_Homogone_, or _Homogonous_, counterpart of _Heterogone_ or
_Homostyled_.
_Homologous_, of same type; thus petals and sepals are the homologues of
leaves.
_Homomallous_ (leaves, &c.), originating all round an axis, but all bent
or curved to one side.
_Homorphous_, all of one shape.
_Homotropous_ (embryo), curved with the seed; curved only one way.
_Hood_, same as _helmet_ or _galea_. _Hooded_, hood-shaped; see
_cucullate_.
_Hooked_, same as _hamate_.
_Horn_, a spur or some similar appendage. _Horny_, of the texture of
horn.
_Hortensis_, pertaining to the garden.
_Hortus Siccus_, an herbarium, or collection of dried plants, 186.
_Humifuse_, _Humistrate_, spread over the surface of the ground.
_Humilis_, low in stature.
_Hyaline_, transparent, or partly so.
_Hybrid_, a cross-breed between two allied species, 176.
_Hydrophytes_, water-plants.
_Hyemal_, see _hiemal_.
_Hymenium_ of a Mushroom, 172.
_Hypanthium_, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose.
_Hypo-_, Greek prefix for under, or underneath.
_Hypocotyle_, or _Hypocotyl_, part of stem below the cotyledons, 11.
_Hypocrateriform_, properly _Hypocraterimorphous_, salver-shaped.
_Hypogaean_, or _Hypogaeous_, produced under ground, 19.
_Hypogynous_, inserted under the pistil, 95, 99.
_Hysteranthous_, with the blossoms developed earlier than the leaves.
_Icosandrous_, having 20 (or 12 or more) stamens inserted on the calyx.
_Imberbis_, Latin for beardless.
_Imbricate_, _Imbricated_, _Imbricative_, overlapping one another, like
tiles or shingles on a roof, as the bud-scales of Horse-chestnut and
Hickory, 27. In aestivation, where some leaves of the calyx or corolla
are overlapped on both sides by others, 98.
_Immarginate_, destitute of a rim or border.
_Immersed_, growing wholly under water.
_Impari-pinnate_, pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex, 57.
_Imperfect flowers_, wanting either stamens or pistils, 85.
_Inaequilateral_, unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.
_Inane_, empty, said of an anther which produces no pollen, &c.
_Inappendiculate_, not appendaged.
_Incanous_, _Incanescent_, hoary with soft white pubescence.
_Incarnate_, flesh-colored.
_Incised_, cut rather deeply and irregularly, 58.
_Included_, enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond
another.
_Incomplete Flower_, wanting calyx or corolla, 86.
_Incrassated_, thickened.
_Incubous_, with tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of the next
above.
_Incumbent_, leaning or resting upon; the cotyledons are incumbent when
the back of one of them lies against the radicle, 128; the anthers are
incumbent when turned or looking inwards.
_Incurved_, gradually curving inwards.
_Indefinite_, not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over
12).
_Indefinite_ or _Indeterminate Inflorescence_, 72.
_Indehiscent_, not splitting open; i. e. not dehiscent, 119.
_Indigenous_, native to the country.
_Individuals_, 175.
_Indumentum_, any hairy coating or pubescence.
_Induplicate_, with the edges turned inwards, 97.
_Induviate_, clothed with old and withered parts or _induviae_.
_Indusium_, the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern, 159.
_Inermis_, Latin for unarmed, not prickly.
_Inferior_, growing below some other organ, 96.
_Infertile_, not producing seed, or pollen, as the case may be.
_Inflated_, turgid and bladdery.
_Inflexed_, bent inwards.
_Inflorescence_, the arrangement of flowers on the stem, 72.
_Infra-axillary_, situated beneath the axil.
_Infundibuliform_ or _Infundibular_, funnel-shaped, 90.
_Innate_ (anther), attached by its base to the very apex of the
filament, 101.
_Innovation_, a young shoot, or new growth.
_Insertion_, the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its
support, 95, 99.
_Integer_, entire, not lobed. _Integerrimus_, quite entire, not serrate.
_Intercellular Passages_ or _Spaces_, 131, 143.
_Interfoliaceous_, between the leaves of a pair or whorl.
_Internode_, the part of a stem between two nodes, 13.
_Interpetiolar_, between petioles.
_Interruptedly pinnate_, pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with
larger.
_Intine_, inner coat of a pollen grain.
_Intrafoliaceous_ (stipules, &c.), placed between the leaf or petiole
and the stem.
_Introrse_, turned or facing inwards; i. e. towards the axis of the
flower, 101.
_Intruse_, as it were pushed inwards.
_Inversed_ or _Inverted_, where the apex is in the direction opposite to
that of the organ it is compared with.
_Involucel_, a partial or small involucre, 76.
_Involucellate_, furnished with an involucel. _Involucrate_, furnished
with an involucre.
_Involucre_, a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head,
&c., 74, 75.
_Involute_, in vernation, 72; rolled inwards from the edges, 97.
_Irregular Flowers_, 86, 91.
_Isos_, Greek for equal in number. _Isomerous_, the same number in the
successive circles or sets. _Isostemonous_, the stamens equal in number
to the sepals or petals.
_Jointed_, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, 64,
&c.
_Jugum_ (plural _Juga_), Latin for a pair, as of leaflets,--thus
_Unijugate_, of a single pair; _Bijugate_, of two pairs, &c.
_Julaceus_, like a catkin or _Julus_.
_Keel_, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the
two anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.
_Keeled_, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
_Kermesine_, Carmine-red.
_Kernel_ of the ovule and seed, 110.
_Key_, or _Key-fruit_, a Samara, 122.
_Kidney-shaped_, resembling the outline of a kidney, 53.
_Labellum_, the odd petal in the Orchis Family.
_Labiate_, same as _bilabiate_ or two-lipped, 92.
_Labiatiflorous_, having flowers with bilabiate corolla.
_Labium_ (plural, _Labia_), Latin for lip.
_Lacerate_, with margin appearing as if torn.
_Laciniate_, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or _Laciniae_.
_Lactescent_, producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.
_Lacteus_, Latin for milk-white.
_Lacunose_, full of holes or gaps.
_Lacustrine_, belonging to lakes.
_Laevigate_, smooth as if polished. Latin, _Laevis_, smooth, as opposed to
rough.
_Lageniform_, gourd-shaped.
_Lagopous_, Latin, hare-footed; densely clothed with long soft hairs.
_Lamellar_ or _Lamellate_, consisting of flat plates, _Lamellae_.
_Lamina_, a plate or blade, the blade of a leaf, &c., 49.
_Lanate_, _Lanose_, woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.
_Lanceolate_, lance-shaped, 52.
_Lanuginous_, cottony or woolly.
_Latent buds_, concealed or undeveloped buds, 30.
_Lateral_, belonging to the side.
_Latex_, the milky juice, &c., of plants, 135.
_Lax_ (_Laxus_), loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded.
_Leaf_, 49. _Leaf-buds_, 31.
_Leaflet_, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, 57.
_Leaf-like_, same as _foliaceous_.
_Leathery_, of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous.
_Legume_, a simple pod which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the
Pea, 122.
_Leguminous_, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.
_Lenticular_, lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.
_Lappaceous_, bur-like.
_Lasio_, Greek for woolly or hairy, as _Lasianthus_, woolly-flowered.
_Lateritious_, brick-colored.
_Laticiferous_, containing latex, 135.
_Latus_, Latin for broad, as _Latifolius_, broad-leaved.
_Leaf-scar_, _Leaf-stalk_, petiole.
_Lenticels_, lenticular dots on young bark.
_Lentiginose_, as if freckled.
_Lepal_, a made-up word for a staminode.
_Lepis_, Greek for a scale, whence _Lepidote_, leprous; covered with
scurfy scales.
_Leptos_, Greek for slender; so _Leptophyllous_, slender-leaved.
_Leukos_, Greek for white; whence _Leucanthous_, white-flowered, &c.
_Liber_, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, 140.
_Lid_, see _operculum_.
_Ligneous_, or _Lignose_, woody in texture.
_Ligulate_, furnished with a ligule, 93.
_Ligule_, _Ligula_, the strap-shaped corolla in many Compositae, 93; the
membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses,
67.
_Limb_, the border of a corolla, &c., 89.
_Limbate_, bordered (Latin, _Limbus_, a border).
_Line_, the twelfth of an inch; or French lines, the tenth.
_Linear_, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, 52.
_Lineate_, marked with parallel lines. _Lineolate_, marked with minute
lines.
_Lingulate_, _Linguiform_, tongue-shaped.
_Lip_, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, 92.
_Litoral_ or _Littoral_, belonging to the shore.
_Livid_, pale lead-colored.
_Lobe_, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf,
&c.
_Lobed_ or _Lobate_, cut into lobes, 55, 56; _Lobulate_, into small
lobes.
_Locellate_, having _Locelli_, i. e. compartments in a cell: thus an
anther-cell is often _bilocellate_.
_Loculament_, same as _loculus_.
_Locular_, relating to the cell or compartment (_Loculus_) of an ovary,
&c.
_Loculicidal_ (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each
cell, 123.
_Locusta_, a name for the spikelet of Grasses.
_Lodicule_, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in
Grass-flowers.
_Loment_, a pod which separates transversely into joints, 122.
_Lomentaceous_, pertaining to or resembling a loment.
_Lorate_, thong-shaped.
_Lunate_, crescent-shaped. _Lunulate_, diminutive of _lunate_.
_Lupuline_, like hops.
_Lusus_, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation.
_Luteolus_, yellowish; diminutive of
_Luteus_, Latin for yellow. _Lutescent_, verging to yellow.
_Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate
outline, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as
in fig. 149.
_Macros_, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large: thus
_Macrophyllous_, long or large-leaved, &c.
_Macrospore_, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, 160,
161.
_Maculate_, spotted or blotched.
_Male_ (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil.
_Mammose_, breast-shaped.
_Marcescent_, withering without falling off.
_Marginal_, belonging to margin.
_Marginate_, margined with an edge different from the rest.
_Marginicidal dehiscence_, 123.
_Maritime_, belonging to sea-coasts.
_Marmorate_, marbled.
_Mas._, _Masc._, _Masculine_, male.
_Masked_, see _personate_.
_Mealy_, see _farinaceous_.
_Median_, _Medial_, belonging to the middle.
_Medifixed_, attached by the middle.
_Medullary_, belonging to, or of the nature of, pith (_Medulla_); pithy.
_Medullary Rays_, the silver-grain of wood, 140, 141.
_Medullary Sheath_, a set of ducts just around the pith, 140.
_Meiostemonous_, having fewer stamens than petals.
_Membranaceous_ or _Membranous_, of the texture of membrane; thin and
soft.
_Meniscoid_, crescent-shaped.
_Mericarp_, one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, 121.
_Merismatic_, separating into parts by the formation of partitions
across.
_Merous_, from the Greek for part; used with numeral prefix to denote
the number of pieces in a set or circle: as _Monomerous_, of only one,
_Dimerous_, with two, _Trimerous_, with three parts (sepals, petals,
stamens, &c.) in each circle.
_Mesocarp_, the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable
into three layers, 120.
_Mesophloeum_, the middle or green bark.
_Micropyle_, the closed orifice of the seed, 110, 126.
_Microspore_, the smaller kind of spore when there are two kinds, 161.
_Midrib_, the middle or main rib of a leaf, 50.
_Milk-vessels_, 135.
_Miniate_, vermilion-colored.
_Mitriform_, mitre-shaped: in the form of a peaked cap, or one cleft at
the top.
_Moniliform_, necklace-shaped; a cylindrical body contracted at
intervals.
_Monocarpic_ (duration), flowering and seeding but once, 38.
_Monochlamydeous_, having only one floral envelope.
_Monocotyledonous_ (embryo), with only one cotyledon, 24.
_Monocotyledonous Plants_, 24. _Monocotyls_, 24.
_Monoecious_, or _Monoicous_ (flower), having stamens or pistils only,
85.
_Monogynous_ (flower), having only one pistil, or one style, 105.
_Monopetalous_ (flower), with the corolla of one piece, 89.
_Monophyllous_, one-leaved, or of one piece.
_Monos_, Greek for solitary or only one; thus _Monadelphous_, stamens
united by their filaments into one set, 99; _Monandrous_ (flower),
having only one stamen, 100.
_Monosepalous_, a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into
one body.
_Monospermous_, one-seeded.
_Monstrosity_, an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form.
_Morphology_, _Morphological Botany_, 9; the department of botany which
treats of the forms which an organ may assume.
_Moschate_, Musk-like in odor.
_Movements_, 149.
_Mucronate_, tipped with an abrupt short point (_Mucro_), 54.
_Mucronulate_, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the
last.
_Multi-_, in composition, many; as _Multangular_, many-angled;
_Multicipital_, many-headed, &c.; _Multifarious_, in many rows or ranks;
_Multifid_, many-cleft; _Multilocular_, many-celled; _Multiserial_, in
many rows.
_Multiple Fruits_, 118, 124.
_Muricate_, beset with short and hard or prickly points.
_Muriform_, wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.
_Muticous_, pointless, blunt, unarmed.
_Mycelium_, the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which
Mushrooms, &c., originate, 172.
_Naked_, wanting some usual covering, as achlamydeous flowers, 86;
gymnospermous seeds, 109, 125, &c.
_Names_ in botany, 179.
_Nanus_, Latin for dwarf.
_Napiform_, turnip-shaped, 35.
_Natural System_, 182.
_Naturalized_, introduced from a foreign country, and flourishing wild.
_Navicular_, boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.
_Necklace-shaped_, looking like a string of beads; see _moniliform_.
_Nectar_, the sweet secretion in flowers from which bees make honey, &c.
_Nectariferous_, honey-bearing; or having a nectary.
_Nectary_, the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of
unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped
petals of Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed
petals of Monkshood, 87, &c.
_Needle-shaped_, long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines.
_Nemorose_ or _Nemoral_, inhabiting groves.
_Nerve_, a name for the ribs or veins of leaves when simple and
parallel, 50.
_Nerved_, furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins,
50.
_Nervose_, conspicuously nerved. _Nervulose_, minutely nervose.
_Netted-veined_, furnished with branching veins forming network, 50, 51.
_Neuter_, _Neutral_, sexless. _Neutral flower_, 79.
_Niger_, Latin for black. _Nigricans_, Latin for verging to black.
_Nitid_, shining.
_Nival_, living in or near snow. _Niveus_, snow-white.
_Nodding_, bending so that the summit hangs downward.
_Node_, a knot; the "joints" of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a
pair of leaves springs, 13.
_Nodose_, knotty or knobby. _Nodulose_, furnished with little knobs or
knots.
_Nomenclature_, 175, 179.
_Normal_, according to rule, natural.
_Notate_, marked with spots or lines of a different color.
_Nucamentaceous_, relating to or resembling a small nut.
_Nuciform_, nut-shaped or nut-like.
_Nucleus_, the kernel of an ovule (110) or seed (127) of a cell.
_Nucule_, same as nutlet.
_Nude_, (Latin, _Nudus_), naked. So _Nudicaulis_, naked-stemmed, &c.
_Nut_, Latin _Nux_, a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a
chestnut, butternut, acorn, 121.
_Nutant_, nodding.
_Nutlet_, a little nut; or the stone of a drupe.
_Ob-_ (meaning over against), when prefixed to words signifies
inversion; as, _Obcompressed_, flattened the opposite of the usual way;
_Obcordate_, heart-shaped, with the broad and notched end at the apex
instead of the base, 54; _Oblanceolate_, lance-shaped with the tapering
point downwards, 52.
_Oblique_, applied to leaves, &c., means unequal-sided.
_Oblong_, from two to four times as long as broad, 52.
_Obovate_, inversely ovate, the broad end upward, 53. _Obovoid_, solid
obovate.
_Obtuse_, blunt or round at the end, 54.
_Obverse_, same as _inverse_.
_Obvolute_ (in the bud), when the margins of one piece or leaf
alternately overlap those of the opposite one.
_Ocellate_, with a circular colored patch, like an eye.
_Ochroleucous_, yellowish-white; dull cream-color.
_Ocreate_, furnished with _Ocreae_ (boots), or stipules in the form of
sheaths, 67.
_Octo-_, Latin for eight, enters into the composition of _Octagynous_,
with eight pistils or styles; _Octamerous_, its parts in eights;
_Octandrous_, with eight stamens, &c.
_Oculate_, with eye-shaped marking.
_Officinal_, used in medicine, therefore kept in the shops.
_Offset_, short branches next the ground which take root, 40.
_Oides_, termination, from the Greek, to denote likeness; so
_Dianthoides_, Pink-like.
_Oleraceous_, esculent, as a pot-herb.
_Oligos_, Greek for few; thus _Oliganthous_, few-flowered, &c.
_Olivaceous_, olive-green.
_Oophoridium_, a name for spore-case containing macrospores.
_Opaque_, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining.
_Operculate_, furnished with a lid (_Operculum_), as the spore-case of
Mosses, 163.
_Opposite_, said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the
stem from each other (i. e. in pairs), 29, 68. Stamens are opposite the
petals, &c., when they stand before them.
_Oppositifolius_, situated opposite a leaf.
_Orbicular_, _Orbiculate_, circular in outline, or nearly so, 52.
_Order_, group below class, 178. _Ordinal names_, 180.
_Organ_, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.
_Organography_, study of organs, 9. _Organogenesis_, that of the
development of organs.
_Orgyalis_, of the height of a man.
_Orthos_, Greek for straight; thus, _Orthocarpous_, with straight fruit;
_Orthostichous_, straight-ranked.
_Orthotropous_ (ovule or seed), 111.
_Osseous_, of a bony texture.
_Outgrowths_, growths from the surface of a leaf, petal, &c.
_Oval_, broadly elliptical, 52.
_Ovary_, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds,
14, 80, 105.
_Ovate_, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in
plain surfaces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise,
52.
_Ovoid_, ovate or oval in a solid form.
_Ovule_, the body which is destined to become a seed, 14, 80, 105, 110.
_Ovuliferous_, ovule-bearing.
_Palate_, a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the
throat, as in Snapdragon, &c.
_Palea_ (plural _paleae_), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff
or bracts on the receptacle of many Compositae, as Coreopsis, and
Sunflower.
_Paleaceous_, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.
_Paleolate_, having _Paleolae_ or paleae of a second order, or narrow
paleae.
_Palet_, English term for palea.
_Palmate_, when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the
apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, 57, 58.
_Palmately_ (veined, lobed, &c.), in a palmate manner, 51, 56.
_Palmatifid_, _-lobed_, _-sect_, palmately cleft, or lobed, or divided.
_Paludose_, inhabiting marshes. _Palustrine_, same.
_Panduriform_, or _Pandurate_, fiddle-shaped (which see).
_Panicle_, an open and branched cluster, 81.
_Panicled_, _Paniculate_, arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.
_Pannose_, covered with a felt of woolly hairs.
_Papery_, of about the consistence of letter-paper.
_Papilionaceous_, butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of
the Pea, 91.
_Papilla_ (plural _papillae_), little nipple-shaped protuberances.
_Papillate_, _Papillose_, covered with papillae.
_Pappus_, thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle,
Groundsel, &c., and whatever in Compositae answers to calyx, whether
hairs, teeth, or scales, 121.
_Papyraceous_, like parchment in texture.
_Parallel-veined_ or _nerved_ (leaves), 50.
_Paraphyses_, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses.
_Parasitic_, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, 37.
_Parenchemytous_, composed of parenchyma.
_Parenchyma_, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of
leaves, 132.
_Parietal_ (placentae, &c.), attached to the walls (_parietes_) of the
ovary.
_Paripinnate_, pinnate with an even number of leaflets.
_Parted_, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, 55.
_Parthenogenesis_, producing seed without fertilization.
_Partial involucre_, same as an _involucel_; _partial petiole_, a
division of a main leaf-stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; _partial
peduncle_, a branch of a peduncle; _partial umbel_, an umbellet, 76.
_Partition_, a segment of a _parted_ leaf; or an internal wall in an
ovary, anther, &c.
_Patelliform_, disk-shaped, like the _patella_ or kneepan.
_Patent_, spreading, open. _Patulous_, moderately spreading.
_Pauci-_, in composition, few; as _pauciflorous_, few-flowered, &c.
_Pear-shaped_, solid obovate, the shape of a pear.
_Pectinate_, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close
divisions, like the teeth of a comb.
_Pedate_, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side
divisions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.
_Pedicel_, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, 73.
_Pedicellate_, _Pedicelled_, borne on a pedicel.
_Pedalis_, Latin for a foot high or long.
_Peduncle_, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a
flower-cluster, 73.
_Peduncled_, _Pedunculate_, furnished with a peduncle.
_Peloria_, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular
flower; commonest in Snapdragon.
_Peltate_, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the
petiole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, 53.
_Pelviform_, basin-shaped.
_Pendent_, hanging. _Pendulous_, somewhat hanging or drooping.
_Penicillate_, _Penicilliform_, tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a
painter's pencil; as the stigmas of some Grasses.
_Pennate_, same as pinnate. _Penninerved_ and _Penniveined_, pinnately
veined, 51.
_Penta-_ (in words of Greek composition), five; as _Pentadelphous_, 99;
_Pentagynous_, with five pistils or styles; _Pentamerous_, with its
parts in fives, or on the plan of five; _Pentandrous_, having five
stamens, 112; _Pentastichous_, in five ranks, &c.
_Pepo_, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, 119.
_Perennial_, lasting from year to year, 38.
_Perfect_ (flower), having both stamens and pistils, 81.
_Perfoliate_, passing through the leaf, in appearance, 60.
_Perforate_, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling
holes, as an Orange-leaf.
_Peri-_, Greek for around; from which are such terms as
_Perianth_, the leaves of the flower collectively, 79.
_Pericarp_, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, 117.
_Pericarpic_, belonging to the pericarp.
_Perigonium_, _Perigone_, same as _perianth_.
_Perigynium_, bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or
bottle-shaped body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and
to the bristles, little scales, &c., of the flowers of some other
Cyperaceae.
_Perigynous_, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, 95, 99.
_Peripheric_, around the outside, or periphery, of any organ.
_Perisperm_, a name for the albumen of a seed.
_Peristome_, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, 163.
_Persistent_, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall,
as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist
during the growth of the fruit.
_Personate_, masked; a bilabiate corolla with a _palate_ in the throat,
92.
_Pertuse_, perforated with a hole or slit.
_Perulate_, having scales (_Perulae_), such as bud-scales.
_Pes_, _pedis_, Latin for the foot or support, whence _Longipes_,
long-stalked, &c.
_Petal_, a leaf of the corolla, 14, 79.
_Petalody_, metamorphosis of stamens, &c., into petals.
_Petaloid_, _Petaline_, petal-like; resembling or colored like petals.
_Petiole_, a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf-stalk, 49.
_Petioled_, _Petiolate_, furnished with a petiole.
_Petiolulate_, said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial
leaf-stalk.
_Petraeus_, Latin for growing on rocks.
_Phalanx_, _phalanges_, bundles of stamens.
_Phaenogamous_, or _Phanerogamous_, plants bearing flowers and producing
seeds; same as Flowering Plants. _Phaenogams_, _Phanerogams_, 10.
_Phloeum_, Greek name for bark, whence _Endophloeum_, inner bark,
&c.
_Phoeniceous_, deep red verging to scarlet.
_Phycology_, the botany of Algae.
_Phyllocladia_, branches assuming the form and function of leaves.
_Phyllodium_ (plural, _phyllodia_), a leaf where the seeming blade is a
dilated petiole, as in New Holland Acacias, 61.
_Phyllome_, foliar parts, those answering to leaves in their nature.
_Phyllon_ (plural, _phylla_), Greek for leaf and leaves; used in many
compound terms and names.
_Phyllotaxis_, or _Phyllotaxy_, the arrangement of leaves on the stem,
67.
_Physiological Botany_, 9.
_Phytography_, relates to characterizing and describing plants.
_Phyton_, or _Phytomer_, a name used to designate the pieces which by
their repetition make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem
with its leaf or pair of leaves.
_Pileus_ of a mushroom, 172.
_Piliferous_, bearing a slender bristle or hair (_pilum_), or beset with
hairs.
_Pilose_, hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs.
_Pinna_, a primary division with its leaflets of a bipinnate or
tripinnate leaf.
_Pinnule_, a secondary division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, 66.
_Pinnate_ (leaf), when leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common
petiole, 57.
_Pinnately lobed_, _cleft_, _parted_, _divided_, _veined_, 56.
_Pinnatifid_, _Pinnatisect_, same as pinnately cleft and pinnately
parted, 56.
_Pisiform_, pea-shaped.
_Pistil_, the seed-bearing organ of the flower, 14, 80, 105.
_Pistillate_, having a pistil, 85.
_Pistillidium_, the body which in Mosses answers to the pistil, 159,
164.
_Pitchers_, 64.
_Pith_, the cellular centre of an exogenous stem, 138.
_Placenta_, the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are
attached, 107.
_Placentiform_, nearly same as quoit-shaped.
_Plaited_ (in the bud), or _Plicate_, folded, 72, 98.
_Platy-_, Greek for broad, in compounds, such as _Platyphyllous_,
broad-leaved, &c.
_Pleio-_, Greek for full or abounding, used in compounds, such as
_Pleiopetalous_, of many petals, &c.
_Plumbeus_, lead-colored.
_Plumose_, feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a
pappus or a style) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plume
of a feather.
_Plumule_, the bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the
cotyledons, 13.
_Pluri-_, in composition, many or several; as _Plurifoliolate_, with
several leaflets.
_Pod_, specially a legume, 122; also may be applied to any sort of
capsule.
_Podium_, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Greek compounds, as
(suffixed) _Leptopodus_, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) _Podocephalus_,
with a stalked head, and in _Podosperm_, a seed stalk or funiculus.
_Pogon_, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds.
_Pointless_, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a _mucro_, _awn_,
_acumination_, &c.
_Pollen_, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, 14, 80, 103.
_Pollen-growth_, 117. _Polleniferous_, pollen-bearing.
_Pollen-mass_, _Pollinium_, the united mass of pollen, 104, as in
Milkweed and Orchis.
_Pollicaris_, Latin for an inch long.
_Pollination_, the application of pollen to the stigma, 114.
_Poly-_, in compound words of Greek origin, same as _multi-_ in those of
Latin origin viz. many, as
_Polyadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles,
100.
_Polyandrous_, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), 100.
_Polycarpic_, term used by DeCandolle in the sense of perennial.
_Polycotyledonous_, having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines,
23.
_Polygamous_, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, 85.
_Polygonal_, many-angled.
_Polygynous_, with many pistils or styles, 105.
_Polymerous_, formed of many parts of each set.
_Polymorphous_, of several or varying forms.
_Polypetalous_, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or
many), 89.
_Polyphyllous_, many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces.
_Polysepalous_, same as the last when applied to the calyx, 89.
_Polyspermous_, many-seeded.
_Pome_, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, 119.
_Pomiferous_, pome-bearing.
_Porrect_, outstretched.
_Posterior_ side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward
the axis, 96.
_Pouch_, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, 123.
_Praecocious_ (Latin, _praecox_), unusually early in development.
_Praefloration_, same as _aestivation_, 97.
_Praefoliation_, same as _vernation_, 71.
_Praemorse_, ending abruptly, as if bitten off.
_Pratensis_, Latin for growing in meadows.
_Prickles_, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the
Rose.
_Prickly_, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
_Primine_, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, 110.
_Primordial_, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the
cotyledons.
_Prismatic_, prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat
sides.
_Procerous_, tall, or tall and slim.
_Process_, any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
_Procumbent_, trailing on the ground, 39.
_Procurrent_, running through but not projecting.
_Produced_, extended or projecting; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is
_produced_ above into a spur, 87.
_Proliferous_ (literally, bearing offspring), where a new branch rises
from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another.
_Propaculum_ or _Propagulum_, a shoot for propagation.
_Prosenchyma_, a tissue of wood-cells.
_Prostrate_, lying flat on the ground, 39.
_Protandrous_ or _Proterandrous_, the anthers first maturing, 116.
_Proteranthous_, flowering before leafing.
_Proterogynous_ or _Protogynous_, the stigmas first to mature, 116.
_Prothallium_ or _Prothallus_, 160.
_Protoplasm_, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living part,
of cells, 129.
_Protos_, Greek for first; in various compounds.
_Pruinose_, _Pruinate_, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.
_Pseudo-_, Greek for false. _Pseudo-bulb_, the aerial corms of epiphytic
Orchids, &c.
_Psilos_, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds.
_Pteridophyta_, _Pteridophytes_, 156.
_Pteris_, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many
compounds.
_Puberulent_, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.
_Pubescent_, hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or
_pubescence_.
_Pulverulent_ or _Pulveraceous_, as if dusted with fine powder.
_Pulvinate_, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
_Pumilus_, low or little.
_Punctate_, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such.
_Puncticulate_, minutely punctate.
_Pungent_, prickly-tipped.
_Puniceous_, carmine-red.
_Purpureus_, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or
bluish-red.
_Pusillus_, weak and small, tiny.
_Putamen_, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, 120.
_Pygmaeus_, Latin for dwarf.
_Pyramidal_, shaped like a pyramid.
_Pyrene_, _Pyrena_, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.
_Pyriform_, pear-shaped.
_Pyxidate_, furnished with a lid.
_Pyxis_, _Pyxidium_, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, 124.
_Quadri-_, in words of Latin origin, four; as _Quadrangular_,
four-angled; _Quadrifoliate_, four-leaved; _Quadrifid_, four-cleft.
_Quaternate_ in fours.
_Quinate_, in fives. _Quinque_, five.
_Quincuncial_, in a quincunx; when the parts in aestivation are five, two
of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.
_Quintuple_, five-fold.
_Race_, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, 176.
_Raceme_, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along
the sides of a general peduncle, 73.
_Racemose_, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
_Rachis_, see _rhachis_.
_Radial_, belonging to the ray.
_Radiate_, or _Radiant_, furnished with ray-flowers, 94.
_Radiate-veined_, 52.
_Radical_, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
_Radicant_, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.
_Radicels_, little roots or rootlets.
_Radicle_, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the
root, 11, 127.
_Rameal_, belonging to a branch. _Ramose_, full of branches (_rami_).
_Ramentaceous_, beset with thin chaffy scales (_Ramenta_), as the stalks
of many Ferns.
_Ramification_, branching, 27.
_Ramulose_, full of branchlets (_ramuli_).
_Raphe_, see _rhaphe_.
_Ray_, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as
of Coreopsis, 94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from
the rest, especially when ligulate and diverging (like rays or
sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel, 74.
_Ray-flowers_, 94.
_Receptacle_, the axis or support of a flower, 81, 112; also the common
axis or support of a head of flowers, 73.
_Reclined_, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.
_Rectinerved_, with straight nerves or veins.
_Recurved_, curved outwards or backwards.
_Reduplicate_ (in aestivation), valvate with the margins turned outwards,
97.
_Reflexed_, bent outwards or backwards.
_Refracted_, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
_Regular_, all the parts similar in shape, 82.
_Reniform_, kidney-shaped, 53.
_Repand_, wavy-margined, 55.
_Repent_, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
_Replum_, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress),
persistent after the valves fall away.
_Reptant_, same as repent.
_Resupinate_, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
_Reticulated_, the veins forming network, 50. _Retiform_, in network.
_Retinerved_, reticulate-veined.
_Retroflexed_, bent backwards; same as _reflexed_.
_Retuse_, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, 54.
_Revolute_, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, 72.
_Rhachis_ (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, 73.
_Rhaphe_, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an
anatropous ovule or seed, 112, 126.
_Rhaphides_, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of
plants, 137.
_Rhizanthous_, flowering from the root.
_Rhizoma_, _Rhizome_, a rootstock, 42-44.
_Rhombic_, in the shape of a rhomb. _Rhomboidal_, approaching that
shape.
_Rib_, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the
framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50.
_Rimose_, having chinks or cracks.
_Ring_, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159.
_Ringent_, grinning; gaping open, 92.
_Riparious_, on river-banks.
_Rivalis_, Latin for growing along brooks; or _Rivularis_, in rivulets.
_Root_, 33.
_Root-hairs_, 35.
_Rootlets_, small roots, or root-branches, 33.
_Rootstock_, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground,
42.
_Roridus_, dewy.
_Rosaceous_, arranged like the petals of a rose.
_Rostellate_, bearing a small beak (_Rostellum_).
_Rostrate_, bearing a beak (_Rostrum_) or a prolonged appendage.
_Rosulate_, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.
_Rotate_, wheel-shaped, 89.
_Rotund_, rounded or roundish in outline.
_Ruber_, Latin for red in general. _Rubescent_, _Rubicund_, reddish or
blushing.
_Rudimentary_, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of
development.
_Rufous_, _Rufescent_, brownish-red or reddish-brown.
_Rugose_, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.
_Ruminated_ (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions,
as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed.
_Runcinate_, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned
towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
_Runner_, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the
joints, 40.
_Sabulose_, growing in sand.
_Sac_, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.
_Saccate_, sac-shaped.
_Sagittate_, arrowhead-shaped, 53.
_Salsuginous_, growing in brackish soil.
_Salver-shaped_, or _Salver-form_, with a border spreading at right
angles to a slender tube, 89.
_Samara_, a wing-fruit, or key, 122.
_Samaroid_, like a samara or key-fruit.
_Sap_, the juices of plants generally, 136. _Sapwood_, 142.
_Saprophytes_, 37.
_Sarcocarp_, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, 120.
_Sarmentaceous_, _Sarmentose_, bearing long and flexible twigs
(_Sarments_), either spreading or procumbent.
_Saw-toothed_, see _serrate_, 55.
_Scabrous_, rough or harsh to the touch.
_Scalariform_, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder, 134.
_Scales_, of buds, 28; of bulbs, &c., 46.
_Scalloped_, same as _crenate_, 55.
_Scaly_, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.
_Scandent_, climbing, 39.
_Scape_, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many
Violets.
_Scapiform_, scape-like.
_Scapigerous_, scape-bearing.
_Scar_ of the seed, 126. _Leaf-scars_, 27, 28.
_Scarious_ or _Scariose_, thin, dry, and membranous.
_Scion_, a shoot or slip used for grafting.
_Scleros_, Greek for hard, hence _Sclerocarpous_, hard-fruited.
_Scobiform_, resembling sawdust.
_Scorpioid_ or _Scorpioidal_, curved or circinate at the end, 77.
_Scrobiculate_, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.
_Scurf_, _Scurfiness_, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as
of Goosefoot.
_Scutate_, _Scutiform_, buckler-shaped.
_Scutellate_, or _Scutelliform_, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.
_Secund_, one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to
one side.
_Secundine_, the inner coat of the ovule, 110.
_Seed_, 125. _Seed-leaves_, see _cotyledons_. _Seed-vessel_, 127.
_Segment_, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.
_Segregate_, separated from each other.
_Semi-_, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as
_Semi-adherent_, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; _Semicordate_,
half-heart-shaped; _Semilunar_, like a half-moon; _Semiovate_,
half-ovate, &c.
_Seminal_, relating to the seed (_Semen_). _Seminiferous_, seed-bearing.
_Sempervirent_, evergreen.
_Sensitiveness_ in plants, 149, 152.
_Senary_, in sixes.
_Sepal_, a leaf or division of the calyx, 14, 79.
_Sepaloid_, sepal-like. _Sepaline_, relating to the sepals.
_Separated Flowers_, those having stamens or pistils only, 85.
_Septate_, divided by partitions.
_Septenate_, with parts in sevens.
_Septicidal_, where dehiscence is through the partitions, 123.
_Septiferous_, bearing the partition.
_Septifragal_, where the valves in dehiscence break away from the
partitions, 123.
_Septum_ (plural _septa_), a partition or dissepiment.
_Serial_, or _Seriate_, in rows; as _biserial_, in two rows, &c.
_Sericeous_, silky; clothed with satiny pubescence.
_Serotinous_, late in the season.
_Serrate_, the margin cut into teeth (_Serratures_) pointing forwards,
55.
_Serrulate_, same as the last, but with fine teeth.
_Sessile_, sitting; without any stalk.
_Sesqui-_, Latin for one and a half; so _Sesquipedalis_, a foot and a
half long.
_Seta_, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.
_Setaceous_, bristle-like. _Setiform_, bristle-shaped.
_Setigerous_, bearing bristles. _Setose_, beset with bristles or bristly
hairs.
_Setula_, a diminutive bristle. _Setulose_, provided with such.
_Sex_, six. _Sexangular_, six-angled. _Sexfarious_, six-faced.
_Sheath_, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are
_Sheathing_, wrapped round the stem.
_Shield-shaped_, same as _scutate_, or as _peltate_, 53.
_Shrub_, _Shrubby_, 39.
_Sieve-cells_, 140.
_Sigmoid_, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek
_sigma_.
_Silicle_, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family, 123.
_Siliculose_, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.
_Silique_, capsule of the Cress Family, 123.
_Siliquose_, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.
_Silky_, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight
hairs.
_Silver-grain_, the medullary rays of wood, 139.
_Silvery_, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky
pubescence.
_Simple_, of one piece; opposed to _compound_.
_Sinistrorse_, turned to the left.
_Sinuate_, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards, 55.
_Sinus_, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or
projections.
_Sleep of Plants_ (so called), 151.
_Smooth_, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i.
e. not pubescent.
_Soboliferous_, bearing shoots (_Soboles_) from near the ground.
_Solitary_, single; not associated with others.
_Sordid_, dull or dirty in hue.
_Sorediate_, bearing patches on the surface.
_Sorosis_, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.
_Sorus_, a fruit-dot of Ferns, 159.
_Spadiceous_, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearing.
_Spadix_, a fleshy spike of flowers, 75.
_Span_, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger
outstretched, six or seven inches.
_Spathaceous_, resembling or furnished with a
_Spathe_, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence, 75.
_Spatulate_, or _Spathulate_, shaped like a spatula, 52.
_Species_, 175.
_Specific Names_, 179.
_Specimens_, 184.
_Spermaphore_, or _Spermophore_, one of the names of the placenta.
_Spermum_, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.
_Spica_, Latin for spike; hence _Spicate_, in a spike, _Spiciform_, in
shape resembling a spike.
_Spike_, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile,
74.
_Spikelet_, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
_Spine_, 41, 64.
_Spindle-shaped_, tapering to each end, like a radish, 36.
_Spinescent_, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
_Spinose_, or _Spiniferous_, thorny.
_Spiral Vessels_ or _ducts_, 135.
_Spithameous_, span-high.
_Spora_, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.
_Sporadic_, widely dispersed.
_Sporangium_, a spore-case in Ferns, &c., 158.
_Spore_, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous
plants, in them the analogue of a seed.
_Spore-case_ (_Sporangium_), 158.
_Sporocarp_, 162.
_Sport_, a newly appeared variation, 176.
_Sporule_, same as a spore, or a small spore.
_Spumescent_, appearing like froth.
_Spur_, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but
hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig. 239.
_Squamate_, _Squamose_, or _Squamaceous_, furnished with scales
(_squamae_).
_Squamellate_, or _Squamulose_, furnished with little scales
(_Squamellae_, or _Squamulae_).
_Squamiform_, shaped like a scale.
_Squarrose_, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from
the axis on which they are thickly set.
_Squarrulose_, diminutive of _squarrose_; slightly squarrose.
_Stachys_, Greek for spike.
_Stalk_, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
_Stamen_, 14, 80, 98.
_Staminate_, furnished with stamens, 86. _Stamineal_, relating to the
stamens.
_Staminodium_, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.
_Standard_, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.
_Starch_, 136, 163.
_Station_, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally
occurs.
_Stellate_, _Stellular_, starry or star-like; where several similar
parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.
_Stem_, 39. _Stemlet_, diminutive stem.
_Stemless_, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
_Stenos_, Greek for narrow; hence _Stenophyllous_, narrow-leaved, &c.
_Sterile_, barren or imperfect.
_Stigma_, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, 14, 80, 105.
_Stigmatic_, or _Stigmatose_, belonging to the stigma.
_Stipe_ (Latin _Stipes_), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any,
112; also of a Fern, 158, and of a Mushroom, 172.
_Stipel_, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.
_Stipellate_, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.
_Stipitate_, furnished with a stipe.
_Stipulaceous_, belonging to stipules. _Stipulate_, furnished with
stipules.
_Stipules_, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves,
66.
_Stirps_ (plural, _stirpes_), Latin for race.
_Stock_, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which
the herb grows up.
_Stole_, or _Stolon_, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, 40.
_Stoloniferous_, producing stolons.
_Stomate_ (Latin _Stoma_, plural _Stomata_), the breathing-pores of
leaves, 144.
_Stone-fruit_, 119.
_Storage-leaves_, 62.
_Stramineous_, straw-like, or straw-colored.
_Strap-shaped_, long, flat, and narrow.
_Striate_, or _Striated_, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or
stripes.
_Strict_, close and narrow; straight and narrow.
_Strigillose_, _Strigose_, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or
rigid bristles.
_Strobilaceous_, relating to or resembling a
_Strobile_, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124.
_Strombuliform_, twisted, like a spiral shell.
_Strophiole_, same as _caruncle_, 126. _Strophiolate_, furnished with a
strophiole.
_Struma_, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
_Strumose_, bearing a struma.
_Stupose_, like tow.
_Style_, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105.
_Styliferous_, _Stylose_, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.
_Stylopodium_, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the
style.
_Sub-_, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; as _Subcordate_, slightly
cordate; _Subserrate_, slightly serrate; _Subaxillary_, just beneath the
axil, &c.
_Subclass_, _Suborder_, _Subtribe_, 178.
_Suberose_, corky or cork-like in texture.
_Subulate_, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a
sharp point.
_Succise_, as if cut off at lower end.
_Succubous_, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.
_Suckers_, shoots from subterranean branches, 39.
_Suffrutescent_, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39.
_Suffruticose_, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39.
_Sulcate_, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
_Superior_, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, 96.
_Supernumerary Buds_, 30, 31.
_Supervolute_, plaited and convolute in bud, 97.
_Supine_, lying flat, with face upward.
_Supra-axillary_, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31.
_Supra-decompound_, many times compounded or divided.
_Surculose_, producing suckers (_Surculi_) or shoots resembling them.
_Suspended_, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very
summit of the cell which contains them.
_Sutural_, belonging or relating to a suture.
_Suture_, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106.
_Sword-shaped_, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges,
tapering above.
_Syconium_, the fig-fruit, 124.
_Sylvestrine_, growing in woods.
_Symmetrical Flower_, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82.
_Sympetalous_, same as gamopetalous.
_Sympode_, _Sympodium_, a stem composed of a series of superposed
branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.
_Synantherous_ or _Syngenesious_, where stamens are united by their
anthers, 100.
_Syncarpous_ (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated
into one.
_Synonym_, an equivalent superseded name.
_Synsepalous_, same as gamosepalous.
_System_ (artificial and natural), 182, 183.
_Systematic Botany_, the study of plants after their kinds, 9.
_Tabescent_, wasting or shrivelling.
_Tail_, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.
_Taper-pointed_, same as acuminate, 54.
_Tap-root_, a root with a stout tapering body, 32-35.
_Tawny_, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.
_Taxonomy_, the part of botany which treats of classification.
_Tegmen_, a name for the inner seed-coat.
_Tendril_, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, 40.
_Terete_, long and round; same as _cylindrical_, only it may taper.
_Terminal_, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
_Terminology_ treats of technical terms; same as _Glossology_, 181.
_Ternate_, _Ternately_, in threes.
_Tessellate_, in checker-work.
_Testa_, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed,
125.
_Testaceous_, the color of unglazed pottery.
_Tetra-_ (in words of Greek composition), four; as, _Tetracoccous_, of
four cocci.
_Tetradynamous_, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the
four, 101.
_Tetragonal_, four-angled. _Tetragynous_, with four pistils or styles.
_Tetramerous_, with its parts or sets in fours. _Tetrandrous_, with four
stamens, 100.
_Tetraspore_, a quadruple spore, 169.
_Thalamaflorous_, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or
_Thalamus_.
_Thallophyta_, _Thallophytes_, 165.
_Thallus_, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, 165.
_Theca_, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.
_Thecaphore_, the stipe of a carpel, 113.
_Thorn_, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42.
_Thread-shaped_, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.
_Throat_, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the
border and the tube join, and a little below, 89.
_Thyrse_ or _Thyrsus_, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or
cymules, 79.
_Tomentose_, clothed with matted woolly hairs (_tomentum_).
_Tongue-shaped_, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.
_Toothed_, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the
margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not
point forwards, 55.
_Top-shaped_, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.
_Torose_, _Torulose_, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at
intervals.
_Torus_, the receptacle of the flower, 81, 112.
_Trachea_, a spiral duct.
_Trachys_, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, _Trachyspermous_,
rough-seeded.
_Transverse_, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.
_Tri-_ (in composition), three; as,
_Triadelphous_, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles,
99.
_Triandrous_, where the flower has three stamens, 112.
_Tribe_, 178.
_Trichome_, of the nature of hair or pubescence.
_Trichotomous_, three-forked.
_Tricoccous_, of three cocci or roundish carpels.
_Tricolor_, having three colors.
_Tricostate_, having three ribs.
_Tricuspidate_, three-pointed.
_Tridentate_, three-toothed.
_Triennial_, lasting for three years.
_Trifarious_, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.
_Trifid_, three-cleft, 56.
_Trifoliate_, three-leaved. _Trifoliolate_, of three leaflets.
_Trifurcate_, three-forked.
_Trigonous_, three-angled, or triangular.
_Trigynous_, with three pistils or styles, 116.
_Trijugate_, in three pairs (_jugi_).
_Trilobed_ or _Trilobate_, three-lobed, 55.
_Trilocular_, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330.
_Trimerous_, with its parts in threes.
_Trimorphism_, 117. _Trimorphic_ or _Trimorphous_, in three forms.
_Trinervate_, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.
_Trioecious_, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or
different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.
_Tripartible_, separable into three pieces. _Tripartite_, three-parted,
55.
_Tripetalous_, having three petals.
_Triphyllous_, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.
_Tripinnate_, thrice pinnate, 59. _Tripinnatifid_, thrice pinnately
cleft, 57.
_Triple-ribbed_, _Triple-nerved_, &c., where a midrib branches into
three, near the base of the leaf.
_Triquetrous_, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides
concave, like a bayonet.
_Triserial_, or _Triseriate_, in three rows, under each other.
_Tristichous_, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
_Tristigmatic_, or _Tristigmatose_, having three stigmas.
_Trisulcate_, three-grooved.
_Triternate_, three times ternate, 59.
_Trivial Name_, the specific name.
_Trochlear_, pulley-shaped.
_Trumpet-shaped_, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.
_Truncate_, as if cut off at the top.
_Trunk_, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.
_Tube_ (of corolla, &c.), 89.
_Tuber_, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided
with eyes (buds) on the sides, 44.
_Tubercle_, a small excrescence.
_Tubercled_, or _Tuberculate_, bearing excrescences or pimples.
_Tubaeform_, trumpet-shaped.
_Tuberous_, resembling a tuber. _Tuberiferous_, bearing tubers.
_Tubular_, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe, 91.
_Tubuliflorous_, bearing only tubular flowers.
_Tunicate_, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46.
_Turbinate_, top-shaped.
_Turio_ (plural _turiones_), strong young shoots or suckers springing
out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.
_Turnip-shaped_, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, 35.
_Twining_, ascending by coiling round a support, 39.
_Type_, the ideal pattern, 10.
_Typical_, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus,
&c.
_Uliginose_, growing in swamps.
_Umbel_, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, 74.
_Umbellate_, in umbels. _Umbelliferous_, bearing umbels.
_Umbellet_ (_umbellula_), a secondary or partial umbel, 76.
_Umbilicate_, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a
navel.
_Umbonate_, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss
(_umbo_).
_Umbraculiform_, umbrella-shaped.
_Unarmed_, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
_Uncial_, an inch (_uncia_) in length.
_Uncinate_, or _Uncate_, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.
_Under-shrub_, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
_Undulate_ or _Undate_, wavy, or wavy-margined, 55.
_Unequally pinnate_, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, 65.
_Unguiculate_, furnished with a claw (_unguis_), 91.
_Uni-_, in compound words, one; as _Unicellular_, one-celled.
_Uniflorous_, one-flowered.
_Unifoliate_, one-leaved. _Unifoliolate_, of one leaflet, 59.
_Unijugate_, of one pair.
_Unilabiate_, one-lipped.
_Unilateral_, one-sided.
_Unilocular_, one-celled.
_Uniovulate_, having only one ovule.
_Uniserial_, in one horizontal row.
_Unisexual_, having stamens or pistils only, 85.
_Univalved_, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.
_Unsymmetrical Flowers_, 86.
_Urceolate_, urn-shaped.
_Utricle_, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, 121.
_Utricular_, like a small bladder.
_Vaginate_, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (_vagina_).
_Valve_, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any
similar body, splits, 122, 123.
_Valvate_, _Valvular_, opening by valves. _Valvate_, in aestivation, 97.
_Variety_, 176.
_Vascular_, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, 134.
_Vascular Cryptogams_, 156.
_Vaulted_, arched; same as _fornicate_.
_Vegetable Life_, &c., 128. _Vegetable anatomy_, 129.
_Veins_, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., 49,
50.
_Veined_, _Veiny_, furnished with evident veins. _Veinless_, destitute
of veins.
_Veinlets_, the smaller ramifications of veins, 50.
_Velate_, furnished with a veil.
_Velutinous_, velvety to the touch.
_Venation_, the veining of leaves, &c., 50.
_Venenate_, poisonous.
_Venose_, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.
_Ventral_, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ,
which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of
dorsal; as the
_Ventral Suture_, 106.
_Ventricose_, inflated or swelled out on one side.
_Venulose_, furnished with veinlets.
_Vermicular_, worm-like, shaped like worms.
_Vernal_, belonging to spring.
_Vernation_, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud, 71.
_Vernicose_, the surface appearing as if varnished.
_Verrucose_, warty; beset with little projections like warts.
_Versatile_, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro,
101.
_Vertex_, same as _apex_.
_Vertical_, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
_Verticil_, a whorl, 68. _Verticillate_, whorled, 68.
_Verticillaster_, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.
_Vesicular_, bladdery.
_Vespertine_, appearing or expanding at evening.
_Vessels_, ducts, &c., 134.
_Vexillary_, _Vexillar_, relating to the
_Vexillum_, the standard of a papilionaceous flower, 92.
_Villose_, shaggy with long and soft hairs (_Villosity_).
_Vimineous_, producing slender twigs, such as those used for
wicker-work.
_Vine_, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a
Grape-vine.
_Virescent_, _Viridescent_, greenish; turning green.
_Virgate_, wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.
_Viscous_, _Viscid_, having a glutinous surface.
_Vitta_ (plural _vittae_), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae.
_Vitelline_, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.
_Viviparous_, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent
plant.
_Voluble_, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans, 39.
_Volute_, rolled up in any way.
_Wavy_, the surface or margin alternately convex and concave, 55.
_Waxy_, resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.
_Wedge-shaped_, broad above, tapering by straight lines to a narrow
base, 53.
_Wheel-shaped_, 89.
_Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, &c., in circles around the stem.
_Whorled_, arranged in whorls, 68.
_Wing_, any membranous expansion. _Wings_ of papilionaceous flowers, 92.
_Winged_, furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300,
301.
_Wood_, 133, 142. _Woody_, of the texture or consisting of wood.
_Woody Fibre_, or _Wood-Cells_, 134.
_Woolly_, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs.
_Work in plants_, 149, 155.
_Xanthos_, Greek for yellow, used in compounds; as _Xanthocarpus_,
yellow-fruited.
_Zygomorphous_, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane
into similar halves.
Transcriber's Notes.
In the Latin-1 text version, the oe-ligature was simply replaced by the
two separate characters. Other non-Latin-1 symbols were replaced by
"[Symbol ...]," where the ellipsis was replaced by an explanation of the
symbol. The occurrence of the Greek delta character in the glossary for
Deltoid was replaced by "Delta."
Spelling variants where it wasn't possible to determine the author's
intent were left as is. These include: "backbone" and "back-bone;"
"Buttonwood" and "Button-wood;" "cross section" and "cross-section;"
"footstalk" and "foot-stalk;" "network" and "net-work;" "Paeony" and
"Peony;" "peapod" and "pea-pod," plus plurals; "penniveined" and
"penni-veined," plus capitalized versions; "Sapwood" and "Sap-wood;"
"Snowball" and "Snow-ball;" "Verticil" and "Verticel;" "Woodsorrel" and
"Wood-sorrel."
Changed "Venation" to "Vernation" on page vi: "Vernation or
Praefoliation."
Changed "Isoetes" to "Isoetes" on page viii: "Quillworts (Isoetes)."
Changed "liquifies" to "liquefies" on page 21: "as it liquefies."
Changed "frame-work" to "framework" on page 52: "the framework or
skeleton."
Changed "leafstalk" to "leaf-stalk" in three places: the caption to
figure 74; on page 71: "bent upon the leaf-stalk;" in the index entry
for "Petiolulate."
Changed "Honey Locust" to "Honey-Locust" in the caption to figure 95:
"branching thorn of Honey-Locust."
Page 47 has a reference to Fig. 89, which does not seem to follow
from the text. "Fig. 80" would make more sense, but the original was not
changed.
Removed extra comma before closing parenthesis on page 51: "the Maple
(Fig. 20, 24)."
Changed "Linnaeus" to "Linnaeus" on page 50: "Linnaeus called Nerves."
Changed "Sugar-Maple" to "Sugar Maple" on page 58: "that of the Sugar
Maple."
Changed "quadrifoliate" to "quadrifoliolate" on page 59: "trifoliolate,
quadrifoliolate, plurifoliolate."
The reference to Fig. 167 on page 64 is probably intended to refer to
Fig. 157, but was not changed.
The caption to figure 186 says that this is a two-ranked arrangement.
Although it's clear from the text and figure that this is actually a
three-ranked arrangement, the original text was preserved.
Changed colon to semi-colon in the caption to figure 219: "a, filament;
b, anther."
Changed comma to period after "Fig. 254" in its caption.
Changed "Funnel-form" to "Funnelform" on page 90: "Funnel-shaped, or
Funnelform."
Inserted closing parenthesis in caption to figure 304: "Of a Sage
(Salvia Texana)."
Changed "Butter cup" to "Buttercup" on page 120: "fruit of the
Buttercup."
Changed "carpophorse" to "carpophore" on page 121: "a slender axis or
carpophore."
Changed "cocoanut" to "cocoa-nut" on page 122: "such as the cocoa-nut."
Changed "Sepifragal" to "Septifragal" on page 123: "Septifragal
dehiscence."
Inserted missing text "(Fig." on page 128: "Rice (Fig. 430a)."
Perhaps the reference to unit 408 on page 136 should be to unit 402;
but it was not changed.
Changed "White-Pine" to "White Pine" on page 148: "White Pine and
Basswood."
Changed "discovary" to "discovery" on page 160: "discovery of a wholly
unsuspected kind."
Changed "sporo-carps" to "sporocarps" in the caption to figure 520.
Changed semi-colon to period after "microspores" in the caption to
figure 522.
Changed "Lepreiurei" to "Leprieurei" in the caption to figure 561.
Changed "Sun-flowers" to "Sunflowers" on page 187: "Sunflowers and
Thistles."
Changed symbol for Earth to symbol for Male on page 189 in unit 581: "To
indicate sexes, [Symbol for Male] means staminate."
Preserved the order of the index entries, even though they aren't
strictly alphabetical.
Removed extra comma after "Amphitropous" in its index entry.
The index references for "Anemophilous" and "Entomophilous" should
probably be 115, rather than 113, but were not changed.
The index reference for "Antheridium" should probably be 159, rather
than 150, but was not changed.
Changed "short-fluited" to "short-fruited" in the index entry for
"Brachy-."
The index references for "Caulescent" and "Cauline" should probably be
38, rather than 36, but were not changed.
The index reference for "Cladophylla" should probably be 61, rather
than 64, but was not changed.
The index reference for "Dotted Ducts" should probably be 134, rather
than 148, but was not changed.
Changed "trifoliate" to "trifoliolate" in the index entry for
"Foliolate."
Changed "6" to "13" in the index entry for "Gemmule."
The index references for "Hemitropous" and "Heterotropous" should
probably be 111, rather than 123, but were not changed.
The index reference for "Hortus Siccus" was changed from 201 to 186.
The index reference for "Incised" should probably be 55, rather
than 58, but was not changed.
The index reference for "Jointed" is 64, and was not changed even though
it does not seem to make sense. Better candidates include 57 and 122.
The index references for "Laticiferous" and "Milk-vessels" were changed
from 138 to 135.
Changed the last index reference for "Ligule" from 57 to 67; also the
reference for "Ocreate."
Changed comma to semi-colon after "86" in the index entry for "Naked."
The index reference for "Panicle" should probably be 76, rather
than 81, but was not changed.
The index references for "Pentandrous" and "Triandrous" should probably
be 100, rather than 112, but were not changed.
Changed "leaf stalk" to "leaf-stalk" in its index entry, as well as the
index entry for "Petiole."
The index reference for "Pinnule" should probably be 59, rather
than 66, but was not changed.
The index reference for "Seed-vessel" should probably be 117, rather
than 127, but was not changed.
The second index reference for "Starch" is 163, and was not changed even
though it does not seem to make sense.
Changed "one" to "on" in the index entry for "Stipules": "appendages on
each side."
The index reference to page 37 for "Suffruticose" doesn't seem to make
sense, but was left as is.
The index reference for "Trigynous" should probably be 105, rather
than 116, but was not changed.
The index reference for "Unequally Pinnate" should probably be 58,
rather than 65, but was not changed.