555. Some hints and brief instructions for the collection, examination,
and preservation of specimens are added. They are especially intended
for the assistance of those who have not the advantage of a teacher.
They apply to phanerogamous plants and Ferns only, and to systematic
botany.[1]
Sec. 1. COLLECTION, OR HERBORIZATION.
556. As much as possible, plants should be examined in the living state,
or when freshly gathered. But dried specimens should be prepared for
more leisurely examination and for comparison. To the working botanist
good dried specimens are indispensable.
557. =Botanical Specimens=, to be complete, should have root or
rootstock, stem, leaves, flowers, both open and in bud, and fruit.
Sometimes these may all be obtained at one gathering; more commonly two
or three gatherings at different times are requisite, especially for
trees and shrubs.
558. =In Herborizing=, a good knife and a narrow and strong trowel are
needed; but a very strong knife will serve instead of a trowel or small
pick for digging out bulbs, tubers, and the like. To carry the
specimens, either the tin box (_vasculum_) or a portfolio, or both are
required. The tin box is best for the collection of specimens to be used
fresh, as in the class-room; also for very thick or fleshy plants. The
portfolio is indispensable for long expeditions, and is best for
specimens which are to be preserved in the herbarium.
559. The _Vasculum_, or _Botanical Collecting-box_, is made of tin, in
shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes like an
English sandwich-case; the lid opening for nearly the whole length of
one side of the box. Any portable tin box of convenient size, and
capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches long, will answer
the purpose. The box should shut close, so that the specimens may not
wilt: then it will keep leafy branches and most flowers perfectly fresh
for a day or two, especially if slightly moistened. They should not be
wet.
560. _The Portfolio_ is best made of two pieces of solid binder's-board,
covered with enamel cloth, which also forms the back, and fastened by
straps and buckles. It may be from a foot to twenty inches long, from
nine to eleven or twelve inches wide. It should contain a needful
quantity of smooth but strong and pliable paper (thin so-called Manilla
paper is best), either fastened at the back as in a book, or loose in
folded sheets when not very many specimens are required. As soon as
gathered, the specimens should be separately laid between the leaves or
in the folded sheets, and kept under moderate pressure in the closed
portfolio.
561. Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all,
should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suffice,
with some leaves from near the root. Enough of the root or subterranean
part of the plant should be collected to show whether it is an annual, a
biennial, or a perennial. Thick roots, bulbs, tubers, or branches of
specimens intended to be pressed should be thinned with a knife, or cut
into slices. Keep the specimens within the length of fifteen or sixteen
inches, by folding, or when that cannot be done, by cutting into
lengths.
562. =For Drying Specimens= a good supply of soft and unsized paper is
wanted; and some convenient means of applying considerable pressure. To
make good dried botanical specimens, dry them as rapidly as possible
between many thicknesses of sun-dried paper to absorb their moisture,
under as much pressure as can be given without crushing the more
delicate parts. This pressure may be had by a botanical press, of which
various forms have been contrived; or by weights placed upon a
board,--from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the
quantity of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a
good portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides,
and the pressure may be applied by strong straps with buckles. Still
better, on some accounts, are portable presses made of wire network,
which allow the dampness to escape by evaporation between the meshes.
For herborization in a small way, a light wire-press may be taken into
the field and made to serve also as a portfolio.
563. It is well to have two kinds of paper, namely, _driers_ of bibulous
paper, stitched into pads (or the pads may be of thick carpet-paper, cut
to size) and thin smooth paper, folded once; the specimens to be laid
into the fold, either when gathered or on returning from the excursion.
These sheets are to hold the specimens until they are quite dry. Every
day, or at first even twice a day, the specimens, left undisturbed in
their sheets, are to be shifted into fire-dried or sun-dried fresh
driers, and the pressure renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out
to dry, so as to take their turn again at the next shifting. This course
must be continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch.
Good and comely specimens are either made or spoiled within the first
twenty-four or thirty-six hours. After that, when plenty of driers are
used, it may not be necessary to change them so frequently.
564. Succulent plants, which long refuse to part with life and moisture,
and Spruces and some other evergreens which are apt to cast off their
leaves, may be plunged for a moment into boiling water, all but the
flowers. Delicate flowers may be encased in thin tissue paper when put
into the press. Thick parts, like the heads of Sunflowers and Thistles,
may be cut in two or into slices.
565. Dried specimens may be packed in bundles, either in folded paper or
upon single half-sheets. It is better that such paper should not be
bibulous. The packages should be well wrapped or kept in close cases.
566. =Poisoning= is necessary if specimens are to be permanently
preserved from the depredation of insects. The usual application is an
almost saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in 95 per cent alcohol,
freely applied with a large and soft brush, or the specimens dipped into
some of the solution poured into a large and flat dish; the wetted
specimens to be transferred for a short time to driers.
Sec. 2. HERBARIUM.
567. The botanist's collection of dried specimens, ticketed with their
names, place, and time of collection, and systematically arranged under
their genera, orders, etc., forms a _Hortus Siccus_ or _Herbarium_. It
comprises not only the specimens which the proprietor has himself
collected, but those which he acquires through friendly exchanges, or in
other ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets
of paper; or they may be fastened on half-sheets of thick and white
paper, either by gummed slips, or by glue applied to the specimens
themselves. The former is best for private and small herbaria; the
latter for large ones which are much turned over. Each sheet should be
appropriated to one species; two or more different plants should never
be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific name of the
plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner, either written on
the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down; and the time of collection, the
locality, the color of the flowers, and any other information which the
specimens themselves do not afford, should be duly recorded upon the
sheet or the ticket. The sheets of the herbarium should all be of
exactly the same dimensions. The herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the
common foolscap size, about eleven inches long and seven wide. This is
too small. Sixteen and three eighths inches by eleven and a half inches
is an approved size.
568. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be placed in
_genus-covers_, made of a full sheet of thick paper (such as the
strongest Manilla-hemp paper), to be when folded of the same dimensions
as the species-sheet but slightly wider: the name of the genus is to be
written on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged under the
orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed cases or
cabinets, either laid flat in compartments, like "pigeon-holes," or else
placed in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes. All should be
kept, as much as practicable, in dust-proof and insect-proof cases or
boxes.
569. Fruits, tubers, and other hard parts, too thick for the herbarium,
may be kept in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, in a collection apart.
Small loose fruits, seeds, detached flowers, and the like may be
conveniently preserved in paper capsules or envelopes, attached to the
herbarium-sheets.
Sec. 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS.
570. =The Implements= required are a hand magnifying glass, a pocket
lens of an inch or two focus, or a glass of two lenses, one of the lower
and the other of the higher power; and a sharp penknife for dissection.
With these and reasonable perseverance the structure of the flowers and
fructification of most phanerogamous plants and Ferns can be made out.
But for ease and comfort, as well as for certainty and right training,
the student should have some kind of simple stage microscope, and under
this make all dissections of small parts. Without it the student will be
apt to fall into the bad habit of guessing where he ought to ascertain.
571. The simple microscope may be reduced to a good lens or doublet, of
an inch focus, mounted over a glass stage, so that it can be moved up
and down and also sidewise, and with (or without) a little mirror
underneath. A better one would have one or two additional lenses (say of
half and of a quarter inch focus), a pretty large stage, on the glass of
which several small objects can be placed and conveniently brought under
the lens; and its height or that of the lens should be adjustable by a
rack-work; also a swivel-mounted little mirror beneath, which is needed
for minute objects to be viewed by transmitted light.
572. For dissecting and displaying small parts on the stage of the
microscope, besides a thin-bladed knife, the only tools needed are a
good stock of common needles of various sizes, mounted in handles, and
one or more saddler's-needles, which, being triangular, may be ground to
sharp edges convenient for dissection. Also a pair of delicate-pointed
forceps; those with curved points used by the dentist are most
convenient. A cup of clean water is indispensable, with which to moisten
or wet, or in which occasionally to float delicate parts. Small flowers,
buds, fruits, and seeds of dried specimens can be dissected quite as
well as fresh ones. They have only to be soaked in warm or boiling
water.
573. The compound microscope is rarely necessary except in cryptogamic
botany and vegetable anatomy; but it is very useful and convenient,
especially for the examination of pollen. To the advanced botanist it is
a necessity, to all students of botany an aid and delight.
574. =Analysis.= A few directions and hints may be given. The most
important is this: In studying an unknown plant, make a complete
examination of all its parts, and form a clear idea of its floral
structure and that of its fruit, from pericarp down to the embryo, or as
far as the materials in hand allow, before taking a step toward finding
out its name and relationship by means of the keys or other helps which
the Manuals and Floras provide. If it is the name merely that is wanted,
the shorter way is to ask some one who already knows it. To verify the
points of structure one by one as they happen to occur in an artificial
key, without any preparatory investigation, is a usual but is not the
best nor the surest way. It is well to make drawings or outline
sketches of the smaller parts, and especially diagrams of the plan of
the flower, such as those of Fig. 225, 227, 241, 244, 275-277. For
these, cross sections of the flower-bud or flower are to be made: and
longitudinal sections, such as Fig. 270-274, are equally important. The
dissection even of small seeds is not difficult after some practice.
Commonly they need to be soaked or boiled.
575. The right appreciation of characters and terms used in description
needs practice and calls for judgment. Plants do not grow exactly by
rule and plummet, and measurements must be taken loosely. Difference of
soil and situation are responded to by considerable variations, and
other divergences occur which cannot be accounted for by the
surroundings, nor be anticipated in general descriptions. Annuals may be
very depauperate in dry soils or seasons, or very large when
particularly well nourished. Warm and arid situations promote, and wet
ones are apt to diminish pubescence. Salt water causes increased
succulence. The color of flowers is apt to be lighter in shade, and
brighter in open and elevated situations. A color or hue not normal to
the species now and then occurs, which nothing in the conditions will
account for. _A white-flowered variation of any other colored blossom
may always be expected_; this, though it may be notable, no more
indicates a distinct variety of the species than an albino would a
variety of the human species. The numerical plan is subject to variation
in some flowers; those on the plan of five may now and then vary to four
or to six. Variations of the outline or lobing of leaves are so familiar
that they do not much mislead. Only wider and longer observation
suffices to prevent or correct mistakes in botanical study. But the
weighing of evidence and the balancing of probabilities, no less than
the use of the well-ordered and logical system of classification, give
as excellent training to the judgment as the search for the facts
themselves does to the observing powers.
Sec. 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
576. For a full account of these, whether of former or actual use, see
"Structural Botany" of the "Botanical Text Book," pp. 367, 392, as also
for the principles which govern the accentuation of names. It is needful
here to explain only those used in the Manuals and Floras of this
country, for which the present volume is an introduction and companion.
They are not numerous.
577. In arranging the species, at least those of a large genus, the
divisions are denoted and graduated as follows: The sign Sec. is prefixed
to sections of the highest rank: these sections when they have names
affixed to them (as Prunus Sec. Cerasus) may be called subgenera. When the
divisions of a genus are not of such importance, or when divisions are
made under the subgenus itself, the most comprehensive ones are marked
by asterisks, * for the first, * * for the second, and so on.
Subdivisions are marked with a prefixed +; those under this head with
++; and those under this with =, if there be so many grades. A similar
notation is followed in the synopsis of the genera of an order.
578. The interrogation point is used in botany to indicate doubt. Thus
_Clematis crispa_, L.? expresses a doubt whether the plant in question
is really the _Clematis crispa_ of Linnaeus. _Clematis? polypetala_
expresses a doubt whether the plant so named is really a Clematis. On
the other hand the exclamation point (!) is used to denote certainty
whenever there is special need to affirm this.
579. For size or height, the common signs of degrees, minutes, and
seconds, have been used, thus, 1 deg., 2', 3", stand respectively for a
foot, two inches, and three lines or twelfths of an inch. A better way,
when such brevity is needed, is to write 1^{ft}. 2^{in}. 3^{l}.
580. Signs for duration used by Linnaeus were [Symbol for Sun] for an
annual, [Symbol for Mars] for a biennial, [Symbol for Jupiter] for a
perennial herb, [Symbol like numeral 5 without the top bar] for a shrub
or tree. DeCandolle brought in [Symbol for Sun] for a plant that died
after once flowering, [Symbol with numeral 1 in a circle] if annual,
[Symbol with numeral 2 in a circle] if biennial.
581. To indicate sexes, [Symbol for Male] means staminate or male plant
or blossom; [Symbol for Female], pistillate or female; [Symbol like that
for Mercury, but with two inverted breve accents over it], perfect or
hermaphrodite.
582. To save room it is not uncommon to use [Symbol for infinity] in
place of "many;" thus, "Stamens [Symbol for infinity]," for stamens
indefinitely numerous: "[Symbol for infinity] flora" for pluriflora or
many-flowered. Still more common is the form "Stamens 5-20," or "Calyx
4-5-parted," for stamens from five to twenty, calyx four-parted or
five-parted, and the like. Such abbreviations hardly need explanation.
583. The same may be said of such abbreviations as _Cal._ for calyx,
_Cor._ for corolla, _Pet._ for petals, _St._ for stamens, _Pist._ for
pistil, _Hab._ for habitat, meaning place of growth, _Herb._ for
herbarium, _Hort._ for garden. Also _l. c._, loco citato, which avoids
repetition of volume and page.
584. "Structural Botany" has six pages of abbreviations of the names of
botanists, mostly of botanical authors. As they are not of much
consequence to the beginner, while the more advanced botanist will know
the names in full, or know where to find them, only a selection is here
appended.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] For fuller directions in many particulars, see "Structural Botany,"
pp. 370-374.
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.
_Adans._ = Adanson.
_Ait._ Aiton.
_All._ Allioni.
_Andr._ Andrews.
_Arn._ Arnott.
_Aub._ Aublet.
_Bartr._ Bartram.
_Beauv._ Palisot de Beauvois.
_Benth._ Bentham.
_Bernh._ Bernhardi.
_Bigel._ Jacob Bigelow.
_Bong._ Bongard.
_Bonpl._ Bonpland.
_Br._ or _R. Br._ Robert Brown.
_Cass._ Cassini.
_Cav._ Cavanilles.
_Cham._ Chamisso.
_Chapm._ Chapman.
_Chois._ Choisy.
_Clayt._ Clayton.
_Curt._ Curtis.
_Curt. (M. A.)_ M. A. Curtis.
_Darl._ Darlington.
_DC._ } DeCandolle.
_DeCand._ }
_A. DC._ Alphonse DeCandolle.
_Desc._ Descourtilz.
_Desf._ Desfontaines.
_Desv._ Desvaux.
_Dill._ Dillenius.
_Dougl._ Douglas.
_Duham._ Duhamel.
_Dun._ Dunal.
_Eat._ Eaton (Amos) or D. C.
_Ehrh._ Ehrhart.
_Ell._ Elliott.
_Endl._ Endlicher.
_Engelm._ Engelmann.
_Engl._ Engler.
_Fisch._ Fischer.
_Froel._ Froelich.
_Gaertn._ Gaertner.
_Gaud._ Gaudin.
_Gaudich._ Gaudichaud.
_Ging._ Gingins.
_Gmel._ Gmelin.
_Good._ Goodenough.
_Grev._ Greville.
_Griseb._ Grisebach.
_Gron._ } Gronovius.
_Gronov._ }
_Hall._ Haller.
_Hartm._ Hartmann.
_Hartw._ Hartweg.
_Harv._ Harvey.
_Haw._ Haworth.
_Hegelm._ Hegelmaier.
_Hemsl._ Hemsley.
_Herb._ Herbert.
_Hoffm._ Hoffmann.
_Hoffmans._ Hoffmansegg.
_Hook._ Hooker.
_Hook. f._ J. D. Hooker.
_Hornem._ Hornemann.
_Huds._ Hudson.
_Humb._ Humboldt.
_HBK._ Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.
_Jacq._ Jacquin.
_Jacq. f._ J. F. Jacquin.
_Juss._ Jussieu.
_A. Juss._ Adrien de Jussieu.
_Kit._ Kitaibel.
_L._ or _Linn._ Linnaeus.
_Labill._ Labillardiere.
_Lag._ Lagasca.
_Lam._ Lamarck.
_Ledeb._ Ledebour.
_Lehm._ Lehmann.
_Lesq._ Lesquereux.
_Less._ Lessing.
_Lestib._ Lestibudois.
_L'Her._ L'Heritier.
_Lindb._ Lindberg.
_Lindh._ Lindheimer.
_Lindl._ Lindley.
_Lodd._ Loddiges.
_Loud._ Loudon.
_M. Bieb._ Marschall von Bieberstein.
_Marsh._ Marshall (Humphrey).
_Mart._ Martius.
_Mast._ = Masters.
_Maxim._ Maximowicz.
_Meisn._ } Meisner or
_Meissn._ } Meissner.
_Michx._ or _Mx._ Michaux.
_Michx. f._ F. A. Michaux.
_Mill._ Miller.
_Miq._ Miquel.
_Mitch._ Mitchell.
_Moc._ Mocino.
_Moq._ Moquin-Tandon.
_Moric._ Moricand.
_Moris._ Morison.
_Muell. Arg._ J. Mueller.
_Muell. (F.)_ Ferdinand Mueller.
_Muhl._ Muhlenberg.
_Murr._ Murray.
_Naud._ Naudin.
_Neck._ Necker.
_Nees_ } Nees von Esenbeck.
_N. ab E._ }
_Nutt._ Nuttall.
_Oed._ Oeder.
_Ort._ Ortega.
_P. de Beauv._ Palisot de Beauvois.
_Pall._ Pallas.
_Parl._ Parlatore.
_Pav._ Pavon.
_Pers._ Persoon.
_Planch._ Planchon.
_Pluk._ Plukenet.
_Plum._ Plumier.
_Poir._ Poiret.
_Radlk._ Radlkofer.
_Raf._ Rafinesque.
_Red._ Redoute.
_Reichenb._ Reichenbach.
_Rich._ L. C. Richard.
_Rich. f._ or _A._ Achille Richard.
_Richards._ Richardson.
_Ridd._ Riddell.
_Roem. & Schult._ Roemer & Schultes.
_Rottb._ Rottboell.
_Rupr._ Ruprecht.
_St. Hil._ Saint-Hilaire.
_Salisb._ Salisbury.
_Schk._ Schkuhr.
_Schlecht._ Schlechtendal.
_Schrad._ Schrader.
_Schreb._ Schreber.
_Schwein._ Schweinitz.
_Scop._ Scopoli.
_Spreng._ Sprengel.
_Sternb._ Sternberg.
_Steud._ Steudel.
_Sull._ Sullivant.
_Thunb._ Thunberg.
_Torr._ Torrey.
_Tourn._ Tournefort.
_Trautv._ Trautvetter.
_Trin._ Trinius.
_Tuck._ Tuckerman.
_Vaill._ Vaillant.
_Vent._ Ventenat.
_Vill._ Villars.
_Wahl._ Wahlenberg.
_Walds._ Waldstein.
_Wall._ Wallich.
_Wallr._ Wallroth.
_Walp._ Walpers.
_Walt._ Walter.
_Wang._ Wangenheim.
_Wats._ Sereno Watson, unless other initials are given.
_Wedd._ Weddell.
_Wendl._ Wendland.
_Wiks._ Wikstrom.
_Willd._ Willdenow.
_Wulf._ Wulfen.
_Zucc._ Zuccarini.
_Zuccag._ Zuccagini.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX,
OR
DICTIONARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, COMBINED WITH
AN INDEX.
For the convenience of unclassical students, the commoner Latin
and Greek words (or their equivalents in English form) which
enter into the composition of botanical names, as well as of
technical terms, are added to this Glossary. The numbers refer
to pages.
_A_, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a
negative, or the absence of something; as apetalous, without petals;
aphyllous, leafless, &c. In words beginning with a vowel, the prefix is
_an_; as anantherous, destitute of anther.
_Abnormal_, contrary to the usual or the natural structure.
_Aboriginal_, original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous.
_Abortive_, imperfectly formed, or rudimentary.
_Abortion_, the imperfect formation or the non-formation of some part.
_Abrupt_, suddenly terminating; as, for instance,
_Abruptly pinnate_, pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end, 58.
_Acantho-_, spiny.
_Acaulescent_ (_acaulis_), apparently stemless; the proper stem, bearing
the leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean.
_Accessory_, something additional; as _Accessory buds_, 30, 31;
_Accessory fruits_, 118.
_Accrescent_, growing larger after flowering.
_Accrete_, grown to.
_Accumbent_, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when
they lie with their edges against the radicle, 128.
_Acephalous_, headless.
_Acerose_, needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines.
_Acetabuliform_, saucer-shaped.
_Achaenium_, or _Achenium_ (plural _achenia_), a one-seeded, seed-like
fruit, 120.
_Achlamydeous_ (flower), without floral envelopes, 86.
_Acicular_, needle-shaped; more slender than acerose.
_Acinaciform_, scimitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.
_Acines_, the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry.
_Acorn_, the nut of the Oak, 122.
_Acotyledonous_, destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.
_Acrogenous_, growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses.
_Acrogens_, or _Acrogenous Plants_, a name for the vascular cryptogamous
plants, 156.
_Aculeate_, armed with prickles, i. e. _aculei_; as the Rose and Brier.
_Aculeolate_, armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.
_Acuminate_, taper-pointed, 54.
_Acute_, merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right
angle, 54.
_Adelphous_ (stamens), joined in a fraternity (_adelphia_); see
_monadelphous_, &c.
_Aden_, Greek for gland. So _Adenophorous_, gland-bearing.
_Adherent_, sticking to, or more commonly, growing fast to another body.
_Adnate_, literally, growing fast to, born adherent, 95. The anther is
adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its
prolongation, 101.
_Adnation_, the state of being adnate, 94.
_Adpressed_ or _appressed_, brought into contact with, but not united.
_Adscendent_, _ascendent_, or _ascending_, rising gradually upwards, 39.
_Adsurgent_, or _assurgent_, same as ascending, 39.
_Adventitious_, out of the proper or usual place; e. g. _Adventitious
buds_, 30.
_Adventive_, applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly
introduced into a country, but hardly to be called naturalized.
_AEquilateral_, equal-sided; opposed to oblique.
_Aerial roots_, &c., 36.
_AEruginous_, verdigris-colored.
_AEstival_, produced in summer.
_AEstivation_, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, 97.
_Agamous_, sexless.
_Aggregate fruits_, 118.
_Agrestis_, growing in fields.
_Air-cells_ or _Air-passages_, spaces in the tissue of leaves and some
stems, 131.
_Air-Plants_, 36.
_Akene_ or _Akenium_, 120.
_Ala_ (plural, _alae_), a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous
corolla, 92.
_Alabastrum_, a flower-bud.
_Alar_, situated in the forks of a stem.
_Alate_, winged.
_Albescent_, whitish, or turning white.
_Albus_, Latin for white.
_Albumen_ of the seed, nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 21,
127.
_Albumen_, a vegetable product, of four elements.
_Albuminous_ (seeds), furnished with albumen, 21.
_Alburnum_, young wood, sap-wood, 142.
_Alliaceous_, with odor of garlic.
_Allogamous_, close fertilization.
_Alpestrine_, subalpine.
_Alpine_, belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.
_Alternate_ (leaves), one after another, 29, 67. Petals are _alternate_
with the sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the
intervals between them, 82.
_Alveolate_, honeycomb-like.
_Ament_, the scaly spike of trees like the Birch and Willow, 75.
_Amentaceous_, catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.
_Amorphous_, shapeless, without any definite form.
_Amphicarpous_, producing two kinds of fruit.
_Amphigastrium_ (plural, _amphigastria_), a peculiar stipule-like leaf
of Liverworts.
_Amphitropous_ ovules or seeds, 111.
_Amphora_, a pitcher-shaped organ.
_Amplectant_, embracing. _Amplexicaul_ (leaves), clasping the stem by
the base.
_Ampullaceous_, swelling out like a bottle or bladder (_ampulla_).
_Amylaceous_, _Amyloid_, composed of starch (_amylum_), or starch-like.
_Anandrous_, without stamens.
_Anantherous_, without anthers.
_Ananthous_, destitute of flowers; flowerless.
_Anastomosing_, forming a net-work (_anastomosis_), as the veins of
leaves, 50.
_Anatropous_ ovules or seeds, 111.
_Ancipital_ (_anceps_), two-edged.
_Androecium_, a name for the stamens taken together, 98.
_Andro-dioecious_, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on
another.
_Androgynous_, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same
cluster.
_Androphore_, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow.
_Androus_, or _Ander_, _andra_, _andrum_, Greek in compounds for male,
or stamens.
_Anemophilous_, wind-loving, said of wind-fertilizable flowers, 113.
_Anfractuose_, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c.
_Angiospermae_, _Angiospermous_, with seeds formed in an ovary or
pericarp, 109.
_Angular divergence_ of leaves, 69.
_Anisos_, unequal. _Anisomerous_, parts unequal in number.
_Anisopetalous_, with unequal petals. _Anisophyllous_, the leaves
unequal in the pairs.
_Annual_ (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the
seed, and then dying, 37.
_Annular_, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
_Annulate_, marked by rings; or furnished with an
_Annulus_, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses
it is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the
lid in many species.
_Annotinous_, yearly, or in yearly growths.
_Anterior_, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external;
while the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus,
in the Pea, &c., the keel is _anterior_, and the standard _posterior_,
96.
_Anthela_, an open paniculate cyme.
_Anther_, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen,
14, 80, 101.
_Antheridium_ (plural _antheridia_), the organ in Cryptogams which
answers to the anther of Flowering Plants, 150.
_Antheriferous_, anther-bearing.
_Anthesis_, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.
_Anthocarpus_ (fruits), 118.
_Anthophore_, a stipe between calyx and corolla, 113.
_Anthos_, Greek for flower; in composition, _Monanthous_, one-flowered,
&c.
_Anticous_, same as anterior.
_Antrorse_, directed upwards or forwards.
_Apetalous_, destitute of petals, 86.
_Aphyllous_, leafless.
_Apical_, belonging to the apex or point.
_Apiculate_, pointleted; tipped with a small point.
_Apocarpous_ (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are
separate.
_Apophysis_, any irregular swelling; the enlargement at the base of the
spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss.
_Apothecium_, the fructification of Lichens, 171.
_Appendage_, any superadded part. _Appendiculate_, provided with
appendages.
_Appressed_, close pressed to the stem, &c.
_Apricus_, growing in dry and sunny places.
_Apterous_, wingless.
_Aquatic_ (_Aquatilis_), living or growing in water; applied to plants
whether growing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it.
_Arachnoid_, _Araneose_, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft
downy fibres.
_Arboreous_, _Arborescent_, tree-like, in size or form, 39.
_Arboretum_, a collection of trees.
_Archegonium_ (plural _archegonia_), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is
analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants.
_Arcuate_, bent or curved like a bow.
_Arenose_ (_Arenarius_), growing in sand.
_Areolate_, marked out into little spaces or _areolae_.
_Argenteous_, or _Argentate_, silvery-like.
_Argillose_, growing in clay.
_Argos_, Greek for pure white; _Argophyllous_ or _Argyrophyllous_,
white-leaved, &c.
_Argutus_, acutely dentate.
_Arillate_ (seeds) furnished with an aril.
_Arilliform_, aril-like.
_Arillus_, or _Aril_, a fleshy growth from base of a seed, 126.
_Aristate_, awned, i. e. furnished with an _arista_, like the beard of
Barley, &c., 54.
_Aristulate_, diminutive of the last; short-awned.
_Arrect_, brought into upright position.
_Arrow-shaped_ or _Arrow-headed_, same as _sagittate_, 53.
_Articulated_, jointed; furnished with joints or _articulations_, where
it separates or inclines to do so. _Articulated leaves_, 57.
_Artificial Classification_, 181.
_Ascending_ (stems, &c.), 39; (seeds or ovules), 110.
_Ascidium_, a pitcher-shaped body, like leaves of Sarracenia.
_Ascus_ (_asci_), a sac, the spore-case of Lichens and some Fungi.
_Aspergilliform_, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as
the stigmas of many Grasses.
_Asperous_, rough to touch.
_Assimilation_, 144, 147.
_Assurgent_, same as ascending, 39.
_Atropous_ or _Atropal_ (ovules), same as orthotropous.
_Aurantiacous_, orange-colored.
_Aureous_, golden.
_Auriculate_, furnished with _auricles_ or ear-like appendages, 53.
_Autogamy_, self-fertilization, 115.
_Awl-shaped_, sharp-pointed from a broader base, 61.
_Awn_, the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c.; or any similar
appendage.
_Awned_ or _Awn-pointed_, furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped
tip, 54.
_Axil_, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, 13.
_Axile_, belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis.
_Axillary_ (buds, &c.), occurring in an axil, 27.
_Axis_, the central line of any body; the organ round which others are
attached; the root and stem. _Ascending_ and _Descending Axis_, 38.
_Baccate_, berried, berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry
(_bacca_).
_Badius_, chestnut-colored.
_Banner_, see Standard, 92.
_Barbate_, bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.
_Barbed_, furnished with a _barb_ or double hook; as the apex of the
bristle on the fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c.
_Barbellate_, said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositae when
beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter
than when plumose.
_Barbellulate_, diminutive of barbellate.
_Bark_, the covering of a stem outside of the wood, 138, 140.
_Basal_, belonging or attached to the
_Base_, that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its
support.
_Basifixed_, attached by its base.
_Bast_, _Bast-fibres_, 134.
_Beaked_, ending in a prolonged narrow tip.
_Bearded_, see _barbate_. _Beard_ is sometimes used for awn, more
commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.
_Bell-shaped_, of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, 90.
_Berry_, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape, 119.
_Bi-_ (or _Bis_), in compound words, twice; as
_Biarticulate_, twice-jointed, or two-jointed; separating into two
pieces.
_Biauriculate_, having two ears, as the leaf in fig. 126.
_Bicallose_, having two callosities or harder spots.
_Bicarinate_, two-keeled.
_Bicipital_ (_Biceps_), two-headed; dividing into two parts.
_Biconjugate_, twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.
_Bidentate_, having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).
_Biennial_, of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one
season, flowering and dying the next, 38.
_Bifarious_, two-ranked; arranged in two rows.
_Bifid_, two-cleft to about the middle.
_Bifoliolate_, a compound leaf of two leaflets, 59.
_Bifurcate_, twice forked; or more commonly, forked into two branches.
_Bijugate_, bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).
_Bilabiate_, two-lipped, as the corolla of Labiatae.
_Bilamellate_, of two plates (_lamellae_), as the stigma of Mimulus.
_Bilobed_, the same as two-lobed.
_Bilocellate_, when a cell is divided into two _locelli_.
_Bilocular_, two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, &c.
_Binary_, in twos.
_Binate_, in couples, two together. _Bipartite_, the Latin form of
two-parted.
_Binodal_, of two nodes.
_Binomial_, of two words, as the name of genus and species taken
together, 180.
_Bipalmate_, twice palmately divided.
_Biparous_, bearing two.
_Bipinnate_ (leaf), twice pinnate, 58. _Bipinnatifid_, twice pinnatifid,
57.
_Bipinnatisect_, twice pinnately divided.
_Biplicate_, twice folded together.
_Biserial_, or _Biseriate_, occupying two rows, one within the other.
_Biserrate_, doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf are themselves
serrate.
_Bisexual_, having both stamens and pistil.
_Biternate_, twice ternate; i. e. principal divisions three, each
bearing three leaflets, 59.
_Bladdery_, thin and inflated.
_Blade_ of a leaf, its expanded portion, 49.
_Bloom_, the whitish powder on some fruits, leaves, &c.
_Boat-shaped_, concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small
boat.
_Border_ of corolla, &c., 89.
_Brachiate_, with opposite branches at right angles to each other.
_Brachy-_, short, as _Brachycarpous_, short-fruited, &c.
_Bract_ (_Bractea_), the leaf of an inflorescence. Specially, the bract
is the small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its
pedicel proceeds, 73.
_Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.
_Bracteolate_, furnished with bractlets.
_Bracteose_, with numerous or conspicuous bracts.
_Bractlet_ (_Bracteola_), or _Bracteole_, is a bract seated _on_ the
pedicel or flower-stalk, 73.
_Branch_, _Branching_, 27.
_Breathing-pores_, 144.
_Bristles_, stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar
appearance.
_Bristly_, beset with bristles. _Bristle-pointed_, 54.
_Brunneous_, brown.
_Brush-shaped_, see _aspergilliform_.
_Bryology_, that part of botany which relates to Mosses.
_Bryophyta_, _Bryophytes_, 163.
_Bud_, a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state, 27. _Bud-scales_,
63.
_Bulb_, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean, 46.
_Bulbils_, diminutive bulbs.
_Bulbiferous_, bearing or producing bulbs. _Bulbose_ or _bulbous_,
bulb-like in shape, &c.
_Bulblets_, small bulbs, borne above ground, 46.
_Bulb-scales_, 46.
_Bullate_, appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from _bulla_, a
bubble).
_Byssaceous_, composed of fine flax-like threads.
_Caducous_, dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the
calyx in the Poppy, falling when the flower opens.
_Caeruleous_, blue. _Caerulescent_, becoming bluish.
_Caespitose_, or _Cespitose_, growing in turf-like patches or tufts.
_Calathiform_, cup-shaped.
_Calcarate_, furnished with a spur (_calcar_), 86, 87.
_Calceolate_ or _Calceiform_, slipper-shaped, like one petal of the
Lady's Slipper.
_Callose_, hardened; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.
_Calvous_, bald or naked of hairs.
_Calyciflorus_, when petals and stamens are adnate to calyx.
_Calycine_, belonging to the calyx.
_Calyculate_, furnished with an outer accessory calyx (_calyculus_) or
set of bracts looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks.
_Calyptra_, the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss, 163.
_Calyptrate_, having a calyptra.
_Calyptriform_, shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
_Calyx_, the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower,
14, 79.
_Cambium_, _Cambium-layer_, 140.
_Campanulate_, bell-shaped, 90.
_Campylotropous_, or _Campylotropal_, curved ovules and seeds, 111.
_Campylospermous_, applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is
curved in at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face; as in
Sweet Cicely.
_Canaliculate_, channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.
_Cancellate_, latticed, resembling lattice-work.
_Candidus_, Latin for pure white.
_Canescent_, grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is
covered with fine white hairs. _Incanous_ is whiter still.
_Canous_, whitened with pubescence; see _incanous_.
_Capillaceous_, _Capillary_, hair-like in shape; as fine as hair or
slender bristles.
_Capitate_, having a globular apex, like the head on a pin.
_Capitellate_, diminutive of capitate.
_Capitulum_, a close rounded dense cluster or _head_ of sessile flowers,
74.
_Capreolate_, bearing tendrils (from _capreolus_, a tendril).
_Capsule_, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel of a compound pistil, 122.
_Capsular_, relating to, or like a capsule.
_Capture of insects_, 154.
_Carina_, a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower,
92.
_Carinate_, keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the
lower side.
_Cariopsis_, or _Caryopsis_, the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses,
121.
_Carneous_, flesh-colored; pale red. _Carnose_, fleshy in texture.
_Carpel_, or _Carpidium_, a simple pistil or a pistil-leaf, 106.
_Carpellary_, pertaining to a carpel.
_Carpology_, that department of botany which relates to fruits.
_Carpophore_, the stalk or support of a pistil extending between its
carpels, 113.
_Carpos_, Greek for fruit.
_Cartilaginous_, or _Cartilagineous_, firm and tough in texture, like
cartilage.
_Caruncle_, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds, 126.
_Carunculate_, furnished with a caruncle.
_Caryophyllaceous_, pink-like: applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed
petals.
_Cassideous_, helmet-shaped.
_Cassus_, empty and sterile.
_Catenate_, or _Catenulate_, end to end as in a chain.
_Catkin_, see Ament, 75.
_Caudate_, tailed, or tail-pointed.
_Caudex_, a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms; an upright rootstock,
39, 44.
_Caudicle_, the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c.
_Caulescent_, having an obvious stem, 36.
_Caulicle_, a little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), 11,
127.
_Cauline_, of or belonging to a stem, 36. _Caulis_, Latin name of stem.
_Caulocarpic_, equivalent to perennial.
_Caulome_, the cauline parts of a plant.
_Cell_ (diminutive, _Cellule_), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c.; one
of the anatomical elements, 131.
_Cellular Cryptogams_, 162.
_Cellular tissue_, 131.
_Cellulose_, 131.
_Cell-walls_, 130.
_Centrifugal_ (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from
the centre outwards, 77.
_Centripetal_, the opposite of centrifugal, 74.
_Cephala_, Greek for head. In compounds, _Monocephalous_, with one head,
_Microcephalous_, small-headed, &c.
_Cereal_, belonging to corn, or corn-plants.
_Cernuous_, nodding; the summit more or less inclining.
_Chaeta_, Greek for bristle.
_Chaff_, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of
Compositae; the glumes, &c., of grasses.
_Chaffy_, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.
_Chalaza_, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together,
110, 126.
_Channelled_, hollowed out like a gutter; same as _canaliculate_.
_Character_, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species,
genus, &c., 181.
_Chartaceous_, of the texture of paper or parchment.
_Chloros_, Greek for green, whence _Chloranthous_, green-flowered;
_Chlorocarpous_, green-fruited, &c.
_Chlorophyll_, leaf green, 136.
_Chlorosis_, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green.
_Choripetalous_, same as polypetalous.
_Chorisis_, separation of the normally united parts, or where two or
more parts take the place of one.
_Chromule_, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or
when liquid.
_Chrysos_, Greek for golden yellow, whence _Chrysanthous_,
yellow-flowered, &c.
_Cicatrix_, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.
_Ciliate_, beset on the margin with a fringe of _cilia_, i. e. of hairs
or bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.
_Cinereous_, or _Cineraceous_, ash-grayish; of the color of ashes.
_Circinate_, rolled inwards from the top, 72.
_Circumscissile_, or _Circumcissile_, divided by a circular line round
the sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124.
_Circumscription_, general outline.
_Cirrhiferous_, or _Cirrhose_, furnished with a tendril (Latin,
_Cirrhus_); as the Grape-vine. _Cirrhose_ also means resembling or
coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin's-bower. More
properly _Cirrus_ and _Cirrose_.
_Citreous_, lemon-yellow.
_Clados_, Greek for branch. _Cladophylla_, 64.
_Class_, 178, 183.
_Classification_, 175, 183.
_Clathrate_, latticed; same as _cancellate_.
_Clavate_, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards.
_Clavellate_, diminutive of clavate.
_Claviculate_, having _Claviculae_, or little tendrils or hooks.
_Claw_, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91.
_Cleistogamous_ (_Cleistogamy_), fertilized in closed bud, 115.
_Cleft_, cut into lobes, 55.
_Close_ fertilization, 115.
_Climbing_, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151.
_Club shaped_, see _clavate_.
_Clustered_, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch.
_Clypeate_, buckler-shaped.
_Coadunate_, same as _connate_, i. e. united.
_Coalescent_, growing together. _Coalescence_, 88.
_Coarctate_, contracted or brought close together.
_Coated_, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46.
_Cobwebby_, same as _arachnoid_; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.
_Coccineous_, scarlet-red.
_Coccus_ (plural _cocci_), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote
the separable carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit.
_Cochleariform_, spoon-shaped.
_Cochleate_, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.
_Coelospermous_, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferae which have the
seed hollowed on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in
Coriander.
_Coherent_, usually the same as _connate_.
_Cohort_, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, 178.
_Coleorhiza_, a root-sheath.
_Collateral_, side by side.
_Collective fruits_, 118.
_Collum_ or _Collar_, the neck or junction of stem and root.
_Colored_, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green.
_Columella_, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are
often attached, as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens,
as in Azalea.
_Column_, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils
united into one body, as in the Orchis family.
_Columnar_, shaped like a column or pillar.
_Coma_, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125.
_Comose_, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed,
126.
_Commissure_, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of
Umbelliferae.
_Complanate_, flattened.
_Compound leaf_, 54, 57. _Compound pistil_, 107. _Compound umbel_, 75,
&c.
_Complete_ (flower), 81.
_Complicate_, folded upon itself.
_Compressed_, flattened on opposite sides.
_Conceptacle_, 168.
_Concinnous_, neat.
_Concolor_, all of one color.
_Conchiform_, shell- or half-shell-shaped.
_Conduplicate_, folded upon itself lengthwise, 71.
_Cone_, the fruit of the Pine family, 124. _Coniferous_, cone-bearing.
_Confertus_, much crowded.
_Conferruminate_, stuck together, as the cotyledons in a horse-chestnut.
_Confluent_, blended together; or the same as _coherent_.
_Conformed_, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared
to; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.
_Congested_, _Conglomerate_, crowded together.
_Conglomerate_, crowded into a glomerule.
_Conjugate_, coupled; in single pairs. _Conjugation_, 170.
_Connate_, united or grown together from the first formation, 96.
_Connate-perfoliate_, when a pair of leaves are connate round a stem,
60.
_Connective_, _Connectivum_, the part of the anther connecting its two
cells, 101.
_Connivent_, converging, or brought close together.
_Consolidation_ (floral), 94.
_Consolidated_ forms of vegetation, 47.
_Contents_ of cells, 136.
_Continuous_, the reverse of interrupted or articulated.
_Contorted_, twisted together. _Contorted aestivation_, same as
_convolute_, 97.
_Contortuplicate_, twisted back upon itself.
_Contracted_, either narrowed or shortened.
_Contrary_, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary.
_Convolute_, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in
vernation, 72. In aestivation, same as _contorted_, 97.
_Cordate_, heart-shaped, 53.
_Coriaceous_, resembling leather in texture.
_Corky_, of the texture of cork. _Corky layer_ of bark, 141.
_Corm_, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, 45.
_Corneous_, of the consistence or appearance of horn.
_Corniculate_, furnished with a small horn or spur.
_Cornute_, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.
_Corolla_, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, 14, 79.
_Corollaceous_, _Corolline_, like or belonging to a corolla.
_Corona_, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the claw of
some petals, 91.
_Coronate_, crowned; furnished with a crown.
_Cortex_, bark. _Cortical_, belonging to the bark (_cortex_).
_Corticate_, coated with bark or bark-like covering.
_Corymb_, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, 74.
_Corymbiferous_, bearing corymbs.
_Corymbose_, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched
in that way.
_Costa_, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. _Costate_, ribbed.
_Cotyledons_, the proper leaves of the embryo, 11, 127.
_Crateriform_, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped.
_Creeping_ (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting,
39.
_Cremocarp_, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae,
121.
_Crenate_, or _Crenelled_, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, 55.
_Crenulate_, minutely or slightly crenate.
_Crested_, or _Cristate_, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.
_Cretaceous_, chalky or chalk-like.
_Cribrose_, or _cribriform_, pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
_Crinite_, bearing long hairs.
_Crispate_, curled or crispy.
_Croceous_, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow.
_Cross-breeds_, the progeny of interbred varieties, 176.
_Cross fertilization_, 115.
_Crown_, see _corona_. _Crowned_, see _coronate_.
_Cruciate_, or _Cruciform_, cross-shaped. _Cruciform Corolla_, 86.
_Crustaceous_, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like.
_Cryptogamous Plants_, _Cryptogams_, 10, 156.
_Cryptos_, concealed, as _Cryptopetalous_, with concealed petals, &c.
_Crystals_ in plants, 137.
_Cucullate_, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper,
or a hood (_cucullus_), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, 75.
_Culm_, a straw; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, 39.
_Cultrate_, shaped like a trowel or broad knife.
_Cuneate_, _Cuneiform_, wedge-shaped, 53.
_Cup-shaped_, same as cyathiform or near it.
_Cupule_, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, 122.
_Cupular_, or _Cupulate_, provided with a cupule.
_Cupuliferous_, cupule-bearing.
_Curviveined_, with curved ribs or veins.
_Curviserial_, in oblique or spiral ranks.
_Cushion_, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole.
_Cuspidate_, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or _cusp_, 54.
_Cut_, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep
division, 55.
_Cuticle_, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.
_Cyaneous_, bright blue.
_Cyathiform_, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.
_Cycle_, one complete turn of a spire, or a circle, 70.
_Cyclical_, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.
_Cyclosis_, circulation in closed cells, 149.
_Cylindraceous_, approaching to the _Cylindrical_ form, terete and not
tapering.
_Cymbaeform_, or _Cymbiform_, same as boat-shaped.
_Cyme_, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, 77.
_Cymose_, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.
_Cymule_, a partial or diminutive cyme, 77.
_Deca-_ (in words of Greek derivation), ten; as
_Decagynous_, with 10 pistils or styles, _Decamerous_, of 10 parts,
_Decandrous_, with 10 stamens, &c.
_Deciduous_, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall
in autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
_Declinate_, _declined_, turned to one side, or downwards.
_Decompound_, several times compounded or divided, 59.
_Decumbent_, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, 39.
_Decurrent_ (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in
Thistles.
_Decussate_, arranged in pairs which successively cross each other, 71.
_Deduplication_, same as chorisis.
_Definite_, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
_Definite Inflorescence_, 72.
_Deflexed_, bent downwards.
_Deflorate_, past the flowering state, as an anther after it has
discharged its pollen.
_Dehiscence_, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, 119.
_Dehiscent_, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123.
_Deliquescent_, branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches,
32.
_Deltoid_, of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital Delta.
_Demersed_, growing below the surface of water.
_Dendroid_, _Dendritic_, tree-like in form or appearance.
_Dendron_, Greek for tree.
_Deni_, ten together.
_Dens_, Latin for tooth.
_Dentate_, toothed, 55. _Denticulate_, furnished with denticulations, or
little teeth.
_Depauperate_, impoverished or starved, and so below the natural size.
_Depressed_, flattened or as if pressed down from above.
_Derma_, Greek for skin.
_Descending_, tending gradually downwards. _Descending axis_, the root.
_Desmos_, Greek for things connected or bound together.
_Determinate Inflorescence_, 72.
_Dextrorse_, turned to the right hand.
_Di- Dis_ (in Greek compounds) two, as
_Diadelphous_ (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets, 99.
_Diagnosis_, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase.
_Dialypetalous_, same as polypetalous.
_Diandrous_, having two stamens, &c.
_Diaphanous_, transparent or translucent.
_Dicarpellary_, of two carpels.
_Dichlamydeous_ (flower), having both calyx and corolla.
_Dichogamous_, _Dichogamy_, 116.
_Dichotomous_, two-forked.
_Diclinous_, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another,
85.
_Dicoccous_ (fruit), splitting into two _cocci_ or closed carpels.
_Dicotyls_, 23.
_Dicotyledonous_ (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, 23.
_Dicotyledonous Plants_, 23, 182.
_Didymous_, twin.
_Didynamous_ (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, 100.
_Diffuse_, spreading widely and irregularly.
_Digitate_ (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all
borne on the apex of the petiole, 58.
_Digynous_ (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105.
_Dimerous_, made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.
_Dimidiate_, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side
developed.
_Dimorphism_, 117. _Dimorphous_, _Dimorphic_, of two forms, 117.
_Dioecious_, or _Dioicous_, with stamens and pistils on different
plants, 85.
_Dipetalous_, of two petals.
_Diphyllous_, two-leaved.
_Dipterous_, two-winged.
_Diplo-_, Greek for double, as _Diplostemonous_, with two sets of
stamens.
_Disciform_ or _Disk-shaped_, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
_Discoidal_, or _Discoid_, belonging to or like a disk.
_Discolor_, of two different colors or hues.
_Discrete_, separate, opposite of concrete.
_Disepalous_, of two sepals.
_Disk_, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of
flowers, like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or
margin; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower, 113.
_Disk-flowers_, those of the disk in Compositae.
_Dissected_, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
_Dissepiments_, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108.
_Dissilient_, bursting in pieces.
_Distichous_, two-ranked.
_Distinct_, uncombined with each other, 95.
_Dithecous_, of two thecae or anther-cells.
_Divaricate_, straddling; very widely divergent.
_Divided_ (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib,
55.
_Dodeca_, Greek for twelve; as _Dodecagynous_, with twelve pistils or
styles, _Dodecandrous_, with twelve stamens.
_Dodrans_, span-long.
_Dolabriform_, axe-shaped.
_Dorsal_, pertaining to the back (_dorsum_) of an organ. _Dorsal
Suture_, 106.
_Dotted Ducts_, 148.
_Double Flowers_, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79.
_Downy_, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
_Drupaceous_, like or pertaining to a drupe.
_Drupe_, a stone-fruit, 120. _Drupelet_ or _Drupel_, a little drupe.
_Ducts_, the so-called vessels of plants, 134.
_Dumose_, bushy, or relating to bushes.
_Duramen_, the heart-wood, 142.
_Dwarf_, remarkably low in stature.
_E-_, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as
_ecostate_, without a rib or midrib; _exalbuminous_, without albumen,
&c.
_Eared_, see _auriculate_, 53.
_Ebracteate_, destitute of bracts. _Ebracteolate_, destitute of
bractlets.
_Eburneous_, ivory-white.
_Echinate_, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). _Echinulate_, a
diminutive of it.
_Edentate_, toothless.
_Effete_, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their
pollen.
_Effuse_, very loosely branched and spreading.
_Eglandulose_, destitute of glands.
_Elaters_, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 165.
_Ellipsoidal_, approaching an elliptical figure.
_Elliptical_, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, 52.
_Emarginate_, notched at the summit, 54.
_Embryo_, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 127.
_Embryonal_, belonging or relating to the embryo.
_Embryo-sac_, 117.
_Emersed_, raised out of water.
_Endecagynous_, with eleven pistils or styles.
_Endecandrous_, with eleven stamens.
_Endemic_, peculiar to the country geographically.
_Endocarp_, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, 120.
_Endochrome_, the coloring matter of Algae and the like.
_Endogenous Stems_, 138. _Endogenous plants_, an old name for
monocotyledons.
_Endopleura_, inner seed-coat.
_Endorhizal_, radicle or root sheathed in germination.
_Endosperm_, the albumen of a seed, 21.
_Endostome_, the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.
_Ennea-_, nine. _Enneagynous_, with nine petals or styles.
_Enneandrous_, nine-stamened.
_Ensate_, _Ensiform_, sword-shaped.
_Entire_, the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even,
55.
_Entomophilous_, said of flowers frequented and fertilized by insects,
113.
_Ephemeral_, lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.
_Epi-_, Greek for upon.
_Epicalyx_, such an involucel as that of Malvaceae.
_Epicarp_, the outermost layer of a fruit, 120.
_Epidermal_, relating to the _Epidermis_, or skin of a plant, 50, 141,
143.
_Epigaeous_, growing on the earth, or close to the ground.
_Epigynous_, upon the ovary, 95, 99.
_Epipetalous_, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99.
_Epiphyllous_, borne on a leaf.
_Epiphyte_, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it,
36.
_Epiphytic_ or _Epiphytal_, relating to _Epiphytes_.
_Epipterous_, winged at top.
_Episperm_, the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.
_Equal_, alike in number or length.
_Equally pinnate_, same as abruptly pinnate, 57.
_Equitant_ (riding straddle), 60.
_Erion_, Greek for wool. _Erianthous_, woolly-flowered. _Eriophorous_,
wool-bearing, &c.
_Erose_, eroded, as if gnawed.
_Erostrate_, not beaked.
_Erythros_, Greek for red. _Erythrocarpous_, red-fruited, &c.
_Essential Organs_ of the flower, 80.
_Estivation_, see _aestivation_.
_Etiolated_, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.
_Eu_, Greek prefix, meaning very, or much.
_Evergreen_, holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear,
or longer.
_Ex_, Latin prefix; privative in place of "e" when next letter is a
vowel. So _Exalate_, wingless; _Exalbuminous_ (seed), without albumen,
21.
_Excurrent_, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a
leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32.
_Exiguous_, puny.
_Exilis_, lank or meagre.
_Eximius_, distinguished for size or beauty.
_Exo-_, in Greek compounds, outward, as in
_Exocarp_, outer layer of a pericarp, 120.
_Exogenous_, outward growing. _Exogenous stems_, 139.
_Exorhizal_, radicle in germination not sheathed.
_Exostome_, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule.
_Explanate_, spread or flattened out.
_Exserted_, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla.
_Exstipulate_, destitute of stipules.
_Extine_, outer coat of a pollen-grain.
_Extra-axillary_, said of a branch or bud somewhat out of the axil, 31.
_Extrorse_, turned outwards; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the
filament on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side,
101.
_Falcate_, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.
_False Racemes_, 78.
_Family_, in botany same as Order, 177.
_Farina_, meal or starchy matter, 136.
_Farinaceous_, mealy in texture. _Farinose_, covered with a mealy
powder.
_Fasciate_, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.
_Fascicle_, a close cluster, 77.
_Fascicled_, _Fasciculated_, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves
of Larch, 68, and roots of Peony, 35.
_Fastigiate_, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy
Poplar.
_Faux_ (plural, _fauces_), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89.
_Faveolate_, _Favose_, honeycombed; same as _alveolate_.
_Feather-veined_, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a
midrib, 51.
_Fecula_ or _Faecula_, starch, 136.
_Female flower_ or _plant_, one bearing pistils only.
_Fenestrate_, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.
_Ferrugineous_, or _Ferruginous_, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish.
_Fertile_, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers
producing good pollen.
_Fertilization_, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be
formed, 114.
_Fibre_ (woody), 133. _Fibrous_, containing much fibre, or composed of
fibres.
_Fibrillose_, formed of small fibres, or _Fibrillae_.
_Fibro-vascular_ bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels.
_Fiddle-shaped_, obovate with a deep recess on each side.
_Fidus_, Latin suffix for cleft, as _Bifid_, two-cleft.
_Filament_, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101; also any slender
thread-shaped body.
_Filamentose_, or _Filamentous_, bearing or formed of slender threads.
_Filiform_, thread-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical.
_Fimbriate_, fringed; furnished with fringes (_fimbriae_).
_Fimbrillate_, _Fimbrilliferous_, bearing small _fimbriae_, i. e.
_fimbrillae_.
_Fissiparous_, multiplying by division of one body into two.
_Fissus_, Latin for split or divided.
_Fistular_, or _Fistulose_, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the
Onion.
_Flabelliform_, or _Flabellate_, fan-shaped.
_Flagellate_, or _Flagelliform_, long, narrow, and flexible, like the
thong of a whip; or like the runners (_flagellae_) of the Strawberry.
_Flavescent_, yellowish, or turning yellow.
_Flavus_, Latin for yellow.
_Fleshy_, composed of firm pulp or flesh.
_Flexuose_, or _Flexuous_, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag
way.
_Floating_, swimming on the surface of water.
_Floccose_, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft
hairs.
_Flora_ (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district,
taken together, or a work systematically describing them, 9.
_Floral Envelopes_, or _Flower-leaves_, 79.
_Floret_, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster.
_Floribund_, abundantly floriferous.
_Florula_, the flora of a small district.
_Flos_, _floris_, Latin for flower.
_Flosculus_, diminutive, same as floret.
_Flower_, the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants, 14,
72.
_Flower-bud_, an unopened flower.
_Flowering Plants_, 10, 156. _Flowerless Plants_, 10, 156.
_Fly-trap leaves_, 65.
_Fluitans_, Latin for floating. _Fluviatile_, belonging to a river or
stream.
_Foliaceous_, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf
(_folium_).
_Foliate_, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of
leaves, as _bifoliate_, _trifoliate_, &c. _Foliose_, leafy; abounding in
leaves.
_Foliolate_, relating to or bearing leaflets (_foliola_);
_trifoliolate_, with three leaflets, &c.
_Folium_ (plural, _folia_), Latin for leaf.
_Follicle_, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 122.
_Follicular_, resembling or belonging to a follicle.
_Food of Plants_, 144.
_Foot-stalk_, either petiole or peduncle, 49.
_Foramen_, a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule, 110.
_Foraminose_, _Foraminulose_, pierced with holes.
_Forked_, branched in two or three or more.
_Fornicate_, bearing fornices.
_Fornix_, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of
Comfrey.
_Foveate_, deeply pitted. _Foveolate_, diminutive of _foveate_.
_Free_, not united with any other parts of a different sort, 95.
_Fringed_, the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.
_Frond_, what answers to leaves in Ferns, &c., 157; or to the stem and
leaves fused into one, as in Liverwort.
_Frondescence_, the bursting into leaf.
_Frondose_, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy.
_Fructification_, the state or result of fruiting.
_Fructus_, Latin for fruit.
_Fruit_, the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with,
117.
_Fruit-dots_ in Ferns; see _Sorus_.
_Frustulose_, consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or _Frustules_.
_Frutescent_, somewhat shrubby; becoming a shrub (_Frutex_), 39.
_Fruticulose_, like a small shrub, or _Fruticulus_. _Fruticose_,
shrubby, 39.
_Fugacious_, soon falling off or perishing.
_Fulcrate_, having accessory organs or _fulcra_, i. e. props.
_Fulvous_, tawny; dull yellow with gray.
_Fungus_, _Fungi_, 172.
_Funicle_, _Funiculus_, the stalk of a seed or ovule, 110.
_Funnelform_, or _funnel-shaped_, expanding gradually upwards into an
open mouth, like a funnel or tunnel, 90.
_Furcate_, forked.
_Furfuraceous_, covered with bran-like fine scurf.
_Furrowed_, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
_Fuscous_, deep gray-brown.
_Fusiform_, spindle-shaped, 36.
_Galbalus_, the fleshy or at length woody cone of Juniper and Cypress.
_Galea_, a helmet-shaped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 87.
_Galeate_, shaped like a helmet.
_Gamopetalous_, of united petals, 89.
_Gamophyllous_, formed of united leaves.
_Gamosepalous_, formed of united sepals, 89.
_Geminate_, twin; in pairs.
_Gemma_, Latin for a bud.
_Gemmation_, the state of budding; budding growth.
_Gemmule_, a small bud; the plumule, 13.
_Genera_, plural of genus.
_Geniculate_, bent abruptly, like a knee (_genu_), as many stems.
_Generic Names_, 179.
_Genus_, a kind of a rank above species, 177.
_Germ_, a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo, 127.
_Germen_, the old name for ovary.
_Germination_, the development of a plantlet from the seed, 12.
_Gerontogaeous_, inhabiting the Old World.
_Gibbous_, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other.
_Gilvous_, dirty reddish-yellow.
_Glabrate_, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous.
_Glabrous_, smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other
pubescence.
_Gladiate_, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris.
_Glands_, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other
products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the
Orange, Prickly Ash, &c.; sometimes on the surface as small projections;
sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (_glandular hairs, &c._), as in
the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any small
swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so that the word
is loosely used.
_Glandular_, _Glandulose_, furnished with glands, or gland-like.
_Glans_ (_Gland_), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.
_Glareose_, growing in gravel.
_Glaucescent_, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.
_Glaucous_, covered with a _bloom_, viz. with a fine white powder of wax
that rubs off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.
_Globose_, spherical in form, or nearly so. _Globular_, nearly globose.
_Glochidiate_, or _Glochideous_, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs,
or with a double hooked point.
_Glomerate_, closely aggregated into a dense cluster.
_Glomerule_, a dense head-like cluster, 77.
_Glossology_, the department of botany in which technical terms are
explained.
_Glumaceous_, glume-like, or glume-bearing.
_Glume_; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or,
particularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.
_Glumelles_, the inner husks of Grasses.
_Gonophore_, a stipe below stamens, 113.
_Gossypine_, cottony, flocculent.
_Gracilis_, Latin for slender.
_Grain_, see _Caryopsis_, 121.
_Gramineous_, grass-like.
_Granular_, composed of grains. _Granule_, a small grain.
_Graveolent_, heavy-scented.
_Griseous_, gray or bluish-gray.
_Growth_, 129.
_Grumous_, or _Grumose_, formed of coarse clustered grains.
_Guttate_, spotted, as if by drops of something colored.
_Gymnos_, Greek for naked, as
_Gymnocarpous_, naked-fruited.
_Gymnospermous_, naked-seeded, 109.
_Gymnospermous gynoecium_, 109.
_Gymnospermae_, or _Gymnospermous Plants_, 183.
_Gynandrous_, with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil, 99.
_Gynoecium_, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, 105.
_Gynobase_, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels,
114.
_Gynophore_, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, 113.
_Gynostegium_, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature.
_Gynostemium_, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style
and stigma with stamens combined.
_Gyrate_, coiled or moving circularly.
_Gyrose_, strongly bent to and fro.
_Habit_, the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.
_Habitat_, the situation or country in which a plant grows in a wild
state.
_Hairs_, hair-like growths on the surface of plants.
_Hairy_, beset with hairs, especially longish ones.
_Halberd-shaped_, see _hastate_, 53.
_Halved_, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.
_Hamate_, or _Hamose_, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round.
_Hamulose_, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last.
_Haplo-_, in Greek compounds, single; as _Haplostemonous_, having only
one series of stamens.
_Hastate_, or _Hastile_, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a
spreading lobe on each side at the base, 53.
_Head_, capitulum, a form of inflorescence, 74.
_Heart-shaped_, of the shape of a heart as painted on cards, 53.
_Heart-wood_, the older or matured wood of exogenous trees, 142.
_Helicoid_, coiled like a _helix_ or snail-shell, 77.
_Helmet_, the upper sepal of Monkshood is so called.
_Helvolous_, grayish-yellow.
_Hemi-_ in compounds from the Greek, half; e. g. _Hemispherical_, &c.
_Hemicarp_, half-fruit, one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant, 121.
_Hemitropous_ (ovule or seed), nearly same as _amphitropous_, 123.
_Hepta-_ (in words of Greek origin), seven; as _Heptagynous_, with seven
pistils or styles. _Heptamerous_, its parts in sevens. _Heptandrous_,
having seven stamens.
_Herb_, plant not woody, at least above ground.
_Herbaceous_, of the texture of an herb; not woody, 39.
_Herbarium_, the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants, 186.
_Herborization_, 184.
_Hermaphrodite_ (flower), having stamens and pistils in the same
blossom, 81.
_Hesperidium_, orange-fruit, a hard-rinded berry.
_Hetero-_, in Greek compounds, means of two or more sorts, as
_Heterocarpous_, bearing fruit of two kinds or shapes.
_Heterogamous_, bearing two or more sorts of flowers in one cluster.
_Heterogony_, _Heterogone_, or _Heterogonous_, with stamens and pistil
reciprocally of two sorts, 116. _Heterostyled_ is same.
_Heteromorphous_, of two or more shapes.
_Heterophyllous_, with two sorts of leaves.
_Heterotropous_ (ovule), the same as _amphitropous_, 123.
_Hexa-_ (in Greek compounds), six; as _Hexagonal_, six-angled.
_Hexagynous_, with six pistils or styles. _Hexamerous_, its parts in
sixes. _Hexandrous_, with six stamens. _Hexapterous_, six-winged.
_Hibernaculum_, a winter bud.
_Hiemal_, relating to winter.
_Hilar_, belonging to the hilum.
_Hilum_, the scar of the seed; its place of attachment, 110, 126.
_Hippocrepiform_, horseshoe-shaped.
_Hirsute_, clothed with stiffish or beard-like hairs.
_Hirtellous_, minutely hirsute.
_Hispid_, bristly, beset with stiff hairs. _Hispidulous_, diminutive of
hispid.
_Histology_, 9.
_Hoary_, grayish-white; see _canescent_, &c.
_Holosericeous_, all over sericeous or silky.
_Homo-_, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort.
_Homodromous_, running in one direction.
_Homogamous_, a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind.