Unterwalden, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Uri, a Forest Canton, 21 _f._, 47.

Ursinus, Zachary, 4 _n._

Utrecht protests against Alva's taxation, 259.

Vadianus. See _Watt_.

Valais, The, 22, 48;

the Bishop of the, 41.

Valladolid, University of, 491.

Val Tellina, The, 50.

Vargas, Juan de, 255.

Vassy, Massacre at, 189 _f._

Vatable, Francis, a royal lecturer in Paris, 96.

Vax, Antonia, attempts to poison Farel and others, 84 and _n._

Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 358.

_Vestments (Ornaments)_, Controversy about, 364, 403, 405 and _n._

_Vicar-General_ (England), 332.

Vidomne of Geneva, 62, 117.

Vienna, University of, 25, 607.

Viret, Pierre, in Geneva, 81 _ff._, 112.

_Visitation_, Spanish Crown had the right of ecclesiastical, 491.

_Visitations_ of the Church in England, 332; 353, 407, 410.

Vlissingen (Flushing), seized by the _Sea-Beggars_, 260.

Voes, Heinrich, martyr in the Netherlands, 224, 230.

Volkertz, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

_Vulgate, The Latin_, and the Council of Trent, 573 _f._

Wagner, Sebastian, 43 and _n._

Walcheren, Island of, 254, 260.

_Waldenses_, 92, 148.

Waldshut, The _Brethren_ met at, 434.

Wallen, Jan, Anabaptist martyr, 236.

War of Public Weal in France, 19;

Religious wars in France, 191 _ff._;

in Switzerland, 49 _ff._;

of the Moors and Christians in Spain, 488.

Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 18, 317, 320, 322, 329, 338.

Watt, Joachim de (Vadianus), a Humanist, 25 _n._, 47.

Watteville, M. de, Advoyer of Bern, 44;

Nicholas de, 45 and _n._;

J. J. de, Advoyer of Bern, 45 _n._, 73.

_Weekly Exercise, The_ (Scotland), 308.

_Welches, La Dispute de_, 44.

Werly, Pierre, a turbulent canon of Geneva, 65, 76 and _n._, 77 _n._

Wesen, 25.

Wessel, John of, 15, 226.

Westminster, Conference at, 20, 400 _ff._

Wiclif, 19, 317 _f._;

influence in Scotland, 277.

_Wiclifites_, 92, 317.

Wieck, van der, Lutheran Syndic of Münster, 456 _f._, 460.

Wied, Hermann von, Archbishop of Köln, 3, 558.

_Wild-Beggars, The_, 257.

Wildermuth, a soldier of Bern, 91.

Wildhaus, Zwingli's birthplace, 24.

_Wilhelmus van Nassouwe_, 261.

Willebroek, 255.

William of Orange. See _Nassau_.

Wishart, George, Scottish martyr, 284.

Wittenberg, 6, 11, 453.

_Wittenberg Articles, The_, 341.

_Wittenberg Concord_, 60.

Wölfflin, Heinrich (Lupulus), 25.

Wolmar, Melchior, taught Calvin at Bourges, 95.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 18, 319, 320, 324, 325, 343.

_Works, Merit in_, 33.

Worms, Conference at, 124, 125, 126.

Worms, Diet of, three forces met at, 495.

Würtemburg, 48.

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 371.

Wyttenbach, Thomas, 10, 27, 38, 46.

Xavier, Francis, 537, 556, 559.

Ximenes de Cisneros, Francesco, Cardinal, 490 _ff._, 493, 497, 530.

Yaxley, Francis, agent of Mary of Scotland, 420 _n._

Ypres, 254.

Zug, Swiss Canton, 22, 47.

Zurich, Great Council in, 29, 33 _ff._;

_Public Disputations_ in, 34 _f._;

at war with the Forest Cantons, 49;

_Consensus of_, 60;

synod at, 122;

ecclesiastical discipline in, 129;

Anabaptists in, 441.

Zutphen burnt by the Spaniards, 261.

Zutphen, Hendrik of, 228, 230.

_Zwickau Prophets_, 431.

Zwingli, Bartholomew, Dean of Wesen, 25 _f._

Zwingli, Huldreich, the Elder, 25.

Zwingli, Huldreich, youth and education, 24;

moral character, 37;

Humanism and, 10, 37;

and Luther, 27, 55 _f._;

comes to Zurich, 28 _ff._;

his _Sixty-seven Theses_, 6 _n._, 33;

and Anna Reinhard, 36;

theory of civil control over the Church, 8, 111, 112, 129;

on Indulgences, 16;

views on the Sacrament of the Holy Supper, 55;

on ecclesiastical excommunication, 111 _f._, 129;

and the Anabaptists, 445.

Zwinglianism, 411.

Zwolle, full of Anabaptists, 237.

_Printed by_

MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED

_Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: The fierce old Pontiff, Paul IV., declared in a Bull (Feb.

15, 1559) that the mere fact of heresy in princes deprived them of all

lawful power; but he named no one. When his successor proposed, in 1563,

to excommunicate Elizabeth of England by name simply as a Protestant, he

was taken to task sharply by the Emperor Ferdinand; and the Queen was

finally excommunicated in 1570 as a partaker "in the atrocious mysteries

of Calvinism," and as such outside the Peace of Augsburg.]

[Footnote 2: In the _Atlas zur Kirchengeschichte_ by Heussi and Mulert

(Tübingen, 1905), there is an attempt to represent to the eye the

presence of German Protestants outside the territories of the Lutheran

princes; Map x. _Zur Geschichte der deutschen Reformation und

Gegenreformation_.]

[Footnote 3: The fullest account of these German Reformed confessions is

to be found in Müller's _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten

Kirche_--the _Emden Catechism_ (1554), pp. 1 and 666; the _Heidelberg

Catechism_ (1563), pp. 1, 682; the _Nassau Confession_ of the Dillenburg

Synod (1578), liii, 720; the _Bremen Consensus_ (1595), liv, 739; the

_Staffort Book_ (1559) for Baden, liv, 797; the _Confession of the

General Synod of Cassel_, lv and 817, and the _Hessian Catechism_

(1607), 822; and the _Bentheim Confession_ (1613), 833. All these German

Reformed confessions followed Melanchthon in his endeavours to unite the

Calvinist and the Lutheran doctrinal positions.

By far the most celebrated, and the only one which maintains its place

as a doctrinal symbol down to the present day, is the _Heidelberg

Catechism_. It was drafted at the suggestion of the Elector Frederick

the Pious by two theologians, Caspar Olevianus and Zacharias Ursinus,

who were able to express in a really remarkable degree the thoughts of

German Protestants who could not accept the hard and fast Lutheranism of

the opponents of Melanchthon. It speedily found favour in many parts of

Germany, although its strongest supporters belonged to the Rhine

provinces. It was in use both as a means of instruction and as a

doctrinal symbol in most of the German Reformed Churches along with

their own symbolical books. Its use spread to Holland and beyond it. Two

separate translations appeared in Scotland. The earlier is contained in

(Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith.... of public authority

in the Church of Scotland_, under the title, _A Catechism of the

Christian Religion, composed by Zachary Ursinus, approved by Frederick

III. Elector Palatine, the Reformed Church in the Palatinate, and by

other Reformed Churches in Germany; and taught in their schools and

churches: examined and approved, without any alteration, by the Synod of

Dort, and appointed to be taught in the reformed churches and schools in

the Netherlands: translated and printed Anno 1591 by public authority

for the use of Scotland, with the arguments and use of the several

doctrines therein contained, by Jeremias Bastingius; sometimes printed

with the Book of Common Order and Psalm Book._]

[Footnote 4: Compare vol. i. pt. i. 42 _ff._]

[Footnote 5: The most complete collection of those Reformed creeds is

given in Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_

(Leipzig, 1903). The most important are the following (the figures

within brackets give the pages in Müller):--

SWITZERLAND.--Zwingli's _Theses_ of 1523 (xvi, 1); _First Helvetic

Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi, 101); _Geneva Confession_ of 1536 (xxvi,

111); _Geneva Catechism_ of 1545 [(xxviii, 117) translated in

(Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii, 139].

ENGLAND.--Edwardine _Forty-two Articles_ of 1553, _Thirty-eight

Articles_ of 1563, _Thirty-nine Articles_ of 1571 (xlii, 505); _Lambeth

Articles_ of 1595 (xliv, 525); _Irish Articles_ of 1615 (xliv, 526).

SCOTLAND.--_Scottish Confession_ of 1560, _National Covenant_ of 1581

[(xxxv, 249), (Dunlop's) _Confessions_, etc., ii. pp. 21 and 103].

FRANCE.--_Confessio Gallicana_ of 1559 (xxxii, 221).

NETHERLANDS.--_Confessio Belgica_ of 1561 (xxxiv, 233); _Netherlands

Confession_ of 1566 (xxxv, 935); _Frisian Confession_ of 1528 (xxi,

930).

HUNGARY.--_Hungarian Confession_ of 1562 (xxviii, 376).

BOHEMIA.--_Bohemian Confession_ of 1609 (xxxix, 453).]

[Footnote 6: It has been suggested that the ecclesiastical jurisdiction

which grew out of the Elizabethan settlement of religion in England

borrowed not a few characteristics from the Lutheran consistorial

courts.]

[Footnote 7: William Farel, a devoted Zwinglian, was called a "Lutheran

preacher" by the authorities of Freiburg (Herminjard, _Correspondance_,

ii. 205_n._), and the teaching of himself and his colleagues was

denounced as the "Lutheran heresy." This was the _popular_ view.

Educated and reforming Frenchmen like Lefèvre discriminated: they had no

great liking for Luther, and admired Zwingli (_ibid._ i. 209_n._).]

[Footnote 8: Peter Tschudi, writing to Beatus Rhenanus from Paris (May

17th, 1519) says: "Reliqui, quod equidem literis dignum censeam, nil

superest, quam M. Lutheri opera ab universa eruditorum cohorte obviis

ulnis excipi, etiam iis qui minimum sapiunt plausibilia" (Herminjard,

_Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 2nd

ed. i. 46). In Nov. 1520, Glareanus wrote to Zwingli that Paris was

excited over the Leipzig Disputation; and Bulæus shows that twenty

copies of a pamphlet, entitled _Disputatio inter egregios viros et

doctores Joa. Eckium et M. Lutherum_, arrived in Paris on Jan. 20th,

1520 (_ibid._ 62, 63_n._).]

[Footnote 9: A. Rilliet, _Les Origines de la Confédération Suisse:

Histoire et Légende_ (Geneva, 1869); J. Dierauer, _Geschichte der

schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft_ (Gotha, 1890).]

[Footnote 10: SOURCES: O. Myconius, "Vita Huldrici Zwinglii" (in

Neander's _Vitæ Quatuor Reformatorum_, Berlin, 1841); H. Bullinger,

_Reformationsgeschichte_ (Frauenfeld, 1838-40); Johann Salat, _Chronik

der schweizerischen Reformation von deren Anfüngen bis 1534_ (vol. i.

_of Archiv für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte_, Solothurn, 1868);

Kessler, _Sabbata_ (ed. by Egli, St. Gall, 1902); Strickler,

_Actensammlung zur schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte in den Jahren

1521-32_ (Zurich, 1877-84); Egli, _Actensammlung zur Geschichte der

Züricher Reformation, 1519-33_ (Zurich, 1879); W. Gisi, _Actenstücke zur

Schweizergeschichte der Jahre 1521-22_ (vol. xv. of _Archiv für die

schweizer. Geschichte_), pp. 285-318; Herminjard, _Correspondance des

Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 166-93);

Stähelin _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_ (Basel, 1887).

LATER BOOKS: Stähelin, _Huldreich Zwingli: sein Leben und Wirken nach

den Quellen dargestellt_, 2 vols. (Basel, 1895-97); Mörikofer, _Ulrich

Zwingli nach den urkundlichen Quellen_, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1867-69); S.

M. Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli, 1484-1531_ (New York, 1901); _Cambridge

Modern History_, II. x. (Cambridge, 1903); Ruchat, _Histoire de la

Réformation de la Suisse_, ed. by Vulliemin, 7 vols. (Paris, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 11: Joachim de Watt, a native of St. Gallen (b. 1484, December

30) was a distinguished scholar. He became successively physician,

member of council, and burgomaster in his native town, and did much to

establish the Reformation; he was a well-known author, and wrote several

theological works.]

[Footnote 12: Heinrich Loriti was the most distinguished of all the

Swiss Humanists. He studied successively at Bern, Vienna, and Köln, and

attained the barren honour of being made Court-poet to the Emperor

Maximilian. At Basel, where he first settled, he kept a boarding school

for boys who wished to study the classics, and in 1517 he transferred

himself and about twenty young Switzers, his pupils, to Paris. He

modelled his school, he was pleased to think, on the lines of the Roman

Republic, was Consul himself, had a Senate, a prætor, and meetings of

Comitia. He remained a fast friend of Zwingli.]

[Footnote 13: Johann Heigerlin (Faber) remained a steadfast Romanist. He

became vicar-general to the Bishop of Constance, and as such was an

antagonist of Zwingli. He ended his days as Bishop of Vienna. He wrote

much against Luther, and was known as the "hammer of the Lutherans."

Along with Eck and Cochlæus, he was the distinguished champion of the

Romanist cause in Germany.]

[Footnote 14: For details about Zwingli's papal pension, cf. S. M.

Jackson, _Huldreich Zwingli_, p. 114.]

[Footnote 15: Cf. Schaff, _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant

Churches_ (London, 1877), p. 197; Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in

ecclesiis reformalis, publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), p. 3; Müller, _Die

Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche: Zwinglis Theses von 1523_,

Art. 49, p. 5.]

[Footnote 16: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_

(Leipzig, 1903), pp. xviii and 7. The _Instruction_ is a lengthy

document.]

[Footnote 17: Literal translations of these hymns are given in Professor

Macauley Jackson's _Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German

Switzerland_ (New York and London, 1903), pp. 133, 134.]

[Footnote 18: Stähelin, _Briefe aus der Reformationszeit_, pp. 15-19.]

[Footnote 19: William Farel was born in 1489 at a village near Gap in

the mountainous south-east corner of Dauphiné, on the border of

Provence. He belonged to a noble family, and was devout from his

earliest years. He describes a pilgrimage which he made as a child in

his book _Du vray usage de la croix de Jésus-Christ_ (pp. 223 _f._). All

through his adventurous life he preserved his rare uprightness of

character, his fervent devotion, and his indignation at wrong-doing of

all kinds. He persuaded his parents to allow him to go to Paris for

education, and reached the capital about 1509. He probably spent twelve

years there, partly as student and partly as professor in the college Le

Moine. There he became the friend and devoted disciple of Jacques

Lefèvre d'Étaples, and this friendship carried him safely through

several religious crises in his life. He followed Lefèvre to Meaux, and

was one of the celebrated "group" there. When persecution and the

timidity or scruples of the bishop caused the dispersion of these

preachers, Farel went back to Dauphiné and attempted to preach the

Gospel in Gap. He was not allowed _parce qu'il n'estoit ne moine ne

prestre_, and was banished from the district by bishop and people. He

next tried to preach in Guyenne, where he was equally unsuccessful.

Thinking that there was no place in France open to him, he took himself

to Basel. There he asked the University to allow him to hold a public

disputation on certain articles which he sent to them. The authorities

refused. He then addressed himself to the Council of the city, who

permitted the discussion. The thirteen articles or _Theses_ defended by

Farel are given in Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les

pays de langue française_ (i. 194, 195). He gathered a little church of

French refugees at Basel (the _ecclesiola_ of his correspondence), but

was too much the ardent and impetuous pioneer to remain quietly among

them. By the end of July 1524 he was preaching at Montbèliard, some

miles to the south of Belfort, and the riots which ensued caused

Oecolampadius to beseech him to temper his courage with discretion

(Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., i. 255). He went thence to

Strassburg (April 1525), to Bern, attempted to preach in Neuchâtel, and

finally (middle of November 1526) opened a school at Aigle, an outlying

dependency of Bern, hoping to get opportunity to carry on his

evangelistic work. He was soon discovered, and attempts were made to

prevent his preaching; but the authorities of Bern insisted that he

should be unmolested. In the beginning of 1527 he was actively engaged

at the great Disputation in Bern. That same year he was made pastor of

Aigle and put in possession of the parsonage and the stipend; but such

work was too tame for him. He made long preaching tours; we find him at

Lausanne, Morat, Orbe, and other places, always protected by the

authorities of Bern. He began his work in Geneva in 1532.]

[Footnote 20: Berthold Haller was born at Aldingen (1492); studied at

Rothweil and Pforzheim, where he made the acquaintance of Melanchthon.

He became a Bachelor of Theology of the University of Köln; taught for

some time at Rothweil, and then at Bern (1513-1518). He was elected

people's priest in the great church there in 1521. His sympathetic

character and his great eloquence made him a power in the city; but his

discouragements were so many and so great that he was often on the point

of leaving. Zwingli encouraged him to remain and persevere.]

[Footnote 21: Sebastian Meyer was a priest from Elsass who had been

preaching in Bern since 1518 against the abuses of the Roman Church. The

notorious conduct of the Dominicans in Bern (1507-9), and the action of

Samson, the Indulgence-seller, in 1518, had made the Bernese ready to

listen to attacks against Rome.]

[Footnote 22: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays

de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 55.]

[Footnote 23: _Ibid._ ii. 94, 95.]

[Footnote 24: _Ibid._ ii. 61, 74, 89, 94, 96.]

[Footnote 25: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, i.

368.]

[Footnote 26: The invitation began: "Nous l'Advoyer, le petit et le

grand Conseil de la cité de Berne, à tous et à chascun, spirituelz et

séculiers, prélatz, abbés, prévostz, doyens, chanoynes, curés,

sacrestains, vicaires prescheurs de la Parolle de Dieu, et à tous

prebstres, séculiers ou réguliers, et à tous Noz advoyers, chastellains,

prévostz, lieutenans, et tous autres officiers et à tous Noz chers,

féaulx et aymés subjectz, et à tous manans et habitans de Nostre domaine

et ségnorie aux quelz les presentes lètres viendront,--Salut, grâce et

bénivolance!

"Sçavoir faisons, combien que Nous ayons fait beaucoup d'ordonnance et

mandemens publiques, pour la dissension de nostre commune foy

Chrestienne, à ce meuz et espoirans, que cela profiteroit à la paix et

concorde Chrestienne, comme chose très utile," etc.; Herminjard, ii.

54.]

[Footnote 27: Cf. _Scots Confession_ of 1560, Art. xix.: "The trew Kirk

quhilk alwaies heares and obeyis the voice of her awin Spouse and

Pastor."]

[Footnote 28: The _Theses_, in the original German, are printed by

Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903),

pp. xviii, 30; and in French by Herminjard in _Correspondance des

Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (2nd ed.), ii. 59, 60.]

[Footnote 29: Sebastian Wagner was born at Schaffhausen in 1476. He

studied at Paris under Lascaris, taught theology in the Franciscan

monastery at Zurich, then at Constance. He adopted the Reformation, and,

returning to his native town, became its reformer.]

[Footnote 30: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii. 95

_n._]

[Footnote 31: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs_, etc. ii.

55.]

[Footnote 32: _Ibid._ ii. 99 _n._]

[Footnote 33: _Ibid._ ii. 98 _n._]

[Footnote 34: Nicholas de Watteville, born in 1492, was canon of St.

Vincent in Bern, protonotary apostolic, prior of Montpreveyres, and

provost of Lausanne. He visited Rome in 1517, and there received the

Abbey of Montheron; and the year following he was made a papal

chamberlain to Pope Leo x. He gave up all his benefices on December 1st,

and soon afterwards married Clara May, a nun who had left the convent of

Königsfeld. He was always a great admirer of William Farel, and often

interfered to protect the impetuous Reformer from the consequences of

his own rashness. His younger brother, J. J. de Watteville, became

Advoyer or President of Bern, and was a notable figure in the history of

the Reformation in Switzerland. The family of de Watteville is still

represented among the citizens of Bern.]

[Footnote 35: As early as June 15th, 1523, the Council of Bern had

issued an ordinance for the preachers throughout their territories,

which enjoined them to preach publicly and without dissimulation the

Holy Gospel and the doctrine of God, and to say nothing which they could

not establish by true and Holy Scripture; to leave entirely alone all

other doctrines and discussions contrary to the Gospel, and in

particular the distinctive doctrines of Luther. Later (May 21st, 1526),

at a conference held between members of the Council of Bern, deputies

from the Bernese communes, and delegates from the seven Roman Catholic

cantons, it was agreed to permit no innovation in matters of religion.

This agreement was not maintained long; and the Bernese went back to

their ordinance of June 1523. It seems to have been practically

interpreted to mean that preachers might attack the power of the Pope,

and the doctrines of Purgatory and the Invocation of Saints, but that

they were not to say anything against the current doctrine of the

sacraments. Cf. Decrees of the Council of Bern, quoted in Herminjard,

_Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_,

(Geneva, 1878), i. 434 _n._, ii. 23 _n._, also 20.]

[Footnote 36: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., ii. 123, 138, 199,

225, etc. In Sept. 1530, Bern wrote to the Bishop of Basel, who had

imprisoned Henri Pourcellet, one of Farel's preachers: "Nous ne pouvons

d'ailleurs pas tolérer que ceux qui partagent notre foi chrétienne

soient traités d'une telle manière," p. 277.]

[Footnote 37: SOURCES: E. F. K. Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der

reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 1-100; Hospinian, _Historia

Sacramentaria_, 2 vols. (Geneva, 1681).

LATER BOOKS: Ebrard, _Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl und seine

Geschichte_ (Frankfurt a M. 1845-46), vol. ii.; Schweizer, _Die

protestantischen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwickelung innerhalb der

reformierten Kirche_ (Zurich, 1854-56); Hundeshagen, _Die Konflikte des

Zwinglianismus, Lutherthums, und Calvinismus in den Bernischen

Landkirchen 1522-1558, nach meist ungedruckten Quellen dargestelt_

(Bern, 1842); compare also vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 38: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften des reformierten Kirche_,

p. 30.]

[Footnote 39: Cf. vol. i. 352 ff.]

[Footnote 40: Leibnitz, _Pensées de Leibnitz_, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1803) p.

106.]

[Footnote 41: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_,

p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: SOURCES: _Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société

d'histoire et d'archæologie de Genève_ (especially vols. ii. v. ix. xv.

xx.); Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_

(ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod); La Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du

Calvinisme_ (ed. of 1865); G. Farel, _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz

troubles et tumultes advenuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an

1534_ (Basel, 1588); _Registres du Conseil de Genève_ (known to me only

through the extracts given by Herminjard, Doumergue, and others);

Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue

française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, etc., vols. i. ii. in a 2nd edition, 1878,

vols. iii.-ix. 1870-97); Calvin, _Opera omnia_, vols. xxix.-lxxxvii. of

the _Corpus Reformatorum_ (Brunswick and Berlin, 1869-97); Bonnet,

_Lettres françaises de Jean Calvin_ (Paris, 1854); Beza, _Vita Calvini_

(vol. xlix. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); Rilliet, _Le premier

catéchisme de Calvin_ (Paris, 1878).

LATER WORKS: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin, les hommes et les choses de son

temps_ (only three vols. published, Lausanne, 1899, 1902, 1905);

Bungener, _Jean Calvin, sa vie, son oeuvre et ses écrits_ (Paris,

1862-63); Kampschulte, _Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und seine Stadt in

Genf_ (Leipzig, 1869-99); A. Roget, _Histoire du peuple de Genève depuis

la Reforme jusqu' à l'escalade_ (Geneva, 1870-83); Dunant, _Les

relations politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses de 1536-64_

(Geneva, 1894); Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ed.

by Vulliemin (Paris and Lausanne, 1835-38).]

[Footnote 43: Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_ (Paris,

1835-38), iii. 138.]

[Footnote 44: We read of Luther's books being read in Geneva as early as

May 1521, and that their effect was to give several of the people heart

to care little for the threats of the Pope; in 1522, Cornelius Agrippa,

writing to Capito (June 17th), and Haller, writing to Zwingli (July

8th), speak of Francis Lambert (_vir probus et diligens minister Verbi

Dei_), who had preached in Geneva, Lausanne, Freiburg, and Bern; and in

1527, Hofen, secretary to the Council of Bern, writing to Zwingli (Jan.

15th), thinks that Geneva could be won for the Reformation,--he had

noticed that the people no longer cared much for Indulgences or for the

Mass (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 101-3, 318 _n._, ii. 9 f.,

10 _n._; cf. 6).]

[Footnote 45: J. A. Gautier, _Histoire de Genève_ (Geneva, 1896), ii.

349. The nun, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, in her _Levain du Calvinisme_ (p.

46), says "Au mois de Juin, dimanche matin, le 9, certain nombre de

mauvais garçons plantèrent grands placards en impression par toutes les

portes des églises de Genève, esquels estoient contenus les principaux

poincts de la secte perverse luthérienne"; and another contemporary

chronicler says that the placards promised a "grand pardon général de

Jesus Christ" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 422 _n._).]

[Footnote 46: Their letter said that it was reported that "nonnullos ex

Gebennensibus apposuisse certas cedulas inductorias ad novam legem,

contra auctoritatem episcopalem, et quod habent libros et promulgant;

quod est contra voluntatem D. Friburgensium" (_Ibid._ ii. 421 _n._).]

[Footnote 47: _Ibid._ ii. 424.]

[Footnote 48: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, ii. 425 _n._]

[Footnote 49: Cf. p. 39, _n._]

[Footnote 50: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 22 _f._ Farel

preached his first sermon at Aigle on Friday, Nov. 30th, 1526.]

[Footnote 51: _Ibid._ ii. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 52: _Ibid._ ii. 15 _n._]

[Footnote 53: _Ibid._ ii. 31 _n._]

[Footnote 54: Farel seems to have asked his converts to submit to

baptism; they were baptized in the presence of the congregation on

making a solemn and public profession of their faith.--_Ibid._ 48 _n._]

[Footnote 55: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 105 _n._]

[Footnote 56: _Ibid._ ii. 130, 131.]

[Footnote 57: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 131 _n._]

[Footnote 58: _Ibid._ ii. 137.]

[Footnote 59: M. Herminjard gives a list of their names--Claud de

Glantinis, Alexandre le Bel, Thomas ----, Henri Pourcellet, Jean Bosset,

Antoine Froment, Antoine Marcourt, Eymer Beynon, Pierre Marmoud, Hugues

Turtaz, and perhaps Jean Holard, Pierre Simonin or Symonier, Claude

Bigothier, Jean de Bély, Jean Fathon.]

[Footnote 60: Cf. letter of Farel to Fortunat Andronicus, in Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. ii. 307.]

[Footnote 61: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 270 _n._]

[Footnote 62: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 365 _n._, 390.]

[Footnote 63: _Ibid._ ii. 347, 372.]

[Footnote 64: _Ibid._ ii. 362 _n._]

[Footnote 65: The ordinance was entitled, _Ordnung wic sich pfarrer und

prediger zu Statt und Land Bern, in leer und leben, halten sollen, mit

wyterem bericht von Christo, und den Sacramenten, beschlossen im Synodo

daselbst versamlet am 9 tag Januarij_--_Anno 1532_. The doctrinal

decisions of the Synod are to be found in Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften

der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 31 _ff._]

[Footnote 66: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 364.]

[Footnote 67: Froment married (1529) Marie Dentière, who had been abbess

of a convent in Tournai, and had been expelled for her Evangelical

opinions. She was a learned lady, a friend of the Queen of Navarre, who

sometimes preached, according to the nun Jeanne de Jussie, and made many

converts. She wrote a piquant epistle to the Queen of Navarre, exposing

the intrigues which drove Calvin, Farel, and Coraut from Geneva. A

portion of this very rare _Epistle_ is printed by Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. v. 295 _ff._]

[Footnote 68: Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de

Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod), pp. 9 and 12-15.]

[Footnote 69: The authorities of Freiburg in a letter to Geneva actually

called this Dominican monk a "Lutheran preacher"; cf. their letter given

in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iii. 15 _f._]

[Footnote 70: _Ibid._ iii. 38, _f._]

[Footnote 71: The text of the decree is given in Herminjard, iii. 41

_n._]

[Footnote 72: Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 53;

Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. 48-51.]

[Footnote 73: For the affair of Werly, see the letter of the

Evangelicals of Geneva to the Council of Bern, given in Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc., and the notes of the editor (iii. 46 _ff._).]

[Footnote 74: After the defeat of his party by the combined efforts of

Freiburg and Bern, the Bishop had quitted Geneva on August 1st, 1527; he

returned there on July 1st, 1533, but left again after a fortnight's

residence (July 14th, 1533), disgusted, he said, at an act of

iconoclasm.]

[Footnote 75: The priests of Geneva were notoriously turbulent. We read

of at least five riots which they headed. The canons were worse. Pierre

Werly had attempted the assassination of Farel on October 3rd, 1532

(Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 50); he had taken an

active part in the riots caused by the placards in 1532.]

[Footnote 76: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 38.]

[Footnote 77: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 74, 75, 247 (where Canus is

called Alexander de Molendino). Froment, who had been compelled to quit

Geneva, had returned to the town along with Alexandre Canus immediately

after the departure of the Bishop on the 14th of July 1533.]

[Footnote 78: Furbiti permitted himself to use strong language. Even the

Romanist chronicler, the nun Jeanne de Jussie, records that Furbiti

"touched to the quick the Lutheran dogs," and said that "all those who

belonged to that cursed sect were licentious, gluttons, lascivious,

ambitious, homicides, and bandits, who loved nothing but sensuality, and

lived as the brutes, reverencing neither God nor their superiors" (_Le

Levain du Calvinisme_, p 79).]

[Footnote 79: _Caffard_ need not be taken to mean _hypocrite_: it was

commonly used to denote a mendicant friar.]

[Footnote 80: The letter is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.

iii. 119 _f._]

[Footnote 81: The MS. chronicle of Michel Roset is the source for the

statement about the order to burn translations of the Scripture.]

[Footnote 82: Furbiti was released in April 1536 at the request of

Francis I. of France. He was exchanged for Antoine Saunier, a Swiss

Evangelical in prison in France. Such exchanges were not uncommon

between the Protestant cantons and France.--Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. iii. 396 _f._

A full account of the conferences between Farel and Furbiti is given in

_Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes nuz à Genève,

avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_, etc. (Basel, 1588). The booklet

is very rare.]

[Footnote 83: Adjoining the house of Baudichon, with one building

between them, was a large mansion occupied by the Seigneur de Thorens, a

strong partisan of the Reformation. He was a Savoyard, expelled from his

country because of his religious principles. He acquired citizenship in

Bern. The Bernese, on the eve of their embassy, which reached Geneva on

Jan. 4th, had bought this house, and placed M. de Thorens therein,

intending it to be a place where the Evangelicals could meet in safety

under the protection of Bern. It is probable that in time of special

danger the Evangelicals met there for public worship. When the Council

of Freiburg objected to Farel's preaching, the Council of Geneva replied

that the services were held in the house of the deputies of Bern. Cf.

Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 459, _f._, 489 _f._; Jeanne de

Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 91, 106, 107 (where the poor nun

describes the various ceremonies of the Reformed cult with all the venom

and coarseness of sixteenth century Romanism); Baum, _Procès de

Baudichon de la Maisonneuve accusé d'héresie a Lyon, 1534_ (Geneva,

1873), pp. 110, 111; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 126 _f._, iii.

196-98.]

[Footnote 84: The poison was placed in some spinach soup, and the

popular story was that Farel escaped because he did not like the food;

that Froment had seated himself at table to take his share, when news

was brought to him that his wife and children had arrived at Geneva--he

rose from the table at once to go to meet them, and left the soup

untasted. Poor Viret was the only one who took his share, and became

very ill immediately afterwards. The prisoner's confession, lately

exhumed from the Geneva archives, tells another tale. The woman said

that she stuffed a small bone with the poison, and placed it in Viret's

bowl; but was afraid to do the same to Farel's because his soup was too

clear. Cf. extracts quoted in Doumergue's _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 133,

134 _n._]

[Footnote 85: The _Theses_ are given in Ruchat, _Histoire de la

Réformation de la Suisse_, iii. 357.]

[Footnote 86: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294, 295 _n._]

[Footnote 87: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 118.]

[Footnote 88: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294 _n._]

[Footnote 89: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 144-146: "Nous avons

les dieux des Prebstres, en voullés vous? et les iectoynt apres cielx"

(p. 145).]

[Footnote 90: The minute is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.

iii. 424; and the letter of the two Councils written for the information

of the Councils of Bern at p. 332.]

[Footnote 91: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 142-144.]

[Footnote 92: The fullest contemporary account of these matters is to be

found in _Un opuscule inédit de Farel; Le Resumé des actes de la Dispute

de Rive de 1535_, published in the 22nd vol. of the _Mémoires et

Documents publiées par la Société d'Histoire et Archæologie de Genève_.

It has been reprinted separately.]

[Footnote 93: The words used by the spokesman of the secular clergy,

among whom were the canons of the cathedral, were: "_sua non esse

sustinere talia, cum nec sint sufficientes nec sciant_."]

[Footnote 94: The minute of Council is quoted in Doumergue, _Jean

Calvin_, etc. ii. 147, 148.]

[Footnote 95: For these relations, cf. Durrant, _Les Relations

politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses, de 1536 à 1564_ (1894).]

[Footnote 96: The devout Romanist, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, testifies,

with mediæval frankness, to the dissolute lives of the Romish clergy:

"_Il est bien vray que les Prelats et gens d'Église pour ce temps ne

gardoient pas bien leurs voeus et estat, mais gaudissoient dissolument

des biens de l'Église tenant femmes en lubricité et adultère, et quasi

tout le peuple estoit infect de cest abominable et detestable péché:

dont est à scavoir que les péchéz du monde abondoient en toutes sortes

de gens, qui incitoient l'ire de Dieu à y mettre sa punition divine_"

(_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 35; cf. minutes of the Council of Geneva

at p. 241). Even the nuns of Geneva, with the exception of the nuns of

St. Clara, to whom Jeanne de Jussie belonged, were notorious for their

conduct; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 349 _n._]

[Footnote 97: Cf. Wildermuth's letter to the _Council of the Two

Hundred_ in Bern, telling that Farel was in prison at Payerne: "Would

that I had twenty Bernese with me, and with the help of God we would not

have permitted what has happened" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.

ii. 344).]

[Footnote 98: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 42.]

[Footnote 99: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 35.]

[Footnote 100: Cordier, Corderius, Cordery, was a well-known name in

Scottish parish schools a century ago, where his exercises were used in

almost every Latin class. He became a convert of the Reformed faith, and

did his best to spread Evangelical doctrines by means of the sentences

to be turned into Latin. He followed his great pupil to Geneva, and died

there in his eighty-eighth year.]

[Footnote 101: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 126.]

[Footnote 102: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xlix. p. 121.]

[Footnote 103: I owe this inference to my brother, Professor Lindsay of

St. Andrews; he adds that Plautus was greatly studied in the time of

Calvin's youth in France.]

[Footnote 104: Cf. his letter to Francis Daniel, where he speaks about

the publication of the Commentary; says that he has issued it at his own

expense; that some of the Paris lecturers, to help its sale, had made it

a book on which they lectured, and hopes _quod publico etiam bono forte

cessurum sit_ (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 417).]

[Footnote 105: In a letter to Francis Daniel, of date Oct. 27th, 1553,

Calvin calls Gerard "our Friend"; and in another, written about the end

of the same month, he describes with a minuteness of detail impossible

for anyone who was not in the inner circle, the comedy acted by the

students of the College of Navarre, which was a satire directed against

Marguerite, the Queen of Navarre, and Gerard Roussel, and the affair of

the connection of the University of Paris and the Queen's poem, entitled

_le Miroir de l'âme pécheresse_; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.

iii. 103-11.]

[Footnote 106: Lang, _Die Bekehrung Johannes Calvins_ (1897); Doumergue,

_Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 344, _ff._; Müller, "Calvins Bekehrung"

(_Nachrichten der Gött. Gel._ for 1905, pp. 206 _ff._); Wernle, "Noch

einmal die Bekehrung Calvins" (_Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte_,

xxvii. 84 _ff._ (1906)).]

[Footnote 107: For the history of this Discourse written by Calvin and

pronounced by Cop, see E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin; Les hommes et les

choses de son temps_ (Lausanne, 1899), i. 331 _ff._; A. Lang, _Die

Bekehrung J. Calvins_ (Leipzig, 1897), p. 46. _ff._ For accounts of the

attempts to arrest Nicolas Cop and Calvin, see the letter of Francis I.

to the _Parlement_ of Paris in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii.

114-118, and the editor's notes, also p. 418.]

[Footnote 108: "Magister Gulielmus Farellus proponit sicuti sit

necessaria illa lectura quam initiavit _ille Gallus_ in Sancto Petro.

Supplicat advideri de illo retinendo et sibi alimentando. Super quo fuit

advisum quod advideatur de ipsum substinendo" (Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. iv. 87 _n._).]

[Footnote 109: For the Disputation at Lausanne, see Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. iv. 86 _f._ (Letter from Calvin to F. Daniel,

Oct. 13th, 1536); _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. p. 876 f.; Ruchat,

_Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, vol. iv.; Doumergue, _Jean

Calvin_, ii. 214 _f._]

[Footnote 110: The ten _Theses_ are printed in the _Corpus

Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 701.]

[Footnote 111: Their names were Jean Mimard, regent of the school in

Vevey; Jacques Drogy, vicar of Morges; Jean Michod, dean of Vevey; Jean

Berilly, vicar of Prévessin; and a Dominican monk, de Monbouson.]

[Footnote 112: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 879-81.]

[Footnote 113: Wherever Farel went he had instituted what was called the

"congregation": once a week in church, members of the audience were

invited to ask questions, which the preacher answered. These

"congregations" were an institution all over Romance Switzerland. The

custom prevailed in Geneva when Calvin came there, and it was

continued.]

[Footnote 114: Bonnet, _Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 574.]

[Footnote 115: "Il seroyt bien à désirer que la communication de la

Saincte Cène de Jésucrist fust tous les dimenches pour le moins en

usage, quant l'Église est assemblée en multitude" (_Corpus

Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 7); cf. the first edition of the _Institutio_

(1536): "Singulis, ad minimum, hebdomadibus proponenda erat

christianorum coetui mensa Domini."]

[Footnote 116: Calvin says: "_C'est une chose bien expédiente à

l'édification de l'esglise, de chanter aulcungs pseaumes en forme

d'oraysons publicqs._" The translations of the Psalms by Clement Marot,

which were afterwards used in the Church of Geneva, were not published

till 1541, and the _pseaumes_ may have been religious canticles such as

were used in the Reformed Church of Neuchâtel from 1533; but it ought to

be remembered that translations of the Psalms of David did exist in

France before Marot's; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 163 _n._]

[Footnote 117: "Et comment ne souhaiterions-nous pas voir notre siècle

ramené à l'image de cette église primitive, puisqu'alors Christ recevait

un plus pur hommage, et que l'éclat de son nom était plus au loin

répandu?... Puisse cette extension de la foi, puisse cette pureté du

culte, aujourd'hui que reparaît la lumière de l'Évangile, nous être

aussi accordées par celui qui est béni au-dessus de toutes choses!

Aujourd'hui, je le répète, que reparait la lumière de l'Évangile, qui se

répand enfin de nouveau dans le monde, et y éclaire de ses divins rayons

un grand nombre d'esprits; de telle sorte que, sans parler de bien

d'autres avantages, depuis le temps de Constantine, où l'Église

primitive peu à peu dégénérée perdit tout a fait son caracter, il n'y a

eu dans aucune autre epoque plus de connaissance des langues....

"--Lefèvre d'Étaples, _aux Lecteurs chrétiens de Meaux_ (Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. i. 93).]

[Footnote 118: The prevailing idea was that the Evangelical pastors were

the servants of the community, and therefore of the Councils which

represented it. J. J. Watteville, the celebrated Advoyer or President of

Bern, and a strong and generous supporter of the Reformation, was

accustomed to say: "Nothing prevents me dismissing a servant when he

displeases me; why should not a town send its pastor away if it likes?"

(Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 354 _n._).]

[Footnote 119: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 116.]

[Footnote 120: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. viii. 280, 281, ix.

117, vi. 183; Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ii.

520, _f._; Farel, _Summaire_, edition of 1867, pp. 78 _ff._]

[Footnote 121: Matt. xviii. 15-17.]

[Footnote 122: The action of the people of the four parishes which made

the district of Thyez illustrates a condition of mind not easily

sympathised with by us, and it shows what the commonalty of the

sixteenth century thought of the powers of the Councils which ruled

their city republics. The district belonged to Geneva, and was under the

rule of the Council of that city. The inhabitants had been permitted to

retain the Romanist religion. They were, nevertheless, excommunicated by

their Bishop for clinging to Geneva with loyalty. They were honest Roman

Catholics; they could not bear the thought of living under

excommunication, and longed for absolution; the Bishop would not grant

it; so the _people applied to the Council of Geneva to absolve them_,

which the Council did by a minute which runs as follows: "(April 4th,

1535) Sur ce qu'est proposé par nostre chastelain de Thyez, que ceux de

Thyez font doubte soy présenter en l'esglise à ces Pasques prochaines

(April 16th), à cause d'aucunes lettres d'excommuniement qui sont esté

contre aucuns exécutées, par quoi volentier ils desirent avoir remède de

absolution.... Est esté résolu que l'on escrive une patente aux vicaires

du dict mandement (district), que nous les tenons pour absols." This was

enough. The people went cheerfully to their Easter services (Herminjard,

_Correspondance_, etc. iv. 26 _n._).]

[Footnote 123: Cf. the letter of the Council of Bern to the Council of

Lausanne: "(July 1541): Concernant minas contra ministrum Verbi,

lasciviam vitæ civium, bacchanalia, ebrietates, commessationes,

contemptum Evangelii, rythmos impudicos, etc., ceux de Lausanne sont

vertement réprimandés. On leur remontre leur négligence à châtier les

vices. Il leur est ordonné de punir, dans le terme d'un mois, les

bacchantes et aussi celui qui a menacé le prédicant et l'a interpellé

dans la rue. Il est également ordonné aux ambassadeurs qui seront

envoyés pour les appels, de faire de sévères remonstrances devant le

Conseil et les Bourgeois, et de les menacer en les exhortant à

s'amender" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 145).]

[Footnote 124: This first Catechism has been republished and edited

under the title, _Le Catéchisme français de Calvin, publié en 1537,

réimprimé pour la première fois d'après un exemplaire nouvellement

retrouvé et suivi de plus ancienne Confession de foi de l'Église de

Genève, avec deux notices, l'une historique, l'autre bibliographique_,

par Albert Rilliet et Théophile Dufour, 1878. The curious

bibliographical history of the book is given in Doumergue, _Jean

Calvin_, ii. p. 230; and at greater length in the preface to the

reprint.]

[Footnote 125: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten

Kirche_, p. 111.]

[Footnote 126: The question is carefully discussed by Rilliet in his _Le

Catéchisme français de Calvin_, and by Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc.

ii. 237-39.]

[Footnote 127: The letter from Bern (dated Nov. 28th) was read to the

recalcitrants, who gave way and accepted the Confession on Jan. 4th,

1538 (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 340 _n._).]

[Footnote 128: _Actes et Gestes merveilleux_, p. 215, _f._]

[Footnote 129: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 403, 404, 407;

Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 278.]

[Footnote 130: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc, iv. 413.]

[Footnote 131: On April 8th it was reported that Coraut had said in a

sermon that Geneva was a realm of tipplers, and that the town was

governed by drunkards (from all accounts a true statement of fact, but

scarcely suitable for a sermon), and had been brought before the Council

in consequence.]

[Footnote 132: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 413-16, 420-22.]

[Footnote 133: Calvin says that he wished the matter to be regularly

brought before the people and discussed: "_Concio etiam a nobis habeatur

de ceremoniarum libertate, deinde ad conformitatem populum adhortemur,

propositis ejus rationibus. Demum liberum ecclesiæ judicium

permittatur._" Cf. the memorandum presented to the Synod of Zurich by

Calvin and Farel, _ibid._ v. 3; _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii.

191.]

[Footnote 134: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 423, 425, 426,

427, v. 3, 24.]

[Footnote 135: It is worth mentioning that while the three letters from

Bern were brought before the Council of the Two Hundred, the decisions

of the Lausanne Synod were produced at the General Council. Did the

Council wish to give their decision a semblance of ecclesiastical

authority?]

[Footnote 136: Bonnet, _Les Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 575,

576.]

[Footnote 137: "A ceste cause, vous instantement, très-acertes et en

fraternelle affection prions, admonestons et requérons que ... la

rigueur que tenés aux dits Farel et Calvin admodérer, pour l'amour de

nous et pour éviter scandale, contemplans que ce qu'avons à vous et à

eulx escript pour la conformité des cérimonies de l'Esglise, est procédé

de bonne affection et par mode de requeste, et non pas pour vous, ne

eulx, constraindre à ces choses, que sont indifferentes en l'Esglise,

comme le pain de la Cène et aultres" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc.

iv. 428).]

[Footnote 138: For the letter of Bern to Geneva, and the answer of

Geneva, cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 427-430.]

[Footnote 139: _Ibid._ iv. 165 _n._]

[Footnote 140: The memoir presented to the Synod of Zurich has been

printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 3-6, and in the _Corpus

Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 190-192. The conclusion prays Bern to drive

from their territory ribald and obscene songs and catches, that the

people of Geneva may not cite their example as an excuse.]

[Footnote 141: "Wir habent ouch durch Etlich unsere vorordneten uffs

ernstlichest mit ihnen reden lassen sich etlicher ungeschigter scherpffe

zemaassen und sich by disem unerbuwenem volgk Cristenlicher

sennffmütigkeit zu beflyssen" (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii.

193).]

[Footnote 142: The minute of the Council of Bern says: "The Genevans had

refused to receive Calvin and Farel. If my lords need preachers, they

will keep them in mind" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, v. 20 _n._).]

[Footnote 143: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 139; _Corpus

Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 181.]

[Footnote 144: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii 681 _ff._]

[Footnote 145: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxiv. f., 483, 485, 490 (quoted

in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 700).]

[Footnote 146: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les

pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 1866-93), vi. 365.]

[Footnote 147: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. (xi.) 114.]

[Footnote 148: _Ibid._ p. 54.]

[Footnote 149: _Ibid._ p. 170.]

[Footnote 150: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. vii. 77.]

[Footnote 151: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxv. f., 324 (quoted in

Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 710).]

[Footnote 152: For the wonderful influence of Calvin on the French

Reformation and its causes, cf. below, pp. 153 ff.]

[Footnote 153: _Articles_ of 1537 in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii.

i. (x. i.) 5-14; _Ordinances_ of 1541; _ibid._ pp. 15-30; _Ordinances_

of 1561; _ibid._ pp. 91-124; _Institution_, IV. cc. i.-xii.]

[Footnote 154: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 121, 122.]

[Footnote 155: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 375.]

[Footnote 156: On the one side of the stone is inscribed:

Le xxvii Octobre MDLIII

Mourut sur le bucher à Champel

MICHEL SERVET

de Villeneuve d'Aragon, né le xxix Septembre MDXI.

and on the other:

Fils respectueux et reconnaissants de Calvin notre grand

réformateur, mais condamnant une erreur qui fut celle de son siècle

et fermement attachés à la liberté de conscience selon les vrais

principes de la Reformation et de l'Évangile, nous avons élevé ce

monument expiatoire. Le xxvii Octobre MCMIII.

]

[Footnote 157: Like Jacques Bernard, the Franciscan monk, who was one of

the pastors in Geneva after the banishment of Calvin and Farel, who,

"cum esset inter Evangelii exordia, hostiliter repugnavit, donee

Christum aliquando in uxoris forma contemplatus est."]

[Footnote 158: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 17-20, 45-48,

55-58, 93-99, 116-118.]

[Footnote 159: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 65-90.]

[Footnote 160: _Mémoires d'un protestant condamné aux galères de France

pour cause de religion, écrits par lui-même_ (1757, repub. 1865), pp.

404-407.]

[Footnote 161: SOURCES: Théodore de Bèze (Beza), _Histoire

Ecclésiastique des églises réformées au Royaume de France_ (ed. by G.

Baum and E. Cunitz, Paris, 1883-89); J. Crespin, _Histoire des martyrs

persécutez et mis à mort pour la vérité_ (ed. by Benoist, Toulouse,

1885-87); Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de

langue française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, 1878-91); Calvin's _Letters_,

_Corpus Reformatorum_, vols. XXXVIII. ii.-XLVIII. (Brunswick, 1872,

etc.); Bonnet, _Lettres de Jean Calvin_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1854).

LATER BOOKS: E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, 3 vols. (published Lausanne,

1899-1905); H. M. Baird, _History of the Rise of the Huguenots_ (London,

1880), and _Theodore Beza_ (New York, 1899); Lavisse, _Histoire de

France_, V. i. pp. 339 ff.; ii. 183 ff.; VI. i. ii.; Hamilton, "Paris

under the Valois Kings" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, 1886, pp. 260-70).]

[Footnote 162: Marguerite was born at Angoulême on April 11th, 1492;

married the feeble Duke of Alençon in 1509; was a widow in 1525; married

Henri d'Albret, King of Navarre, in 1527; died in 1549. Her only child

was Jeanne d'Albret, the heroic mother of Henry of Navarre, who became

Henri IV. of France. When she was the Duchess of Alençon, her court at

Bourges was a centre for the Humanists and Reformers of France; when she

became the Queen of Navarre, her castle at Nérac was a haven for all

persecuted Protestants. The literature about Marguerite is very

extensive: it is perhaps sufficient to mention--Génin, _Lettres de

Marguerite d'Angoulême, reine de Navarre_ (published by the _Société de

l'Histoire de France_, 1841-42); _Les idées religieuses de Marguerite de

Navarre, d'auprès son oeuvre poétique_; A. Lefranc, _Les dernieres

poésies de Marguerite de Navarre_ (Paris, 1896); Becker, "Marguerite de

Navarre, duchesse d'Alençon et Guillaume Briçonnet, évêque de Meaux,

d'aprés leur correspondance manuscrite, 1521-24" (in the _Bulletin de la

Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme française_, xlix. Paris, 1890);

Darmesteter, _Margaret of Angoulême, Queen of Navarre_ (London, 1886);

Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, v. i.; Herminjard, _Correspondance_,

etc., vol. i., which contains sixteen letters written by her, and twelve

addressed to her.]

[Footnote 163: Louise de Savoie, _Journal_, 1476-1522 (in Michaud et

Poujoulat, _Collection_, etc. v.).]

[Footnote 164: Lefranc, "Marguerite de Navarre et le platonisme de la

Renaissance" (vols. lviii. lix. _Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes_,

1897-98).]

[Footnote 165: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 67.]

[Footnote 166: _Heptameron_, Preface.]

[Footnote 167: _Ibid._, Nouvelle xxxiii.]

[Footnote 168: Briçonnet belonged to an illustrious family. He was born

in 1470, destined for the Church, was Archdeacon of Rheims, Bishop of

Lodève in 1504, 1507 got the rich Abbey of St. Germain-des-Près at

Paris, and became Bishop of Meaux in 1516. He at once began to reform

his diocese; compelled his curés to reside in their parishes; divided

the diocese into thirty-two districts, and sent to each of them a

preacher for part of the year.]

[Footnote 169: Cf. K. H. Graf, "Jacobus Faber Stapulensis," in the

_Zeitschrift für die historische theologie_ for 1852, 1-86; Doumergue,

_Jean Calvin_, i. 79-112; Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 3 _n._]

[Footnote 170: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 78, 84, 85 _n._]

[Footnote 171: It does not seem to be generally known that Lefèvre

travelled to Germany in search of manuscripts of some of the earlier

mystical writers, and that he published in 1513 the first printed

edition of Hildegard of Bingen's _Liber Quoscivias_ (Peltzer, _Deutsche

Mystik und deutsche Kunst_ (Strassburg, 1899), p. 35), under the title

_Liber trium virorum et trium spiritualium virginum_ (Paris, 1513).]

[Footnote 172: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 37 _n._, 47, 48 _n._, 63

and _n._, 64, etc.]

[Footnote 173: _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de

François I. 1515-1536_ (Paris, 1854), p. 104.]

[Footnote 174: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 153 _ff._]

[Footnote 175: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 169.]

[Footnote 176: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 84, 105; cf. 85 _n._]

[Footnote 177: The depredations of those bands of brigands are

frequently referred to in the _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, pp.

119, 159, 166, 176, 185, 201, 249, 257, 402, 196.]

[Footnote 178: Cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 276.]

[Footnote 179: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc.: "Fut sonné par deux

trompettes et crié au Palays sur la pierre de marbre, que s'il y avoit

personne qui sceut enseigner celuy ou ceulx qui avoient fisché les dictz

placars, en révélant en certitude, il leur seroit donné cent escus par

la cour" (p. 442).]

[Footnote 180: _Ibid._ pp. 442-444. The Dauphin, the Dukes of Orléans

and Angoulême, and a young German, Prince de Vendôme, carried the four

batons supporting "un beau ciel" over the Host.]

[Footnote 181: _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme

français_ for 1858, pp. 166 _ff._]

[Footnote 182: H. M. Bower, _The Fourteen of Meaux_ (London, 1894).]

[Footnote 183: Cf. above, pp. 92 ff. What follows on Calvin's influence

on the Reformation in France has been borrowed largely from M. Henri

Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903-4) V. i. pp. 381-383,

ii. pp. 183-187, etc.; only a Frenchman can describe it and him

sympathetically.]

[Footnote 184: The Venetian Ambassador at the Court of France, writing

in 1561 to the Doge, says, "Your Serenity will hardly believe the

influence and the great power which the principal minister of Geneva, by

name Calvin, a Frenchman and a native of Picardy, possesses in this

kingdom. He is a man of extraordinary authority, who by his mode of

life, his doctrines and his writings, rises superior to all the rest"

(_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 323).]

[Footnote 185: Calvin did not lack imagination. The sanctified

imagination has never made grander or loftier flight than in the thought

of the _Purpose of God_ moving slowly down through the Ages, making for

redemption and for the establishment of the Kingdom, which is the

master-idea in the _Christian Institution_. It was de Bèze (Beza), not

Calvin, who was the father of the seventeenth century doctrine of

predestination,--a conception which differed from Calvin's as widely as

the skeleton differs from the man instinct with life and action.]

[Footnote 186: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903)

V. i. 383.]

[Footnote 187: "Calvin fut un très grand écrivain. Je dirais même que ce

fut le plus grand écrivain du 16^{e} siècle si j'estimais plus que je ne

fais le _style_ proprement dit.... Encore est-il qu'il me faut bien

reconnaître que le style de Calvin est de tous les styles du 16^{e}

siècle celui qui a le plus de _style_.... Reste qu'il parle l'admirable

prose, si claire, limpide et facile, du 15^{e} siècle, avec ce quelque

chose de plus ferme, de plus nourri et de plus viril que l'étude des

classiques donne à ceux qui ne poussent pas jusqu'à l'imitation servile

et à l'admirature des menus jolis détails. Reste qu'il parle la langue

du 15^{e} siècle avec quelques qualités déjà du 17^{e}. C'est

précisément ce qu'il a fait, et il est un des bons, sinon des sublimes,

fondateurs de la prose française" (Emile Faguet, _Scizième Siècle:

Études Litéraires_, pp. 188-89, Paris, 1898).]

[Footnote 188: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 366.]

[Footnote 189: _La Catéchisme français_, p. 132. _Opera_, v. 319.]

[Footnote 190: The term was adopted from the edicts, "ladite religion

prétenduë réformée," with the qualifying adjectives left out.]

[Footnote 191: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903)

V. ii. 187.]

[Footnote 192: SOURCES in addition to those mentioned on p. 136:

_Lettres inédites de Diane de Poitiers, publiées avec une introduction

et des notes par_ G. Guiffrey (Paris, 1866); _Mémoires de Gaspard de

Saulx-Tavannes_, 1530-73 (published in the _Collection_ of _Michaud and

Poujoulat_, viii.); _Mémoires de François de Guise_ (in the same

collection, vi.); _Lettres de Catherine de Médicis_ and _Papiers d'État

du Cardinal de Granvelle_ (in the _Collection des Documents inédits de

l'Histoire de France_); _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne

d'Albret_ (in the publications of the _Société de l'Histoire de

France_); _Les Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de

Brantôme_ (edit. by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de

France_, important for the persons and morals of the times); C. Weiss,

_La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de Conscience en France, sous

François I. et Henri II. 1540-50_ (Paris, 1889). Layard, _Dispatches of

Michele Suriano and Marcantonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassadors at the

Court of France_ (Lymington, 1891, pub. by the _Huguenot Society of

London_). Teulet, _Relations politique de la France et de l'Espagne avec

l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); and _Papiers d'État relatifs a l'Histoire de

l'Écosse (Bannatyne Club_, Paris, 1851); _Correspondance du Cardinal de

Granvelle_ (Brussels, 1877-96); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian,

1558-80_ (London, 1890, etc.)

LATER BOOKS in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: A. de Ruble, _Le

Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); A. W. Whitehead, _Gaspard

Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905); the _Bulletin historique et

littéraire de l'histoire du protestantisme français_, edited by Weiss,

is a mine of information on all matters connected with the Reformation

in France. A. de Ruble, _Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris,

1881-82), and _Le Colloque de Poissy_ (Paris, 1889); F. Decrue, _Anne de

Montmorency_ (Paris, 1885-89).]

[Footnote 193: The _Parlements_ were the highest judicial courts in

France. By far the most important was the _Parlement_ of Paris, whose

jurisdiction extended over Picardie, Champagne, l'Ile-de-France,

l'Orléanais, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Aunis, Berri, La

Bourbonnais, Auvergne, and La Marche--almost the half of France. The

other _Parlements_ in the time of Henry II. were those of Normandy,

Brittany, Burgundy, Dauphiné, Provence, Languedoc, Guyenne, and, up to

1559, Chambéry and Turin. The _Parlements_ are frequently mentioned

under the names of the towns in which they met; thus the _Parlement_ of

Normandy is called the _Parlement_ of Rouen; that of Provence, the

_Parlement_ of Aix; that of Languedoc, the _Parlement_ of Toulouse.]

[Footnote 194: Weiss, _La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de

conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II., 1540-50_ (Paris,

1889), is very valuable from the collection of documents which it

contains. Crespin's _Histoire des martyrs_, etc., when tested by the

official documents now accessible, has been found to be almost

invariably correct, and without exaggeration. Weiss, "Une Semaine de la

Chambre ardente" (1-8 Oct. 1549), in the _Bulletin historique et

littéraire de la société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for

1899; and _Des cinq escoliers sortis de Lausanne brulez a Lyon_ (Geneva,

1878).]

[Footnote 195: _Institutio Christianæ Religionis_, IV. iii. iv.]

[Footnote 196: Athanase Coquerel fils, _Précis de l'histoire de l'église

réformée de Paris_ (Paris, 1862)--valuable for the numerous official

documents in the appendix.]

[Footnote 197: Antoine de Chandieu, _Histoire des persécutions et

martyrs de l'Église de Paris, depuis l'an 1537_ (Lyons, 1563).]

[Footnote 198: _Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de

Brantôme_, edited by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de

France_ (11 vols., Paris, 1864-82), ix. 161-62.]

[Footnote 199: It is more probable that only twelve Churches were

represented--Paris, Saint-Lô, Rouen, Dieppe, Angers, Orléans, Tours,

Poitiers, Saintes, Marennes, Châtellerault, and Saint-Jean-d'Angely. H.

Dieterlen, _La Synode générale de Paris, 1559_ (Montauban, 1873): this

was published as a thesis for the Theological Faculty (Protestant) of

Montauban.]

[Footnote 200: The Confession will be found in Schaff, _The Creeds of

the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 356 ff.;

Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (1903), p.

221; the various texts are discussed at p. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 201: The Consistories sometimes condescended to details. In

the calmer days after the Edict of Nantes, the pastor and Consistory of

Montauban thought that the arrangement of Madame de Mornay's hair was

_trop mondaine_: Madame argued with them in a spirited way; cf.

_Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_ (_Société de l'Histoire de

France_, Paris, 1868-69), i. 270-310.]

[Footnote 202: _Bulletin de la Société de l'hist. du protestantisme

français_, 1854, p. 24.]

[Footnote 203: Hauser, "La Réforme et les classes populaires en France

au XVI^{e} siècle" in the _Revue d'hist. mod. et contemp._ i.

(1899-1900).]

[Footnote 204: The best book on Renée is Rodocanchi, _Renée de France,

duchesse de Ferrare_ (1896).]

[Footnote 205: For the Chatillou brothers, see Whitehead, _Gaspard de

Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 206: The singing of Clement Marot's version of the Psalms was

not distinctively Protestant. The first edition of the translation,

including thirty Psalms, appeared in Paris in 1541 and in Geneva in

1542. The Geneva edition had an appendix, entitled _La maniére

d'administrer les sacrements selon la coutume de l'Église ancienne et

comme on l'observe à Genève_, and was undoubtedly a Protestant book; but

the Paris edition contained instead rhymed versions of the Lord's

Prayer, of the Apostles' Creed, and of the angel's salutation to the

Virgin. The book was a great favourite with Francis I., who is said to

have sung some of the Psalms on his deathbed. It was very popular at the

Court of Henri II., where it became fashionable for the courtiers to

select a favourite Psalm, which the King permitted them to call "their

own." Henri's "own" was Ps. xlii., _Comme un cerf altéré bramc après

l'eau courante_. He was a great huntsman. Catherine de Medici's was Ps.

vi. The Psalm-singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs, however, was regarded as a

manifestation against the Court, and d'Andelot was imprisoned for his

persistent attendance.]

[Footnote 207: The family of Guise, who played such a leading part in

French history from the reign of Henry II. on to the downfall of the

League, became French in the person of Claude, the fifth son of René,

Duke of Lorraine, who inherited the lands of his father which were

situated in France. Francis I. had loaded him with honours and lands.

The family had always been devoted to the Papacy, and had profited by

their devotion. The brother of Claude, Jean, had been made a Cardinal

when he was twenty, and had accumulated in his own person an immense

number of benefices. These descended to his nephews, Charles, who was

first Cardinal of Guise and then Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis, who

was Cardinal of Guise. The accumulated benefices enjoyed by Charles

amounted to over 300,000 livres. The Guises did not serve the Roman

Church for nothing.]

[Footnote 208: The street Marais-Saint-Germain was called _petite

Genève_, because it was supposed to be largely inhabited by Protestants.

It was selected because of its remoteness from the centre of Paris, and

because it was partly under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of

Saint-Germain-des-Prés and of the University--two corporations

excessively jealous of the infringements of their rights of police. Cf.

Athanase Cocquerel fils, "Histoire d'une rue de Paris," in the _Bulletin

historique et littéraire de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme

français_ for 1866, pp. 185, 208.]

[Footnote 209: _Les Mémoires du prince de Condé_ (The Hague,1743); Duc

d'Aumale, _Histoire des Princes de Condé pendant les xvi^{me} et

xvii^{me} siècles_, i. 57 (Paris, 1863-64; Eng. trans., London, 1872);

Armstrong, _The French Wars of Religion_ (London, 1892).]

[Footnote 210: _Le Chansounier Huguenot du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris,

1871), pp. 204, 245.]

[Footnote 211: Buchot, _Catherine de Médicis_ (Paris, 1899); Edith

Sichel, _Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformation_ (London,

1905).]

[Footnote 212: Catherine's children were--Francis II., 1544-60;

Elizabeth (married to Philip II. of Spain in 1559), 1545-68; Claude (m.

to Charles III.), Duke of Lorraine (1558), 1547-75; Louis, Duke of

Orléans, 1548-50; Charles IX., 1550-74; Henri III. (first Duke of

Orléans, then Duke of Anjou), 1551-89; Francis (Duke of Alençon, then

Duke of Anjou), 1554-84; Marguerite (married Henri IV.), 1552-1615; and

twins who died in the year of their birth, Victorie and Jeanne, b.

1556.]

[Footnote 213: Some say that Catherine either invented or made

fashionable the modern ladies' side-saddle; during the Middle Ages

ladies rode astride, or on pillion, or seated sideways on horseback with

their feet on a board which was suspended from the front and rear of the

saddle.]

[Footnote 214: G. Picot, _Histoire des États Généraux_, ii. (Paris,

1872).]

[Footnote 215: Jeanne d'Albret wrote remonstrating strongly; cf.

_Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_, pp. 233 _f._]

[Footnote 216: For the Colloquy of Poissy, cf. Ruble, "Le Colloque de

Poissy" (in _Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile

de France_), vol. xvi., (Paris, 1889); Kliptfel, _Le Collogue de Poissy_

(Paris and Metz, 1867).]

[Footnote 217: Lavisse, "Le Massacre, fait à Vassy" in _Grandes Scènes

historiques du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1886).]

[Footnote 218: _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_

(Paris, 1877), pp. 305 _ff._ (Letter to Catherine de' Medici); pp. 322

_ff._ (letters to Protestants outside La Rochelle). In her letter to

Catherine Jeanne demands for the Protestants liberty of worship and all

the rights and privileges of ordinary citizens: if these are not granted

there must be war.]

[Footnote 219: For the attempted assassination of Coligny, cf.

Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp.

258, _ff._; _Bulletin de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_, xxxvi.

105; _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris_, etc. xiv. 38.]

[Footnote 220: For the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. Bonnardot,

_Registres des Délibérations du Bureau de la Ville de Paris

(1568-1572)_, vii. (Paris, 1893); _Mémoires de Madame du

Plessis-Mornay_, publ. by the _Société de l'histoire de la France_

(1868); _Mémoires et Correspondance de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (1824), ii.;

Bordier, _Saint Barthélemy et la critique moderne_; Whitehead, _Gaspard

de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 253, _ff._; Froude,

_History of England_ (London, 1887), ix.-x.; Mariéjol, _Histoire de

France_, etc., VI. i. 114, _ff._]

[Footnote 221: The existence of this medal has been unblushingly denied

by some Roman Catholic controversialists. It is described and figured in

the Jesuit Bonani's _Numismata Pontificum_ (Rome, 1689), i. 336. Two

commemorative medals were struck in France, and on the reverse of one of

them Charles IX. is represented as Hercules with a club in the one hand

and a torch in the other slaying the seven-headed Hydra. They are

figured in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme

Français_ for 1855, pp. 139, 140.]

[Footnote 222: La Ferrière, _Catherine de Médicis et les Politiques_

(Paris, 1894).]

[Footnote 223: Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris,

1875-84); Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vols. xi. and xii; Jackson,

_The Last of the Valois_ (London, 1888).]

[Footnote 224: _Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant; contenant

les raisons de leurs débats et questions en ces présens troubles au

royaume de France 1594_; this rare pamphlet is printed in the _Satyre

Menippée, de la vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne_, Ratisbon (Amsterdam),

1709, iii. 367 _ff._ _Mémoires de la Ligue, contenant les événemens les

plus remarquables depuis 1576 jusqu' à la paix accordée entre le roi de

France et le roi d'Espagne en 1598_ (Amsterdam, 1758); Pierre de

l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris 1875-84), and _Journal du

règne de Henri IV._ (The Hague, 1741); Robiquet, _Paris et la Ligue_

(Paris, 1886); Victor de Chalambert, _Histoire de la Ligue_ (Paris,

1854); Maury, "La Commune de Paris de 1588" (in _Rev. des Deux Mondes_,

Sept. 1, 1871).]

[Footnote 225: The scenes on the Day of the Barricades are described in

a contemporary paper printed in _Satyre Menippée_ (ed. of 1709), iii. 39

_ff._]

[Footnote 226: Brown, "The Assassination of the Guises as described by

the Venetian Ambassador" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, x. 304).]

[Footnote 227: _Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu' à la

Revolution_ (Paris, 1904), VI. i. 298, _f._, by H. Mariéjol.]

[Footnote 228: They argued: "Je vous demande, voudriez-vous bailler une

fille pudique, honneste, belle, verteuse et modeste, à un homme

desbauché, et abandonné à tous vices, sous ombre qu'il vous diroit qu'il

s'amenderoit, et qu'il n'y retournoit estant marié, que vous luy

osteriez vostre fille? Je crois que tout bon pere de famille ne se

mettroit en ce hazard, ou feroit un tour d'homme sans cervelle. Or c'est

l'Eglise Catholique, Apostolique et Romaine qui est une pucelle, belle

et honneste en cette France qui n'a jamais eu pour Roy un hérétique,

mais tons bons Catholiques et assidez à Jesus-Christ son espoux.

Voudriez-vous done bailler cette Eglise que les François ont tant

fidélement servie et honourée sous leur Rois Catholiques, aujourd'huy la

prostituer entre les mains d'un hérétique, relaps et

excommunie?"--"Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant" (_Satyre

Menippée_, iii. 387.)]

[Footnote 229: SOURCES: _Recueil des Lettres Missives de Henri IV._

(_Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1843-72), 8 vols.; Alberi,

_Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti_ (Florence, 1860, etc.); Charles,

Duc de Mayenne, _Correspondance_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1860); Sir H. Upton,

_Correspondence_ (_Roxburgh Club_, London, 1847); Du Plessis-Mornay,

_Mémoires_, 4 vols. (Amsterdam, 1624-52); Madame Du Plessis-Mornay,

_Mémoires sur la Vie de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (Paris, 1868-69, _Soc. Hist.

de France_); Maréchal de Bassompierre, _Journal de marie 1579-1640_, 4

vols. (Paris, 1870-77, _Soc. Hist. de France_); _Satyre Menippée_, 3

vols. (Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709); Bénoit, _Histoire de l'édit de

Nantes_.

LATER BOOKS: Baird, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_ (London, 1887);

Jackson, _The First of the Bourbons_, 2 vols. (London, 1890); Lavisse,

_Histoire de France_, VI. i. ii. (Paris, 1904-5).]

[Footnote 230: SOURCES: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation and

other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-Countries_

(English translation in 4 vols. fol., London, 1720: the original in

Dutch was published in 1671); Brieger, _Aleander und Luther_ (Gotha,

1894); Kalkoff, _Die Despatchen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle, 1897);

Poullet Piot, _Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle_, 12 vols.

(Brussels, 1878-97); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Granvelle_, 9

vols. (Paris, 1841-52); Gachard, _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les

affaires des Pays Bas_, 5 vols. (Brussels, 1848-79); _Correspondance de

Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II._, 1554-68 (Brussels, 1867-87);

_Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, 6 vols.

(Brussels, 1847-57); van Prinsterer, _Archives ou correspondance inédite

de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau_, in two series, 9 and 5 vols. (Utrecht,

1841-61); Renon de France, _Histoire des troubles des Pays-Bas_, 3 vols.

(Brussels, 1886-92); _Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas,

1565-80_ (in the _Collection, dcs Mémoires sur l'histoire de Belgique_).

LATER BOOKS: Armstrong, _Charles V._ (London, 1902); Motley, _The Rise

of the Dutch Republic_ (London, 1865); Putnam, _William the Silent_ (New

York, 1895); Harrison, _William the Silent_ (London, 1897); _Cambridge

Modern History_, III. vi. vii. (Cambridge, 1904).]

[Footnote 231: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 49; cf.

_Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, p. 185.]

[Footnote 232: A collection of their _chansons d'amour, jeux-partis,

pastourelles, and fabliaux_ will be found in Scheler's _Trouvères

Belges_ (Bruxelles, 1876).]

[Footnote 233: _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des

Pays-Bas_, i. 321, 327, 379; _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne,

ii._ 161, 168.]

[Footnote 234: Van der Meersch, _Recherches sur la vie et les travaux

des imprimeurs belges et hollandaís_, pp. 142-144; cf. Walther, _Die

deutsche Bibelüberseztungen des Mittelalters_, p. 652.]

[Footnote 235: Aleander, writing to the Cardinal de' Medici (Sept. 8th,

1520), attributes the spread of Lutheranism in the Netherlands to the

teaching of Erasmus and of the Prior of the Augustinians at

Antwerp.--Brieger, _Aleander und Luther, 1521; Die vervollständigten

Aleander-Depeschen_ (Gotha, 1884), p. 249.]

[Footnote 236: Kalkoff, _Die Depeschen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle a S.

1897), p. 20.]

[Footnote 237: Brieger, _Aleander und Luther; Die vervollständigten

Aleander-Depeschen_, pp. 249, 252, 262.]

[Footnote 238: Graphæus' appeal to the Chancellor of the Court of

Brabant is printed in full in Brandt's _History of the Reformation ...

in the Low Countries_ (London. 1720), i. 42.]

[Footnote 239: Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ällesten

Zeit bis an zu Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts_, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 240: Brandt, _History of the Reformation in the Low Countries_

(London, 1720), p. 51.]

[Footnote 241: The history of the struggle with the Anabaptists of the

Netherlands is related at length by S. Blaupot ten Cate in _Geschiedenis

der Doopsgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der

Doopsgezinden in Groningen_ (Oberijssel, 1842); _Geschiedenis der

Doopsgezinden in Holland en Gelderland_ (Amsterdam, 1847). A summary of

the history of the Anabaptists is given in Heath's _Anabaptism_ (London,

1895), which is much more accurate than the usual accounts.]

[Footnote 242: Cf. _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the

Reign of Henry VIII._, IV. iii. 2685 (_Halket to Tuller_).]

[Footnote 243: Cf. below, pp. 432 _f._]

[Footnote 244: Cf. i. 96 _ff._]

[Footnote 245: Several references to the Anabaptists of the Low

Countries are to be found in the _Letters and Papers, Foreign and

Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ Hackett, writing to Cromwell,

says that "divers places are affected by this new sect of

'rebaptisement,'" vii. p. 136. He tells about the shiploads of emigrants

(pp. 165, 166), and says that they were so sympathised with, that it was

difficult to enlist soldiers to fight against them; that the Regent had

sent 10,000 ducats to help the Bishop of Münster to crush them (p. 167);

and a wild report was current that Henry VIII. had sent money to the

Anabaptists of Münster in revenge for the Pope's refusing his divorce

(p. 185).]

[Footnote 246: The Royal Academy of Belgium has published (Brussels,

1877-96) the _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 12 volumes,

and in the _Collection de documents inêdits sur l'Histoire de France_

there are the _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 9 vols.,

edited by C. Weiss (Paris, 1841-52). These volumes reveal the inner

history of the revolt in the Netherlands. The documents which refer to

the revolt in the _Papiers d'État_ begin with p. 588 of vol. v. They

show how, from the very first, Philip II. urged the extirpation of

heresy as the most important work to be undertaken by his Government;

cf. _Papiers d'État_, v. 591.]

[Footnote 247: "Philip struck the keynote of his reign on the occasion

of his first public appearance as King by presiding over one of the most

splendid _auto-da-fés_ that had ever been seen in Spain (Valladolid,

Oct. 18th, 1559)." _Cambridge Modern History_, iii. 482. It is a

singular commentary on sixteenth century Romanism, that to burn a large

number of fellow-men was called "an act of faith."]

[Footnote 248: _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_, v. pp. 558,

591.]

[Footnote 249: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_

(Letters from the Regent to Philip II.), i. 382-86.]

[Footnote 250: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, etc.

ii. 42_f._, 106-110, 170.]

[Footnote 251: He wrote to Philip about their excesses as early as Dec.

29th, 1555, Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, i. 282,

and about the exasperation of the Netherlanders in consequence (_ibid._

i. 291).]

[Footnote 252: In a letter to the Regent (March 16th, 1566), William

declared that the heads of the policy of Philip which he most strongly

disapproved of were: _l'entretènement du concile de Trente, favoriser

les inquisiteurs ou leur office et exécuter sans nulle dissimulation les

placars. Correspondance_, etc. ii. 129.]

[Footnote 253: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 150.]

[Footnote 254: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 160.]

[Footnote 255: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii.

434 _ff._]

[Footnote 256: At meals they sang:

"_Par ce pain, par ce sel, et par cette besace,

Jamais les Gueux ne changeront pour chose que l'on fasse."_

William of Orange wrote to the Regent that he was met in Antwerp by

crowds, shouting _Vive les Gueux_ (_Correspondance_, ii. 136, etc.).]

[Footnote 257: Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low

Countries_ (London, 1720), i. 172.]

[Footnote 258: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii.

136 _ff._]

[Footnote 259: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 191.]

[Footnote 260: For this and earlier disturbances at Antwerp, cf.

_Correspondance de Philippe II._, etc. i. 321, 327, 379.]

[Footnote 261: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 261, 266.

The executions were latterly accompanied by additional atrocious

cruelty. "It being perceived with what constancy and alacrity many

persons went to the fire, and how they opened their mouths to make a

free confession of their faith, and that the wooden balls or gags were

wont to slip out, a dreadful machine was invented to hinder it for the

future: they prepared two little irons, between which the tongue was

screwed, which being seared at the tip with a glowing iron, would swell

to such a degree as to become immovable and incapable of being drawn

back; thus fastened, the tongue would wriggle about with the pain of

burning, and yield a hollow sound" (i. 275).]

[Footnote 262: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, iii.

17.]

[Footnote 263: Cf. William's letters, _Correspondance_, etc. iii.

47-73.]

[Footnote 264: Groen van Prinsterer, _Archives ou Correspondance inédite

de la Orange-Nassau_ (Utrecht, 1841-61).]

[Footnote 265: The small principality of Orange-Chalons was situated in

the south of France on the river Rhone, its south-west corner being

about ten miles north of the city of Avignon. Henry of Nassau, the uncle

of our William of Orange, had married Claude, the sister of Philibert,

the last male of the House of Orange-Chalons; and Philibert had

bequeathed his principality to his nephew René, the son of Henry and

Claude. The principality was of no great value compared with the other

possessions of the House of Nassau, but as it was under no overlord, its

possessor took rank among the _sovereign_ princes of Europe.]

[Footnote 266: Putnam, _William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, the

moderate man of the Sixteenth Century_, 2 vols., New York, 1895.]

[Footnote 267: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne,

Prince d'Orange_, ii. 110.]

[Footnote 268: It is said that William's reticence on hearing this news,

which moved him so much, gained him the name of "The Silent" (_le

taciturne_): it is more probable that the soubriquet was given to him by

Cardinal de Granvelle.]

[Footnote 269: Maurice succeeded his father as Stadtholder, and became

Prince of Orange in 1618 on the death of his elder brother, Philip

William, who was kidnapped from Louvain and brought up as a Roman

Catholic by Philip II. William was married four times:

_a._ In 1550, to Anne of Egmont, only child of Maximilian of Buren. Her

son was Philip William; she died in March 1558.

_b._ In 1561, to Anne, daughter of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and

granddaughter of Philip of Hesse. She early developed symptoms of

incipient insanity, which came to a height when she deserted her husband

in 1567 and went to live a disreputable life in Cologne. She became

insane, and her family seized her and imprisoned her until she died in

1573. She was the mother of Maurice.

_c._ In 1571, Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Due de Montpensier.

She had been a nun, had embraced the Reformed faith, and fled to

Germany. The marriage was a singularly happy one. She was scarcely

recovered from childbirth when William was almost killed by Jaureguy,

and the shock, combined with her incessant toil in nursing her husband,

was too much for her strength; she died in 1582 (May 5th).

_d._ In 1583, to Louise de Coligny, daughter of the celebrated Admiral

Coligny. She had lost both her parents in the Massacre of Saint

Bartholomew. She was a wonderful and charming woman, beloved by her

stepchildren and adored by her adopted country; she survived her husband

forty years.]

[Footnote 270: Lindsay, _The Church and the Ministry in the Early

Centuries_, 2nd ed. (London, 1903), pp. 198, 204_f._, 259, 330 _n._,

339.]

[Footnote 271: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_

(Leipzig, 1903), p. 233; Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical

Protestant Churches_, 383.]

[Footnote 272: _Ibid._ p. 682.]

[Footnote 273: SOURCES:--_Calendar of the State Papers relating to

Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547-1603_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.);

_Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.);

_Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, ii. (1814); _Register of the Great

Seal of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1886); _Register of the Privy Council of

Scotland_, i. (Edinburgh, 1877); Labanoff, _Lettres inédites de Marie

Stuart_ (Paris, 1839), and _Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie

Stuart_ (London, 1844); Pollen, _Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of

Scots_ (Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1901); Teulet, _Papiers

d'état ... relatifs à l'histoire de l'Écosse_ (Bannatyne Club, 1851),

and _Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_

(Paris, 1862); Lesley, _History of Scotland_ (Scottish Text Society,

Edinburgh, 1888); John Knox, _Works_ (edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh,

1846-55); _The Book of the Universal Kirk_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh,

1839); _Gude and Godlie Ballatis_ (edited by Mitchell for Scottish Text

Society, Edinburgh, 1897); (Dunlop), _A Collection of Confessions of

Faith_, etc. ii. (Edinburgh, 1722); Calderwood, _History of the Kirk of

Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842-49); Row, _History of the

Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842); Spottiswoode,

_History of the Church and State of Scotland_ (Spottiswoode Society,

Edinburgh, 1851); Scott, _Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ_ (Edinburgh,

1866-71); Sir David Lindsay, _Poetical Works_ (edited by David Laing,

Edinburgh, 1879); _The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland_

(edited by Sprott and Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868); _Rotuli Scotiæ;

Calvin's Letters_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii.-xlviii.).

LATER BOOKS: D. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots from her birth until

her flight into England_ (London, 1897), _The Scottish Reformation_

(Edinburgh, 1904), and _The Story of the Scottish Covenants_ (Edinburgh,

1904); P. Hume Brown, _John Knox_ (London, 1895), and _George Buchanan_

(Edinburgh, 1890); MacCrie, _Life of Knox_ (Edinburgh, 1840); Grub,

_Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1861); Cunningham, _The

Church History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1882); Lorimer, _Life of Patrick

Hamilton_ (Edinburgh, 1857), _John Knox and the Church of England_

(London, 1875).]

[Footnote 274: Cf. _Cambridge Modern History_ (Cambridge, 1903), ii.

551-58.]

[Footnote 275: _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 808, 815, 816, 822, 825, 828, 829,

849, 851, 859, 877, 881, 886, 891, 896, ii. 8, 20, 45, 100.]

[Footnote 276: Wyntoun, _Orygynale Cronykil_, ix. c. xxvi. 2773, 2774.]

[Footnote 277: For a collection of these references, cf. _The Scottish

Historical Review_ for April 1904, pp. 266 _ff._ Purveys revision of

Wiclifs _New Testament_ was translated by Murdoch Nisbet into Scots. It

is being published by the Scottish Text Society, _The New Testament in

Scots_, i. 1901, ii. 1903. The translation was made about 1520.]

[Footnote 278: Row, _History of Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to

August 1637_ (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 6.]

[Footnote 279: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 295.]

[Footnote 280: Hay Fleming, _The Scottish Reformation_, p. 12.]

[Footnote 281: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 341.]

[Footnote 282: Luther says so himself; cf. letter to Lange of April

13th, 1519; De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben_, etc.

(Berlin, 1825-28) i. 255; and Herminjard, _Correspondance des

Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva and Paris,

1866-97), i. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 283: These theses were translated from the Latin into the

vernacular by John Firth, and published under the title of _Patrick's

Places_. They are printed in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, and by Knox in

his _History of the Reformation in Scotland; The Works of John Knox

collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 19, _ff._

For Patrick Hamilton, cf. Lorimer, _Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher

and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1857).]

[Footnote 284: Buchanan, _Rerum Scoticarum Historia_, xiv. (p. 277 in

Ruddiman's edition).]

[Footnote 285: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 371, ii. 443.]

[Footnote 286: _The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David

Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 218.]

[Footnote 287: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 125-45.]

[Footnote 288: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 192.]

[Footnote 289: Dr. Hay Fleming has settled the vexed question of the

date of Knox's birth in his article in the _Bookman_ for Sept. 1905, p.

193; cf. _Athenæum_, Nov. 5th and Dec. 3rd, 1904.]

[Footnote 290: _Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 349.]

[Footnote 291: Calderwood, _The History of the Kirk of Scotland_

(Edinburgh, 1843-49) i. 280-81.]

[Footnote 292: Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London,

1875), pp. 98 ff. The rubric is to be found in _The Two Liturgies with

other Documents set forth by Authority in the reign of King Edward the

Sixth_ (Cambridge, 1842), p. 283. The volume is one of the Parker

Society's publications.]

[Footnote 293: The questions will be found in the volumes, _Original

Letters_, published by the Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847), p. 745; and

in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iii. 221.]

[Footnote 294: Calvin to Knox (April 23rd, 1561); Calvin to Goodman

(April 23rd, 1561); _The Works of John Knox_ etc. vi. 124, 125; cf.

Calvini Opera (Amsterdam, 1667), ix. _Epistolæ et Responsa_, p. 150.]

[Footnote 295: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 251; D. Hay Fleming,

_The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p.

6.]

[Footnote 296: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 273.]

[Footnote 297: For the Covenants of the Scottish Church, cf. D. Hay

Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh,

1904).]

[Footnote 298: Cecil, writing to Throckmorton in Paris (July 9th, 1559),

says that in Scotland "they deliver the parish churches of altars, and

receive the service of the Church of England according to King Edward's

book" (_Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, 1558-59_, p.

367).]

[Footnote 299: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 275.]

[Footnote 300: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 300.]

[Footnote 301: _Ibid._ etc. i. 301-12.]

[Footnote 302: _Ibid._ etc. i. 313.]

[Footnote 303: The correspondence will be found in _The Works of John

Knox_, etc. i. 267, _ff._, iv. 251 _ff._]

[Footnote 304: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iv. 349.]

[Footnote 305: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, on the Reign

of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, pp. 73, 77; _1558-59_, pp. 306, 310.]

[Footnote 306: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. v. 5.]

[Footnote 307: This summary has been taken from Dr. Hay Fleming's

admirable little book, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p.

44.]

[Footnote 308: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 319.]

[Footnote 309: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign

of Elizabeth, 1558-59_, pp. 245, 259; _1559-60_, p. 182. The whole of

Dr. Mundt's correspondence is interesting, and shows that after the

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis continual incidents occurred showing that the

Romanists were regaining the hope of repressing the whole Protestant

movement.]

[Footnote 310: _Ibid. 1559-60_. p. 68: "All good men hope that England,

warned by the dangers of others, will take care, by dissimulation and

art, that the nation near to itself, whose cause is the same as her own,

shall not be first deserted and then overwhelmed" (_Dr. Mundt to Cecil_,

Oct. 29th, 1559).]

[Footnote 311: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign

of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, p. 84.]

[Footnote 312: _Ibid. 1558-59_, p. 365, _Cecil to Croft_, July 8th,

1559.]

[Footnote 313: _Ibid. 1559-60_, p. 79.]

[Footnote 314: _Ibid._ p. 352.]

[Footnote 315: Cf. his pathetic letter offering to resign. _Ibid._ p.

186 _n._]

[Footnote 316: The Duke of Châtellerault (Earl of Arran) was next in

succession after Mary and her offspring; cf. a curious note on him and

his doings, _ibid._ p. 24 _n._ For the Treaty, cf. _Calendar of State

Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 403, and _The

Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 45 _ff._]

[Footnote 317: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign

of Elizabeth, 1560-61_, pp. 172-78.]

[Footnote 318: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 309, 313, 314.]

[Footnote 319: "Matters of religion to be passed over in silence"

(_Calendar of State Papers_, etc. p. 178).]

[Footnote 320: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 344.]

[Footnote 321: _Ibid._ i. 382.]

[Footnote 322: _Ibid._ ii. 61.]

[Footnote 323: Cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and

Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 456-62.]

[Footnote 324: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 88.]

[Footnote 325: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary

Queen of Scots_, i. 461.]

[Footnote 326: Spottiswoode, _History of the Church of Scotland_

(Edinburgh, 1847), i. 325.]

[Footnote 327: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 89.]

[Footnote 328: _Ibid._ ii. 95; (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of

Faith_, etc. (Edinburgh, 1722) ii. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 329: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 526-35.]

[Footnote 330: Lesley, _De Rebus Gestis Scotorum_ (Bannatyne Club,

Edinburgh), p. 537.]

[Footnote 331: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary

Queen of Scots_, i. 472, in a letter from Randolph to Cecil of Aug.

25th.]

[Footnote 332: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 128.]

[Footnote 333: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary

Queen of Scots_, i. 471, 472.]

[Footnote 334: The Scots Confession is to be found in (Dunlop's)

_Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of

Discipline, etc., of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland_

(Edinburgh, 1722), ii. 13, _ff._, where the Scots and the Latin versions

are printed in parallel columns; in Schaff's _Creeds of the Evangelical

Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 437 _ff._; and the Latin

version alone in Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis

Reformatis publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), pp. 340, _ff._ For a statement

of its characteristics, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Baird

Lecture for 1899, Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 99, _ff._]

[Footnote 335: As Edward Irving, cf. _Collected Writings_ (London,

1864), i. 601, _ff._]

[Footnote 336: (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. pp. 15-18.]

[Footnote 337: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary

Queen of Scots_, i. 477, 478.]

[Footnote 338: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 121.]

[Footnote 339: _Calendar of State Papers_, etc. i. 465, _Maitland to

Cecil_ (August 18th).]

[Footnote 340: _Ibid._ i. 467, _Randolph to Cecil_ (August 19th).]

[Footnote 341: _Ibid._ i. 479, _Maitland to Cecil_ (September 13th).]

[Footnote 342: For a description of the _First Book of Discipline_, cf.

Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_, etc. pp. 144 _ff._ The document

itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc.

ii. 515 _ff._]

[Footnote 343: For the _Book of Common Order_, cf. Mitchell's _Scottish

reformation_, pp. 133, _ff._ The Book itself is to be found in

(Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, ii. 383, _ff._ It has been

published with learned preface and notes by Sprott and Leishman

(Edinburgh, 1868).]