-capsule, 265, 290;
of _Phyllium_, histology, 271
Egg-parasites, 522, 536, 538
Egg-tubes, 137, 139, 392
—see also Ovaries
_Eileticus_, _76_
Eisig on chitinous excretion, 130, 163
Ejaculatory duct, 392, 414
Ejection of fluid, 264, 324, 399, 515
_Elasmosoma_, 559
_Elater_ larva, 29
_Elipsocus brevistylus_, 393
Elytra, 108
_Embia_, 352, 353
_Embidopsocus_, 395
Embiidae, 351, 395
Embryology, 145-153;
of _Peripatus_, 19 f.;
of Myriapods, 63 f.;
of parasites, 522;
of earwig, 216;
of Blattidae, 237;
of _Encyrtus_, 546;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 336; {572}
of _Polynema_, 538;
of _Smicra_, 545;
of Proctotrypidae, 536 f.
Emergence from egg, 263, 264, 290, 291, 313
Empodium, 105
_Empusa pauperata_, 245, 257
Empusides, _259_
_Encyrtus fuscicollis_ development, 545
Endoblast, 149
Endoderm, 148;
of _Peripatus_, 20 f., 22
Endolabium, 97
Endo-skeleton, 399
Eneopterides, _340_
Enock on _Alaptus_ and _Caraphractus_, 538
_Enoicyla pusilla_, 481
Entognathi, 189
Entomology, 86
Entothorax, 103, 114, 116
Entotrophi, 189
Eocene, 407
_Ephemera_, 434;
_E. danica_, 429, 441;
wing, 431;
_E. vulgata_, 441;
nymph, 433
Ephemeridae, _429_-443
_Ephippigera_ Malpighian tubes, 335;
_E. rugosicollis_, 323
Ephippigerides, 318, _329_
Epiblast, 65, 149
Epicranium, 92, 93, 93
Epidemes, 107
Epilamprides, _240_
Epimeron, 100, 101, 104
Episternum, 88, 100, 101, 104
Epistome, 92
Epithelium of stomach, 126
_Eremiaphila_, 243, 253;
_E. turcica_, 253
Eremobiens, 304
_Erianthus_, 301
Erichson on Neuroptera, 342
Erne on _Rhyssa_, 554
_Etoblattina manebachensis_, 238, 239
_Eucharis myrmeciae_, 545
_Euchroma_, head and neck, 99
_Eucorybas_, 37
_Eugaster guyoni_, 324
_Eugereon bockingi_, 486
_Eumegalodon blanchardi_, 327
Eumegalodonidae, 327
Euorthoptera, 216
_Euphaea_, 422
_Euphoberia_, _76_
Euphoberiidae, 73, _76_
_Euprepocnemis plorans_, 303
_Eurycantha australis_, 274
_Eurytoma abrotani_, 539
_Eusthenia spectabilis_, 407
_Eutermes_, 374;
_E. ripperti_, 388
_Euthyrhapha_, 226
_Evania_, _562_
Evaniidae, _562_
Exner on sight, 416
Exodus, locust of the book of, 298
Exsertile blood-sacs, 132
External parasite, 555
External structure, 87;
diagram, 88;
of earwigs, 203 f.;
of cockroaches, 221;
of Mantidae, 242 f.;
of Phasmidae, 260 f.;
of Acridiidae, 280 f.;
of Odonata, 409 f.;
of Ephemeridae, 430 f.;
of _Panorpa_, 450;
of Phryganeidae, 474;
of Hymenoptera, 489 f.;
of Tenthredinidae, 511
Eyes, 97
—see also Compound Eyes and Ocelli
Fabre on _Leucospis_, 540;
on _Monodontomerus_, 543;
on _Sirex_, 509
Facetted eyes—see Compound Eyes
Family, 177
Fasting, 448, 458
Fat-body, 136
Feeding, by Termites, 376;
young, 495
Femur, 88, 104
Fenestra, 221
Fenestrate membrane, of eye, 98;
of pericardium, 134
Fertilisation, 499;
of fig, 549
Field-cricket, 332
Fields of wings, 206
Fig-Insects, 547 f.
Figitides, _525_
Finot on _Japyx_, 196
Fire-brats, 186
Fischer on instars, 158
Fish destroyed, 425
Fletcher on parthenogenesis, 498
Flight, 416
Floral simulators, 254 f.
Flying-machine, model for, 417
_Foenus_, _563_
Foetus of _Hemimerus_, 218
Foramen, occipital, 92, 94
Forbes on Blattid, 235
Forceps of earwigs, 208, 209
Forel on nervous system of ant, 495
_Forficula auricularia_, 202 f., 204, 209, 211;
_F. gigantea_, _210_
Forficulidae, _201_, 202
Formica-leo, 456
Formicajo, 456
Formicario, 456
Fossil, Insects, 178, 472, 485, 486;
Acridiidae, 308;
Blattidae, 238;
cricket, 340;
dragon-flies, 427;
earwigs, 216;
Locustidae, 328;
Mantidae, 258;
may-flies, 442, 443;
Phasmidae, 276;
Panorpidae, 453;
Perlidae, 407;
Sialidae, 449;
Termites, 389;
Thysanura, 196;
Myriapods, 72 f.;
Palaeozoic Neuroptera, 343
Founding communities, 381
Fourmilions, 456
Fowl, biting-louse of, 350
Fritze on Ephemerid alimentary canal, 439 {573}
Frons, 94
Front wings absent, 260 f.
Fungus chambers, 387
Fungus-growing Termites, 385, 387
Funiculus, 492
Furca, 103
Furcal orifices, 399, 402
Galapagos Islands, 459
Galea, 95
Gall-flies, 523 f.
Galls, 514 f.;
nature of, 525 f., 533
Ganglia, 116
Ganin, on metamorphosis, 162;
on embryology, 536 f., 538
_Gasteruption_, _562_
Gena, 94
Geophilidae, _46_, 58, 75
_Geophilus_, 33, 36, 39, 46;
marine, 30;
phosphorescent, 34
Geoscapheusides, _241_
_Gerephemera simplex_, 428
Gerstaecker, on Neuroptera, 343;
on mouth of Odonata, 411
Giebel on Mallophaga, 347
Gigantic Insects, 276, 306, 428
Gilbert White, on mole-cricket, 333;
on field-cricket, 339
Gills, 132, 400, 421, 432 f., 478;
jointed, 445, 446, 467;
filamentous, 476;
spongy, 447;
prothoracic, 443;
of pupa, 483;
on imago, 401, 479;
blood-gills, 479
Giraud on Cynipid oviposition, 528
Gizzard, 124, 125
Glacier water, 405
Glande sébifique, 139
Glands, 139, 142;
conglobate, 229;
maxillary, 458;
mushroom, 228
—see also Salivary Glands
_Glandulae odoriferae_, 31, 36, 54
Glomeridae, _43_, 76
_Glomeris_, 33, 43, 52
Gnathites, 94, 97
Golden-eyes, 469
Göldi on eggs of Phasmidae, 265
Gomphinae, _426_
_Gomphocerus_, 308
_Gomphus_, 415
Gonapophysis, 110
_Gongylus gongylodes_, 254 f., 255
Gosch on median segment, 491
Goureau on _Microgaster_, 560
Graber, on dorsal vessel, 134;
on blood cells, 137;
on embryology, 148-151;
on ears, 286;
on ears of Locustidae, 316, 317;
on chordotonal organs, 121;
on blood, 133;
on phonation of _Stenobothrus_, 284;
on _Platycleis_, 312
Grassi, on Myriapoda, 47;
on _Campodea_, 163;
on _Embia_, 353;
on Termitidae, 361 f.
Grassi and Rovelli on Thysanura, 182
Green grasshoppers, 311
Green, Mr. Staniforth, on _Helicomitus_ larva, 461
_Gromphadorhina portentosa_, 235
Grosse on Mallophaga, 346
Growth of wings, 393;
of Mantidae, 248
Gryllacrides, _329_
Gryllidae, _201_, 330-340, _340_
Gryllides, _340_
_Gryllotalpa_, 332;
dorsal vessel, 134;
Malpighian tubes, 127;
tracheal system, 132
Gryllotalpides, _340_
_Gryllus_, head, 93;
_G. campestris_, 332, 339;
_G. domesticus_, 330, 338
Guilding on _Ulula_, 461
Gula, 88, 93
Gyri cerebrales, 119
_Gyropus_, 350
Haase on abdominal appendages, 189, 192
Haemocoele, 22, 23
Hagen, on segments, 88;
on wing-rudiments, 395;
on respiration of immature dragon-fly, 423 f.;
on larvae of Ascalaphides, 460;
on amber Psocidae, 397;
on _Platephemera_, 428;
on Perlidae, 401;
on Psocidae, 393 f.;
on Termites, 360 f.
_Haldmanella_, 308
_Halesus guttatipennis_, 473
Haliday on _Bethylus_, 535
_Halobates_, 83
Halteres, 108
Hansen on _Hemimerus_, 217
_Haplogenius_, 461
_Haplophlebium_, 345
_Haplopus grayi_, egg, 265
Harpagides, _259_
_Harpalus caliginosus_, head, 92
_Harpax ocellata_, 253;
_H. variegatus_, 244
Harrington on _Oryssus_, 507
Harris on Katydids' music, 320
Hart on forms of _Atta_, 501
Hartig on gall-flies, 530
Harvesting Termites, 383
Harvey on metamorphosis, 168
Hatchett Jackson on ecdysis, 162;
on oviduct of Lepidoptera, 139
Haustellata, 94
Haustellum, 476
Haviland on Termites, 368, 373, 384
Hawaiian Islands, 354, 395, 425, 471
Head, 92-94
Heart, 133
Heat, 131
_Helicomitus insimulans_, 460, 461
_Helicopsyche shuttleworthi_, cases of, 482
Hellgrammites, 447 {574}
_Helorus anomalipes_, 534
Hemerobiidae, _453_ f.
Hemerobiides, _465_ f.
Hemerobiina, _467_, 472
_Hemerobius_ larva, 467
_Hemichroa rufa_, 498
Hemimeridae, _201_, 217
_Hemimerus hanseni_, 217;
foetus of, 218;
_H. talpoides_, 218
Hemimetabola, 158
Hemiptera, _173_
_Hemiteles_, 556
Henking on embryology, 146
Henneguy on egg-capsule of _Phyllium_, 271;
on embryology of _Smicra_, 545
_Heptagenia_, 440;
_H. longicauda_, 437
Hessian-fly, parasites, 537
_Heterogamia_, 222;
_H. aegyptiaca_, 220;
egg-capsule, 229
Heterometabola, 158
Heteromorpha, 158
_Heterophlebia dislocata_, 427
_Heteropteryx grayi_, 262
Hetrodides, _329_
Hexapoda, 86
Heymons on earwig embryology, 216
Hind body, 109
Hind wings absent, 429
Histoblasts, 167
Histogenesis, 165
Histolysis, 165, 166
_Hodotermes japonicus_, 383;
_H. havilandi_, 384;
_H. mossambicus_, 356;
_H. brunneicornis_, 359;
_H. quadricollis_, 371
Hoffbauer on elytra, 108
_Holocampsa_, misprint—see _Holocompsa_
_Holocompsa_, 226, 235
Holometabola, 158
Holophthalmi, _459_
Homomorpha, 158
Hooks for wings, 494
_Hoplolopha_, 303
Hose, 393
Howard, on pupation of Chalcididae, 550;
on _Hydropsyche_, 483
Hubbard and Hagen on Termites, 388
Humboldt, 31
Humpback, 445
Huxley, on head, 87;
on cervical sclerites, 99
_Hydropsyche_, 479
Hydropsychides, _482_;
larva, 483
_Hydroptila angustella_, 474;
_H. maclachlani_, larva, 484
Hydroptilides, _484_
_Hylotoma rosae_, 513
Hymenoptera, _173_, _487_-565
_Hymenoptera phytophaga_, _503_ f.
_Hymenopus bicornis_, 253
_Hyperetes_, 395, 397
Hypermetamorphosis, 158, 159, 465, 540, 552, 557
Hyperparasitism, 521
Hypertely, 323
_Hypnorna amoena_, 234
Hypoblast, 65, 149
_Hypocephalus_, 99
_Hypochrysa_, 470
Hypodermis, 162, 480
Hypoglottis, 96
_Hyponomeuta cognatella_, parasite of, 545
Hypopharynx, 96
—see also Lingua
_ICHNEUMONES ADSCITI_, _559_
Ichneumon-flies, 265, _551_;
uninjurious, 264;
supplementary, _558_
Ichneumonidae, _551_-558
Ichneumonides, _557_
_Ictinus_, 419
Imaginal, discs, 165, 166;
folds, 165
Imago, 157
Imbrications, 493
Imhof on _Perla_, 403 f.
Inaequipalpia, _480_
Indusial limestone, 485
Infra-oesophageal ganglion, 117
Inner margin of wing, 108
_Inocellia_, _447_
Inquilines, 373, 524, 531, 533
Insecta, definition, 86
Instar, 155, 158
Instinct of _Leucospis_, 541
Integument, 162
Internal anatomy, 186 f.;
of Acridiidae, 282 f.;
of earwigs, 210;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 335;
of Hymenoptera, 494;
of _Libellula_, 414;
of Mantidae, 246;
of _Myrmeleon_ larva, 457, 458;
of Odonata, 414;
of _Stilopyga orientalis_, 228;
of Phasmidae, 262;
of _Raphidia_, 448;
of _Sialis_ larva, 446;
of Thysanura, 187 f.
Intestine, 114, 124
Involucrum alarum, 206
_Iris oratoria_, 248
_Isogenus nubecula_, 405, 406
_Isopteryx_, 400
_Isosoma_, 546
_Isotoma_, 190
JAMAICA, 388
Japygidae, _184_
_Japyx_, abdomen of, 109;
_J. solifugus_, 184, 196
Jhering, Von, on Termites, 387
Joint, 105
Joint-worms, 546
Joly, on Ephemeridae, 431;
on anatomy of _Phyllium_, 262
Julidae, 34, _43_, 71, 73, 77
_Julopsis_, 74
_Julus_, 36-39, 52;
_J. nemorensis_, 43;
_J. terrestris_, 37, 70, 77;
breeding, 37;
development, 66-69; {575}
heart, 50;
ovum, 63, 64;
eye, 69
Jurassic, 216, 259, 407, 442
Jurine on pieces at base of wing, 102
_KAMPECARIS_, _76_
_Karabidion_, 274
Katydids, 319, 320
King, 361, 378
Klapálek, on Trichopterous larvae, 484 f.;
on _Agriotypus_, 557
Knee, 104
Koch, 42
Koestler on stomatogastric nerves, 120
Kolbe, on entothorax, 103;
on wings of Psocidae, 394
Kollar on _Sirex_, 509
Korotneff on embryology of _Gryllotalpa_, 336
Korschelt on egg-tubes, 138
Korschelt and Heider on regenerative tissue, 167
Kowalevsky, on phagocytes, 166;
on regenerative tissue, 167;
on bee embryo, 496
_Kradibia cowani_, 549
Krancher on stigmata, 111
Krawkow on chitin, 162
Kulagin, on embryology, 537;
of _Encyrtus_, 545
Künckel d'Herculais, on histoblasts, 167;
on emergence of _Stauronotus_, 290
_Labia minor_, 214
_Labidura riparia_, 210, 211, 214, 215
Labium, 95;
of Odonata, 410, 411;
of O. larva, 420
Laboulbène, on _Anurida maritima_, 194;
on _Perla_, 399
Labrum, 93, 93
Lacewing flies, 453, 469
_Lachesilla_, 395
Lacinia, 95
_Laemobothrium_, 347
Lamarck, 77
Lamina, subgenitalis, 224;
supra-analis, 224
Landois on stigmata, 111
Languette, 96
Lankester, 40
Larva, 157;
(resting-larva), 164;
oldest, 449
Larvule, 431, 432
Latreille, 30
Latreille's segment, 491
Latzel, 42, 77
Leach, 30, 77
Lead, eating, 510
Leaf-Insects, 260
Legs, 104;
internal, 496;
four only, 549;
of larvae, 106, 110
Lendenfeld, on dragon-flies, 416, 417;
on muscles of dragon-fly, 115
Lens, 98
Lepidoptera, _173_
_Lepisma_, 185, 196;
_L. saccharina_, 186;
_L. niveo-fasciata_, 195
Lepismidae, _185_
Leptocerides, _482_
_Leptophlebia cupida_, 430
Lespès on _Calotermes_, 364
Leuckart on micropyle apparatus, 145
Leucocytes, 137
_Leucospis gigas_, 540;
larva, egg, 542;
habits, 540 f.
Lewis, Geo., on luminous may-fly, 442
Lewis on _Perga_, 518
Leydig, on brain, 119, 120;
on Malpighian tubes of _Gryllotalpa_, 335;
on ovaries, 137, 142;
on glands, 142
Lias, 216, 239, 340, 427, 428, 453, 485, 503
_Libellago caligata_, 413
_Libellula quadrimaculata_, 411, 425
Libellulidae, _409_
Libellulinae, 416, _426_
Lichens, resemblance to, 253
Liénard on oesophageal ring, 118
Light, attraction of, 441
Ligula, 96
Lilies and dragon-flies, 426
_Limacodes_ egg, 153
Limnophilides, _481_
Lingua, 95, 96, 391, 411, 420, 437
Linnaeus quoted, 84
Liotheides, 346, _350_
_Lipeurus heterographus_, 346;
_L. bacillus_, 347;
_L. ternatus_, 349
_Lipura burmeisteri_, 190;
_L. maritima_, 194
Lipuridae, _190_
Liquid emitted, 264, 324, 399, 515
_Lissonota setosa_, 551
Lithobiidae, _45_, 70, 75
_Lithobius_, 32, 36-39, 41, 45, 58;
breeding, 38;
structure, 48, 49, 57
_Lithomantis_, 259;
_L. carbonaria_, 344
_Locusta_, ovipositor, development and structure, 315;
_L. viridissima_, 318, 319, 321, 324, 327
Locustidae, _201_, _311_-329, _328_
Locustides, _329_
Locusts, 291 f.;
of the Bible, 298;
in England, 299;
swarms, 292-299;
eggs, 292
Loew on anatomy of _Panorpa_, 450;
of _Raphidia_, 448
_Lonchodes duivenbodi_, egg, 265;
_L. nematodes_, 260, 261
Lonchodides, _277_
Longevity, 377, 429, 438;
of cockroach, 229
_Lopaphus cocophagus_, 264
_Lophyrus pini_, 511
Löw on _Coniopteryx_, 471, 472
Löw, F., on snow Insects, 194
Lowne, on embryonic segments, 151; {576}
on integument, 162;
on stigmata, 111;
on respiration, 130
Lubbock, Sir John, on _Pauropus_, 62;
on aquatic Hymenoptera, 538;
on auditory organs, 121;
on sense organs, 123;
on respiration, 130;
on stadia, 165;
on _Cloëon_, 432, 437;
on Collembola, 192;
on Insect intelligence, 487
Lucas on mouth-parts of Trichoptera, 475
Luminous may-flies, 412
Lycaenidae, eggs, 144
Lyonnet on muscles, 115
Lysiopetalidae, _76_
MACHILIDAE, _184_
_Machilis maritima_, 185;
_M. polypoda_, 184
_Macronema_, 478
Malacopoda, 77
Mallophaga, _342_, _345_-350
Malpighi on galls, 525
Malpighian tubes, 114, 124, 127, 187, 353, 360, 392, 403, 414, 421, 448,
457, 458;
of _Gryllotalpa_, 335;
of _Ephippigera_, 335;
of _Mantis_, 246;
of Myriapods, 48
Malta, Myriapods at, 35
Mandibles, 94, 95;
absent, 474, 475
Mandibulata, 94
_Manticora_, 304
Mantidae, _201_, _242_-259, _259_
Mantides, _259_
_Mantis_, immature tegmina, 248;
parasite, 546;
_M. religiosa_, 246, 247, 258
_Mantispa areolaris_, 463;
_M. styriaca_ larva, 464
Mantispides, _463_ f.
_Mantoida luteola_, 251
Marchal on Malpighian tubes, 127
Marine Myriapods, 30
Marshall, on _Apanteles_ cocoons, 560;
on Braconidae, 561
Mask, 420
Mastacides, 301, _309_
_Mastax guttatus_, 301
Maternal care, 214, 336, 517
Maxilla, 95, 96;
of Odonata, 411;
absent, 190
May-flies, 429;
number of, 442
Mayer, on Apterygogenea, 196;
on caprification, 547, 548
Mazon Creek, Myriapods at, 75
M‘Coy on variation of ocelli, 267
M‘Lachlan, on Ascalaphides, 459;
on _Oligotoma_, 354;
on Psocidae, 395;
on Trichoptera, 480 f.
Mecaptera, _174_, 453
Mechanism of flight, 416
_Mecistogaster_, 412
_Meconema varium_, 321
Meconemides, _328_
_Mecopoda_, 319
Mecopodides, _328_
_Mecostethus grossus_, 285, 299, 308
Median plate, 504, 506, 507, 512
Median segment, 109, 490, 491
_Megachile_, nervous system, 496
_Megaloblatta rufipes_, 235
_Megalomus hirtus_, 468
_Megalyra_, _562_
_Megalyridae_, _562_
_Meganeura monyi_, 428
Megasecopterides, 344
_Megastigmus_, 547
Meinert, on earwigs, 210, 211, 212;
on _Myrmeleon_ larva, 457;
on stink-glands, 210
_Melittobia_, 545
Melliss on Termite of St. Helena, 389
Melnikow on eggs of Mallophaga, 348
Membranule, 413
Menognatha, 161
_Menopon leucostomum_, 348;
_M. pallidum_, 350
Menorhyncha, 161
Mentum, 95, 96, 96
Mesoblast, 20, 65, 149
Mesoderm, 20, 149
Mesonotum, 88
_Mesopsocus unipunctatus_, _394_
Mesothoracic spiracle, 491
Mesothorax, 101
Mesozoic, 309, 449, 485
Metabola, 158, 174
Metagnatha, 161
Metamorphosis, 153-170;
of Hymenoptera, 497;
of nervous system, 495 f.
Metanotum, 88
Metapodeon, 491
_Methone_, 200;
_M. anderssoni_, 305, 306
Miall, on imaginal discs, 165, 167;
on unicellular glands, 142
Miall and Denny, on pericardial tissue, 135;
on epithelium of stomach, 126;
on spermatheca of cockroach, 228;
on stigmata, 111;
on stomato-gastric nerves, 120
_Miamia bronsoni_, 449
_Microcentrum retinerve_, 313, 314, 320
_Microgaster_, 559;
_M. fulvipes_, 560;
_M. globatus_, 560
Micropterism, 339, 394, 405 f., 484
Micropyle, 145;
apparatus, 404
Migration, 293, 425
Migratory locusts, 292, 297
Millepieds, 41
Millipedes, 30, 40, 41
Miocene, 216, 258, 407
_Molanna angustata_, mandibles of pupa, 477
Mole-cricket, 333;
leg, 333
Moniez on _Anurida maritima_, 194
_Monodontomerus_, 532;
_M. cupreus_, 543;
_M. nitidus_, 544
_Monomachus_, 563 {577}
Monomorphic ant, 498
Monotrochous trochanters, 494, 520, 564, 565
_Mordella_ eye, 98
_Mormolucoides articulatus_, 449
Morton, on gills of Trichoptera, 483;
on Perlidae, 406
Moult, 156
Moulting, 437;
of external parasite, 556
Mouth-parts, of dragon-fly, 411;
of dragon-fly nymph, 420;
atrophied, 430
Müller, Fritz, on caddis-flies, 482 f.;
on fig-Insects, 549;
on Termites, 358, 360, 374, 381, 382
Müller, J., on anatomy of Phasmidae, 262
Murray, on _Phyllium scythe_, 263; on
post-embryonic development of Orthoptera, 265
_Musca_, metamorphosis, 163, 167
Muscles, 115
Music, of _Locusta_, 318;
of Tananá, 319;
of Katydids, 319
—see also Phonation
Mylacridae, 239
Mymarides, _537_, 538
Myoblast, 149
Myriapoda, 27, _42_, _74_;
definition, 29;
as food, 31;
habits, distribution, and breeding, 29-40;
locomotion, 40;
names for, 41;
classification, _42-47_;
structure, 47-63;
embryology, 63-72;
fossil, 72-77;
affinities, 78
_Myrmecoleon_, 456
_Myrmecophana fallax_, 323
Myrmecophilides, _340_
_Myrmeleo_, 456
_Myrmeleon_, 456;
_M. europaeus_, 457;
_M. formicarius_, 455, 457;
_M. nostras_, 457;
_M. pallidipennis_, 456
Myrmeleonides, _454_ f.
NASUTI, 370
_Necrophilus arenarius_, 462
Necroscides, _278_
Needham on locusts at sea, 297
_Nematus_, 514;
_N. curtispina_, 498
_Nemobius sylvestris_, 339
_Nemoptera ledereri_, 462;
_N._ larva, 462
Nemopterides, _462_
_Nemoura_, 401;
_N. glacialis_, 405
Neoteinic Termites, 362, 380
Nervous system, 116
Nervures, 107, 108, 206;
of Psocidae, 393;
of Embiidae, 352;
of Termitidae, 359
Neuroptera, _172_, _341_-485;
N. amphibiotica, _342_;
N. planipennia, _342_
Neuropteroidea, 486
_Neuroterus lenticularis_, 523
Neuters, 137
Newman on abdomen, 491
Newport on _Anthophorabia_, 545;
on _Monodontomerus_, 544;
on _Paniscus_, 555;
on _Pteronarcys_, 399 f.;
on turnip sawfly, 515
Nicolet on Smynthuridae, 191
Nietner on Psocidae, 395
_Nirmus_, 346 f.
Nitzsch, on Mallophaga, 346 f.;
on Psocidae, 392
_Nocticola simoni_, 232
Nodes, 493
Nodus, 413
_Nomadina_, _565_
Notophilidae, _45_
_Notophilus_, 45
Notum, 91, 100
Number of species, of Insects, 83, 171, 178;
of Cephidae, 506;
of Chalcididae, 539;
of gall-flies, 533;
of Hymenoptera, 503;
of Parasitica, 520;
of Ichneumonidae, 551;
of Odonata, 424;
of Orthoptera, 201;
of earwigs, 215;
of cockroaches, 236;
of Mantidae, 258;
of Phasmidae, 272;
of migratory locusts, 297;
of Perlidae, 407;
of Psocidae, 395;
of sawflies, 518
Nurseries of Termites, 387
Nusbaum on embryology, 149, 152
Nyctiborides, _240_
Nymph, 157;
of dragon-fly, 418, 419, 420, 422, 426;
of Ephemeridae, 432 f., 432, 433, 434, 435, 436
Nymphidina, 465, 472
Nyssonides, 565
OAK-GALLS, 527
Occiput, 94
Ocelli, 97, 282, 313, 400, 409, 430;
variation in, 267, 536
Odonata, _409_ f.
_Odontocerum albicorne_, case of, 480
_Odontura serricauda_, 316
Oecanthides, _340_
_Oecanthus_, 339
_Oecodoma_—see _Atta_
Oedipodides, 304, _309_
Oenocytes, 137
Oesophageal "bone," 391
Oesophageal nervous ring, 118, 121
Oesophagus, 114, 124, 403
Oestropsides, _482_
Oligonephria, 175
_Oligoneuria garumnica_, nymph, 434
_Oligotoma michaeli_, 351, 354;
_O. saundersi_, 352;
_O. insularis_, 354
Ommatidium, 98
_Oniscigaster wakefieldi_, 442
Ontogeny, 153
Oolemm, 144
Oolitic, 239
Ootheca of _Mantis_, 246, 247
_Ophionellus_, _563_
Ophionides, _557_
_Opisthocosmia cervipyga_, 215
Orders, 172 {578}
Orientation, 112
Origin of wings, 206
Orl-fly, 445
Ormerod, Miss, on importation of locusts, 299
Ornament, 200, 215, 233 f., 243, 244, 282, 302, 313, 339
_Orphania denticauda_, 321
_Orthodera ministralis_, 249
Orthoderides, 251, _259_
_Orthophlebia_, 453
Orthoptera, _172_, 198-340, 407
Oryssidae, _506_
_Oryssus abietinus_, 506;
_O. sayi_, 506
Osborn on _Menopon_, 350
Osmylides, _466_
Osmylina, _466_
_Osmylus chrysops_, 341;
larva, 466;
_O. maculatus_, 466
Osten Sacken on similar gall-flies, 532
Ostia, 48 f., 133, 435
Oudemans on Thysanura, 182
Oustalet on Odonata, 422, 423
Outer margin of wing, 108
Ovaries, 137, 138;
of earwigs, 211;
of _Oedipoda_, 283, 284;
of _Perla_, 404;
of Thysanura, 188
Oviduct, 139, 392
Oviposition, 229, 246, 265, 290, 291, 440;
of _Agriotypus_, 557;
of Cynipidae, 527 f., Adler on, 529;
of _Encyrtus_, 545;
of Ichneumon, 555;
of inquiline gall-flies, 532;
of _Meconema_, 321;
of _Pelecinus_, 564;
of _Pimpla_, 553;
of _Podagrion_, 546;
of sawflies, 513;
of _Sirex_, 509;
of _Xiphidium_, 321
Ovipositor, 110, 552, 554;
Cynipid, 524;
of _Locusta_, development, 314, 315
Owen, Ch., 40, 78
_Oxyethira_, 484;
_O. costalis_, larva, 485
Oxyhaloides, 234, _241_
Oxyura, _533_, 534