=Questions to arouse interest.= What has the girl been doing? Why has
she stopped? What did she hear? How does the girl seem to feel? Is she
singing or listening? Why do you think so? How is she dressed? Where is
she going? What has she in her hand? What occupation would this suggest?
What time of day do you think it is? What can you see in the distance?
What is the name of this picture?
=Original Picture=: Art Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
=Artist=: Jules Adolphe Breton (brẽ tôN´).
=Birthplace=: Courrières, France.
=Dates=: Born, 1827; died, 1906.
=The story of the picture.= It is said that the artist, Jules Breton,
was walking in the fields of France early one morning when suddenly
there burst forth the joyous song of a lark singing high in the air. As
he looked about him, trying to discover the bird, he soon found it by
following the rapt gaze of a peasant girl who had stopped to look and
listen. As you know, an English lark sings while flying high in the air
instead of in the treetops as other birds do. Its song, too, is longer
and far more beautiful than that of our lark, and has been the subject
of many poems. Perhaps the best known are “Hark, Hark, the Lark,” by
Shakespeare, and “To a Skylark,” by Shelley.
The last line of this verse by Shelley is often quoted:
“Higher still and higher
From the earth thou springest
Like a cloud of fire;
The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.”
Jules Breton has tried to show us what he saw that morning, and to help
us find the lark through the joyous expression on the girl’s face. Her
lips are parted as she listens breathlessly to the exquisite song of
praise the lark is pouring forth. The sun, a huge, fiery ball, is rising
just behind the trees of the distant village, and all the earth is
flooded with its golden light.
This sturdy, healthy peasant girl, sickle in hand, is going forth to her
work in the fields. She walks along briskly in the narrow path, her head
thrown back, breathing in the fresh morning air, when suddenly her
little friend, the lark, gives her the morning greeting. As we look at
her we do not feel that this is the first time she has heard his sweet
song, but rather that it is something she has learned to look and listen
for each morning as she starts out to her day’s work.
Another Frenchman, Millet, painted the French peasant so that our
feelings of pity are aroused, but Breton shows us such strong, happy,
peasant girls that we are apt rather to envy them their life of outdoor
freedom and healthful labor.
Millet says of these peasants, “Breton paints girls who are too
beautiful to remain in the country.” Other critics declare that Breton’s
wonderful sunrises and sunsets would make any figure stand out
transfigured, and as he chooses as models only the most favored in
strength and beauty, of course the results are unusual.
This picture is so full of joy and song that it fills us with wonder and
appreciation of all that is beautiful in nature. First, there is the
bird with its wonderful power to soar so high and to so fill the air
with its beautiful song. Then the sun, and all that it makes possible
for us in life and growth. It seems indeed a privilege for this
happy-hearted peasant girl to be permitted to go out in the fields on
this bright, fresh morning to do her little share in the work of the
world.
Her apron is caught up about her waist to hold the heads of wheat, for,
as her sickle indicates, she is going into the wheat field. A large
handkerchief is fastened about her hair to protect it from the dust and
dirt of the field. She is dressed for a warm day in summer. Her large,
coarse hands and feet, hardened by exposure and toil, suggest health and
strength and give us a feeling of admiration rather than of pity.
The details of the field and even of her dress are made secondary and
unimportant compared with her face, upon which is centered our chief
interest and to which our eyes are continually drawn.
In the little village faintly seen in the distance we catch a glimpse of
the homes of the peasants,—simple, rude homes, yet, if we may judge by
this girl’s expression, cheerful and happy homes.
Breton has avoided all possibility of monotony in his picture by the
unequal division of space. Had the figure of the girl been placed
exactly in the center of the landscape, or the earth and sky spaces been
made equal, the picture would have lost much in interest, as you will
soon discover if you cover up parts of the composition with a piece of
paper. Although there is no rule stating that the center of interest
should not be in the middle of a picture, most artists seem to prefer
centering their interest on some person or object a little to one side
of the middle.
=Questions to help the pupil understand the picture.= How did the artist
happen to paint this picture? How does an English lark differ from the
larks in our country? What time of day is represented in this picture?
What is the girl doing? Compare the paintings of peasants by Millet and
Breton. How is this girl dressed? How does she seem to feel? What can
you say of the composition of this picture as to: (1) division of land
and sky space; (2) center of interest; (3) placing of the figure; (4)
lack of detail—the simplicity?
=The story of the artist.= Jules Adolphe Breton was the son of cultured,
well-to-do parents. When he was only four years old his mother died and
he was brought up, with other children, by his father and an uncle who
came to live with them at this time. In the great yard or park about his
father’s house there were four statues representing the four seasons of
the year—spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Jules loved to look at
these statues, and when one day a painter came and repainted them a
bright green, he watched every movement of the brush with great delight.
He was only six years old, but that night he announced to his father
that he was going to be an artist.
When he was ten years old his father sent him to a religious school. At
this school there was a large black dog named Coco, a general favorite,
whose picture Jules often drew. One day he drew Coco in a black gown
like the priest’s, and standing on his hind feet, holding a book in his
paws. He named his picture “The Abbé Coco Reads His Breviary.” The
priest, his teacher, happening to see this picture, was much displeased,
and demanded, “Did you do this through impiety or to laugh at your
masters?” Jules was frightened, and not knowing exactly what “impiety”
meant, but feeling sure that to “laugh at your masters” would be a
serious offense, he answered tremblingly, “Through impiety.”
For this he was severely whipped, much to the indignation of his father,
who promptly took him out of the school. Jules was then sent to another
school, where he was taught drawing, and from that time on he painted
pictures which won for him great popularity.
He has received medals and other honors in England, France, and America.
Some of his best pictures are in the United States, among them “The Song
of the Lark,” which is usually considered his masterpiece.
Other noted pictures are: “The Vintagers,” “Return of the Gleaners,”
“Blessing the Grain,” “Women Weeding,” “The Turkey Keeper,” and “The
Shepherd’s Star.”
=Questions about the artist.= Who painted this picture? By whom was he
brought up? What helped him decide to be an artist? How old was he when
he made this resolve? Tell about the drawing of Coco. What happened
because of this drawing? What was the outcome of this happening? How
successful was he as an artist? Where is the original painting of the
“Song of the Lark”? What else has Breton painted?
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[Illustration]