FOOTNOTE:

[1] This date is apparently settled by a letter from Kean in 1829, to

Dr Gibson (see _Rothesay Express_ for the 28th of June 1893, where

the letter is printed and vouched for), inviting him to dinner on the

17th of March to celebrate Kean's birthday; various other dates have

been given in books of reference, the 4th of November having been

formerly accepted by this Encyclopaedia.

KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839- ), American Roman Catholic archbishop, was

born in Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal, Ireland, on the 12th of September

1839. His family settled in America when he was seven years old. He was

educated at Saint Charles's College, Ellicott City, Maryland, and at

Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and in 1866 was ordained a priest and

made curate of St Patrick's, Washington, D.C. On the 25th of August 1878

he was consecrated Bishop of Richmond, to succeed James Gibbons, and he

had established the Confraternity of the Holy Ghost in that diocese, and

founded schools and churches for negroes before his appointment as

rector of the Catholic University, Washington, D.C., in 1886, and his

appointment in 1888 to the see of Ajasso. He did much to upbuild the

Catholic University, but his democratic and liberal policy made him

enemies at Rome, whence there came in 1896 a request for his resignation

of the rectorate, and where he spent the years 1897-1900 as canon of St

John Lateran, assistant bishop at the pontifical throne, and counsellor

to the Propaganda. In 1900 he was consecrated archbishop of Dubuque,

Iowa. He took a prominent part in the Catholic Young Men's National

Union and in the Total Abstinence Union of North America; and was in

general charge of the Catholic delegation to the World's Parliament of

Religions held at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. He lectured widely

on temperance, education and American institutions, and in 1890 was

Dudleian lecturer at Harvard University.

A selection from his writings and addresses was edited by Maurice

Francis Egan under the title _Onward and Upward: A Year Book_

(Baltimore, 1902).

KEARNEY, a city and the county-seat of Buffalo county, Nebraska, U.S.A.,

about 130 m. W. of Lincoln. Pop. (1890), 8074; (1900), 5634 (650

foreign-born); (1910), 6202. It is on the main overland line of the

Union Pacific, and on a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River

railroad. The city is situated in the broad, flat bottom-lands a short

distance N. of the Platte River. Lake Kearney, in the city, has an area

of 40 acres. The surrounding region is rich farming land, devoted

especially to the growing of alfalfa and Indian corn. At Kearney are a

State Industrial School for boys, a State Normal School, the Kearney

Military Academy, and a Carnegie library. Good water-power is provided

by a canal from the Platte River about 17 m. above Kearney, and the

city's manufactures include foundry and machine-shop products, flour and

bricks. Kearney Junction, as Kearney was called from 1872 to 1875, was

settled a year before the two railways actually formed their junction

here, where the city was planned. Kearney became a town in 1873, a city

of the second class and the county seat in 1874, and a city of the first

class in 1901. It is to be distinguished from an older and once famous

prairie city, popularly known as "Dobey Town" (i.e. Adobe), founded in

the early 'fifties on the edge of the reservation of old Fort Kearney

(removed in 1848 from Nebraska City), in Kearney county, on the S. shore

of the Platte about 6 m. S.E. of the present Kearney; here in 1861 the

post office of Kearney City was established. In the days of the prairie

freighting caravans Dobey Town was one of the most important towns

between Independence, Missouri, and the Pacific coast, and it had a

rough, wild, picturesque history; but it lost its immense freighting

interests after the Union Pacific had been extended through it in 1866.

The site of Dobey Town, together with the Fort, was abandoned in 1871.

Fort Kearney and the city too were named in honour of General Stephen W.

Kearny, and the name was at first correctly spelt without a second "e."

KEARNY, PHILIP (1815-1862), American soldier, was born in New York on

the 2nd of June 1815, and was originally intended for the legal

profession. He graduated at Columbia University (1833), but his bent was

decidedly towards soldiering, and in 1837 he obtained a commission in

the cavalry regiment of which his uncle, (General) Stephen Watts Kearny

(1794-1848), was colonel and Lieutenant Jefferson Davis adjutant. Two

years later he was sent to France to study the methods of cavalry

training in vogue there. Before his return to the United States in 1840

he had served, on leave, in Algeria. He had inherited a large fortune,

but he remained in the service, and his wide experience of cavalry work

caused him to be employed on the headquarters staff of the army. After

six more years' service Kearny left the army, but almost immediately

afterwards he rejoined, bringing with him a company of cavalry, which he

had raised and equipped chiefly at his own expense, to take part in the

Mexican war. In December 1846 he was promoted captain. In leading a

brilliant cavalry charge at Churubusco he lost his left arm, but he

remained at the front, and won the brevet of major for his gallantry at

Contreras and Churubusco. In 1851 he again resigned, to travel round the

world. He saw further active service with his old comrades of the French

cavalry in the Italian war of 1859, and received the cross of the Legion

of Honour for his conduct at Solferino. Up to the outbreak of the

American Civil War he lived in Paris, but early in 1861 he hastened home

to join the Federal army. At first as a brigade commander and later as a

divisional commander of infantry in the Army of the Potomac, he infused

into his men his own cavalry spirit of dash and bravery. At

Williamsburg, Seven Pines, and Second Bull Run, he displayed his usual

romantic courage, but at Chantilly (Sept. 1, 1862), after repulsing an

attack of the enemy, he rode out in the dark too far to the front, and

mistaking the Confederates for his own men was shot dead. His body was

sent to the Federal lines with a message from General Lee, and was

buried in Trinity Churchyard, New York. His commission as major-general

of volunteers was dated July 4, 1862, but he never received it.

See J. W. de Peyster, _Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny_

(New York, 1869).

KEARNY, a town of Hudson county, New Jersey, U.S.A., between the Passaic

and Hackensack rivers, adjoining Harrison, and connected with Newark by

bridges over the Passaic. Pop. (1900), 10,896, of whom 3597 were

foreign-born; (1910 census), 18,659. The New York & Greenwood Lake

division of the Erie railroad has a station at Arlington, the principal

village (in the N.W. part), which contains attractive residences of

Newark, Jersey City and New York City business men. The town covers an

area of about 7 sq. m., including a large tract of marsh-land. In Kearny

are railway repair shops of the Pennsylvania system, and a large

abattoir; and there are numerous manufactures. The value of the town's

factory products increased from $1,607,002 in 1900 to $4,427,904 in

1905, or 175.5%. Among its institutions are the State Soldiers' Home,

removed here from Newark in 1880, a Carnegie library, two Italian homes

for orphans, and a Catholic Industrial School for boys.

The neck of land between the Passaic and the Hackensack rivers, for 7 m.

N. from where they unite, was purchased from the proprietors of East

Jersey and from the Indians by Captain William Sandford in 1668 and

through Nathaniel Kingsland, sergeant-major of Barbadoes, received the

name "New Barbadoes." After the town under this name had been extended

considerably to the northward, the town of Lodi was formed out of the S.

portion in 1825, the town of Harrison was founded out of the S. portion

of Lodi in 1840, and in 1867 a portion of Harrison was set apart as a

township and named in honour of General Philip Kearny, a former

resident. Kearny was incorporated as a town in 1895.

KEARY, ANNIE (1825-1879), English novelist, was born near Wetherby,

Yorkshire, on the 3rd of March 1825, the daughter of an Irish clergyman.

She was the author of several children's books and novels, of which the

best known is _Castle Daly_, an Irish story. She also wrote an _Early

Egyptian History_ (1861) and _The Nation Around_ (1870). She died at

Eastbourne on the 3rd of March 1879.

KEATE, JOHN (1773-1852), English schoolmaster, was born at Wells,

Somersetshire, in 1773, the son of Prebendary William Keate. He was

educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he had a brilliant

career as a scholar; taking holy orders, he became, about 1797, an

assistant master at Eton College. In 1809 he was elected headmaster. The

discipline of the school was then in a most unsatisfactory condition,

and Dr Keate (who took the degree of D.D. in 1810) took stern measures

to improve it. His partiality for the birch became a by-word, but he

succeeded in restoring order and strengthening the weakened authority of

the masters. Beneath an outwardly rough manner the little man concealed

a really kind heart, and when he retired in 1834, the boys, who admired

his courage, presented him with a handsome testimonial. A couple of

years before he had publicly flogged eighty boys on one day. Keate was

made a canon of Windsor in 1820. He died on the 5th of March 1852 at

Hartley Westpall, Hampshire, of which parish he had been rector since

1824.

See Maxwell Lyte, _History of Eton College_ (3rd ed., 1899); Collins,

_Etoniana_; Harwood, _Alumni Etonienses; Annual Register_ (1852);

_Gentleman's Magazine_ (1852).

KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821), English poet, was born on the 29th or 31st of

October 1795 at the sign of the Swan and Hoop, 24 The Pavement,

Moorfields, London. He published his first volume of verse in 1817, his

second in the following year, his third in 1820, and died of consumption

at Rome on the 23rd of February 1821 in the fourth month of his

twenty-sixth year. (For the biographical facts see the later section of

this article.)

In Keats's first book there was little foretaste of anything greatly or

even genuinely good; but between the marshy and sandy flats of sterile

or futile verse there were undoubtedly some few purple patches of floral

promise. The style was frequently detestable--a mixture of sham

Spenserian and mock Wordsworthian, alternately florid and arid. His

second book, _Endymion_, rises in its best passages to the highest level

of Barnfield and of Lodge, the two previous poets with whom, had he

published nothing more, he might most properly have been classed; and

this, among minor minstrels, is no unenviable place. His third book

raised him at once to a foremost rank in the highest class of English

poets. Shelley, up to twenty, had written little or nothing that would

have done credit to a boy of ten; and of Keats also it may be said that

the merit of his work at twenty-five was hardly by comparison more

wonderful than its demerit at twenty-two. His first book fell as flat as

it deserved to fall; the reception of his second, though less

considerate than on the whole it deserved, was not more contemptuous

than that of immeasurably better books published about the same time by

Coleridge, Landor and Shelley. A critic of exceptional carefulness and

candour might have noted in the first book so singular an example of a

stork among the cranes as the famous and notable sonnet on Chapman's

Homer; a just judge would have indicated, a partial advocate might have

exaggerated, the value of such golden grain amid a garish harvest of

tares as the hymn to Pan and the translation into verse of Titian's

Bacchanal which glorify the weedy wilderness of _Endymion_. But the

hardest thing said of that poem by the _Quarterly_ reviewer was

unconsciously echoed by the future author of _Adonais_--that it was all

but absolutely impossible to read through; and the obscener insolence of

the "Blackguard's Magazine," as Landor afterwards very justly labelled

it, is explicable though certainly not excusable if we glance back at

such a passage as that where Endymion exchanges fulsome and liquorish

endearments with the "known unknown _from whom his being sips such

darling (!) essence_." Such nauseous and pitiful phrases as these, and

certain passages in his correspondence, make us understand the source of

the most offensive imputations or insinuations levelled against the

writer's manhood; and, while admitting that neither his love-letters,

nor the last piteous outcries of his wailing and shrieking agony, would

ever have been made public by merciful or respectful editors, we must

also admit that, if they ought never to have been published, it is no

less certain that they ought never to have been written; that a manful

kind of man or even a manly sort of boy, in his love-making or in his

suffering, will not howl and snivel after such a lamentable fashion. One

thing hitherto inexplicable a very slight and rapid glance at his

amatory correspondence will amply suffice to explain: how it came to

pass that the woman so passionately beloved by so great a poet should

have thought it the hopeless attempt of a mistaken kindness to revive

the memory of a man for whom the best that could be wished was complete

and compassionate oblivion. For the side of the man's nature presented

to her inspection, this probably was all that charity or reason could

have desired. But that there was a finer side to the man, even if

considered apart from the poet, his correspondence with his friends and

their general evidence to his character give more sufficient proof than

perhaps we might have derived from the general impression left on us by

his works; though indeed the preface to _Endymion_ itself, however

illogical in its obviously implied suggestion that the poem published

was undeniably unworthy of publication, gave proof or hint at least that

after all its author was something of a man. And the eighteenth of his

letters to Miss Brawne stands out in bright and brave contrast with such

as seem incompatible with the traditions of his character on its manlier

side. But if it must be said that he lived long enough only to give

promise of being a man, it must also be said that he lived long enough

to give assurance of being a poet who was not born to come short of the

first rank. Not even a hint of such a probability could have been

gathered from his first or even from his second appearance; after the

publication of his third volume it was no longer a matter of possible

debate among judges of tolerable competence that this improbability had

become a certainty. Two or three phrases cancelled, two or three lines

erased, would have left us in _Lamia_ one of the most faultless as

surely as one of the most glorious jewels in the crown of English

poetry. _Isabella_, feeble and awkward in narrative to a degree almost

incredible in a student of Dryden and a pupil of Leigh Hunt, is

overcharged with episodical effects of splendid and pathetic expression

beyond the reach of either. _The Eve of St Agnes_, aiming at no doubtful

success, succeeds in evading all casual difficulty in the line of

narrative; with no shadow of pretence to such interest as may be derived

from stress of incident or depth of sentiment, it stands out among all

other famous poems as a perfect and unsurpassable study in pure colour

and clear melody--a study in which the figure of Madeline brings back

upon the mind's eye, if only as moonlight recalls a sense of sunshine,

the nuptial picture of Marlowe's Hero and the sleeping presence of

Shakespeare's Imogen. Beside this poem should always be placed the less

famous but not less precious _Eve of St Mark_, a fragment unexcelled for

the simple perfection of its perfect simplicity, exquisite alike in

suggestion and in accomplishment. The triumph of _Hyperion_ is as nearly

complete as the failure of _Endymion_; yet Keats never gave such proof

of a manly devotion and rational sense of duty to his art as in his

resolution to leave this great poem unfinished; not, as we may gather

from his correspondence on the subject, for the pitiful reason assigned

by his publishers, that of discouragement at the reception given to his

former work, but on the solid and reasonable ground that a Miltonic

study had something in its very scheme and nature too artificial, too

studious of a foreign influence, to be carried on and carried out at

such length as was implied by his original design. Fortified and

purified as it had been on a first revision, when much introductory

allegory and much tentative effusion of sonorous and superfluous verse

had been rigorously clipped down or pruned away, it could not long have

retained spirit enough to support or inform the shadowy body of a

subject so little charged with tangible significance. The faculty of

assimilation as distinguished from imitation, than which there can be no

surer or stronger sign of strong and sure original genius, is not more

evident in the most Miltonic passages of the revised _Hyperion_ than in

the more Shakespearian passages of the unrevised tragedy which no

radical correction could have left other than radically incorrigible. It

is no conventional exaggeration, no hyperbolical phrase of flattery with

more sound than sense in it, to say that in this chaotic and puerile

play of _Otho the Great_ there are such verses as Shakespeare might not

without pride have signed at the age when he wrote and even at the age

when he rewrote the tragedy of _Romeo and Juliet_. The dramatic fragment

of _King Stephen_ shows far more power of hand and gives far more

promise of success than does that of Shelley's _Charles the First_. Yet

we cannot say with any confidence that even this far from extravagant

promise would certainly or probably have been kept; it is certain only

that Keats in these attempts did at least succeed in showing a

possibility of future excellence as a tragic or at least a romantic

dramatist. In every other line of high and serious poetry his triumph

was actual and consummate; here only was it no more than potential or

incomplete. As a ballad of the more lyrical order, _La Belle dame sans

merci_ is not less absolutely excellent, less triumphantly perfect in

force and clearness of impression, that as a narrative poem is _Lamia_.

In his lines on Robin Hood, and in one or two other less noticeable

studies of the kind, he has shown thorough and easy mastery of the

beautiful metre inherited by Fletcher from Barnfield and by Milton from

Fletcher. The simple force of spirit and style which distinguishes the

genuine ballad manner from all spurious attempts at an artificial

simplicity was once more at least achieved in his verses on the

crowning creation of Scott's humaner and manlier genius--Meg Merrilies.

No little injustice has been done to Keats by such devotees as fix their

mind's eye only on the more salient and distinctive notes of a genius

which in fact was very much more various and tentative, less limited and

peculiar, than would be inferred from an exclusive study of his more

specially characteristic work. But within the limits of that work must

we look of course for the genuine credentials of his fame; and highest

among them we must rate his unequalled and unrivalled odes. Of these

perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection, to the triumphant

achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to

human words, may be that to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn; the most

radiant, fervent and musical is that to a Nightingale; the most

pictorial and perhaps the tenderest in its ardour of passionate fancy is

that to Psyche; the subtlest in sweetness of thought and feeling is that

on Melancholy. Greater lyrical poetry the world may have seen than any

that is in these; lovelier it surely has never seen, nor ever can it

possibly see. From the divine fragment of an unfinished ode to Maia we

can but guess that if completed it would have been worthy of a place

beside the highest. His remaining lyrics have many beauties about them,

but none perhaps can be called thoroughly beautiful. He has certainly

left us one perfect sonnet of the first rank and as certainly he has

left us but one.

Keats has been promoted by modern criticism to a place beside

Shakespeare. The faultless force and the profound subtlety of his deep

and cunning instinct for the absolute expression of absolute natural

beauty can hardly be questioned or overlooked; and this is doubtless the

one main distinctive gift or power which denotes him as a poet among all

his equals, and gives him a right to rank for ever beside Coleridge and

Shelley. As a man, the two admirers who did best service to his memory

were Lord Houghton and Matthew Arnold. These alone, among all of their

day who have written of him without the disadvantage or advantage of a

personal acquaintance, have clearly seen and shown us the manhood of the

man. That ridiculous and degrading legend which imposed so strangely on

the generous tenderness of Shelley, while evoking the very natural and

allowable laughter of Byron, fell to dust at once for ever on the

appearance of Lord Houghton's biography, which gave perfect proof to all

time that "men have died and worms have eaten them" but not for fear of

critics or through suffering inflicted by reviews. Somewhat too

sensually sensitive Keats may have been in either capacity, but the

nature of the man was as far as was the quality of the poet above the

pitiful level of a creature whose soul could "let itself be snuffed out

by an article"; and, in fact, owing doubtless to the accident of a death

which followed so fast on his early appearance and his dubious reception

as a poet, the insolence and injustice of his reviewers in general have

been comparatively and even considerably exaggerated. Except from the

chief fountain-head of professional ribaldry then open in the world of

literary journalism, no reek of personal insult arose to offend his

nostrils; and the tactics of such unwashed malignants were inevitably

suicidal; the references to his brief experiment of apprenticeship to a

surgeon which are quoted from _Blackwood_, in the shorter as well as in

the longer memoir by Lord Houghton, could leave no bad odour behind them

save what might hang about men's yet briefer recollection of his

assailant's unmemorable existence. The false Keats, therefore, whom

Shelley pitied and Byron despised would have been, had he ever existed,

a thing beneath compassion or contempt. That such a man could have had

such a genius is almost evidently impossible; and yet more evident is

the proof which remains on everlasting record that none was ever further

from the chance of decline to such degradation than the real and actual

man who made that name immortal. (A. C. S.)

Subjoined are the chief particulars of Keats's life.

He was the eldest son of Thomas Keats and his wife Frances Jennings, and

was baptized at St Botolph's, Bishopsgate, on the 18th of December 1795.

The entry of his baptism is supplemented by a marginal note stating that

he was born on the 31st of October. Thomas Keats was employed in the

Swan and Hoop livery stables, Finsbury Pavement, London. He had married

his master's daughter, and managed the business on the retirement of his

father-in-law. In April 1804 Thomas Keats was killed by a fall from his

horse, and within a year of this event Mrs Keats married William

Rawlings, a stable-keeper. The marriage proved an unhappy one, and in

1806 Mrs Rawlings, with her children John, George, Thomas and Frances

Mary (afterwards Mrs Llanos, d. 1889), went to live at Edmonton with her

mother, who had inherited a considerable competence from her husband.

There is evidence that Keats's parents were by no means of the

commonplace type that might be hastily inferred from these associations.

They had desired to send their sons to Harrow, but John Keats and his

two brothers were eventually sent to a school kept by John Clarke at

Enfield, where he became intimate with his master's son, Charles Cowden

Clarke. His vivacity of temperament showed itself at school in a love of

fighting, but in the last year of his school life he developed a great

appetite for reading of all sorts. In 1810 he left school to be

apprenticed to Mr Thomas Hammond, a surgeon in Edmonton. He was still

within easy reach of his old school, where he frequently borrowed books,

especially the works of Spenser and the Elizabethans. With Hammond he

quarrelled before the termination of his apprenticeship, and in 1814 the

connexion was broken by mutual consent. His mother had died in 1810, and

in 1814 Mrs Jennings. The children were left in the care of two

guardians, one of whom, Richard Abbey, seems to have made himself solely

responsible. John Keats went to London to study at Guy's and St Thomas's

hospitals, living at first alone at 8 Dean Street, Borough, and later

with two fellow students in St Thomas's Street. It does not appear that

he neglected his medical studies, but his chief interest was turned to

poetry. In March 1816 he became a dresser at Guy's, but about the same

time his poetic gifts were stimulated by an acquaintance formed with

Leigh Hunt. His friendship with Benjamin Haydon, the painter, dates from

later in the same year. Hunt introduced him to Shelley, who showed the

younger poet a constant kindness. In 1816 Keats moved to the Poultry to

be with his brothers George and Tom, the former of whom was then

employed in his guardian's counting-house, but much of the poet's time

was spent at Leigh Hunt's cottage at Hampstead. In the winter of

1816-1817 he definitely abandoned medicine, and in the spring appeared

_Poems by John Keats_ dedicated to Leigh Hunt, and published by Charles

and James Ollier. On the 14th of April he left London to find quiet for

work. He spent some time at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, then at Margate and

Canterbury, where he was joined by his brother Tom. In the summer the

three brothers took lodgings in Well Walk, Hampstead, where Keats formed

a fast friendship with Charles Wentworth Dilke and Charles Armitage

Brown. In September of the same year (1817) he paid a visit to his

friend, Benjamin Bailey, at Oxford, and in November he finished

_Endymion_ at Burford Bridge, near Dorking. His youngest brother had

developed consumption, and in March John went to Teignmouth to nurse him

in place of his brother George, who had decided to sail for America with

his newly married wife, Georgiana Wylie. In May (1818) Keats returned to

London, and soon after appeared _Endymion: A Poetic Romance_ (1818),

bearing on the title-page as motto "The stretched metre of an antique

song." Late in June Keats and his friend Armitage Brown started on a

walking tour in Scotland, vividly described in the poet's letters. The

fatigue and hardship involved proved too great a strain for Keats, who

was forbidden by an Inverness doctor to continue his tour. He returned

to London by boat, arriving on the 18th of August. The autumn was spent

in constant attendance on his brother Tom, who died at the beginning of

December. There is no doubt that he resented the attacks on him in

_Blackwood's Magazine_ (August 1818), and the _Quarterly Review_ (April

1818, published only in September), but his chief preoccupations were

elsewhere. After his brother's death he went to live with his friend

Brown. He had already made the acquaintance of Fanny Brawne, a girl of

seventeen, who lived with her mother close by. For her Keats quickly

developed a consuming passion. He was in indifferent health, and, owing

partly to Mr Abbey's mismanagement, in difficulties for money.

Nevertheless his best work belongs to this period. In July 1819 he went

to Shanklin, living with James Rice. They were soon joined by Brown. The

next two months Keats spent with Brown at Winchester, enjoying an

interval of calmness due to his absence from Fanny Brawne. At Winchester

he completed _Lamia_ and _Otho the Great_, which he had begun in

conjunction with Brown, and began his historical tragedy of _King

Stephen_. Before Christmas he had returned to London and his bondage to

Fanny. In January 1820 his brother George paid a short visit to London,

but received no confidence from him. The fatal nature of Keats's illness

showed itself on the 3rd of February, but in March he recovered

sufficiently to be present at the private view of Haydon's picture of

"Christ's Entry into Jerusalem." In May he removed to a lodging in

Wesleyan Place, Kentish Town, to be near Leigh Hunt who eventually took

him into his house. In July appeared his third and last book, _Lamia,

Isabella, The Eve of St Agnes and other Poems_ (1820). Keats left the

Hunts abruptly in August in consequence of a delay in receiving one of

Fanny Brawne's letters which had been broken open by a servant. He went

to Wentworth Place, where he was taken in by the Brawnes. The suggestion

that he should spend the winter in Italy was followed up by an

invitation from Shelley to Pisa. This, however, he refused. But on the

18th of September 1820 he set out for Naples in company with Joseph

Severn, the artist, who had long been his friend. The travellers settled

in the Piazza de Spagna, Rome. Keats was devotedly tended by Dr

(afterwards Sir) James Clarke and Severn, and died on the 23rd of

February 1821. He was buried on the 27th in the old Protestant cemetery,

near the pyramid of Cestius.

Bibliography.--Keats's friends provided the material for the

authoritative biography of the poet by Richard Monckton Milnes

(afterwards Lord Houghton) entitled _Life, Letters and Literary

Remains of John Keats_ (1848; revised ed., 1867). _The Poetical Works

of John Keats_ were issued with a memoir by R. M. Milnes in 1854,

1863, 1865, 1866, 1867, and in the Aldine edition, 1876. The standard

edition of Keats is _The Poetical Works and other Writings of John

Keats now first brought together, including Poems and numerous Letters

not before published, edited with notes and appendices_ by Harry

Buxton Forman (4 vols., 1883; re-issue with corrections and additions,

1889). Of the many other editions of Keats's poems may be mentioned

that in the Muses' Library, _The Poems of John Keats_ (1896), edited

by G. Thorn Drury with an introduction by Robert Bridges, and another

by E. de Selincourt, 1905. _The Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne_

(1889) were edited with introduction and notes by H. Buxton Forman,

and the _Letters of John Keats to his Family and Friends_ (1891) by

Sidney Colvin, who is also the author of the monograph, _Keats_

(1887), in the English Men of Letters Series. See also _The Papers of

a Critic. Selected from the Writings of the late Charles Wentworth

Dilke_ (1875), and for further bibliographical information and

particulars of MS. sources the "Editor's Preface," &c. to a reprint

edited by H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow, 1900). A facsimile of Keats's

autograph MS. of "Hyperion," purchased by the British Museum in 1904,

was published by E. de Selincourt (Oxford, 1905). (M. Br.)

KEBLE, JOHN (1792-1866), English poet and divine, the author of the

_Christian Year_, was born on St Mark's Day (April 25), 1792, at

Fairford, Gloucestershire. He was the second child of the Rev. John

Keble and his wife Sarah Maule. Descended from a family which had

attained some legal eminence in the time of the Commonwealth, John

Keble, the father of the poet, was vicar of Coln St Aldwyn, but lived at

Fairford, about 3 m. distant from his cure. He was a clergyman of the

old High Church school, whose adherents, untouched by the influence of

the Wesleys, had moulded their piety on the doctrines on the non-jurors

and the old Anglican divines. Himself a good scholar, he did not send

his son to any school, but educated him and his brother at home so well

that both obtained scholarships at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. John

was elected scholar of Corpus in his fifteenth, and fellow of Oriel in

his nineteenth year, April 1811. In Easter term 1810 he had obtained

double first class honours, a distinction which had been obtained only

once before, by Sir Robert Peel. After his election to the Oriel

fellowship Keble gained the University prizes, both for the English

essay and also for the Latin essay. But he was more remarkable for the

rare beauty of his character than even for academic distinctions. Sir

John Taylor Coleridge, his fellow scholar at Corpus and his life-long

friend, says of him, after their friendship of five and fifty years had

closed, "It was the singular happiness of his nature, remarkable even in

his undergraduate days, that love for him was always sanctified by

reverence--reverence that did not make the love less tender, and love

that did but add intensity to the reverence." Oriel College was, at the

time when Keble became a fellow, the centre of all the finest ability in

Oxford. Copleston, Davison, Whately, were among the fellows who elected

Keble; Arnold, Pusey, Newman, were soon after added to the society. In

1815 Keble was ordained deacon, and priest in 1816. His real bent and

choice were towards a pastoral cure in a country parish; but he remained

in Oxford, acting first as a public examiner in the schools, then as a

tutor in Oriel, till 1823. In summer he sometimes took clerical work,

sometimes made tours on foot through various English counties, during

which he was composing poems, which afterwards took their place in the

_Christian Year_. He had a rare power of attracting to himself the

finest spirits, a power which lay not so much in his ability or his

genius as in his character, so simple, so humble, so pure, so unworldly,

yet wanting not that severity which can stand by principle and maintain

what he holds to be the truth. In 1823 he returned to Fairford, there to

assist his father, and with his brother to serve one or two small and

poorly endowed curacies in the neighbourhood of Coln. He had made a

quiet but deep impression on all who came within his influence in

Oxford, and during his five years of college tutorship had won the

affection of his pupils. But it was to pastoral work, and not to

academic duty, that he thenceforth devoted himself, associating with it,

and scarcely placing on a lower level, the affectionate discharge of his

duties as a son and brother. Filial piety influenced in a quite unusual

degree his feelings and his action all life through. It was in 1827, a

few years after he settled at Fairford, that he published the _Christian

Year_. The poems which make up that book had been the silent gathering

of years. Keble had purposed in his own mind to keep them beside him,

correcting and improving them, as long as he lived, and to leave them to

be published only "when he was fairly out of the way." This resolution

was at length overcome by the importunities of his friends, and above

all by the strong desire of his father to see his son's poems in print

before he died. Accordingly they were printed in two small volumes in

Oxford, and given to the world in June 1827, but with no name on the

title-page. The book continued to be published anonymously, but the name

of the author soon transpired.

Between 1827 and 1872 one hundred and fifty-eight editions had issued

from the press, and it has been largely reprinted since. The author, so

far from taking pride in his widespread reputation, seemed all his life

long to wish to disconnect his name with the book, and "as if he would

rather it had been the work of some one else than himself." This feeling

arose from no false modesty. It was because he knew that in these poems

he had painted his own heart, the best part of it; and he doubted

whether it was right thus to exhibit himself, and by the revelation of

only his better self, to win the good opinion of the world.

Towards the close of 1831 Keble was elected to fill the chair of the

poetry professorship in Oxford, as successor to his friend and admirer,

Dean Milman. This chair he occupied for ten eventful years. He delivered

a series of lectures, clothed in excellent idiomatic Latin (as was the

rule), in which he expounded a theory of poetry which was original and

suggestive. He looked on poetry as a vent for overcharged feeling, or a

full imagination, or some imaginative regret, which had not found their

natural outlet in life and action. This suggested to him a distinction

between what he called primary and secondary poets--the first employing

poetry to relieve their own hearts, the second, poetic artists,

composing poetry from some other and less impulsive motive. Of the

former kind were Homer, Lucretius, Burns, Scott; of the latter were

Euripides, Dryden, Milton. This view was set forth in an article

contributed to the _British Critic_ in 1838 on the life of Scott, and

was more fully developed in two volumes of _Praelectiones Academicae_.

His regular visits to Oxford kept him in intercourse with his old

friends in Oriel common room, and made him familiar with the currents of

feeling which swayed the university. Catholic emancipation and the

Reform Bill had deeply stirred, not only the political spirit of Oxford,

but also the church feeling which had long been stagnant. Cardinal

Newman writes, "On Sunday July 14, 1833, Mr Keble preached the assize

sermon in the University pulpit. It was published under the title of

_National Apostasy_. I have ever considered and kept the day as the

start of the religious movement of 1833." The occasion of this sermon

was the suppression, by Earl Grey's Reform ministry, of ten Irish

bishoprics. Against the spirit which would treat the church as the mere

creature of the state Keble had long chafed inwardly, and now he made

his outward protest, asserting the claim of the church to a heavenly

origin and a divine prerogative. About the same time, and partly

stimulated by Keble's sermon, some leading spirits in Oxford and

elsewhere began a concerted and systematic course of action to revive

High Church principles and the ancient patristic theology, and by these

means both to defend the church against the assaults of its enemies, and

also to raise to a higher tone the standard of Christian life in

England. This design embodied itself in the Tractarian movement, a name

it received from the famous _Tracts for the Times_, which were the

vehicle for promulgating the new doctrines. If Keble is to be reckoned,

as Newman would have it, as the primary author of the movement, it was

from Pusey that it received one of its best known names, and in Newman

that it soon found its genuine leader. To the tracts Keble made only

four contributions:--No. 4, containing an argument, in the manner of

Bishop Butler, to show that adherence to apostolical succession is the

safest course; No. 13, which explains the principle on which the Sunday

lessons in the church service are selected; No. 40, on marriage with one

who is unbaptized; No. 89, on the mysticism attributed to the early

fathers of the church. Besides these contributions from his own pen, he

did much for the series by suggesting subjects, by reviewing tracts

written by others, and by lending to their circulation the weight of his

personal influence.

In 1835 Keble's father died at the age of ninety, and soon after this

his son married Miss Clarke, left Fairford, and settled at Hursley

vicarage in Hampshire, a living to which he had been presented by his

friend and attached pupil, Sir William Heathcote, and which continued to

be Keble's home and cure for the remainder of his life.

In 1841 the tracts were brought to an abrupt termination by the

publication of Newman's tract No. 90. All the Protestantism of England

was in arms against the author of the obnoxious tract. Keble came

forward at the time, desirous to share the responsibility and the blame,

if there was any; for he had seen the tract before it was published, and

approved it. The same year in which burst this ecclesiastical storm saw

the close of Keble's tenure of the professorship of poetry, and

thenceforward he was seen but rarely in Oxford. No other public event

ever affected Keble so deeply as the secession of Newman to the Church

of Rome in 1845. It was to him both a public and a private sorrow, which

nothing could repair. But he did not lose heart; at once he threw

himself into the double duty, which now devolved on himself and Pusey,

of counselling the many who had hitherto followed the movement, and who,

now in their perplexity, might be tempted to follow their leader's

example, and at the same time of maintaining the rights of the church

against what he held to be the encroachments of the state, as seen in

such acts as the Gorham judgment, and the decision on _Essays and

Reviews_. In all the ecclesiastical contests of the twenty years which

followed 1845, Keble took a part, not loud or obtrusive, but firm and

resolute, in maintaining those High Anglican principles with which his

life had been identified. These absorbing duties, added to his parochial

work, left little time for literature. But in 1846 he published the

_Lyra Innocentium_; and in 1863 he completed a life of Bishop Wilson.

In the late autumn of the latter year, Keble left Hursley for the sake

of his wife's health, and sought the milder climate of Bournemouth.

There he had an attack of paralysis, from which he died on the 29th of

March 1866. He was buried in his own churchyard at Hursley; and in

little more than a month his wife was laid by her husband's side.

Keble also published _A Metrical Version of the Psalter_ (1839), _Lyra

Innocentium_ (1846), and a volume of poems was published posthumously.

But it is by the _Christian Year_ that he won the ear of the religious

world. It was a happy thought that dictated the plan of the book, to

furnish a meditative religious lyric for each Sunday of the year, and

for each saint's day and festival of the English Church. The subject

of each poem is generally suggested by some part of the lessons or the

gospel or the epistle for the day. One thing which gives these poems

their strangely unique power is the sentiment to which they appeal,

and the saintly character of the poet who makes the appeal, illumining

more or less every poem.

The intimacy with the Bible which is manifest in the pages of the

_Christian Year_; and the unobtrusive felicity with which Biblical

sentiments and language are introduced have done much to endear these

poems to all Bible readers. "The exactness of the descriptions of

Palestine, which Keble had never visited, have been noted, and

verified on the spot," by Dean Stanley. He points to features of the

lake of Gennesareth, which were first touched in the _Christian Year_;

and he observes that throughout the book "the Biblical scenery is

treated graphically as real scenery, and the Biblical history and

poetry as real history and poetry."

As to its style, the _Christian Year_ is calm and grave in tone, and

subdued in colour, as beseems its subjects and sentiments. The

contemporary poets whom Keble most admired were Scott, Wordsworth and

Southey; and of their influence traces are visible in his diction. Yet

he has a style of language and a cadence of his own, which steal into

the heart with strangely soothing power. Some of the poems are

faultless, after their kind, flowing from the first stage to the last,

lucid in thought, vivid in diction, harmonious in their pensive

melody. In others there are imperfections in rhythm, conventionalities

of language, obscurities or over-subtleties of thought, which mar the

reader's enjoyment. Yet even the most defective poems commonly have,

at least, a single verse, expressing some profound thought or tender

shade of feeling, for which the sympathetic reader willingly pardons

artistic imperfections in the rest.

Keble's life was written by his life-long friend Mr Justice J. T.

Coleridge. The following is a complete list of his writings:--1. Works

published in Keble's lifetime: _Christian Year_ (1827); _Psalter_

(1839); _Praelectiones Academicae_ (1844); _Lyra Innocentium_ (1846);

_Sermons Academical_ (1848); _Argument against Repeal of Marriage

Law_, and _Sequel_ (1857); _Eucharistical Adoration_ (1857); _Life of

Bishop Wilson_ (1863); _Sermons Occasional and Parochial_ (1867). 2.

Posthumous publications: _Village Sermons on the Baptismal Service_

(1868); _Miscellaneous Poems_ (1869); _Letters of Spiritual Counsel_

(1870); _Sermons for the Christian Year, &c._ (11 vols., 1875-1880);

_Occasional Papers and Reviews_ (1877); _Studia Sacra_ (1877);

_Outlines of Instruction or Meditation_ (1880).

KECSKEMET, a town of Hungary, in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun,

65 m. S.S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 56,786. Kecskemet is a

poorly built and straggling town, situated in the extensive Kecskemet

plain. It contains monasteries belonging to the Piarist and Franciscan

orders, a Catholic (founded in 1714), a Calvinistic and a Lutheran

school. The manufacture of soap and leather are the principal

industries. Besides the raising of cereals, fruit is extensively

cultivated in the surrounding district; its apples and apricots are

largely exported, large quantities of wine are produced, and

cattle-rearing constitutes another great source of revenue. Kecskemet

was the birthplace of the Hungarian dramatist Jozsef Katona (1792-1830),

author of the historical drama, _Bank-Ban_ (1815).

KEDDAH (from Hindu _Khedna_, to chase), the term, used in India for the

enclosure constructed to entrap elephants. In Ceylon the word employed

in the same meaning is _corral_.

KEDGEREE (Hindostani, _khichri_), an Indian dish, composed of boiled

rice and various highly-flavoured ingredients. Kedgeree is of two kinds,

white and yellow. The white is made with grain, onions, ghee (clarified

butter), cloves, pepper and salt. Yellow kedgeree includes eggs, and is

coloured by turmeric. Kedgeree is a favourite and universal dish in

India; among the poorer classes it is frequently made of rice and pulse

only, or rice and beans. In European cookery kedgeree is a similar dish

usually made with fish.

KEEL, the bottom timber or combination of plates of a ship or boat,

extending longitudinally from bow to stern, and supporting the framework

(see SHIP-BUILDING). The origin of the word has been obscured by

confusion of two words, the Old Norwegian _kjole_ (cf. Swedish _kol_)

and a Dutch and German _kiel_. The first had the meaning of the English

"keel," the other of ship, boat. The modern usage in Dutch and German

has approximated to the English. The word _kiel_ is represented in old

English by _ceol_, a word applied to the long war galleys of the

Vikings, in which sense "keel" or "keele" is still used by

archaeologists. On the Tyne "keel" is the name given to a flat-bottomed

vessel used to carry coals to the colliers. There is another word

"keel," meaning to cool, familiar in Shakespeare (_Love's Labour Lost_,

v. ii. 930), "while greasy Joan doth keel the pot," i.e. prevents a pot

from boiling over by pouring in cold water, &c., stirring or skimming.

This is from the Old English _celan_, to cool, a common Teutonic word,

cf. German _kuhlen_.

KEELEY, MARY ANNE (1806-1899), English actress, was born at Ipswich on

the 22nd of November 1805 or 1806. Her maiden name was Goward, her

father being a brazier and tinman. After some experience in the

provinces, she first appeared on the stage in London on the 2nd of July

1825, in the opera _Rosina_. It was not long before she gave up "singing

parts" in favour of the drama proper, where her powers of

character-acting could have scope. In June 1829 she married Robert

Keeley (1793-1869), an admirable comedian, with whom she had often

appeared. Between 1832 and 1842 they acted at Covent Garden, at the

Adelphi with Buckstone, at the Olympic with Charles Mathews, and at

Drury Lane with Macready. In 1836 they visited America. In 1838 she made

her first great success as Nydia, the blind girl, in a dramatized

version of Bulwer Lytton's _The Last Days of Pompeii_, and followed this

with an equally striking impersonation of Smike in _Nicholas Nickleby_.

In 1839 came her decisive triumph with her picturesque and spirited

acting as the hero of a play founded upon Harrison Ainsworth's _Jack

Sheppard_. So dangerous was considered the popularity of the play, with

its glorification of the prison-breaking felon, that the lord

chamberlain ultimately forbade the performance of any piece upon the

subject. It is perhaps mainly as Jack Sheppard that Mrs Keeley lived in

the memory of playgoers, despite her long subsequent career in plays

more worthy of her remarkable gifts. Under Macready's management she

played Nerissa in _The Merchant of Venice_, and Audrey in _As You Like

It_. She managed the Lyceum with her husband from 1844 to 1847; acted

with Webster and Kean at the Haymarket; returned for five years to the

Adelphi; and made her last regular public appearance at the Lyceum in

1859. A public reception was given her at this theatre on her 90th

birthday. She died on the 12th of March 1899.

See Walter Goodman, _The Keeleys on the Stage and off_ (London, 1895).

KEELING ISLANDS (often called COCOS and COCOS-KEELING ISLANDS), a group

of coral islands in the Indian Ocean, between 12 deg. 4' and 12 deg. 13'

S., and 96 deg. 49'-57' E., but including a smaller island in 11 deg.

50' N. and 96 deg. 50' E. The group furnished Charles Darwin with the

typical example of an atoll or lagoon island. There are altogether

twenty-three small islands, 9(1/2) m. being the greatest width of the

whole atoll. The lagoon is very shallow and the passages between many of

the islands are fordable on foot. An opening on the northern side of the

reef permits the entrance of vessels into the northern part of the

lagoon, which forms a good harbour known as Port Refuge or Port Albion.

The coco-nut (as the name Cocos Islands indicates) is the characteristic

product and is cultivated on all the islands. The flora is scanty in

species. One of the commonest living creatures is a monstrous crab which

lives on the coco-nuts; and in some places also there are great colonies

of the pomegranate crab. The group was visited by Dr H. O. Forbes in

1878, and later, at the expense of Sir John Murray, by Dr Guppy, Mr

Ridley and Dr Andrews. The object of their visits was the investigation

of the fauna and flora of the atoll, more especially of the formation of

the coral reefs. Dr Guppy was fortunate in reaching North Keeling

Island, where a landing is only possible during the calmest weather. The

island he found to be about a mile long, with a shallow enclosed lagoon,

less than 3 ft. deep at ordinary low water, with a single opening on its

east or weather side. A dense vegetation of iron-wood (_Cordia_) and

other trees and shrubs, together with a forest of coco-nut palms, covers

its surface. It is tenanted by myriads of sea-fowl, frigate-birds,

boobies, and terns (_Gygis candida_), which find here an excellent

nesting-place, for the island is uninhabited, and is visited only once

or twice a year. The excrement from this large colony has changed the

carbonate of lime in the soil and the coral nodules on the surface into

phosphates, to the extent in some cases of 60-70%, thus forming a

valuable deposit, beneficial to the vegetation of the island itself and

promising commercial value. The lagoon is slowly filling up and becoming

cultivable land, but the rate of recovery from the sea has been

specially marked since the eruption of Krakatoa, the pumice from which

was washed on to it in enormous quantity, so that the lagoon advanced

its shores from 20 to 30 yards. Forbes's and Guppy's investigations go

to show that, contrary to Darwin's belief, there is no evidence of

upheaval or of subsidence in either of the Keeling groups.

The atoll has an exceedingly healthy climate, and might well be used as

a sanatorium for phthisical patients, the temperature never reaching

extremes. The highest annual reading of the thermometer hardly ever

exceeds 89 deg. F. or falls beneath 70 deg. The mean temperature for the

year is 78.5 deg. F., and as the rainfall rarely exceeds 40 in. the

atmosphere never becomes unpleasantly moist. The south-east trade blows

almost ceaselessly for ten months of the year. Terrific storms sometimes

break over the island; and it has been more than once visited by

earthquakes. A profitable trade is done in coco-nuts, but there are few

other exports. The imports are almost entirely foodstuffs and other

necessaries for the inhabitants, who form a patriarchal colony under a

private proprietor.

The islands were discovered in 1609 by Captain William Keeling on his

voyage from Batavia to the Cape. In 1823 Alexander Hare, an English

adventurer, settled on the southernmost island with a number of slaves.

Some two or three years after, a Scotchman, J. Ross, who had commanded a

brig during the English occupation of Java, settled with his family (who

continued in the ownership) on Direction Island, and his little colony

was soon strengthened by Hare's runaway slaves. The Dutch Government had

in an informal way claimed the possession of the islands since 1829; but

they refused to allow Ross to hoist the Dutch flag, and accordingly the

group was taken under British protection in 1856. In 1878 it was

attached to the government of Ceylon, and in 1882 placed under the

authority of the governor of the Straits Settlements. The ownership and

superintendency continued in the Ross family, of whom George Clunies

Ross died in 1910, and was succeeded by his son Sydney.

See C. Darwin, _Journal of the Voyage of the "Beagle,"_ and

_Geological Observations on Coral Reefs_; also Henry O. Forbes, _A

Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago_ (London, 1884); H.

B. Guppy, "The Cocos-Keeling Islands," _Scottish Geographical

Magazine_ (vol. v., 1889).

KEEL-MOULDING, in architecture, a round on which there is a small

fillet, somewhat like the keel of a ship. It is common in the Early

English and Decorated styles.

KEENE, CHARLES SAMUEL (1823-1891), English black-and-white artist, the

son of Samuel Browne Keene, a solicitor, was born at Hornsey on the 10th

of August 1823. Educated at the Ipswich Grammar School until his

sixteenth year, he early showed artistic leanings. Two years after the

death of his father he was articled to a London solicitor, but, the

occupation proving uncongenial, he was removed to the office of an

architect, Mr Pilkington. His spare time was now spent in drawing

historical and nautical subjects in water-colour. For these trifles his

mother, to whose energy and common sense he was greatly indebted, soon

found a purchaser, through whom he was brought to the notice of the

Whympers, the wood-engravers. This led to his being bound to them as

apprentice for five years. His earliest known design is the

frontispiece, signed "Chas. Keene," to _The Adventures of Dick Boldhero

in Search of his Uncle_, &c. (Darton & Co., 1842). His term of

apprenticeship over, he hired as studio an attic in the block of

buildings standing, up to 1900, between the Strand and Holywell Street,

and was soon hard at work for the _Illustrated London News_. At this

time he was a member of the "Artists' Society" in Clipstone Street,

afterwards removed to the Langham studios. In December 1851 he made his

first appearance in _Punch_ and, after nine years of steady work, was

called to a seat at the famous table. It was during this period of

probation that he first gave evidence of those transcendent qualities

which make his work at once the joy and despair of his brother

craftsmen. On the starting of _Once a Week_, in 1859, Keene's services

were requisitioned, his most notable series in this periodical being the

illustrations to Charles Reade's _A Good Fight_ (afterwards rechristened

_The Cloister and the Hearth_) and to George Meredith's _Evan

Harrington_. There is a quality of conventionality in the earlier of

these which completely disappears in the later. In 1858 Keene, who was

endowed with a fine voice and was an enthusiastic admirer of

old-fashioned music, joined the "Jermyn Band," afterwards better known

as the "Moray Minstrels." He was also for many years a member of

Leslie's Choir, the Sacred Harmonic Society, the Catch, Glee and Canon

Club, and the Bach Choir. He was also an industrious performer on the

bagpipes, of which instrument he brought together a considerable

collection of specimens. About 1863 the Arts Club in Hanover Square was

started, with Keene as one of the original members. In 1864 John Leech

died, and Keene's work in _Punch_ thenceforward found wider

opportunities. It was about this time that the greatest of all modern

artists of his class, Menzel, discovered Keene's existence, and became a

subscriber to _Punch_ solely for the sake of enjoying week by week the

work of his brother craftsman. In 1872 Keene, who, though fully

possessed of the humorous sense, was not within measurable distance of

Leech as a jester, and whose drawings were consequently not sufficiently

"funny" to appeal to the laughter-loving public, was fortunate enough to

make the acquaintance of Mr Joseph Crawhall, who had been in the habit

for many years of jotting down any humorous incidents he might hear of

or observe, illustrating them at leisure for his own amusement. These

were placed unreservedly at Keene's disposal, and to their inspiration

we owe at least 250 of his most successful drawings in the last twenty

years of his connexion with _Punch_. A list of more than 200 of these

subjects is given at the end of _The Life and Letters of Charles Keene

of "Punch."_ In 1879 Keene removed to 239 King's Road, Chelsea, which he

occupied until his last illness, walking daily to and from his house,

112 Hammersmith Road. In 1881 a volume of his _Punch_ drawings was

published by Messrs Bradbury & Agnew, with the title _Our People_. In

1883 Keene, who had hitherto been a strong man, developed symptoms of

dyspepsia and rheumatism. By 1889 these had increased to an alarming

degree, and the last two years of his life were passed in acute

suffering borne with the greatest courage. He died unmarried, after a

singularly uneventful life, on the 4th of January 1891, and his body

lies in Hammersmith cemetery.

Keene, who never had any regular art training, was essentially an

artists' artist. He holds the foremost place amongst English craftsmen

in black and white, though his work has never been appreciated at its

real value by the general public. No doubt the main reason for this

lack of public recognition was his unconventionality. He drew his

models exactly as he saw them, not as he knew the world wanted to see

them. He found enough beauty and romance in all that was around him,

and, in his _Punch_ work, enough subtle humour in nature seized at her

most humorous moments to satisfy him. He never required his models to

grin through a horse collar, as Gillray did, or to put on their

company manners, as was du Maurier's wont. But Keene was not only a

brilliant worker in pen and ink. As an etcher he has also to be

reckoned with, notwithstanding the fact that his plates numbered not

more than fifty at the outside. Impressions of them are exceedingly

rare, and hardly half a dozen of the plates are now known to be in

existence. He himself regarded them only as experiments in a difficult

but fascinating medium. But in the opinion of the expert they suffice

to place him among the best etchers of the 19th century. Apart from

the etched frontispieces to some of the _Punch_ pocket-books, only

three, and these by no means the best, have been published. Writing

in _L'Artiste_ for May 1891 of a few which he had seen, Bracquemond

says: "By the freedom, the largeness of their drawing and execution,

these plates must be classed amongst modern etchings of the first

rank." A few impressions are in the British Museum, but in the main

they were given away to friends and lie hidden in the albums of the

collector.

AUTHORITIES.--G. S. Layard, _Life and Letters of Charles Keene of

"Punch"; The Work of Charles Keene_, with an introduction and notes by

Joseph Pennell, and a bibliography by W. H. Chesson; M. H. Spielmann,

_The History of "Punch"_; M. Charpentier, _La Vie Moderne_, No. 14

(1880); M. H. Spielmann, _Magazine of Art_ (March 1891); M.

Bracquemond, _L'Artiste_ (May 1891); G. S. Layard, _Scribner's_ (April

1892); Joseph Pennell, _Century_ (Oct. 1897); George du Maurier,

_Harper's_ (March 1898). (G. S. I.)

KEENE, LAURA (c. 1820-1873), Anglo-American actress and manager, whose

real name was Mary Moss, was born in England. In 1851, in London, she

was playing Pauline in _The Lady of Lyons_. She made her first

appearance in New York on the 20th of September 1852, on her way to

Australia. She returned in 1855 and till 1863 managed Laura Keene's

theatre, in which was produced, in 1858, _Our American Cousin_. It was

her company that was playing at Ford's theatre, Washington, on the night

of Lincoln's assassination. Miss Keene was a successful melodramatic

actress, and an admirable manager. She died at Montclair, New Jersey, on

the 4th of November 1873.

See John Creahan's _Life of Laura Keene_ (1897).

KEENE, a city and the county-seat of Cheshire county, New Hampshire,

U.S.A., on the Ashuelot river, about 45 m. S.W. of Concord, N.H., and

about 92 m. W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. (1900), 9165, of whom 1255 were

foreign-born; (1910 census), 10,068. Area, 36.5 sq. m. It is served by

the Boston & Maine railroad and by the Fitchburg railroad (leased by the

Boston & Maine). The site is level, but is surrounded by ranges of lofty

hills--Monadnock Mountain is about 10 m. S.E. Most of the streets are

pleasantly shaded. There are three parks, with a total area of about 219

acres; and in Central Square stands a soldiers' and sailors' monument

designed by Martin Milmore and erected in 1871. The principal buildings

are the city hall, the county buildings and the city hospital. The

Public Library had in 1908 about 16,300 volumes. There are repair shops

of the Boston & Maine railroad here, and manufactures of boots and

shoes, woollen goods, furniture (especially chairs), pottery, &c. The

value of the factory product in 1905 was $2,690,967. The site of Keene

was one of the Massachusetts grants made in 1733, but Canadian Indians

made it untenable and it was abandoned from 1746 until 1750. In 1753 it

was incorporated and was named Keene, in honour of Sir Benjamin Keene

(1697-1757), the English diplomatist, who as agent for the South Sea

Company and Minister in Madrid, and as responsible for the commercial

treaty between England and Spain in 1750, was in high reputation at the

time; it was chartered as a city in 1874.

KEEP, ROBERT PORTER (1844-1904), American scholar, was born in

Farmington, Connecticut, on the 26th of April 1844. He graduated at Yale

in 1865, was instructor there for two years, was United States consul at

the Piraeus in Greece in 1869-1871, taught Greek in Williston Seminary,

Easthampton, Massachusetts, in 1876-1885, and was principal of Norwich

Free Academy, Norwich, Conn., from 1885 to 1903, the school owing its

prosperity to him hardly less than to its founders. In 1903 he took

charge of Miss Porter's school for girls at Farmington, Conn., founded

in 1844 and long controlled by his aunt, Sarah Porter. He died in

Farmington on the 3rd of June 1904.

KEEP (corresponding to the French _donjon_), in architecture the inmost

and strongest part of a medieval castle, answering to the citadel of

modern times. The arrangement is said to have originated with Gundulf,

bishop of Rochester (d. 1108), architect of the White Tower. The Norman

keep is generally a very massive square tower. There is generally a well

in a medieval keep, ingeniously concealed in the thickness of a wall or

in a pillar. The most celebrated keeps of Norman times in England are

the White Tower in London, those at Rochester Arundel and Newcastle,

Castle Hedingham, &c. When the keep was circular, as at Conisborough and

Windsor, it was called a "shell-keep" (see CASTLE). The verb "to keep,"

from which the noun with its particular meaning here treated was formed,

appears in O.E. as _cepan_, of which the derivation is unknown; no words

related to it are found in cognate languages. The earliest meaning (c.

1000) appears to have been to lay hold of, to seize, from which its

common uses of to guard, observe, retain possession of, have developed.

KEEWATIN, a district of Canada, bounded E. by Committee Bay, Fox

Channel, and Hudson and James bays, S. and S.W. by the Albany and

English rivers, Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson river, W. by the

100th meridian, and N. by Simpson and Rae straits and gulf and peninsula

of Boothia; thus including an area of 445,000 sq. m. Its surface is in

general barren and rocky, studded with innumerable lakes with

intervening elevations, forest-clad below 60 deg. N., but usually bare

or covered with moss or lichens, forming the so-called "barren lands" of

the north. With the exception of a strip of Silurian and Devonian rocks,

40 to 80 m. wide, extending from the vicinity of the Severn river to the

Churchill, and several isolated areas of Cambrian and Huronian, the

district is occupied by Laurentian rocks. The principal river is the

Nelson, which, with its great tributary, the Saskatchewan, is 1450 m.

long; other tributaries are the Berens, English, Winnipeg, Red and

Assiniboine. The Hayes, Severn and Winisk also flow from the south-west

into Hudson Bay, and the Ekwan, Attawapiskat and Albany, 500 m. long,

into James Bay. The Churchill, 925 m., Thlewliaza, Maguse, and Ferguson

rivers discharge into Hudson Bay on the west side; the Kazan, 500 m.,

and Dubawnt, 660 m., into Chesterfield Inlet; and Back's river, rising

near Aylmer Lake, flows north-eastwards 560 m. to the Arctic Ocean. The

principal lakes are St Joseph and Seul on the southern boundary;

northern part of Lake Winnipeg, 710 ft. above the sea; Island; South

Indian; Etawney; Nueltin; Yathkyed, at an altitude of 300 ft.; Maguse;

Kaminuriak; Baker, 30 ft.; Aberdeen, 130 ft.; and Garry. The principal

islands are Southampton, area 17,800 sq. m.; Marble Island, the usual

wintering place for whaling vessels; and Bell and Coats Islands, in

Hudson Bay; and Akimiski, in James Bay.

A few small communities at the posts of the Hudson Bay Company

constitute practically the whole of the white population. In 1897 there

were 852 Indians in the Churchill and Nelson rivers district, but no

figures are available for the district as a whole. The principal posts

in Keewatin are Norway House, near the outlet of Lake Winnipeg; Oxford

House, on the lake of the same name; York Factory, at the mouth of Hayes

river; and Forts Severn and Churchill, at the mouths of the Severn and

Churchill rivers respectively. In 1905 the district of Keewatin was

included in the North-West Territories and the whole placed under an

administrator or acting governor. The derivation of the name is from the

Cree--the "north wind."

KEF, more correctly El-Kef (the Rock), a town of Tunisia, 125 m. by rail

S.S.W. of the capital, and 75 m. S.E. of Bona in Algeria. It occupies

the site of the Roman colony of Sicca Veneria, and is built on the steep

slope of a rock in a mountainous region through which flows the

Mellegue, an affluent of the Mejerda. Situated at the intersection of

main routes from the west and south, Kef occupies a position of

strategic importance. Though distant some 22 m. from the Algerian

frontier it was practically a border post, and its walls and citadel

were kept in a state of defence by the Tunisians. The town with its

half-dozen mosques and tortuous, dirty streets, is still partly walled.

The southern part of the wall has however been destroyed by the French,

and the remainder is being left to decay. Beyond the part of the wall

destroyed is the French quarter. The _kasbah_, or citadel, occupies a

rocky eminence on the west side of the town. It was built, or rebuilt,

by the Turks, the material being Roman. It has been restored by the

French, who maintain a garrison here.

The Roman remains include fragments of a large temple dedicated to

Hercules, and of the baths. The ancient cisterns remain, but are empty,

being used as part of the barracks. The town is however supplied by

water from the same spring which filled the cisterns. The Christian

cemetery is on the site of a basilica. There are ruins of another

Christian basilica, excavated by the French, the apse being intact and

the narthex serving as a church. Many stones with Roman inscriptions are

built into the walls of Arab houses. The modern town is much smaller

than the Roman colony. Pop. about 6000, including about 100 Europeans

(chiefly Maltese).

The Roman colony of Sicca Veneria appears from the character of its

worship of Venus (Val. Max. ii. 6, S 15) to have been a Phoenician

settlement. It was afterwards a Numidian stronghold, and under the

Caesars became a fashionable residential city and one of the chief

centres of Christianity in North Africa. The Christian apologist

Arnobius the Elder lived here.

See H. Barth, _Die Kustenlander des Mittelmeeres_ (1849); _Corpus

Inscript. Lat._, vol. viii.; Sombrun in _Bull. de la soc. de geog. de

Bordeaux_ (1878). Also Cardinal Newman's Callista: _a Sketch of the

Third Century_ (1856), for a "reconstruction" of the manner of life of

the early Christians and their oppressors.

KEHL, a town in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the right bank of the

Rhine, opposite Strassburg, with which it is connected by a railway

bridge and a bridge of boats. Pop. 4000. It has a considerable river

trade in timber, tobacco and coal, which has been developed by the

formation of a harbour with two basins. The chief importance of Kehl is

its connexion with the military defence of Strassburg, to the strategic

area of which it belongs. It is encircled by the strong forts Bose,

Blumenthal and Kirchbach of that system. In 1678 Kehl was taken from the

imperialists by the French, and in 1683 a new fortress, built by Vauban,

was begun. In 1697 it was restored to the Empire and was given to Baden,

but in 1703 and again in 1733 it was taken by the French, who did not

however retain it for very long. In 1793 the French again took the town,

which was retaken by the Austrians and was restored to Baden in 1803. In

1808 the French, again in possession, restored the fortifications, but

these were dismantled in 1815, when Kehl was again restored to Baden. In

August 1870, during the Franco-German War, the French shelled the

defenceless town.

KEIGHLEY (locally KEITHLEY), a municipal borough in the Keighley

parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 17 m.

W.N.W. of Leeds, on branches of the Great Northern and Midland railways.

Pop. (1901), 41,564. It is beautifully situated in a deep valley near

the junction of the Worth with the Aire. A canal between Liverpool and

Hull affords it water communication with both west and east coasts. The

principal buildings are the parish church of St Andrew (dating from the

time of Henry I., modernized in 1710, rebuilt with the exception of the

tower in 1805, and again rebuilt in 1878), and the handsome Gothic

mechanics' institute and technical school (1870). A grammar school was

founded in 1713, the operations of which have been extended so as to

embrace a trade school (1871) for boys, and a grammar school for girls.

The principal industries are manufactures of woollen goods, spinning,

sewing and washing machines, and tools. The town was incorporated in

1882, and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18

councillors.

KEI ISLANDS [_Ke_, _Key_, _Kii_, &c.; native, _Ewab_], a group in the

Dutch East Indies, in the residency of Amboyna, between 5 deg. and 6

deg. 5' S. and 131 deg. 50' and 133 deg. 15' E., and consisting of four

parts: Nuhu-Iut or Great Kei, Roa or Little Kei, the Tayanda, and the

Kur group. Great Kei differs physically in every respect from the other

groups. It is of Tertiary formation (Miocene), and has a chain of

volcanic elevations along the axis, reaching a height of 2600 ft. Its

area is 290 sq. m., the total land area of the group being 572 sq. m.

All the other islands are of post-Tertiary formation and of level

surface. The group has submarine connexion, under relatively shallow

sea, with the Timorlaut group to the south-west and the chain of islands

extending north-west towards Ceram; deep water separates it on the east

from the Aru Islands and on the west from the inner islands of the Banda

Sea. Among the products are coco-nuts, sago, fish, trepang, timber,

copra, maize, yams and tobacco. The population is about 23,000, of whom

14,900 are pagans, and 8300 Mahommedans.

The inhabitants are of three types. There is the true Kei Islander, a

Polynesian by his height and black or brown wavy hair, with a complexion

between the Papuan black and the Malay yellow. There is the pure Papuan,

who has been largely merged in the Kei type. Thirdly, there are the

immigrant Malays. These (distinguished by the use of a special language

and by the profession of Mohammedanism) are descendants of natives of

the Banda islands who fled eastward before the encroachments of the

Dutch. The pagans have rude statues of deities and places of sacrifice

indicated by flat-topped cairns. The Kei Islanders are skilful in

carving and celebrated boat-builders.

See C. M. Kan, "Onze geographische kennis der Keij-Eilanden," in

_Tijdschrift Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_ (1887); Martin, "Die

Kei-inseln u. ihr Verhaltniss zur Australisch-Asiatischen Grenzlinie,"

ibid. part vii. (1890); W. R. van Hoevell, "De Kei-Eilanden," in

_Tijdschr. Batavian. Gen._ (1889); "Verslagen van de wetenschappelijke

opnemingen en onderzoekingen op de Keij-Eilanden" (1889-1890), by

Planten and Wertheim (1893), with map and ethnographical atlas of the

south-western and south-eastern islands by Pleyte; Langen, _Die Key-

oder Kii-Inseln_ (Vienna, 1902).

KEIM, KARL THEODOR (1825-1878), German Protestant theologian, was born

at Stuttgart on the 17th of December 1825. His father, Johann Christian

Keim, was headmaster of a gymnasium. Here Karl Theodor received his

early education, and then proceeded to the Stuttgart Obergymnasium. In

1843 he went to the university of Tubingen, where he studied philosophy

under J. F. Reiff, a follower of Hegel, and Oriental languages under

Heinrich Ewald and Heinrich Meier. F. C. Baur, the leader of the new

Tubingen school, was lecturing on the New Testament and on the history

of the church and of dogma, and by him in particular Keim was greatly

impressed. The special bent of Keim's mind is seen in his prize essay,

_Verhaltniss der Christen in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten bis

Konstantin zum romischen Reiche_ (1847). His first published work was

_Die Reformation der Reichstadt Ulm_ (1851). In 1850 he visited the

university of Bonn, where he attended some of the lectures of Friedrich

Bleek, Richard Rothe, C. M. Arndt and Isaak Dorner. He taught at

Tubingen from June 1851 until 1856, when, having become a pastor, he was

made deacon at Esslingen, Wurttemberg. In 1859 he was appointed

archdeacon; but a few months later he was called to the university of

Zurich as professor of theology (1859-1873), where he produced his

important works. Before this he had written on church history (e.g.

_Schwabische Reformationsgeschichte bis zum Augsburger Reichstag_,

1855). His inaugural address at Zurich on the human development of

Jesus, _Die menschliche Entwicklung Jesu Christi_ (1861), and his _Die

geschichtliche Wurde Jesu_ (1864) were preparatory to his chief work,

_Die Geschichte Jesu von Nazara in ihrer Verkettung mit dem Gesamtleben

seines Volkes_ (3 vols., 1867-1872; Eng. trans., _Jesus of Nazareth, and

the National Life of Israel_, 6 vols.), 1873-1882. In 1873 Keim was

appointed professor of theology at Giessen. This post he resigned,

through ill-health, shortly before his death on the 17th of November

1878. He belonged to the "mediation" school of theology.

Chief works, besides the above: _Reformationsblatter der Reichsstadt

Esslingen_ (1860); _Ambrosius Blarer, der Schwabische Reformator_

(1860); _Der Ubertritt Konstantins d. Gr. zum Christenthum_ (1862);

his sermons, _Freundesworte zur Gemeinde_ (2 vols., 1861-1862); and

_Celsus' wahres Wort_ (1873). In 1881 H. Ziegler published one of

Keim's earliest works, _Rom und das Christenthum_, with a biographical

sketch. See also Ziegler's article in Herzog-Hauck,

_Realencyklopadie_.

KEITH, the name of an old Scottish family which derived its name from

the barony of Keith in East Lothian, said to have been granted by

Malcolm II., king of Scotland, to a member of the house for services

against the Danes. The office of great marishal of Scotland, afterwards

hereditary in the Keith family, may have been conferred at the same

time; for it was confirmed, together with possession of the lands of

Keith, to Sir Robert Keith by a charter of King Robert Bruce, and

appears to have been held as annexed to the land by the tenure of grand

serjeanty. Sir Robert Keith commanded the Scottish horse at Bannockburn,

and was killed at the battle of Neville's Cross in 1346. At the close

of the 14th century Sir William Keith, by exchange of lands with Lord

Lindsay, obtained the crag of Dunnottar in Kincardineshire, where he

built the castle of Dunnottar, which became the stronghold of his

descendants. He died about 1407. In 1430 a later Sir William Keith was

created Lord Keith, and a few years afterwards earl marishal, and these

titles remained in the family till 1716. William, fourth earl marishal

(d. 1581), was one of the guardians of Mary queen of Scots during her

minority, and was a member of her privy council on her return to

Scotland. While refraining from extreme partisanship, he was an adherent

of the Reformation; he retired into private life at Dunnottar Castle

about 1567, thereby gaining the sobriquet "William of the Tower." He was

reputed to be the wealthiest man in Scotland. His eldest daughter Anne

married the regent Murray. His grandson George, 5th earl marishal (c.

1553-1623), was one of the most cultured men of his time. He was

educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he became a proficient

classical scholar, afterwards studying divinity under Theodore Beza at

Geneva. He was a firm Protestant, and took an active part in the affairs

of the kirk. His high character and abilities procured him the

appointment of special ambassador to Denmark to arrange the marriage of

James VI. with the Princess Anne. He was subsequently employed on a

number of important commissions; but he preferred literature to public

affairs, and about 1620 he retired to Dunnottar, where he died in 1623.

He is chiefly remembered as the founder in 1593 of the Marischal College

in the university of Aberdeen, which he richly endowed. From an uncle he

inherited the title of Lord Altrie about 1590. William, 7th earl

marishal (c. 1617-1661), took a prominent part in the Civil War, being

at first a leader of the covenanting party in north-east Scotland, and

the most powerful opponent of the marquess of Huntly. He co-operated

with Montrose in Aberdeenshire and neighbouring counties against the

Gordons. With Montrose he signed the Bond of Cumbernauld in August 1640,

but took no active steps against the popular party till 1648, when he

joined the duke of Hamilton in his invasion of England, escaping from

the rout at Preston. In 1650 Charles II. was entertained by the marishal

at Dunnottar; and in 1651 the Scottish regalia were left for safe

keeping in his castle. Taken prisoner in the same year, he was committed

to the Tower and was excluded from Cromwell's Act of Grace. He was made

a privy councillor at the Restoration and died in 1661. Sir John Keith

(d. 1714), brother of the 7th earl marishal, was, at the Restoration,

given the hereditary office of knight marishal of Scotland, and in 1677

was created earl of Kintore, and Lord Keith of Inverurie and Keith-Hall,

a reward for his share in preserving the regalia of Scotland, which were

secretly conveyed from Dunnottar to another hiding-place, when the

castle was besieged by Cromwell's troops, and which Sir John, perilously

to himself, swore he had carried abroad and delivered to Charles II.,

thus preventing further search. From him are descended the earls of

Kintore.

GEORGE, 10th earl marishal (c. 1693-1778), served under Marlborough, and

like his brother Francis, Marshal Keith (q.v.), was a zealous Jacobite,

taking part in the rising of 1715, after which he escaped to the

continent. In the following year he was attainted, his estates and

titles being forfeited to the Crown. He lived for many years in Spain,

where he concerned himself with Jacobite intrigues, but he took no part

in the rebellion of 1745, proceeding about that year to Prussia, where

he became, like his brother, intimate with Frederick the Great.

Frederick employed him in several diplomatic posts, and he is said to

have conveyed valuable information to the earl of Chatham, as a reward

for which he received a pardon from George II., and returned to Scotland

in 1759. His heir male, on whom, but for the attainder of 1716, his

titles would have devolved, was apparently his cousin Alexander Keith of

Ravelston, to whom the attainted earl had sold the castle and lands of

Dunnottar in 1766. From Alexander Keith was descended, through the

female line, Sir Patrick Keith Murray of Ochtertyre, who sold the

estates of Dunnottar and Ravelston. After the attainder of 1716 the

right of the Keiths of Ravelston to be recognized as the representatives

of the earls marishal was disputed by Robert Keith (1681-1757), bishop

of Fife, a member of another collateral branch of the family. The bishop

was a writer of some repute, his chief work, _The History of the Affairs

of the Church and State of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1734), being of

considerable value for the reigns of James V., James VI., and Mary Queen

of Scots. He also published a _Catalogue of the Bishops of Scotland_

(Edinburgh, 1755), and other less important historical and theological

works.

ROBERT KEITH (d. 1774), descended from a younger son of the 2nd earl

marishal, was British minister in Vienna in 1748, and subsequently held

other important diplomatic appointments, being known to his numerous

friends, among whom were the leading men of letters of his time, as

"Ambassador Keith." His son, Sir Robert Murray Keith (1730-1795), was on

Lord George Sackville's staff at the battle of Minden. He became colonel

of a regiment (the 87th foot) known as Keith's Highlanders, who won

distinction in the continental wars, but were disbanded in 1763; he was

then employed in the diplomatic service, in which he achieved

considerable success by his honesty, courage, and knowledge of

languages. In 1781 he became lieutenant-general; in 1789 he was made a

privy councillor.

From the Keith family through the female line was descended George Keith

Elphinstone, Baron Keith of Stonehaven, Marishal and afterwards Viscount

Keith (q.v.), whose titles became extinct at the death of his daughter

Margaret, Baroness Keith, in 1867.

See _Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland_, edited by J. Bain (4

vols., Edinburgh, 1881-1888); Peter Buchan, _An Account of the Ancient

and Noble Family of Keith_ (Edinburgh, 1828); _Memoirs and

Correspondence of Sir Robert Murray Keith_, edited by Mrs. Gillespie

Smyth (London, 1849); John Spalding, _Memorialls of the Trubles in

Scotland, 1624-1645_ (2 vols., Spalding Club Publ. 21, 23, Aberdeen,

1850-1851); Sir Robert Douglas, _The Peerage of Scotland_ (Edinburgh,

1813); G.E.C., _Complete Peerage_, vol. iv. (London, 1892).

(R. J. M.)

KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758), Scottish soldier and Prussian

field marshal, was the second son of William, 9th earl marishal of

Scotland, and was born on the 11th of June 1696 at the castle of

Inverugie near Peterhead. Through his careful education under Robert

Keith, bishop of Fife, and subsequently at Edinburgh University in

preparation for the legal profession, he acquired that taste for

literature which afterwards secured him the esteem of the most

distinguished savants of Europe; but at an early period his preference

for a soldier's career was decided. The rebellion of 1715, in which he

displayed qualities that gave some augury of his future eminence,

compelled him to seek safety on the Continent. After spending two years

in Paris, chiefly at the university, he in 1719 took part in the

ill-starred expedition of the Pretender to the Highlands of Scotland. He

then passed some time at Paris and Madrid in obscurity and poverty, but

eventually obtained a colonelcy in the Spanish army, and, it is said,

took part in the siege of Gibraltar (1726-27). Finding his Protestantism

a barrier to promotion, he obtained from the king of Spain a

recommendation to Peter II. of Russia, from whom he received (1728) the

command of a regiment of the guards. He displayed in numerous campaigns

the calm, intelligent and watchful valour which was his chief

characteristic, obtaining the rank of general of infantry and the

reputation of being one of the ablest officers in the Russian service as

well as a capable and liberal civil administrator. Judging, however,

that his rewards were not commensurate with his merits, he in 1747

offered his services to Frederick II. of Prussia, who at once gave him

the rank of field marshal, in 1749 made him governor of Berlin, and soon

came to cherish towards him, as towards his brother, the 10th earl

marishal, a strong personal regard. In 1756 the Seven Years' War broke

out. Keith was employed in high command from the first, and added to his

Russian reputation on every occasion by resolution and promptitude of

action, not less than by care and skill. In 1756 he commanded the troops

covering the investment of Pirna, and distinguished himself at Lobositz.

In 1757 he commanded at the siege of Prague; later in this same

campaign he defended Leipzig against a greatly superior force, was

present at Rossbach, and, while the king was fighting the campaign of

Leuthen, conducted a foray into Bohemia. In 1758 he took a prominent

part in the unsuccessful Moravian campaign, after which he withdrew from

the army to recruit his broken health. He returned in time for the

autumn campaign in the Lausitz, and was killed on the 14th of October

1758 at the battle of Hochkirch. His body was honourably buried on the

field by Marshal Daun and General Lacy, the son of his old commander in

Russia, and was shortly afterwards transferred by Frederick to the

garrison church of Berlin. Many memorials were erected to him by the

king, Prince Henry, and others. Keith died unmarried, but had several

children by his mistress, Eva Mertens, a Swedish prisoner captured by

him in the war of 1741-43. In 1889 the 1st Silesian infantry regiment

No. 22 of the German army received his name.

See K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, _Biographische Denkmale_, part 7 (1844);

_Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshal James Keith, written by

himself_ (1714-1734; edited by Thomas Constable for the Spalding Club,

1843); T. Carlyle, _Frederick the Great, passim_; V.

Paczynaski-Tenczyn, _Leben des G. F. M. Jakob Keith_ (Berlin, 1889);

Peter Buchan, Account of the Family of Keith (Edinburgh, 1878); Anon.,

_Memoir of Marshal Keith_ (Peterhead, 1869); Pauli, _Leben grosser

Helden_, part iv.

KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716), British divine, was born at Aberdeen about

1639 and was educated for the Presbyterian ministry at Marischal College

in his native city. In 1662 he became a Quaker and worked with Robert

Barclay (q.v.). After being imprisoned for preaching in 1676 he went to

Holland and Germany on an evangelistic tour with George Fox and William

Penn. Two further terms of imprisonment in England induced him (1684) to

emigrate to America, where he was surveyor-general in East New Jersey

and then a schoolmaster at Philadelphia. He travelled in New England

defending Quakerism against the attacks of Increase and Cotton Mather,

but after a time fell out with his own folk on the subject of the

atonement, accused them of deistic views, and started a community of his

own called "Christian Quakers" or "Keithians." He endeavoured to advance

his views in London, but the Yearly Meeting of 1694 disowned him, and he

established a society at Turner's Hall in Philpot Lane, where he so far

departed from Quaker usage as to administer the two sacraments. In 1700

he conformed to the Anglican Church, and from 1702 to 1704 was an agent

of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in America. He died on

the 27th of March 1716 at Edburton in Sussex, of which parish he was

rector. Among his writings were _The Deism of William Penn and his

Brethren_ (1699); _The Standard of the Quakers examined; or, an Answer

to the Apology of Robert Barclay_ (1702); _A Journal of Travels_ (1706).

Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, a fellow-Aberdonian, speaks of him

as "the most learned man that ever was in that sect, and well versed in

the Oriental tongues, philosophy and mathematics."

KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823), British admiral,

fifth son of the 10th Lord Elphinstone, was born in Elphinstone Tower,

near Stirling, on the 7th of January 1746. Two of his brothers went to

sea, and he followed their example by entering the navy in 1761, in the

"Gosport," then commanded by Captain Jervis, afterwards Earl St Vincent.

In 1767 he made a voyage to the East Indies in the Company's service,

and put L2000 lent him by an uncle to such good purpose in a private

trading venture that he laid the foundation of a handsome fortune. He

became lieutenant in 1770, commander in 1772, and post captain in 1775.

During the war in America he was employed against the privateers, and

with a naval brigade at the occupation of Charleston, S.C. In January

1781, when in command of the "Warwick" (50), he captured a Dutch 50-gun

ship which had beaten off an English vessel of equal strength a few days

before. After peace was signed he remained on shore for ten years,

serving in Parliament as member first for Dumbartonshire, and then for

Stirlingshire. When war broke out again in 1793 he was appointed to the

"Robust" (74), in which he took part in the occupation of Toulon by lord

Hood. He particularly distinguished himself by beating a body of the

French ashore at the head of a naval brigade of English and Spaniards.

He was entrusted with the duty of embarking the fugitives when the town

was evacuated. In 1794 he was promoted rear-admiral, and in 1795 he was

sent to occupy the Dutch colonies at the Cape of Good Hope and in India.

He had a large share in the capture of the Cape in 1795, and in August

1796 captured a whole Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay. In the interval he

had gone on to India, where his health suffered, and the capture at

Saldanha was effected on his way home. When the Mutiny at the Nore broke

out in 1797 he was appointed to the command, and was soon able to

restore order. He was equally successful at Plymouth, where the squadron

was also in a state of effervescence. At the close of 1798 he was sent

as second in command to St Vincent. It was for a long time a thankless

post, for St Vincent was at once half incapacitated by ill-health and

very arbitrary, while Nelson, who considered that Keith's appointment

was a personal slight to himself, was peevish and insubordinate. The

escape of a French squadron which entered the Mediterranean from Brest

in May 1799 was mainly due to jarrings among the British naval

commanders. Keith followed the enemy to Brest on their retreat, but was

unable to bring them to action. He returned to the Mediterranean in

November as commander-in-chief. He co-operated with the Austrians in the

siege of Genoa, which surrendered on the 4th of June 1800. It was

however immediately afterwards lost in consequence of the battle of

Marengo, and the French made their re-entry so rapidly that the admiral

had considerable difficulty in getting his ships out of the harbour. The

close of 1801 and the beginning of the following year were spent in

transporting the army sent to recover Egypt from the French. As the

naval force of the enemy was completely driven into port, the British

admiral had no opportunity of an action at sea, but his management of

the convoy carrying the troops, and of the landing at Aboukir, was

greatly admired. He was made a baron of the United Kingdom--an Irish

barony having been conferred on him in 1797. On the renewal of the war

in 1803 he was appointed commander-in-chief in the North Sea, which post

he held till 1807. In February 1812 he was appointed commander-in-chief

in the Channel, and in 1814 he was raised to a viscounty. During his

last two commands he was engaged first in overlooking the measures taken

to meet a threatened invasion, and then in directing the movements of

the numerous small squadrons and private ships employed on the coasts of

Spain and Portugal, and in protecting trade. He was at Plymouth when

Napoleon surrendered and was brought to England in the "Bellerophon" by

Captain Maitland (1777-1839). The decisions of the British government

were expressed through him to the fallen Emperor. Lord Keith refused to

be led into disputes, and confined himself to declaring steadily that he

had his orders to obey. He was not much impressed by the appearance of

his illustrious charge, and thought that the airs of Napoleon and his

suite were ridiculous. Lord Keith died on the 10th of March 1823 at

Tullyallan, his property in Scotland, and was buried in the parish

church. A portrait of him by Owen is in the Painted Hall in Greenwich.

He was twice married: in 1787 to Jane Mercer, daughter of Colonel

William Mercer of Aldie; and in 1808 to Hester Maria Thrale, who is

spoken of as "Queenie" in Boswell's _Life of Johnson_ and Mme.

D'Arblay's _Diary_. He had a daughter by each marriage, but no son. Thus

the viscounty became extinct on his death, but the English and Irish

baronies descended to his elder daughter Margaret (1788-1867), who

married the Comte de Flahault de la Billarderie, only to become extinct

on her death.

There is a panegyrical _Life of Lord Keith_ by Alex. Allardyce

(Edinburgh, 1882); and biographical notices will be found in John

Marshall's _Royal Naval Biography_, i. 43 (1823-1835), and the _Naval

Chronicle_, X. 1. (D. H.)

KEITH, a police burgh of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Isla, 53(1/4) m.

N.W. of Aberdeen by the Great North of Scotland railway. Pop. (1901),

4753. A branch of the Highland railway also gives access to Elgin, and

there is a line to Buckie and Portessie on the Moray Firth. The burgh

includes Old Keith and New Keith on the east bank of the Isla, and

Fife-Keith on the west bank. Though Old Keith has a charter dating from

William the Lion it fell into gradual decay; New Keith, founded in the

18th century by the second earl of Seafield, being better situated for

the growth of a town. Fife-Keith has sprung up since 1816. The principal

public buildings include the Turner memorial hospital, the Longmore

hall, and the Institute. In the Roman Catholic church there is a

painting of the "Incredulity of St Thomas," presented by Charles X. of

France. The industries include manufactures of tweeds, blankets,

agricultural implements, and boots and shoes; there are also

distilleries, breweries, flour mills, and lime and manure works. But the

main importance of Keith lies in the fact that it is the centre of the

agricultural trade of the shire. The "Summer Eve Fair" held in September

is the largest cattle and horse fair in the north of Scotland; the town

is also the headquarters of the dressed-meat trade in the north.

KEJ, or KECH, the chief place in a district of the province of Makran in

Baluchistan, which has given its name to Kej-Makran, as distinguished

from Persian Makran. There is no town, but a number of small villages

dominated by a fort built upon a rock, on the eastern bank of the Kej

River. This fort, like many others similarly placed throughout the

country, is supposed to be impregnable, but is of no strength except

against the matchlocks of the surrounding tribes. Kej (or Kiz) was an

important trade centre in the days of Arab supremacy in Sind, and the

rulers of Kalat at various times marched armies into the province with a

view to maintaining their authority. At the beginning of the 19th

century it had the reputation of a commercial centre, trading through

Panjgur with Kandahar, with Karachi via Bela, and with Muscat and the

Persian Gulf by the seaport of Gwadar, distant about 80 m. The present

Khan of Kalat exercises but a feeble sway over this portion of his

dominion, although he appoints a governor to the province. The principal

tribe residing around Kej is that of the Gichki, who claim to be of

Rajput origin, and to have settled in Makran during the 17th century,

having been driven out of Rajputana. The climate during summer is too

hot for Europeans. During winter, however, it is temperate. The

principal exports consist of dates, which are considered of the finest

quality. A local revolt against Kalat rendered an expedition against Kej

necessary in 1898. Colonel Mayne reduced the fortress and restored order

in the surrounding districts.

KEKULE, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896), German chemist, was born at

Darmstadt on the 7th of September 1829. While studying architecture at

Giessen he came under the influence of Liebig and was induced to take up

chemistry. From Giessen he went to Paris, and then, after a short

sojourn in Switzerland, he visited England. Both in Paris and in England

he enjoyed personal intercourse with the leading chemists of the period.

On his return to Germany he started a small chemical laboratory at

Heidelberg, where, with a very slender equipment, he carried out several

important researches. In 1858 he was appointed professor of chemistry at

Ghent, and in 1865 was called to Bonn to fill a similar position, which

he held till his death in that town on the 13th of June 1896. Kekule's

main importance lies in the far-reaching contributions which he made to

chemical theory, especially in regard to the constitution of the carbon

compounds. The doctrine of atomicity had already been enunciated by E.

Frankland, when in 1858 Kekule published a paper in which, after giving

reasons for regarding carbon as a tetravalent element, he set forth the

essential features of his famous doctrine of the linking of atoms. He

explained that in substances containing several carbon atoms it must be

assumed that some of the affinities of each carbon atom are bound by the

affinities of the atoms of other elements contained in the substance,

and some by an equal number of the affinities of the other carbon atoms.

The simplest case is when two carbon atoms are combined so that one

affinity of the one is tied to one affinity of the other; two,

therefore, of the affinities of the two atoms are occupied in keeping

the two atoms together, and only the remaining six are available for

atoms of other elements. The next simplest case consists in the mutual

interchange of two affinity units, and so on. This conception led Kekule

to his "closed-chain" or "ring" theory of the constitution of benzene

which has been called the "most brilliant piece of prediction to be

found in the whole range of organic chemistry," and this in turn led in

particular to the elucidation of the constitution of the "aromatic

compounds," and in general to new methods of chemical synthesis and

decomposition, and to a deeper insight into the composition of

numberless organic bodies and their mutual relations. Professor F. R.

Japp, in the Kekule memorial lecture he delivered before the London

Chemical Society on the 15th of December 1897, declared that

three-fourths of modern organic chemistry is directly or indirectly the

product of Kekule's benzene theory, and that without its guidance and

inspiration the industries of the coal-tar colours and artificial

therapeutic agents in their present form and extension would have been

inconceivable.

Many of Kekule's papers appeared in the _Annalen der Chemie_, of which

he was editor, and he also published an important work, _Lehrbuch der

organischen Chemie_, of which the first three volumes are dated 1861,

1866 and 1882, while of the fourth only one small section was issued

in 1887.

KELLER, ALBERT (1845- ), German painter, was born at Gais, in

Switzerland; he studied at the Munich Academy under Lenbach and Ramberg,

and must be counted among the leading colourists of the modern German

school. Travels in Italy, France, England and Holland, and a prolonged

sojourn in Paris, helped to develop his style, which is marked by a

sense of elegance and refinement all too rare in German art. His scenes

of society life, such as the famous "Dinner" (1890), are painted with

thoroughly Parisian _esprit_, and his portraits are marked by the same

elegant distinction. He is particularly successful in the rendering of

rustling silk and satin dresses and draperies. His historical and

imaginative works are as modern in spirit and as unacademical as his

portraits. At the Munich Pinakothek is his painting "Jairi Tochterlein"

(1886), whilst the Konigsberg Museum contains his "Roman Bath," and the

Liebieg collection in Reichenberg the "Audience with Louis XV.," the

first picture that drew attention to his talent. Among other important

works he painted "Faustina in the Temple of Juno at Praeneste," "The

Witches' Sleep" (1888), "The Judgment of Paris," "The Happy Sister,"

"Temptation" (1892), "Autumn" (1893), "An Adventure" (1896), and "The

Crucifixion."

KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890), German poet and novelist, was born at

Zurich on the 19th of July 1819. His father, a master joiner, dying

while Gottfried was young, his early education was neglected; he,

however, was in 1835 apprenticed to a landscape painter, and

subsequently spent two years (1840-1842) in Munich learning to paint.

Interest in politics drew him into literature, and his talents were

first disclosed in a volume of short poems, _Gedichte_ (1846). This

obtained him recognition from the government of his native canton, and

he was in 1848 enabled to take a short course of philosophical study at

the university of Heidelberg. From 1850 to 1855 he lived in Berlin,

where he wrote his most important novel, _Der grune Heinrich_

(1851-1853; revised edition 1879-1880), remarkable for its delicate

autographic portraiture and the beautiful episodes interwoven with the

action. This was followed by _Die Leute von Seldwyla_ (1856), studies of

Swiss provincial life, including in _Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe_ one

of the most powerful short stories in the German language, and in _Die

drei gerechten Kammmacher_, almost as great a masterpiece of humorous

writing. Returning to his native city with a considerable reputation, he

received in 1861 the appointment of secretary to the canton. For a time

his creative faculty seemed paralysed by his public duties, but in 1872

appeared _Sieben Legenden_, and in 1874 a second series of _Die Leute

von Seldwyla_, in both of which books he displayed no abatement of power

and originality. He retired from the public service in 1876 and employed

his leisure in the production of _Zuricher Novellen_ (1878), _Das

Sinngedicht_, a collection of short stories (1881), and a novel, _Martin

Salander_ (Berlin, 1886). He died on the 15th of July 1890 at Hottingen.

Keller's place among German novelists is very high. Few have united such

fancy and imagination to such uncompromising realism, or such tragic

earnestness to such abounding humour. As a lyric poet, his genius is no

less original; he takes rank with the best German poets of this class

in the second half of the 19th century.

Keller's _Gesammelte Werke_ were published in 10 vols. (1889-1890), to

which was added another volume, _Nachgelassene Schriften und

Dichtungen_, containing the fragment of a tragedy (1893). In English

appeared, _G. Keller: A Selection of his Tales translated with a

Memoir by Kate Freiligrath-Kroeker_ (1891). For a further estimate of

Keller's life and works cf. O. Brahm (1883); E. Brenning, _G. Keller

nach seinem Leben und Dichten_ (1892); F. Baldensperger, _G. Keller;

sa vie et ses oeuvres_ (1893); A. Frey, _Erinnerungen an Gottfried

Keller_ (1893); J. Baechtold, _Kellers Leben. Seine Briefe und

Tagebucher_ (Berlin, 1894-1897); A. Koster, _G. Keller_ (1900; 2nd

ed., 1907); and for his work as a painter, H. E. von Berlepsch,

_Gottfried Keller als Maler_ (1895).

KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (1880- ), American blind deaf-mute, was born at

Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880. When barely two years old she was deprived

of sight, smell and hearing, by an attack of scarlet fever. At the

request of her parents, who were acquainted with the success attained in

the case of Laura Bridgman (q.v.), one of the graduates of the Perkins

Institution at Boston, Miss Anne M. Sullivan, who was familiar with the

teachings of Dr S. G. Howe (q.v.), was sent to instruct her at home.

Unfortunately an exact record of the steps in her education was not

kept; but from 1888 onwards, at the Perkins Institution, Boston, and

under Miss Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann school in New York, and at

the Wright Humason school, she not only learnt to read, write, and talk,

but became proficient, to an exceptional degree, in the ordinary

educational curriculum. In 1900 she entered Radcliffe College, and

successfully passed the examinations in mathematics, &c. for her degree

of A.B. in 1904. Miss Sullivan, whose ability as a teacher must be

considered almost as marvellous as the talent of her pupil, was

throughout her devoted companion. The case of Helen Keller is the most

extraordinary ever known in the education of blind deaf-mutes (see DEAF

AND DUMB _ad fin._), her acquirements including several languages and

her general culture being exceptionally wide. She wrote _The Story of My

Life_ (1902), and volumes on _Optimism_ (1903), and _The World I Live

in_ (1908), which both in literary style and in outlook on life are a

striking revelation of the results of modern methods of educating those

who have been so handicapped by natural disabilities.

KELLERMANN, FRANCOIS CHRISTOPHE DE (1735-1820), duke of Valmy and

marshal of France, came of a Saxon family, long settled in Strassburg

and ennobled, and was born there on the 28th of May 1735. He entered the

French army as a volunteer, and served in the Seven Years' War and in

Louis XV.'s Polish expedition of 1771, on returning from which he was

made a lieutenant-colonel. He became brigadier in 1784, and in the

following year _marechal-de-camp_. In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically

embraced the cause of the Revolution, and in 1791 became general of the

army in Alsace. In April 1792 he was made a lieutenant-general, and in

August of the same year there came to him the opportunity of his

lifetime. He rose to the occasion, and his victory of Valmy (see FRENCH

REVOLUTIONARY WARS) over the Prussians, in Goethe's words, "opened a new

era in the history of the world." Transferred to the army on the

Moselle, Kellermann was accused by General Custine of neglecting to

support his operations on the Rhine; but he was acquitted at the bar of

the Convention in Paris, and placed at the head of the army of the Alps

and of Italy, in which position he showed himself a careful commander

and excellent administrator. Shortly afterwards he received instructions

to reduce Lyons, then in revolt against the Convention, but shortly

after the surrender he was imprisoned in Paris for thirteen months. Once

more honourably acquitted, he was reinstated in his command, and did

good service in maintaining the south-eastern border against the

Austrians until his army was merged into that of General Bonaparte in

Italy. He was then sixty-two years of age, still physically equal to his

work, but the young generals who had come to the front in these two

years represented the new spirit and the new art of war, and

Kellermann's active career came to an end. But the hero of Valmy was

never forgotten. When Napoleon came to power Kellermann was named

successively senator (1800), honorary marshal of France (1803), and

duke of Valmy (1808). He was frequently employed in the administration

of the army, the control of the line of communications, and the command

of reserve troops, and his long and wide experience made him one of

Napoleon's most valuable assistants. In 1814 he voted for the deposition

of the emperor and became a peer under the royal government. After the

"Hundred Days" he sat in the Chamber of Peers and voted with the

Liberals. He died at Paris on the 23rd of September 1820.

See J. G. P. de Salve, _Fragments historiques sur M. le marechal de

Kellermann_ (Paris, 1807), and De Botidoux, _Esquisse de la carriere

militaire de F. C. Kellermann, duc de Valmy_ (Paris, 1817).

His son, FRANCOIS ETIENNE DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy (1770-1835),

French cavalry general, was born at Metz and served for a short time in

his father's regiment of Hussars previous to entering the diplomatic

service in 1791. In 1793 he again joined the army, serving chiefly under

his father's command in the Alps, and rising in 1796 to the rank of

_chef de brigade_. In the latter part of Bonaparte's celebrated Italian

campaign of 1796-97 the younger Kellermann attracted the future

emperor's notice by his brilliant conduct at the forcing of the

Tagliamento. He was made general of brigade at once, and continued in

Italy after the peace of Campo Formio, being employed successively in

the armies of Rome and Naples under Macdonald and Championnet. In the

campaign of 1800 he commanded a cavalry brigade under the First Consul,

and at Marengo (q.v.) he initiated and carried out one of the most

famous cavalry charges of history, which, with Desaix's infantry attack,

regained the lost battle and decided the issue of the war. He was

promoted general of division at once, but as early as the evening of the

battle he resented what he thought to be an attempt to belittle his

exploit. A heated controversy followed as to the influence of

Kellermann's charge on the course of the battle, and in this controversy

he displayed neither tact nor forbearance. However, his merits were too

great for his career to be ruined either by his conduct in the dispute

or by the frequent scandals, and even by the frauds, of his private

life. Unlike his father's, his title to fame did not rest on one

fortunate opportunity. Though not the most famous, he was perhaps the

ablest of all Napoleon's cavalry leaders, and distinguished himself at

Austerlitz (q.v.), in Portugal under Junot (on this occasion as a

skilful diplomatist), at the brilliant cavalry combat of Tormes (Nov.

28, 1809), and on many other occasions in the Peninsular War. His

rapacity was more than ever notorious in Spain, yet Napoleon met his

unconvincing excuses with the words, "General, whenever your name is

brought before me, I think of nothing but Marengo." He was on sick leave

during the Russian expedition of 1812, but in 1813 and 1814 his skill

and leading were as conspicuous as ever. He retained his rank under the

first Restoration, but joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and

commanded a cavalry corps in the Waterloo campaign. At Quatre Bras he

personally led his squadrons in the famous cavalry charge, and almost

lost his life in the melee, and at Waterloo he was again wounded. He was

disgraced at the second Restoration, and, on succeeding to his father's

title and seat in the Chamber of Peers in 1820, at once took up and

maintained till the fall of Charles X. in 1830 an attitude of determined

opposition to the Bourbons. He died on the 2nd of June 1835.

His son FRANCOIS CHRISTOPHE EDMOND DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy

(1802-1868), was a distinguished statesman, political historian, and

diplomatist under the July Monarchy.

KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK (1751-1795), Swedish poet and critic, was born at

Floby in West Gothland, on the 1st of December 1751. He studied at the

university of Abo, and had already some reputation as a poet when in

1774 he there became a "docent" in aesthetics. Three years later he

removed to Stockholm, where in conjunction with Assessor Carl Lenngren

he began in 1778 the publication of the journal _Stockholmsposten_, of

which he was sole editor from 1788 onwards. Kellgren was librarian to

Gustavus III. from 1780, and from 1785 his private secretary. On the

institution of the Swedish Academy in 1786 he was appointed one of its

first members. He died at Stockholm on the 20th of April 1795. His

strong satiric tendency led him into numerous controversies, the chief

that with the critic Thomas Thorild, against whom he directed his satire

_Nyt forsok till orimmad vers_, where he sneers at the "raving of

Shakespeare" and "the convulsions of Goethe." His lack of humour

detracts from the interest of his polemical writings. His poetical works

are partly lyrical, partly dramatic; of the plays the versification

belongs to him, the plots being due to Gustavus III. The songs

interspersed in the four operas which they produced in common, viz.,

_Gustaf Vasa_, _Gustaf Adolf och Ebba Brahe_, _Aeneas i Kartago_, and

_Drottning Kristina_, are wholly the work of Kellgren. From about the

year 1788 a higher and graver feeling pervades Kellgren's verses, partly

owing to the influence of the works of Lessing and Goethe, but probably

more directly due to his controversy with Thorild. Of his minor poems

written before that date the most important are the charming spring-song

_Vinterns valde lyktar_, and the satirical _Mina lojen_ and _Man eger ej

snille for det man ar galen_. The best productions of what is called his

later period are the satire _Ljusets fiender_, the comic poem _Dumboms

lefverne_, the warmly patriotic _Kantat d._ 1. _jan._ 1789, the ode

_Till Kristina_, the fragment _Sigwart och Hilma_, and the beautiful

song _Nya skapelsen_, both in thought and form the finest of his works.

Among his lyrics are the choicest fruits of the Gustavian age of Swedish

letters. His earlier efforts, indeed, express the superficial doubt and

pert frivolousness characteristic of his time; but in the works of his

riper years he is no mere "poet of pleasure," as Thorild contemptuously

styled him, but a worthy exponent of earnest moral feeling and wise

human sympathies in felicitous and melodius verse.

His _Samlade skrifter_ (3 vols., 1796; a later edition, 1884-1885)

were revised by himself. His correspondence with Rosenstein and with

Clewberg was edited by H. Schuck (1886-1887 and 1894). See Wieselgren,

_Sveriges skona litteratur_ (1833-1849); Atterbom, _Svenska siare och

skalder_ (1841-1855); C. W. Bottiger in _Transactions of the Swedish

Academy_, xlv. 107 seq. (1870); and Gustaf Ljunggren's _Kellgren,

Leopold, och Thorild, and his Svenska vitterhetens hafder_

(1873-1877).

KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISE (1842- ), American singer, was born at

Sumterville, South Carolina, in July 1842, and was educated in New York

for the musical profession, singing first in opera there in 1861. Her

fine soprano voice and artistic gifts soon made her famous. She appeared

as prima donna in Italian opera in London, and at concerts, in 1867 and

1868; and from that time till 1887 was one of the leading public

singers. She appeared at intervals in London, but was principally

engaged in America. In 1874 she organized an opera company which was

widely known in the United States, and her enterprise and energy in

directing it were remarkable. In 1887 she married Carl Strakosch, and

retired from the profession.

KELLS, a market town of county Meath, Ireland, on the Blackwater, 9(3/4)

m. N.W. of Navan on a branch of the Great Northern railway. Pop. of

urban district (1901), 2428. The prosperity of the town depends chiefly

upon its antiquarian remains. The most notable is St Columbkille's

house, originally an oratory, but afterwards converted into a church,

the chancel of which was in existence in 1752. The present church is

modern, with the exception of the bell-tower, rebuilt in 1578. Near the

church there is a fine though imperfect specimen of the ancient round

tower, 99 ft. in height; and there are several ancient crosses, the

finest being that now erected in the market-place. Kells was originally

a royal residence, whence its ancient name _Ceanannus_, meaning the

_dun_ or circular northern fort, in which the king resided, and the

intermediate name _Kenlis_, meaning head fort. Here Conn of the Hundred

Fights resided in the 2nd century; and here was a palace of Dermot, king

of Ireland, in 544-565. The other places in Ireland named Kells are

probably derived from _Cealla_, signifying church. In the 6th century

Kells, it is said, was granted to St Columbkille. Of the monastery which

he is reported to have founded there are no remains, and the town owes

its chief ecclesiastical importance to the bishopric founded about 807,

and united to Meath in the 13th century. The ecclesiastical

establishment was noted as a seat of learning, and a monument of this

remains in the _Book of Kells_ an illuminated copy of the Gospels in

Latin, containing also local records, dating from the 8th century, and

preserved in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. The illumination is

executed with extraordinary delicacy, and the work is asserted to be the

finest extant example of early Christian art of this kind. Neighbouring

antiquities are the church of Dulane, with a fine doorway, and the _dun_

or fortification of Dimor, the principal erection of a series of

defences on the hills about 6 m. W. of Kells. Among several seats in the

vicinity is that of the Marquess of Headfort. Kells returned two members

to the Irish parliament before the Union.