See Fr. Delitzsch, _Die Sprache der Kossaer_ (1884). (A. H. S.)

KASTAMUNI, or KASTAMBUL. (1) A vilayet of Asia Minor which includes

Paphlagonia and parts of Pontus and Galatia. It is divided into four

sanjaks--Kastamuni, Boli, Changra and Sinope--is rich in mineral wealth,

and has many mineral springs and extensive forests, the timber being

used for charcoal and building and the bark for tanning. The products

are chiefly cereals, fruits, opium, cotton, tobacco, wool, ordinary

goat-hair and mohair, in which there is a large trade. There are

coal-mines at and near Eregli (anc. _Heracleia_) which yield steam coal

nearly as good in quality as the English, but they are badly worked. Its

population comprises about 993,000 Moslems and 27,000 Christians. (2)

The capital of the vilayet, the ancient _Castamon_, altitude 2500 ft.,

situated in the narrow valley of the Geuk Irmak (_Amnias_), and

connected by a carriage road, 54 m., with its port Ineboli on the Black

Sea. The town is noted for its copper utensils, but the famous copper

mines about 36 m. N., worked from ancient times to the 19th century, are

now abandoned. There are over 30 mosques in the town, a dervish

monastery, and numerous theological colleges (_medresses_), and the

Moslem inhabitants have a reputation for bigotry. The climate though

subject to extremes of heat and cold is healthy; in winter the roads are

often closed by snow. The population of 16,000 includes about 2500

Christians. Castamon became an important city in later Byzantine times.

It lay on the northern trunk-road to the Euphrates and was built round a

strong fortress whose ruins crown the rocky hill west of the town. It

was taken by the Danishmand Amirs of Sivas early in the 12th century,

and passed to the Turks in 1393. (J. G. C. A.)

KASTORIA (Turkish _Kesrie_), a city of Macedonia, European Turkey, in

the vilayet of Monastir, 45 m. S. by W. of Monastir (Bitolia). Pop.

(1905), about 10,000, one-third of whom are Greeks, one-third Slavs, and

the remainder Albanians or Turks. Kastoria occupies part of a peninsula

on the western shore of Lake Kastoria, which here receives from the

north its affluent the Zhelova. The lake is formed in a deep hollow

surrounded by limestone mountains, and is drained on the south by the

Bistritza, a large river which flows S.E. nearly to the Greek frontier,

then sharply turns N.E., and finally enters the Gulf of Salonica. The

lake has an area of 20 sq. m., and is 2850 ft. above sea-level. Kastoria

is the seat of an Orthodox archbishop. It is usually identified with the

ancient _Celetrum_, captured by the Romans under Sulpicius, during the

first Macedonian campaign, 200 B.C., and better known for the defence

maintained by Bryennius against Alexis I. in 1084. A Byzantine wall with

round towers runs across the peninsula.

KASUR, a town of British India, in the Lahore district of the Punjab,

situated on the north bank of the old bed of the river Beas, 34 m. S.E.

of Lahore. Pop. (1901), 22,022. A Rajput colony seems to have occupied

the present site before the earliest Mahommedan invasion; but Kasur does

not appear in history until late in the Mussulman period, when it was

settled by a Pathan colony from beyond the Indus. It has an export trade

in grain and cotton, and manufactures of cotton and leather goods.

KATAGUM, the sub-province of the double province of Kano in the British

protectorate of Northern Nigeria. It lies approximately between 11 deg.

and 13 deg. N. and 8 deg. 20' and 10 deg. 40' E. It is bounded N. by the

French Sudan, E. by Bornu, S. by Bauchi, and W. by Kano. Katagum

consists of several small but ancient Mahommedan emirates--Katagum,

Messau, Gummel, Hadeija, Machena, with a fringe of Bedde pagans on its

eastern frontier towards Bornu, and other pagans on the south towards

Bauchi. The Waube flows from Kano through the province via Hadeija and

by Damjiri in Bornu to Lake Chad, affording a route for the transport of

goods brought by the Zungeru-Zaria-Kano railway to the headquarters of

Katagum and western Bornu. Katagum is a fertile province inhabited by an

industrious people whose manufactures rival those of Kano.

In ancient times the province of Katagum formed the debateable country

between Bornu and the Hausa states. Though Mahommedan it resisted the

Fula invasion. Its northern emirates were for a long time subject to

Bornu, and its customs are nearly assimilated to those of Bornu. The

province was taken under administrative control by the British in

October 1903. In 1904 the capitals of Gummel, Hadeija, Messau and

Jemaari, were brought into touch with the administration and native and

provincial courts established. At the beginning of 1905 Katagum was

incorporated as a sub-province with the province of Kano, and the

administrative organization of a double province was extended over the

whole. Hadeija, which is a very wealthy town and holds an important

position both as a source of supplies and a centre of trade, received a

garrison of mounted infantry and became the capital of the sub-province.

Hadeija was an old Habe town and its name, an evident corruption of

Khadija, the name of the celebrated wife and first convert of Mahomet,

is a strong presumption of the incorrectness of the Fula claim to have

introduced Islam to its inhabitants. The ruling dynasty of Hadeija was,

however, overthrown by Fula usurpation towards the end of the 18th

century, and the Fula ruler received a flag and a blessing from Dan

Fodio at the beginning of his sacred war in the opening years of the

19th century. Nevertheless the habit of independence being strong in the

town of Hadeija the little emirate held its own against Sokoto, Bornu

and all comers. Though included nominally within the province at Katagum

it was the boast of Hadeija that it had never been conquered. It had

made nominal submission to the British in 1903 on the successful

conclusion of the Kano-Sokoto campaign, and in 1905, as has been stated,

was chosen as the capital of the sub-province. The emir's attitude

became, however, in the spring of 1906 openly antagonistic to the

British and a military expedition was sent against him. The emir with

his disaffected chiefs made a plucky stand but after five hours' street

fighting the town was reduced. The emir and three of his sons were

killed, and a new emir, the rightful heir to the throne, who had shown

himself in favour of a peaceful policy, was appointed. The offices of

the war chiefs in Hadeija were abolished and 150 yards of the town wall

were broken down.

Slave dealing is at an end in Katagum. The military station at Hadeija

forms a link in the chain of British forts which extends along the

northern frontier of the protectorate. (See NIGERIA.) (F. L. L.)

KATANGA, a district of Belgian Congo, forming the south-eastern part of

the colony. Area, approximately, 180,000 sq. m.; estimated population

1,000,000. The natives are members of the Luba-Lunda group of Bantus.

It is a highly mineralized region, being specially rich in copper ore.

Gold, iron and tin are also mined. Katanga is bounded S. and S.E. by

Northern Rhodesia, and British capital is largely interested in the

development of its resources, the administration of the territory being

entrusted to a committee on which British members have seats. Direct

railway communication with Cape Town and Beira was established in 1909.

There is also a rail and river service via the Congo to the west coast.

(See CONGO FREE STATE.)

KATER, HENRY (1777-1835), English physicist of German descent, was born

at Bristol on the 16th of April 1777. At first he purposed to study law;

but this he abandoned on his father's death in 1794, and entered the

army, obtaining a commission in the 12th regiment of foot, then

stationed in India, where he rendered valuable assistance in the great

trigonometrical survey. Failing health obliged him to return to England;

and in 1808, being then a lieutenant, he entered on a distinguished

student career in the senior department of the Royal Military College at

Sandhurst. Shortly after he was promoted to the rank of captain. In 1814

he retired on half-pay, and devoted the remainder of his life to

scientific research. He died at London on the 26th of April 1835.

His first important contribution to scientific knowledge was the

comparison of the merits of the Cassegrainian and Gregorian telescopes,

from which (_Phil. Trans._, 1813 and 1814) he deduced that the

illuminating power of the former exceeded that of the latter in the

proportion of 5 : 2. This inferiority of the Gregorian he explained as

being probably due to the mutual interference of the rays as they

crossed at the principal focus before reflection at the second mirror.

His most valuable work was the determination of the length of the

second's pendulum, first at London and subsequently at various stations

throughout the country (_Phil. Trans._, 1818, 1819). In these researches

he skilfully took advantage of the well-known property of reciprocity

between the centres of suspension and oscillation of an oscillating

body, so as to determine experimentally the precise position of the

centre of oscillation; the distance between these centres was then the

length of the ideal simple pendulum having the same time of oscillation.

As the inventor of the floating collimator, Kater rendered a great

service to practical astronomy (_Phil. Trans._, 1825, 1828). He also

published memoirs (_Phil. Trans._, 1821, 1831) on British standards of

length and mass; and in 1832 he published an account of his labours in

verifying the Russian standards of length. For his services to Russia in

this respect he received in 1814 the decoration of the order of St.

Anne; and the same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

His attention was also turned to the subject of compass needles, his

Bakerian lecture "On the Best Kind of Steel and Form for a Compass

Needle" (_Phil. Trans._, 1821) containing the results of many

experiments. The treatise on "Mechanics" in Lardner's _Cyclopaedia_

was partly written by him; and his interest in more purely

astronomical questions was evidenced by two communications to the

Astronomical Society's _Memoirs_ for 1831-1833--the one on an

observation of Saturn's outer ring, the other on a method of

determining longitude by means of lunar eclipses.

KATHA, a district in the northern division of Upper Burma, with an area

of 6994 sq. m., 3730 of which consists of the former separate state of

Wuntho. It is bounded N. by the Upper Chindwin, Bhamo and Myitkyina

districts, E. by the Kaukkwe River as far as the Irrawaddy, thence east

of the Irrawaddy by the Shan State of Mong Mit (Momeik), and by the

Shweli River, S. by the Ruby Mines district and Shwebo, and W. by the

Upper Chindwin district. Three ranges of hills run through the district,

known as the Minwun, Gangaw and Mangin ranges. They separate the three

main rivers--the Irrawaddy, the Meza and the Mu. The Minwun range runs

from north to south, and forms for a considerable part of its length the

dividing line between the Katha district proper and what formerly was

the Wuntho state. Its average altitude is between 1500 and 2000 ft. The

Gangaw range runs from the north of the district for a considerable

portion of its length close to and down the right bank of the Irrawaddy

as far as Tigyaing, where the Myatheindan pagoda gives its name to the

last point. Its highest point is 4400 ft., but the average is between

1500 and 2000 ft. The Katha branch of the railway crosses it at Petsut,

a village 12 miles west of Katha town. The Mangin range runs through

Wuntho (highest peak, Maingthon, 5450 ft.).

Gold, copper, iron and lead are found in considerable quantities in the

district. The Kyaukpazat gold-mines, worked by an English company, gave

good returns, but the quartz reef proved to be a mere pocket and is now

worked out. The iron, copper and lead are not now worked. Jade and

soapstone also exist, and salt is produced from brine wells. There are

three forest reserves in Katha, with a total area of 1119 sq. m. The

population in 1901 was 176,223, an increase of 32% in the decade. The

number of Shans is about half that of Burmese, and of Kadus half that of

Shans. The Shans are mostly in the Wuntho sub-division. Rice is the

chief crop in the plains, tea, cotton, sesamum and hill rice in the

hills. The valley of the Meza, which is very malarious, was used as a

convict settlement under Burmese rule. The district was first occupied

by British troops in 1886, but it was not finally quieted till 1890,

when the Wuntho sawbwa was deposed and his state incorporated in Katha

district.

KATHA is the headquarters of the district. The principal means of

communication are the Irrawaddy Flotilla steamers, which run between

Mandalay and Bhamo, and the railway which communicates with Sagaing to

the south and Myitkyina to the north. A ferry-steamer plies between

Katha and Bhamo.

KATHIAWAR, or KATTYWAR, a peninsula of India, within the Gujarat

division of Bombay, giving its name to a political agency. Total area,

about 23,400 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 2,645,805. These figures include a

portion of the British district of Ahmedabad, a portion of the state of

Baroda, and the small Portuguese settlement of Diu. The peninsula is

bounded N. by the Runn of Cutch, E. by Ahmedabad district and the Gulf

of Cambay, and S. and W. by the Arabian Sea. The extreme length is 220

m.; the greatest breadth about 165 m. Generally speaking, the surface is

undulating, with low ranges running in various directions. With the

exception of the Tangha and Mandav hills, in the west of Jhalawar, and

some unimportant hills in Hallar, the northern portion of the country is

flat; but in the south, from near Gogo, the Gir range runs nearly

parallel with the coast, and at a distance of about 20 m. from it, along

the north of Babriawar and Sorath, to the neighbourhood of Girnar.

Opposite this latter mountain is the solitary Osam hill, and then still

farther west is the Barada group, between Hallar and Barada, running

about 20 m. north and south from Gumli to Ranawao. The Girnar group of

mountains is an important granitic mass, the highest peak of which rises

to 3500 ft. The principal river is the Bhadar, which rises in the Mandav

hills, and flowing S.W. falls into the sea at Navi-Bandar; it is

everywhere marked by highly cultivated lands adjoining its course of

about 115 m. Other rivers are the Aji, Machhu and Satrunji--the last

remarkable for romantic scenery. Four of the old races, the Jaitwas,

Churasamas, Solunkis and Walas still exist as proprietors of the soil

who exercised sovereignty in the country prior to the immigration of the

Jhalas, Jadejas, Purmars, Kathis, Gohels, Jats, Mahommedans and

Mahrattas, between whom the country is now chiefly portioned out.

Kathiawar has many notable antiquities, comprising a rock inscription of

Asoka, Buddhist caves, and fine Jain temples on the sacred hill of

Girnar and at Palitana.

The political agency of Kathiawar has an area of 20,882 sq. m. In 1901

the population was 2,329,196, showing a decrease of 15% in the decade

due to the results of famine. The estimated gross revenue of the several

states is L1,278,000; total tribute (payable to the British, the gaekwar

of Baroda and the nawab of Junagarh), L70,000. There are altogether 193

states of varying size and importance, of which 14 exercise independent

jurisdiction, while the rest are more or less under British

administration. The eight states of the first class are Junagaw,

Nawanagar, Bhaunagar, Porbandar, Dhrangadra, Morvi, Gondal and

Jafarabad. The headquarters of the political agent are at Rajkot, in the

centre of the peninsula, where also is the Rajkumar college, for the

education of the sons of the chiefs. There is a similar school for

_girasias_, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal. An excellent system of

metre-gauge railways has been provided at the cost of the leading

states. Maritime trade is also very active, the chief ports being

Porbandar, Mangrol and Verawal. In 1903-1904 the total sea-borne exports

were valued at L1,300,000, and the imports at L1,120,000. The

progressive prosperity of Kathiawar received a shock from the famine of

1899-1900, which was felt everywhere with extreme severity.

KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH (1818-1887), Russian journalist, was born

in Moscow in 1818. On finishing his course at the university he devoted

himself to literature and philosophy, and showed so little individuality

that during the reign of Nicholas I. he never once came into

disagreeable contact with the authorities. With the Liberal reaction and

strong reform movement which characterized the earlier years of

Alexander II.'s reign (1855-1881) he thoroughly sympathized, and for

some time he warmly advocated the introduction of liberal institutions

of the British type, but when he perceived that the agitation was

assuming a Socialistic and Nihilist tinge, and that in some quarters of

the Liberal camp indulgence was being shown to Polish national

aspirations, he gradually modified his attitude until he came to be

regarded by the Liberals as a renegade. At the beginning of 1863 he

assumed the management and editorship of the _Moscow Gazette_, and he

retained that position till his death in 1887. During these twenty-four

years he exercised considerable influence on public opinion and even on

the Government, by representing with great ability the moderately

Conservative spirit of Moscow in opposition to the occasionally

ultra-Liberal and always cosmopolitan spirit of St Petersburg. With the

Slavophils he agreed in advocating the extension of Russian influence in

south-eastern Europe, but he carefully kept aloof from them and

condemned their archaeological and ecclesiastical sentimentality. Though

generally temperate in his views, he was extremely incisive and often

violent in his modes of expressing them, so that he made many enemies

and sometimes incurred the displeasure of the press-censure and the

ministers, against which he was more than once protected by Alexander

III. in consideration of his able advocacy of national interests. He is

remembered chiefly as an energetic opponent of Polish national

aspirations, of extreme Liberalism, of the system of public instruction

based on natural science, and of German political influence. In this

last capacity he helped to prepare the way for the Franco-Russian

alliance.

KATMANDU (less correctly KHATMANDU), the capital of the state of Nepal,

India, situated on the bank of the Vishnumati river at its confluence

with the Baghmati, in 27 deg. 36' N., 85 deg. 24' E. The town, which is

said to have been founded about 723, contains a population estimated at

70,000, occupying 5000 houses made of brick, and usually from two to

four storeys high. Many of the houses have large projecting wooden

windows or balconies, richly carved. The maharaja's palace, a huge,

rambling, ungainly building, stands in the centre of the town, which

also contains numerous temples. One of these, a wooden building in the

centre of the town, gives it its name (_kat_ = wood). The streets are

extremely narrow, and the whole town very dirty. A British resident is

stationed about a mile north of the town.

KATO, TAKA-AKIRA (1859- ), Japanese statesman, was born at Nagoya, and

commenced life as an employee in the great firm of Mitsu Bishi. In 1887

he became private secretary to Count Okuma, minister of state for

foreign affairs. Subsequently he served as director of a bureau in the

finance department, and from 1894 to 1899 he represented his country at

the court of St James. He received the portfolio of foreign affairs in

the fourth Ito cabinet (1900-1901), which remained in office only a few

months. Appointed again to the same position in the Saionji cabinet

(1906), he resigned after a brief interval, being opposed to the

nationalization of the private railways, which measure the cabinet

approved. He then remained without office until 1908, when he again

accepted the post of ambassador in London. He was decorated with the

grand cross of St Michael and St George, and earned the reputation of

being one of the strongest men among the junior statesmen.

KATRINE, LOCH, a fresh-water lake of Scotland, lying almost entirely in

Perthshire. The boundary between the counties of Perth and Stirling runs

from Glengyle, at the head of the lake, down the centre to a point

opposite Stronachlachar from which it strikes to the south-western shore

towards Loch Arklet. The loch, which has a south-easterly trend, is

about 8 m. long, and its greatest breadth is 1 m. It lies 364 ft. above

the sea-level. It occupies an area of 4(3/4) square miles and has a

drainage basin of 37(1/2) square miles. The average depth is 142 ft.,

the greatest depth being 495 ft. The average annual rainfall is 78

inches. The mean temperature at the surface is 56.4 deg. F., and at the

bottom 41 deg. F. The scenery has been immortalized in Sir Walter

Scott's _Lady of the Lake_. The surrounding hills are of considerable

altitude, the most remarkable being the head of Ben A'an (1750 ft.) and

the grassy craigs and broken contour of Ben Venue (2393 ft.). It is fed

by the Gyle and numerous burns, and drained by the Achray to Loch Achray

and thence by the Black Avon to Loch Vennacher. Since 1859 it has formed

the chief source of the water-supply of Glasgow, the aqueduct leaving

the lake about 1(1/2) m. S.E. of Stronachlachar. By powers obtained in

1885 the level of the lake was increased by 5 ft. by a system of sluices

regulating the outflow of the Achray. One result of this damming up has

been to submerge the Silver Strand and to curtail the dimensions of

Ellen's Isle. The principal points on the shores are Glengyle, formerly

a fastness of the Macgregors, the Trossachs, the Goblins' Cave on Ben

Venue, and Stronachlachar (Gaelic, "the mason's nose"), from which there

is a ferry to Coilachra on the opposite side. A road has been

constructed from the Trossachs for nearly six miles along the northern

shore. During summer steamers ply between the Trossachs and

Stronachlachar and there is a daily service of coaches from the

Trossachs to Callander (about 10 m.) and to Aberfoyle (9 m.), and

between Stronachlachar, to Inversnaid on Loch Lomond (about 4(1/2) m.).

The road to Inversnaid runs through the Macgregors' country referred to

in Scott's _Rob Roy_.

KATSENA, an ancient state of the western Sudan, now included in the

province of Kano in the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria.

Katsena was amongst the oldest of the Hausa states. There exist

manuscripts which carry back its history for about 1000 years and

tradition ascribes the origin of the Hausa population, which is known

also by the name of Habe or Habeche, to the union of Bajibda of Bagdad

with a prehistoric queen of Daura. The conquest of the Habe of Katsena

by the Fula about the beginning of the 19th century made little

difference to the country. The more cultivated Habe were already

Mahommedan and the new rulers adopted the existing customs and system of

government. These were in many respects highly developed and included

elaborate systems of taxation and justice.

The capital of the administrative district is a town of the same name,

in 13 deg. N., 7 deg. 41' E., being 160 m. E. by S. of the city of

Sokoto, and 84 m. N.W. of Kano. The walls of Katsena have a circuit of

between 13 and 14 miles, but only a small part of the enclosed space is

inhabited. In the 17th and 18th centuries it appears to have been the

largest town in the Hausa countries, and its inhabitants at that time

numbered some 100,000. The date of the foundation of the present town

must be comparatively modern, for it is believed to have been moved from

its ancient site and at the time of Leo Africanus (c. 1513) there was no

place of any considerable size in the province of Katsena. Before that

period Katsena boasted of being the chief seat of learning throughout

the Hausa states and this reputation was maintained to the time of the

Fula conquest. In the beginning of the 19th century the town fell into

the hands of the Fula, but only after a protracted and heroic defence.

In March 1903 Sir F. Lugard visited Katsena on his way from Sokoto and

the emir and chiefs accepted British suzerainty without fighting. The

Katsena district has since formed an administrative district in the

double province of Kano and Katagum. The emir was unfaithful to his oath

of allegiance to the British crown, and was deposed in 1904. His

successor was installed and took the oath of allegiance in December of

the same year. Katsena is a rich and populous district.

See the _Travels_ of Heinrich Barth (new ed., London, 1890, chs.

xxiii. and xxiv.). Consult also the _Annual Reports_ on Northern

Nigeria issued by the Colonial Office, London, particularly the Report

for 1902.

KATSENA is also the name of a town in the district of Katsena-Allah, in

the province of Muri, Northern Nigeria. This district is watered by a

river of the same name which takes its rise in the mountains of the

German colony of Cameroon, and flows into the Benue at a point above

Abinsi.

KATSURA, TARO, MARQUESS (1847- ), Japanese soldier and statesman, was

born in 1847 in Choshu. He commenced his career by fighting under the

Imperial banner in the civil war of the Restoration, and he displayed

such talent that he was twice sent at public expense to Germany (in 1870

and 1884) to study strategy and tactics. In 1886 he was appointed

vice-minister of war, and in 1891 the command of division devolved on

him. He led the left wing of the Japanese army in the campaign of

1894-95 against China, and made a memorable march in the depth of winter

from the north-east shore of the Yellow Sea to Haicheng, finally

occupying Niuchwang, and effecting a junction with the second army corps

which moved up the Liaotung peninsula. For these services he received

the title of viscount. He held the portfolio of war from 1898 to 1901,

when he became premier and retained office for four and a half years, a

record in Japan. In 1902 his cabinet concluded the first _entente_ with

England, which event procured for Katsura the rank of count. He also

directed state affairs throughout the war with Russia, and concluded the

offensive and defensive treaty of 1905 with Great Britain, receiving

from King Edward the grand cross of the order of St Michael and St

George, and being raised by the mikado to the rank of marquess. He

resigned the premiership in 1905 to Marquess Saionji, but was again

invited to form a cabinet in 1908. Marquess Katsura might be considered

the chief exponent of conservative views in Japan. Adhering strictly to

the doctrine that ministries were responsible to the emperor alone and

not at all to the diet, he stood wholly aloof from political parties,

only his remarkable gift of tact and conciliation enabling him to govern

on such principles.

KATTERFELTO (or KATERFELTO), GUSTAVUS (d. 1799), quack doctor and

conjurer, was born in Prussia. About 1782 he came to London, where his

advertisements in the newspapers, headed "Wonders! Wonders! Wonders!"

enabled him to trade most profitably upon the credulity of the public

during the widespread influenza epidemic of that year. His public

entertainment, which, besides conjuring, included electrical and

chemical experiments and demonstrations with the microscope, extracted a

flattering testimonial from the royal family, who witnessed it in 1784.

The poet William Cowper refers to Katterfelto in _The Task_; he became

notorious for a long tour he undertook, exciting marvel by his conjuring

performances.

KATTOWITZ, a town in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Rawa, near

the Russian frontier, 5 m. S.E. from Beuthen by rail. Pop. (1875),

11,352; (1905), 35,772. There are large iron-works, foundries and

machine shops in the town, and near it zinc and anthracite mines. The

growth of Kattowitz, like that of other places in the same district, has

been very rapid, owing to the development of the mineral resources of

the neighbourhood. In 1815 it was a mere village, and became a town in

1867. It has monuments to the emperors William I. and Frederick III.

See G. Hoffmann, _Geschichte der Stadt Kattowitz_ (Kattowitz, 1895).

KATWA, or CUTWA, a town of British India, in Burdwan district, Bengal,

situated at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Ajai rivers. Pop.

(1901), 7220. It was the residence of many wealthy merchants, but its

commercial importance has declined as it is without railway

communication and the difficulties of the river navigation have

increased. It was formerly regarded as the key to Murshidabad. The old

fort, of which scarcely a vestige remains, is noted as the scene of the

defeat of the Mahrattas by Ali Vardi Khan.

KATYDID, the name given to certain North American insects, belonging to

the family _Locustidae_, and related to the green or tree grasshoppers

of England. As in other members of the family, the chirrup, alleged to

resemble the words "Katydid," is produced by the friction of a file on

the underside of the left forewing over a ridge on the upperside of the

right. Several species, belonging mostly to the genera _Microcentonus_

and _Cyrtophallus_, are known.

KAUFBEUREN, a town in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Wertach, 55 m. S.W.

of Munich by rail. Pop. (1905), 8955. Kaufbeuren is still surrounded by

its medieval walls and presents a picturesque appearance. It has a

handsome town hall with fine paintings, an old tower (the Hexenturm, or

witches' tower), a museum and various educational institutions. The most

interesting of the ecclesiastical buildings is the chapel of St Blasius,

which was restored in 1896. The chief industries are cotton spinning,

weaving, bleaching, dyeing, printing, machine building and lithography,

and there is an active trade in wine, beer and cheese. Kaufbeuren is

said to have been founded in 842, and is first mentioned in chronicles

of the year 1126. It appears to have become a free imperial city about

1288, retaining the dignity until 1803, when it passed to Bavaria. It

was formerly a resort of pilgrims, and Roman coins have been found in

the vicinity.

See F. Stieve, _Die Reichsstadt Kaufbeuren und die bayrische

Restaurationspolitik_ (Munich, 1870); and Schroder, _Geschichte der

Stadt und Katholischen Pfarrei Kaufbeuren_ (Augsburg, 1903).

KAUFFMANN, [MARIA ANNA] ANGELICA (1741-1807), the once popular artist

and Royal Academician, was born at Coire in the Grisons, on the 30th of

October 1741. Her father, John Josef Kauffmann, was a poor man and

mediocre painter, but apparently very successful in teaching his

precocious daughter. She rapidly acquired several languages, read

incessantly, and showed marked talents as a musician. Her greatest

progress, however, was in painting; and in her twelfth year she had

become a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. In 1754

her father took her to Milan. Later visits to Italy of long duration

appear to have succeeded this excursion; in 1763 she visited Rome,

returning to it again in 1764. From Rome she passed to Bologna and

Venice, being everywhere feted and caressed, as much for her talents as

for her personal charms. Writing from Rome in August 1764 to his friend

Franke, Winckelmann refers to her exceptional popularity. She was then

painting his picture, a half-length, of which she also made an etching.

She spoke Italian as well as German, he says; and she also expressed

herself with facility in French and English--one result of the

last-named accomplishment being that she painted all the English

visitors to the Eternal City. "She may be styled beautiful," he adds,

"and in singing may vie with our best virtuosi." While at Venice, she

was induced by Lady Wentworth, the wife of the English ambassador to

accompany her to London, where she appeared in 1766. One of her first

works was a portrait of Garrick, exhibited in the year of her arrival at

"Mr Moreing's great room in Maiden Lane." The rank of Lady Wentworth

opened society to her, and she was everywhere well received, the royal

family especially showing her great favour.

Her firmest friend, however, was Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his pocket-book

her name as "Miss Angelica" or "Miss Angel" appears frequently, and in

1766 he painted her, a compliment which she returned by her "Portrait of

Sir Joshua Reynolds," aetat. 46. Another instance of her intimacy with

Reynolds is to be found in the variation of Guercino's "Et in Arcadia

ego" produced by her at this date, a subject which Reynolds repeated a

few years later in his portrait of Mrs Bouverie and Mrs Crewe. When,

about November 1767, she was entrapped into a clandestine marriage with

an adventurer who passed for a Swedish count (the Count de Horn)

Reynolds befriended her, and it was doubtless owing to his good offices

that her name is found among the signatories to the famous petition to

the king for the establishment of the Royal Academy. In its first

catalogue of 1769 she appears with "R.A." after her name (an honour

which she shared with another lady and compatriot, Mary Moser); and she

contributed the "Interview of Hector and Andromache," and three other

classical compositions. From this time until 1782 she was an annual

exhibitor, sending sometimes as many as seven pictures, generally

classic or allegorical subjects. One of the most notable of her

performances was the "Leonardo expiring in the Arms of Francis the

First," which belongs to the year 1778. In 1773 she was appointed by the

Academy with others to decorate St Paul's, and it was she who, with

Biagio Rebecca, painted the Academy's old lecture room at Somerset

House. It is probable that her popularity declined a little in

consequence of her unfortunate marriage; but in 1781, after her first

husband's death (she had been long separated from him), she married

Antonio Zucchi (1728-1795), a Venetian artist then resident in England.

Shortly afterwards she retired to Rome, where she lived for twenty-five

years with much of her old prestige. In 1782 she lost her father; and in

1795--the year in which she painted the picture of Lady Hamilton--her

husband. She continued at intervals to contribute to the Academy, her

last exhibit being in 1797. After this she produced little, and in

November 1807 she died, being honoured by a splendid funeral under the

direction of Canova. The entire Academy of St Luke, with numerous

ecclesiastics and virtuosi, followed her to her tomb in S. Andrea delle

Fratte, and, as at the burial of Raphael, two of her best pictures were

carried in procession.

The works of Angelica Kauffmann have not retained their reputation.

She had a certain gift of grace, and considerable skill in

composition. But her drawing is weak and faulty; her figures lack

variety and expression; and her men are masculine women. Her

colouring, however, is fairly enough defined by Waagen's term

"cheerful." Rooms decorated by her brush are still to be seen in

various quarters. At Hampton Court is a portrait of the duchess of

Brunswick; in the National Portrait Gallery, a portrait of herself.

There are other pictures by her at Paris, at Dresden, in the Hermitage

at St Petersburg, and in the Alte Pinakothek at Munich. The Munich

example is another portrait of herself; and there is a third in the

Uffizi at Florence. A few of her works in private collections have

been exhibited among the "Old Masters" at Burlington House. But she is

perhaps best known by the numerous engravings from her designs by

Schiavonetti, Bartolozzi and others. Those by Bartolozzi especially

still find considerable favour with collectors. Her life was written

in 1810 by Giovanni de Rossi. It has also been used as the basis of a

romance by Leon de Wailly, 1838; and it prompted the charming novel

contributed by Mrs Richmond Ritchie to the _Cornhill Magazine_ in 1875

under the title of "Miss Angel." (A. D.)

KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1818-1882), Russian general, was born

at Maidani on the 3rd of March 1818. He entered the engineer branch in

1838, served in the campaigns in the Caucasus, rose to be colonel, and

commanded the sappers and miners at the siege of Kars in 1855. On the

capitulation of Kars he was deputed to settle the terms with General Sir

W. Fenwick Williams. In 1861 he became director-general of engineers at

the War Office, assisting General Milutin in the reorganization of the

army. Promoted lieut.-general in 1864, he was nominated

aide-de-camp-general and governor of the military conscription of Vilna.

In 1867 he became governor of Turkestan, and held the post until his

death, making himself a name in the expansion of the empire in central

Asia. He accomplished a successful campaign in 1868 against Bokhara,

capturing Samarkand and gradually subjugating the whole country. In 1873

he attacked Khiva, took the capital, and forced the khan to become a

vassal of Russia. Then followed in 1875 the campaign against Khokand, in

which Kaufmann defeated the khan, Nasr-ed-din. Khokand north of the

Syrdaria was annexed to Russia, and the independence of the rest of the

country became merely nominal. This rapid absorption of the khanates

brought Russia into close proximity to Afghanistan, and the reception of

Kaufmann's emissaries by the Amir was a main cause of the British war

with Afghanistan in 1878. Although Kaufmann was unable to induce his

government to support all his ambitious schemes of further conquest, he

sent Skobeleff in 1880 and 1881 against the Akhal Tekkes, and was

arranging to add Merv to his annexations when he died suddenly at

Tashkend on the 15th of May 1882.

KAUKAUNA, a city of Outagamie county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., on the Fox

river 7 m. N.E. of Appleton and about 100 m. N. of Milwaukee. Pop.

(1900), 5115, of whom 1044 were foreign-born (1905) 4991; (1910) 4717.

Kaukauna is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway (which has

car-shops here), by inter-urban electric railway lines connecting with

other cities in the Fox river, valley, and by river steamboats. It has a

Carnegie library, a hospital and manufactories of pulp, paper, lumber

and woodenware. Dams on the Fox River furnish a good water-power. The

city owns its waterworks. A small settlement of Indian traders was made

here as early as 1820; in 1830 a Presbyterian mission was established,

but the growth of the place was slow, and the city was not chartered

until 1885.

KAULBACH, WILHELM VON (1805-1874), German painter, was born in

Westphalia on the 15th of October 1805. His father, who was poor,

combined painting with the goldsmith's trade, but means were found to

place Wilhelm, a youth of seventeen, in the art academy of Dusseldorf,

then becoming renowned under the directorship of Peter von Cornelius.

Young Kaulbach contended against hardships, even hunger. But his courage

never failed; and, uniting genius with industry, he was ere long

foremost among the young national party which sought to revive the arts

of Germany. The ambitious work by which Louis I. sought to transform

Munich into a German Athens afforded the young painter an appropriate

sphere. Cornelius had been commissioned to execute the enormous frescoes

in the Glyptothek, and his custom was in the winters, with the aid of

Kaulbach and others, to complete the cartoons at Dusseldorf, and in the

summers, accompanied by his best scholars, to carry out the designs in

colour on the museum walls in Munich. But in 1824 Cornelius became

director of the Bavarian academy. Kaulbach, not yet twenty, followed,

took up his permanent residence in Munich, laboured hard on the public

works, executed independent commissions, and in 1849, when Cornelius

left for Berlin, succeeded to the directorship of the academy, an office

which he held till his death on the 7th of April 1874. His son Hermann

(1846-1909) also became a distinguished painter.

Kaulbach matured, after the example of the masters of the Middle Ages,

the practice of mural or monumental decoration; he once more conjoined

painting with architecture, and displayed a creative fertility and

readiness of resource scarcely found since the era of Raphael and

Michelangelo. Early in the series of his multitudinous works came the

famous Narrenhaus, the appalling memories of a certain madhouse near

Dusseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of

contact with Hogarth. Somewhat to the same category belong the

illustrations to _Reineke Fuchs_. These, together with occasional

figures or passages in complex pictorial dramas, show how dominant and

irrepressible were the artist's sense of satire and enjoyment of fun;

character in its breadth and sharpness is depicted with keenest relish,

and at times the sardonic smile bursts into the loudest laugh. Thus

occasionally the grotesque degenerates into the vulgar, the grand into

the ridiculous, as in the satire on "the Pigtail Age" in a fresco

outside the New Pinakothek. Yet these exceptional extravagances came not

of weakness but from excess of power. Kaulbach tried hard to become

Grecian and Italian; but he never reached Phidias or Raphael; in short

the blood of Durer, Holbein and Martin Schongauer ran strong in his

veins. The art products in Munich during the middle of the 19th century

were of a quantity to preclude first-rate quality, and Kaulbach

contracted a fatal facility in covering wall and canvas by the acre. He

painted in the Hofgarten, the Odeon, the Palace and on the external

walls of the New Pinakothek. His perspicuous and showy manner also

gained him abundant occupation as a book illustrator: in the pages of

the poets his fancy revelled; he was glad to take inspiration from

Wieland, Goethe, even Klopstock; among his engraved designs are the

Shakespeare gallery, the Goethe gallery and a folio edition of the

Gospels. With regard to these examples of "the Munich school," it was

asserted that Kaulbach had been unfortunate alike in having found

Cornelius for a master and King Louis for a patron, that he attempted

"subjects far beyond him, believing that his admiration for them was

the same as inspiration"; and supplied the lack of real imagination by

"a compound of intellect and fancy."

Nevertheless in such compositions as the Destruction of Jerusalem and

the Battle of the Huns Kaulbach shows creative imagination. As a

dramatic poet he tells the story, depicts character, seizes on action

and situation, and thus as it were takes the spectator by storm. The

manner may be occasionally noisy and ranting, but the effect after its

kind is tremendous. The cartoon, which, as usual in modern German art,

is superior to the ultimate picture, was executed in the artist's prime

at the age of thirty. At this period, as here seen, the knowledge was

little short of absolute; subtle is the sense of beauty; playful,

delicate, firm the touch; the whole treatment artistic.

Ten or more years were devoted to what the Germans term a "cyclus"--a

series of pictures depicting the Tower of Babel, the Age of Homer, the

Destruction of Jerusalem, the Battle of the Huns, the Crusades and the

Reformation. These major tableaux, severally 30 ft. long, and each

comprising over one hundred figures above life-size, are surrounded by

minor compositions making more than twenty in all. The idea is to

congregate around the world's historic dramas the prime agents of

civilization; thus here are assembled allegoric figures of Architecture

and other arts, of Science and other kingdoms of knowledge, together

with lawgivers from the time of Moses, not forgetting Frederick the

Great. The chosen situation for this imposing didactic and theatric

display is the Treppenhaus or grand staircase in the new museum, Berlin;

the surface is a granulated, absorbent wall, specially prepared; the

technical method is that known as "water-glass," or "liquid flint," the

infusion of silica securing permanence. The same medium was adopted in

the later wall-pictures in the Houses of Parliament, Westminster.

The painter's last period brings no new departure; his ultimate works

stand conspicuous by exaggerations of early characteristics. The series

of designs illustrative of Goethe, which had an immense success, were

melodramatic and pandered to popular taste. The vast canvas, more than

30 ft. long, the Sea Fight at Salamis, painted for the Maximilianeum,

Munich, evinces wonted imagination and facility in composition; the

handling also retains its largeness and vigour; but in this astounding

scenic uproar moderation and the simplicity of nature are thrown to the

winds, and the whole atmosphere is hot and feverish.

Kaulbach's was a beauty-loving art. He is not supreme as a colourist;

he belongs in fact to a school that holds colour in subordination; but

he laid, in common with the great masters, the sure foundation of his

art in form and composition. Indeed, the science of composition has

seldom if ever been so clearly understood or worked out with equal

complexity and exactitude; the constituent lines, the relation of the

parts to the whole, are brought into absolute agreement; in modern

Germany painting and music have trodden parallel paths, and Kaulbach

is musical in the melody and harmony of his compositions. His

narrative too is lucid, and moves as a stately march or royal triumph;

the sequence of the figures is unbroken; the arrangement of the groups

accords with even literary form; the picture falls into incident,

episode, dialogue, action, plot, as a drama. The style is eclectic; in

the Age of Homer the types and the treatment are derived from Greek

marbles and vases; then in the Tower of Babel the severity of the

antique gives place to the suavity of the Italian renaissance; while

in the Crusades the composition is let loose into modern romanticism,

and so the manner descends into the midst of the 19th century. And yet

this scholastically compounded art is so nicely adjusted and smoothly

blended that it casts off all incongruity and becomes homogeneous as

the issue of one mind. But a fickle public craved for change; and so

the great master in later years waned in favour, and had to witness,

not without inquietude, the rise of an opposing party of naturalism

and realism. (J. B. A.)

KAUNITZ-RIETBURG, WENZEL ANTON, PRINCE VON (1711-1794), Austrian

chancellor and diplomatist, was born at Vienna on the 2nd of February

1711. His father, Max Ulrich, was the third count of Kaunitz, and

married an heiress, Maria Ernestine Franziska von Rietburg. The family

was ancient, and was believed to have been of Slavonic origin in

Moravia. Wenzel Anton, being a second son, was designed for the church,

but on the death of his elder brother he was trained for the law and for

diplomacy, at Vienna, Leipzig and Leiden, and by travel. His family had

served the Habsburgs with some distinction, and Kaunitz had no

difficulty in obtaining employment. In 1735 he was a _Reichshofrath_.

When the Emperor Charles VI. died in 1740, he is said to have hesitated

before deciding to support Maria Theresa. If so, his hesitation did not

last long, and left no trace on his loyalty. From 1742 to 1744 he was

minister at Turin, and in the latter year was sent as minister with the

Archduke Charles of Lorraine, the governor of Belgium. He was therefore

an eye-witness of the campaigns in which Marshal Saxe overran Belgium.

At this time he was extremely discouraged, and sought for his recall.

But he had earned the approval of Maria Theresa, who sent him as

representative of Austria to the peace congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in

1748. His tenacity and dexterity established his reputation as a

diplomatist. He confirmed his hold on the regard and confidence of the

empress by the line he took after the conclusion of the peace. In 1749

Maria Theresa appealed to all her counsellors for advice as to the

policy Austria ought to pursue in view of the changed conditions

produced by the rise of Prussia. The great majority of them, including

her husband Francis I., were of opinion that the old alliance with the

sea Powers, England and Holland, should be maintained. Kaunitz, either

because he was really persuaded that the old policy must be given up, or

because he saw that the dominating idea in the mind of Maria Theresa was

the recovery of Silesia, gave it as his opinion that Frederick was now

the "most wicked and dangerous enemy of Austria," that it was hopeless

to expect the support of Protestant nations against him, and that the

only way of recovering Silesia was by an alliance with Russia and

France. The empress eagerly accepted views which were already her own,

and entrusted the adviser with the execution of his own plans. An

ambassador to France from 1750 to 1752, and after 1753 as "house, court

and state chancellor," Kaunitz laboured successfully to bring about the

alliance which led to the Seven Years' War. It was considered a great

feat of diplomacy, and established Kaunitz as the recognized master of

the art. His triumph was won in spite of personal defects and

absurdities which would have ruined most men. Kaunitz had manias rarely

found in company with absolute sanity. He would not hear of death, nor

approach a sick man. He refused to visit his dying master Joseph II. for

two whole years. He would not breathe fresh air. On the warmest summer

day he kept a handkerchief over his mouth when out of doors, and his

only exercise was riding under glass, which he did every morning for

exactly the same number of minutes. He relaxed from his work in the

company of a small dependent society of sycophants and buffoons. He was

consumed by a solemn, garrulous and pedantic vanity. When in 1770 he met

Frederick the Great at Mahrisch-Neustadt, he came with a summary of

political principles, which he called a catechism, in his pocket, and

assured the king that he must be allowed to speak without interruption.

When Frederick, whose interest it was to humour him, promised to listen

quietly, Kaunitz rolled his mind out for two hours, and went away with

the firm conviction that he had at last enlightened the inferior

intellect of the king of Prussia as to what politics really were. Within

a very short time Frederick had completely deceived and out-manoeuvred

him. With all his pomposity and conceit, Kaunitz was astute, he was

laborious and orderly; when his advice was not taken he would carry out

the wishes of his masters, while no defeat ever damped his pertinacity.

To tell his history from 1750 till his retirement in 1792 would be to

tell part of the internal history of Austria, and all the international

politics of eastern and central Europe. His governing principle was to

forward the interests of "the august house of Austria," a phrase

sometimes repeated at every few lines of his despatches. In internal

affairs he in 1758 recommended, and helped to promote, a simplification

of the confused and subdivided Austrian administration. But his main

concern was always with diplomacy and foreign policy. Here he strove

with untiring energy, and no small measure of success, to extend the

Austrian dominions. After the Seven Years' War he endeavoured to avoid

great risks, and sought to secure his ends by alliances, exchanges and

claims professing to have a legal basis, and justified at enormous

length by arguments both pedantic and hypocritical. The French

Revolution had begun to alter all the relations of the Powers before his

retirement. He never understood its full meaning. Yet the circular

despatch which he addressed to the ambassadors of the emperor on the

17th of July 1794 contains the first outlines of Metternich's policy of

"legitimacy," and the first proposal for the combined action of the

powers, based on the full recognition of one another's rights, to defend

themselves against subversive principles. Kaunitz died at his house, the

Garten Palast, near Vienna, on the 27th of June 1794. He married on the

6th of May 1736, Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg, who died on the 6th of

September 1754. Four sons were born of the marriage.

See Hormayr, _Oesterreichischer Plutarch_ (Vienna, 1823), for a

biographical sketch based on personal knowledge. Also see Brunner,

_Joseph II.: Correspondance avec Cobenzl et Kaunitz_ (Mayence, 1871);

A. Beer, _Joseph II., Leopold II. und Kaunitz_ (Vienna, 1873).

KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB (1803-1873), German naturalist, was born at Darmstadt

on the 10th of April 1803. After studying at Gottingen and Heidelberg he

spent two years at Leiden, where his attention was specially devoted to

the amphibians and fishes. He then returned to Darmstadt as an assistant

in the grand ducal museum, of which in 1840 he became inspector. In 1829

he published _Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europaischen

Thierwelt_, in which he regarded the animal world as developed from

lower to higher forms, from the amphibians through the birds to the

beasts of prey; but subsequently he repudiated this work as a youthful

indiscretion, and on the publication of Darwin's _Origin of Species_ he

declared himself against its doctrines. The extensive fossil deposits in

the neighbourhood of Darmstadt gave him ample opportunities for

palaeontological inquiries, and he gained considerable reputation by his

_Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Saugethiere_

(1855-1862). He also wrote _Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel_

(1844), and, with H. G. Brown (1800-1862) of Heidelberg, _Die

Gavial-artigen Reste aus dem Lias_ (1842-1844). He died at Darmstadt on

the 4th of July 1873.

KAURI PINE, in botany, _Agathis australis_, a conifer native of New

Zealand where it is abundant in forests in the North Island between the

North Cape and 38 deg. south latitude. The forests are rapidly

disappearing owing to use as timber and to destruction by fires. It is a

tall resiniferous tree, usually ranging from 80 to 100 ft. in height,

with a trunk 4 to 10 ft. in diameter, but reaching 150 ft., with a

diameter of 15 to 22 ft.; it has a straight columnar trunk and a rounded

bushy head. The thick resiniferous bark falls off in large flat flakes.

The leaves, which persist for several years, are very thick and

leathery; on young trees they are lance-shaped 2 to 4 in. long and 1/4

to 1/2 in. broad, becoming on mature trees linear-oblong or

obovate-oblong and 3/4 to 1(1/2) in. long. The ripe cones are almost

spherical, erect, and 2 to 3 in. in diameter; the broad, flat, rather

thin cone-scales fall from the axis when ripe. Each scale bears a single

compressed seed with a membranous wing. The timber is remarkable for its

strength, durability and the ease with which it is worked. The resin,

kauri-gum, is an amber-like deposit dug in large quantities from the

sites of previous forests, in lumps generally varying in size from that

of a hen's egg to that of a man's head. The colour is of a rich brown or

amber yellow, or it may be almost colourless and translucent. It is of

value for varnish-making.

KAVA (CAVA or AVA), an intoxicating, but non-alcoholic beverage,

produced principally in the islands of the South Pacific, from the roots

or leaves of a variety of the pepper plant (_Piper methysticum_). The

method of preparation is somewhat peculiar. The roots or leaves are

first chewed by young girls or boys, care being taken that only those

possessing sound teeth and excellent general health shall take part in

this operation. The chewed material is then placed in a bowl, and water

or coco-nut milk is poured over it, the whole is well stirred, and

subsequently the woody matter is removed by an ingenious but simple

mechanical manipulation. The resulting liquid, which has a muddy or

_cafe-au-lait_ appearance, or is of a greenish hue if made from leaves,

is now ready for consumption. The taste of the liquid is at first sweet,

and then pungent and acrid. The usual dose corresponds to about two

mouthfuls of the root. Intoxication (but this apparently only applies to

those not inured to the use of the liquor) follows in about twenty

minutes. The drunkenness produced by kava is of a melancholy, silent and

drowsy character. Excessive drinking is said to lead to skin and other

diseases, but _per contra_ many medicinal virtues are ascribed to the

preparation. There appears to be little doubt that the active principle

in this beverage is a poison of an alkaloidal nature. It seems likely

that this substance is not present as such (i.e. as a free alkaloid) in

the plant, but that it exists in the form of a glucoside, and that by

the process of chewing this glucoside is split up by one of the ferments

in the saliva into the free alkaloid and sugar.

See _Pharm. Journ_. iii. 474; iv. 85; ix. 219; vii. 149; _Comptes

Rendus_, l. 436, 598; lii. 206; _Journ. de Pharm._ (1860) 20; (1862)

218; Seeman, _Flora Vitiensis_, 260; Beachy, _Voyage of the

"Blossom,"_ ii. 120.

KAVADH (KABADES, KAUADES), a Persian name which occurs first in the

mythical history of the old Iranian kingdom as Kai Kobadh (Kaikobad). It

was borne by two kings of the Sassanid dynasty.

(1) KAVADH I., son of Peroz, crowned by the nobles in 488 in place of

his uncle Balash, who was deposed and blinded. At this time the empire

was utterly disorganized by the invasion of the Ephthalites or White

Huns from the east. After one of their victories against Peroz, Kavadh

had been a hostage among them during two years, pending the payment of a

heavy ransom. In 484 Peroz had been defeated and slain with his whole

army. Balash was not able to restore the royal authority. The hopes of

the magnates and high priests that Kavadh would suit their purpose were

soon disappointed. Kavadh gave his support to the communistic sect

founded by Mazdak, son of Bamdad, who demanded that the rich should

divide their wives and their wealth with the poor. His intention

evidently was, by adopting the doctrine of the Mazdakites, to break the

influence of the magnates. But in 496 he was deposed and incarcerated in

the "Castle of Oblivion (Lethe)" in Susiana, and his brother Jamasp

(Zamaspes) was raised to the throne. Kavadh, however, escaped and found

refuge with the Ephthalites, whose king gave him his daughter in

marriage and aided him to return to Persia. In 499 he became king again

and punished his opponents. He had to pay a tribute to the Ephthalites

and applied for subsidies to Rome, which had before supported the

Persians. But now the emperor Anastasius refused subsidies, expecting

that the two rival powers of the East would exhaust one another in war.

At the same time he intervened in the affairs of the Persian part of

Armenia. So Kavadh joined the Ephthalites and began war against the

Romans. In 502 he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, in 503 Amida

(Diarbekr) on the Tigris. In 505 an invasion of Armenia by the western

Huns from the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Romans paid

subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of the fortifications on

the Caucasus. When Justin I. (518-527) came to the throne the conflict

began anew. The Persian vassal, Mondhir of Hira, laid waste Mesopotamia

and slaughtered the monks and nuns. In 531 Belisarius was beaten at

Callinicum. Shortly afterwards Kavadh died, at the age of eighty-two, in

September 531. During his last years his favourite son Chosroes had had

great influence over him and had been proclaimed successor. He also

induced Kavadh to break with the Mazdakites, whose doctrine had spread

widely and caused great social confusion throughout Persia. In 529 they

were refuted in a theological discussion held before the throne of the

king by the orthodox Magians, and were slaughtered and persecuted

everywhere; Mazdak himself was hanged. Kavadh evidently was, as

Procopius (_Pers._ i. 6) calls him, an unusually clear-sighted and

energetic ruler. Although he could not free himself from the yoke of the

Ephthalites, he succeeded in restoring order in the interior and fought

with success against the Romans. He built some towns which were named

after him, and began to regulate the taxation.

(2) KAVADH II. SHEROE (Siroes), son of Chosroes II., was raised to the

throne in opposition to his father in February 628, after the great

victories of the emperor Heraclius. He put his father and eighteen

brothers to death, began negotiations with Heraclius, but died after a

reign of a few months. (Ed. M.)

KAVALA, or CAVALLA, a walled town and seaport of European Turkey in the

vilayet of Salonica, on the Bay of Kavala, an inlet of the Aegean Sea.

Pop. (1905), about 5000. Kavala is built on a promontory stretching

south into the bay, and opposite the island of Thasos. There is a

harbour on each side of the promontory. The resident population is

increased in summer by an influx of peasantry, of whom during the season

5000 to 6000 are employed in curing tobacco and preparing it for export.

The finest Turkish tobacco is grown in the district, and shipped to all

parts of Europe and America, to the annual value of about L1,250,000.

Mehemet Ali was born here in 1769, and founded a Turkish school which

still exists. His birthplace, an unpretentious little house in one of

the tortuous older streets, can be distinguished by the tablet which the

municipal authorities have affixed to its front wall. Numerous Roman

remains have been found in the neighbourhood, of which the chief is the

large aqueduct on two tiers of arches which still serves to supply the

town and dilapidated citadel with water from Mount Pangeus.

Kavala has been identified with Neapolis, at which St Paul landed on

his way from Samothrace to Philippi (Acts xvi. 11). Neapolis was the

port of Philippi, as Kavala now is of Seres; in the bay on which it

stands the fleet of Brutus and Cassius was stationed during the battle

of Philippi. Some authorities identify Neapolis with Datum ([Greek:

Daton]), mentioned by Herodotus as famous for its gold mines.

KAVANAGH, ARTHUR MACMORROUGH (1831-1889), Irish politician, son of

Thomas Kavanagh, M.P., who traced his descent to the ancient kings of

Leinster, was born in Co. Carlow, Ireland, on the 25th of March 1831. He

had only the rudiments of arms and legs, but in spite of these physical

defects had a remarkable career. He learnt to ride in the most fearless

way, strapped to a special saddle, and managing the horse with the

stumps of his arms; and also fished, shot, drew and wrote, various

mechanical contrivances being devised to supplement his limited physical

capacities. He travelled extensively in Egypt, Asia Minor, Persia and

India between 1846 and 1853, and after succeeding to the family estates

in the latter year, he married in 1855 his cousin, Miss Frances Mary

Leathley. Assisted by his wife, he was a most philanthropic landlord,

and was an active county magistrate and chairman of the board of

guardians. A Conservative and a Protestant, he sat in Parliament for Co.

Wexford from 1866 to 1868, and for Co. Carlow from 1868 to 1880. He was

opposed to the disestablishment of the Irish Church, but supported the

Land Act of 1870, and sat on the Bessborough Commission. In 1886 he was

made a member of the Privy Council in Ireland. He died of pneumonia on

the 25th of December 1889, in London. It is supposed that his

extraordinary career suggested the idea of "Lucas Malet's" novel, _The

History of Sir Richard Calmady_.

KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824-1877), British novelist, was born at Thurles in

Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. She was the daughter of Morgan Peter

Kavanagh (d. 1874), author of various worthless philological works and

some poems. Julia spent several years of her early life with her parents

in Normandy, laying there the foundation of a mastery of the French

language and insight into French modes of thought, which was perfected

by her later frequent and long residences in France. Miss Kavanagh's

literary career began with her arrival in London about 1844, and her

uneventful life affords few incidents to the biographer. Her first book

was _Three Paths_ (1847), a story for the young; but her first work to

attract notice was _Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne_ (1848). Other books

followed: _A Summer and Winter in the Two Sicilies_ (1858); _French

Women of Letters_ (1862); _English Women of Letters_ (1862); _Woman in

France during the 18th Century_ (1850); and _Women of Christianity_

(1852). The scenes of her stories are almost always laid in France, and

she handles her French themes with fidelity and skill. Her style is

simple and pleasing rather than striking; and her characters are

interesting without being strongly individualized. Her most popular

novels were perhaps _Adele_ (1857), _Queen Mab_ (1863), and _John

Dorrien_ (1875). On the outbreak of the Franco-German War Julia Kavanagh

removed with her mother from Paris to Rouen. She died at Nice on the

28th of October 1877.

KAVASS, or CAVASS (adapted from the Turkish _qawwas_, a bow-maker;

Arabic _qaws_, a bow), a Turkish name for an armed police-officer; also

for a courier such as it is usual to engage when travelling in Turkey.

KAVIRONDO, a people of British East Africa, who dwell in the valley of

the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the

north-east coast of Victoria Nyanza. Kavirondo is the general name of

two distinct groups of tribes, one Bantu and the other Nilotic. Both

groups are immigrants, the Bantu from the south, the Nilotic from the

north. The Bantu appear to have been the first comers. The Nilotic

tribes, probably an offshoot of the Acholi (q.v.), appear to have

crossed the lake to reach their present home, the country around

Kavirondo Gulf. Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly

position than their neighbours, and "are practically the most northerly

representatives of that race" (Hobley). Their further progress north was

stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the

Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an

irruption of Elgumi people from the east. The Elgumi are themselves

probably of Nilotic origin. Both groups of Kavirondo are physically

fine, the Nilotic stock appearing more virile than the Bantu. The Bantu

Kavirondo are divided into three principal types--the Awa-Rimi, the

Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii. By the Nilotic Kavirondo their Bantu

neighbours are known as Ja-Mwa. The generic name for the Nilotic tribes

is Ja-Luo. The Bantu Kavirondo call them Awa-Nyoro. The two groups have

many characteristics in common. A characteristic feature of the people

is their nakedness. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo married men who are

fathers wear a small piece of goat-skin, which though practically

useless as a covering must be worn according to tribal etiquette. Even

among men who have adopted European clothing this goat-skin must still

be worn underneath. Contact with whites has led to the adoption of

European clothing by numbers of the men, but the women, more

conservative, prefer nudity or the scanty covering which they wore

before the advent of Europeans. Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women

wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana

fibre suspended from a girdle behind, this tassel having at a distance

the appearance of a tail. Hence the report of early travellers as to a

tailed race in Africa. The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but

dispense with the fringe in front. For "dandy" they wear a goat-skin

slung over the shoulders. Some of the Bantu tribes practise

circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not. Patterns are tattooed on chest

and stomach for ornament. Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the

women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be

wrapped round the body. The Kavirondo are noted for their independent

and pugnacious nature, their honesty and their sexual morality, traits

particularly marked among the Bantu tribes. There are more women than

men, and thus the Kavirondo are naturally inclined towards polygamy.

Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters

of his wife as they attain puberty. Practically no woman lives unmarried

all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and

offers herself to him at a "reduced price," an offer usually accepted,

as the women are excellent agricultural labourers. The Nilotic Kavirondo

incline to exogamy, endeavouring always to marry outside their clan.

Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually

makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches

womanhood. It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin

on her wedding day. She is sent back to her parents, who have to return

the marriage price, and pay a fine. The wife's adultery was formerly

punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young

men and girls guilty of unchastity. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual

minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid

in instalments. The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six

cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride when he has made half

payment. If a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her

purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to

replace her by another sister. The women are prolific and the birth of

twins is common. This is considered a lucky event, and is celebrated by

feasting and dances. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must

remain in her hut for seven days. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo the

parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month. If a

Bantu mother has lost two children in succession the next child born is

taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a

neighbour, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose,

picks it up. She takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return. A

somewhat similar custom prevails among the Nilotic tribes. Names are not

male and female, and a daughter often bears her father's name.

The Kavirondo bury their dead. Among one of the Bantu tribes, the

Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting

position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes. Over the head

an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain

in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the

skull is removed and buried close to the hut. Later the skeleton is

unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place

of the tribe. Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their

hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then

deserted. Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the

verandah of the hut. Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open

space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first

wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath

the verandah of the hut in which he died. A child is buried near the

door of its mother's hut. A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fibre

worn round the neck and waist. A chief chooses, sometimes years before

his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass

bracelet as insignia. A man's property is divided equally among his

children.

The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and

women work in the fields with large iron hoes. In addition to sorghum,

_Eleusine_ and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked.

Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and

unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women. Hemp

is smoked in a hubble-bubble. The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make

an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps. These

lamps are of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's

opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people. While some

tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled

villages. The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes,

occasionally of stone. Since the advent of the British the security of

the country has induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into

disrepair. Their huts are circular with conical thatched roof, and

fairly broad verandah all round. A portion of the hut is partitioned

off as a sleeping-place for goats, and the fowls sleep indoors in a

large basket. Skins form the only bedsteads. In each hut are two

fireplaces, about which a rigid etiquette prevails. Strangers or

distant relatives are not allowed to pass beyond the first, which is

near the door, and is used for cooking. At the second, which is nearly

in the middle of the hut, sit the hut owner, his wives, children,

brothers and sisters. Around this fireplace the family sleep. Cooking

pots, water pots and earthenware grain jars are the only other

furniture. The food is served in small baskets. Every full grown man

has a hut to himself, and one for each wife. The huts of the Masaba

Kavirondo of west Elgon have the apex of the roof surmounted by a

carved pole which Sir H. H. Johnston says is obviously a phallus.

Among the Bantu Kavirondo a father does not eat with his sons, nor do

brothers eat together. Among the Nilotic tribes father and sons eat

together, usually in a separate hut with open sides. Women eat apart

and only after the men have finished. The Kavirondo keep cattle,

sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs. Women do not eat sheep, fowls or

eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other

things. The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of

the tribes. From _Eleusine_ a beer is made. The Kavirondo are plucky

hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and

attacking with spears the largest elephants. Fish, of which they are

very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps. Bee-keeping is

common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of

the hut. Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the

snout being held until the animal dies. Though a peaceful people the

Kavirondo fight well. Their weapons are spears with rather long flat

blades without blood-courses, and broad-bladed swords. Some use

slings, and most carry shields. Bows and arrows are also used;

firearms are however displacing other weapons. Kavirondo warfare was

mainly defensive and intertribal, this last a form of vendetta. When a

man had killed his enemy in battle he shaved his head on his return

and he was rubbed with "medicine" (generally goat's dung), to defend

him from the spirit of the dead man. This custom the Awa-Wanga

abandoned when they obtained firearms. The young warriors were made to

stab the bodies of their slain enemies. Kavirondo industries are

salt-making, effected by burning reeds and water-plants and passing

water through the ashes; the smelting of iron ore (confined to the

Bantu tribes); pottery and basket-work.

The Kavirondo have many tribes, divided, Sir H. H. Johnston suspects,

totemically. Their religion appears to be a vague ancestor-worship,

but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the

spirits of good and evil. To the former cattle and goats are

sacrificed. The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the

entrails of a sheep. Nearly everybody and everything is to the

Kavirondo ominous of good or evil. They have few myths or traditions;

the ant-bear is the chief figure in their beast-legends. They believe

in witchcraft and practise trial by ordeal. As a race the Kavirondo

are on the increase. This is due to their fecundity and morality.

Those who live in the low-lying lands suffer from a mild malaria,

while abroad they are subject to dysentery and pneumonia. Epidemics of

small-pox have occurred. Native medicine is of the simplest. They

dress wounds with butter and leaves, and for inflammation of the lungs

or pleurisy pierce a hole in the chest. There are no

medicine-men--the women are the doctors. Certain of the incisor teeth

are pulled out. If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be

killed in warfare. Among certain tribes the women also have incisor

teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands. For

the same reason the wife scars the skin of her forehead or stomach. A

Kavirondo husband, before starting on a perilous journey, cuts scars

on his wife's body to ensure him good luck. Of dances the Kavirondo

have four--the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and

one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought. Their music is

plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped

instrument. They use also various drums.

The Ja-Luo women use for ear ornaments small beads attached to pieces

of brass. Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of

local manufacture nor of recent introduction. They are ancient, in

colour generally blue, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up

in certain districts after heavy rain. By the natives they are

supposed to come down with the rain. They are identical in shape and

colour with ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from

ancient cities in Baluchistan.

See C. W. Hobley, _Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey_ (Anthrop.

Inst., _Occasional Papers_, No. 1, London, 1902); Sir H. H. Johnston,

_Uganda Protectorate_ (1902); J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its

Peoples_ (1905); Paul Kollmann, _The Victoria Nyanza_ (1899).

(T. A. J.)

KAW, or KANSA, a tribe of North American Indians of Siouan stock. They

were originally an offshoot of the Osages. Their early home was in

Missouri, whence they were driven to Kansas by the Dakotas. They were

moved from one reservation to another, till in 1873 they were settled in

Indian Territory; they have since steadily decreased, and now number

some 200.

KAWARDHA, a feudatory state of India, within the Central Provinces;

area, 798 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 57,474, showing a decrease of 37% in the

decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, L7000. Half the state consists

of hill and forest. The residence of the chief, who is a Raj Gond, is at

Kawardha (pop. 4772), which is also the headquarters of the Kabirpanthi

sect (see KABIR).

KAY, JOHN (1742-1826), Scottish caricaturist, was born near Dalkeith,

where his father was a mason. At thirteen he was apprenticed to a

barber, whom he served for six years. He then went to Edinburgh, where

in 1771 he obtained the freedom of the city by joining the corporation

of barber-surgeons. In 1785, induced by the favour which greeted certain

attempts of his to etch in aquafortis, he took down his barber's pole

and opened a small print shop in Parliament Square. There he continued

to flourish, painting miniatures, and publishing at short intervals his

sketches and caricatures of local celebrities and oddities, who abounded

at that period in Edinburgh society. He died on the 21st of February

1826.

Kay's portraits were collected by Hugh Paton and published under the

title _A series of original portraits and caricature etchings by the

late John Kay, with biographical sketches and illustrative anecdotes_

(Edin., 2 vols. 4to, 1838; 8vo ed., 4 vols., 1842; new 4to ed., with

additional plates, 2 vols., 1877), forming a unique record of the

social life and popular habits of Edinburgh at its most interesting

epoch.

KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878), English economist, was born at Salford,

Lancashire, on the 27th of February 1821. Educated privately and at

Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple

in 1848. He was appointed judge of the Salford Hundred court of record

in 1862 and in 1869 was made a queen's counsel. He is best known for a

series of works on the social condition of the poor in France,

Switzerland, Holland, Germany and Austria, the materials for which he

gathered on a four years' tour as travelling bachelor of his university.

They were _The Education of the Poor in England and Europe_ (London,

1846); _The Social Condition of the People in England and Europe_

(London, 1850, 2 vols.); _The Condition and Education of Poor Children

in English and in German Towns_ (Manchester, 1853). He was also the

author of _The Law relating to Shipmasters and Seamen_ (London, 1875)

and _Free Trade in Land_ (1879, with a memoir). He died at Dorking,

Surrey, on the 9th of October 1878.

KAYAK, or CAYAK, an Eskimo word for a fishing boat, in common use from

Greenland to Alaska. It has been erroneously derived from the Arabic

_caique_, supposed to have been applied to the native boats by early

explorers. The boat is made by covering a light wooden framework with

sealskin. A hole is pierced in the centre of the top of the boat, and

the _kayaker_ (also dressed in sealskin) laces himself up securely when

seated to prevent the entrance of water. The kayak is propelled like a

canoe by a double-bladed paddle. The name _kayak_ is properly only

applied to the boat used by an Eskimo man--that used by a woman is

called an _umiak_.

KAYASTH, the writer caste of Northern India, especially numerous and

influential in Bengal. In 1901 their total number in all India was more

than two millions. Their claim to be Kshattriyas who have taken to

clerical work is not admitted by the Brahmans. Under Mahommedan rule

they learnt Persian, and filled many important offices. They are now

eager students of English, and have supplied not only several judges to

the high court but also the first Hindu to be a member of the

governor-general's council. In Bombay their place is taken by the

Prabhus, and in Assam by the Kalitas (Kolitas); in Southern India there

is no distinct clerical caste.

KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876), English military historian, was the

son of Charles Kaye, a solicitor, and was educated at Eton and the Royal

Military College, Addiscombe. From 1832 to 1841 he was an officer in the

Bengal Artillery, afterwards spending some years in literary pursuits

both in India and in England. In 1856 he entered the civil service of

the East India Company, and when the government of India was transferred

to the British crown succeeded John Stuart Mill as secretary of the

political and secret department of the India office. In 1871 he was made

a K.C.S.I. He died in London on the 24th of July 1876. Kaye's numerous

writings include _History of the Sepoy War in India_ (London,

1864-1876), which was revised and continued by Colonel G. B. Malleson

and published in six volumes in 1888-1889; _History of the War in

Afghanistan_ (London, 1851), republished in 1858 and 1874;

_Administration of the East India Company_ (London, 1853); _The Life and

Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe_ (London, 1854); _The Life and

Correspondence of Henry St George Tucker_ (London, 1854); _Life and

Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm_ (London, 1856); _Christianity in

India_ (London, 1859); _Lives of Indian Officers_ (London, 1867); and

two novels, _Peregrine Pultney_ and _Long engagements_. He also edited

several works dealing with Indian affairs; wrote _Essays of an Optimist_

(London, 1870); and was a frequent contributor to periodicals.

KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845- ), German geologist and

palaeontologist, was born at Konigsberg, on the 26th of March 1845. He

was educated at Berlin where he took his degree of Ph.D. in 1870. In

1882 he became professor of geology in the university at Marburg. He

investigated fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world,

but more especially from the Palaeozoic formations, including those of

South Africa, the Polar regions, and notably the Devonian fossils of

Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe.

Among his separate works are _Lehrbuch der Geologie_ (2 vols., ii.),

_Geologische Formationskunde_ 1891 (2nd ed., 1902), and i. _Allgemeine

Geologie_ (1893), vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated

and edited by P. Lake, 1893, under the title _Textbook of Comparative

Geology_. Another work is _Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fauna der

Siegenschen Grauwacke_ (1892).

KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS, BART. (1804-1877), English

politician and educationalist, was born at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the

20th of July 1804, the son of Robert Kay. At first engaged in a Rochdale

bank, in 1824 he became a medical student at Edinburgh University.

Settling in Manchester about 1827, he worked for the Ancoats and Ardwick

Dispensary, and the experience which he thus gained of the conditions of

the poor in the Lancashire factory districts, together with his interest

in economic science, led to his appointment in 1835 as poor law

commissioner in Norfolk and Suffolk and later in the London districts.

In 1839 he was appointed first secretary of the committee formed by the

Privy Council to administer the Government grant for the public

education in Great Britain. He is remembered as having founded at

Battersea, London, in conjunction with E. Carleton Tufnell, the first

training college for school teachers (1839-1840); and the system of

national school education of the present day, with its public

inspection, trained teachers and its support by state as well as local

funds, is largely due to his initiative. In 1842 he married Lady Janet

Shuttleworth, assuming by royal licence his bride's name and arms. A

breakdown in his health led him to resign his post on the committee in

1849, but subsequent recovery enabled him to take an active part in the

working of the central relief committee instituted under Lord Derby,

during the Lancashire cotton famine of 1861-1865. He was created a

baronet in 1849. Until the end of his life he interested himself in the

movements of the Liberal party in Lancashire, and the progress of

education. He died in London on the 26th of May 1877. His _Physiology,

Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia_ became a standard textbook, and he

also wrote numerous papers on public education.

His son, Sir Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth (b. 1844), became a

well-known Liberal politician, sitting in parliament for Hastings from

1869 to 1880 and for the Clitheroe division of Lancashire from 1885 till

1902, when he was created Baron Shuttleworth. He was chancellor of the

duchy of Lancaster in 1886, and secretary to the Admiralty in 1892-1895.

KAZALA, or KAZALINSK, a fort and town in the Russian province of

Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where the Kazala River falls

into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45 deg.

45' N. and 62 deg. 7' E., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler, "of all

the trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here

with the Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkent roads." Besides carrying on an

active trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of

growing importance in the general current of commerce. Pop. (1897),

7600. The floods in the river make it an island in spring; in summer it

is parched by the sun and hot winds, and hardly a tree can be got to

grow. The streets are wide, but the houses, as well as the fairly strong

fort, are built of mud bricks.

KAZAN, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of

Vyatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Nizhniy-Novgorod and Kostroma. Area

24,601 sq. m. It belongs to the basins of the Volga and its tributary

the Kama, and by these streams the government is divided into three

regions; the first, to the right of the main river, is traversed by deep

ravines sloping to the north-east, towards the Volga, and by two ranges

of hills, one of which (300 to 500 ft.) skirts the river; the second

region, between the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of the

Kama, is an open steppe; and the third, between the left bank of the

Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern part the

first region, and in its western part is covered with forest. Marls,

limestones and sandstones, of Permian or Triassic age, are the principal

rocks; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyushi

district in the south; and Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of

the Volga. Mineral springs (iron, sulphur and petroleum) exist in

several places. The Volga is navigable throughout its course of 200 m.

through Kazan, as well as the Kama (120 m.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka,

Rutka, Tsivyl, Greater Kokshaga, Ilet, Vetluga and Mesha, are not

without value as waterways. About four hundred small lakes are

enumerated within the government; the upper and lower Kaban supply the

city of Kazan with water.

The climate is severe, the annual mean temperature being 37.8 deg. F.

The rainfall amounts to 16 in. Agriculture is the chief occupation, and

82% of the population are peasants. Out of 7,672,600 acres of arable

land, 4,516,500 are under crops--chiefly rye and oats, with some wheat,

barley, buckwheat, lentils, flax, hemp and potatoes. But there generally

results great scarcity, and even famine, in bad years. Live stock are

numerous. Forests cover 35% of the total area. Bee-keeping is an

important industry. Factories employ about 10,000 persons and include

flour-mills, distilleries, factories for soap, candles and tallow, and

tanneries. A great variety of petty trades, especially those connected

with wood, are carried on in the villages, partly for export. The fairs

are well attended. There is considerable shipping on the Volga, Kama,

Vyatka and their tributaries. Kazan is divided into twelve districts.

The chief town is Kazan (q.v.). The district capitals, with their

populations in 1897 are: Cheboksary (4568), Chistopol (20,161),

Kozmodemyansk (5212), Laishev (5439), Mamadyzh (4213), Spask (2779),

Sviyazhsk (2363), Tetyushi (4754). Tsarevokokshaisk (1654), Tsivylsk

(2337) and Yadrin (2467). Population (1879), 1,872,437; (1897),

2,190,185, of whom 1,113,555 were women, and 176,396 lived in towns. The

estimated population in 1906 was 2,504,400. It consists principally of

Russians and Tatars, with a variety of Finno-Turkish tribes: Chuvashes,

Cheremisses, Mordvinians, Votyaks, Mescheryaks, and some Jews and Poles.

The Russians belong to the Orthodox Greek Church or are Nonconformists;

the Tatars are Mussulmans; and the Finno-Turkish tribes are either

pagans or belong officially to the Orthodox Greek Church, the respective

proportions being (in 1897): Orthodox Greek, 69.4% of the whole;

Nonconformists, 1%; Mussulmans, 28.8%. (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)

KAZAN (called by the Cheremisses _Ozon_), a town of eastern Russia,

capital of the government of the same name, situated in 55 deg. 48' N.

and 49 deg. 26" E., on the river Kazanka, 3 m. from the Volga, which

however reaches the city when it overflows its banks every spring. Kazan

lies 650 m. E. from Moscow by rail and 253 m. E. of Nizhniy-Novgorod by

the Volga. Pop. (1883), 140,726; (1900), 143,707, all Russians except

for some 20,000 Tatars. The most striking feature of the city is the

_kreml_ or citadel, founded in 1437, which crowns a low hill on the N.W.

Within its wall, capped with five towers, it contains several churches,

amongst them the cathedral of the Annunciation, founded in 1562 by Gury,

the first archbishop of Kazan, Kazan being an archiepiscopal see of the

Orthodox Greek Church. Other buildings in the kreml are a magnificent

monastery, built in 1556; an arsenal; the modern castle in which the

governor resides; and the red brick Suyumbeka tower, 246 ft. high, which

is an object of great veneration to the Tatars as the reputed

burial-place of one of their saints. A little E. of the kreml is the

Bogoroditski convent, built in 1579 for the reception of the Black

Virgin of Kazan, a miracle-working image transferred to Moscow in 1612,

and in St Petersburg since 1710. Kazan is the intellectual capital of

eastern Russia, and an important seat of Oriental scholarship. Its

university, founded in 1804, is attended by nearly 1000 students.

Attached to it are an excellent library of 220,000 vols., an

astronomical observatory, a botanical garden and various museums. The

ecclesiastical academy, founded in 1846, contains the old library of the

Solovetsk (Solovki) monastery, which is of importance for the history of

Russian religious sects. The city is adorned with bronze statues of Tsar

Alexander II., set up facing the kreml in 1895, and of the poet G. R.

Derzhavin (1743-1816); also with a monument commemorating the capture of

Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. The central parts of the city consist

principally of small one-storeyed houses, surrounded by gardens, and are

inhabited chiefly by Russians, while some 20,000 Tatars dwell in the

suburbs. Kazan is, further, the intellectual centre of the Russian

Mahommedans, who have here their more important schools and their

printing-presses. Between the city and the Volga is the Admiralty

suburb, where Peter the Great had his Caspian fleet built for his

campaigns against Persia. The more important manufactures are leather

goods, soap, wax candles, sacred images, cloth, cottons, spirits and

bells. A considerable trade is carried on with eastern Russia, and with

Turkestan and Persia. Previous to the 13th century, the present

government of Kazan formed part of the territory of the Bulgarians, the

ruins of whose ancient capital, Bolgari or Bolgary, lie 60 m. S. of

Kazan. The city of Kazan itself stood, down to the 13th century, 30 m.

to the N.E., where traces of it can still be seen. In 1438 Ulugh

Mahommed (or Ulu Makhmet), khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongols,

founded, on the ruins of the Bulgarian state, the kingdom of Kazan,

which in its turn was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible of Russia in 1552

and its territory annexed to Russia. In 1774 the city was laid waste by

the rebel Pugachev. It has suffered repeatedly from fires, especially in

1815 and 1825. The Kazan Tatars, from having lived so long amongst

Russians and Finnish tribes, have lost a good many of the characteristic

features of their Tatar (Mongol) ancestry, and bear now the stamp of a

distinct ethnographic type. They are found also in the neighbouring

governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Tambov

and Nizhniy-Novgorod. They are intelligent and enterprising, and are

engaged principally in trade.

See Pineghin's _Kazan Old and New_ (in Russian); Velyaminov-Zernov's

_Kasimov Tsars_ (3 vols., St Petersburg, 1863-1866); Zarinsky's

_Sketches of Old Kazan_ (Kazan, 1877); Trofimov's _Siege of Kazan in_

1552 (Kazan, 1890); Firsov's books on the history of the native

population (Kazan, 1864 and 1869); and Shpilevski, on the antiquities

of the town and government, in _Izvestia i Zapiski_ of the Kazan

University (1877). A bibliography of the Oriental books published in

the city is printed in _Bulletins_ of the St Petersburg Academy

(1867). Compare also L. Leger's "Kazan et les tartares," in _Bibl.

Univ. de Geneve_ (1874). (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)

KAZERUN, a district and town of the province of Fars in Persia. The

district is situated between Shiraz and Bushire. In its centre is the

Kazerun Valley with a direction N.W. to S.E., a fertile plain 30 m. long

and 7 to 8 m. broad, bounded S.E. by the Parishan Lake (8 m. long, 3 m.

broad) N.W. by the Boshavir River, with the ruins of the old city of

Beh-Shahpur (Beshaver, Boshavir, also, short, Shapur) and Sassanian

bas-reliefs on its banks. There also, in a cave, is a statue of Shapur.

The remainder of the district is mostly hilly country intersected by

numerous streams, plains and hills being covered with zizyphus, wild

almond and oak. The district is divided into two divisions: town and

villages, the latter being called Kuh i Marreh and again subdivided into

(1) Pusht i Kuh; (2) Yarruk; (3) Shakan. It has forty-six villages and a

population of about 15,000; it produces rice of excellent quality,

cotton, tobacco and opium, but very little corn, and bread made of the

flour of acorns is a staple of food in many villages. Wild almonds are

exported.

Kazerun, the chief place of the district, is an unwalled town situated

in the midst of the central plain, in 29 deg. 37' N., 51 deg. 43' E. at

an elevation of 2800 ft., 70 m. from Shiraz, and 96 m. from Bushire. It

has a population of about 8000, and is divided into four quarters

separated by open spaces. Adjoining it on the W. is the famous Nazar

garden, with noble avenues of orange trees planted by a former governor,

Hajji Ali Kuli Khan, in 1767. A couple of miles N. of the city behind a

low range of hills are the imposing ruins of a marble building said to

stand over the grave of Sheik Amin ed din Mahommed b. Zia ed din Mas'ud,

who died A.H. 740 (A.D. 1339). S.E. of the city on a huge mound are

ruins of buildings with underground chambers, popularly known as Kal'eh

i Gabr, "castle of the fire-worshippers."

KAZINCZY, FERENCZ (1750-1831), Hungarian author, the most indefatigable

agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the

end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, was born on the 27th

of October 1759, at Er-Semlyen, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. He

studied law at Kassa and Eperies, and in Pest, where he also obtained a

thorough knowledge of French and German literature, and made the

acquaintance of Gideon Raday, who allowed him the use of his library. In

1784 Kazinczy became subnotary for the county of Abauj; and in 1786 he

was nominated inspector of schools at Kassa. There he began to devote

himself to the restoration of the Magyar language and literature by

translations from classical foreign works, and by the augmentation of

the native vocabulary from ancient Magyar sources. In 1788, with the

assistance of Baroti Szabo and John Bacsanyi, he started at Kassa the

first Magyar literary magazine, _Magyar Muzeum_; the _Orpheus_, which

succeeded it in 1790, was his own creation. Although, upon the accession

of Leopold II, Kazinczy, as a non-Catholic, was obliged to resign his

post at Kassa, his literary activity in no way decreased. He not only

assisted Gideon Raday in the establishment and direction of the first

Magyar dramatic society, but enriched the repertoire with several

translations from foreign authors. His _Hamlet_, which first appeared at

Kassa in 1790, is a rendering from the German version of Schroder.

Implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics,

Kazinczy was arrested on the 14th of December 1794, and condemned to

death; but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment. He was released in

1801, and shortly afterwards married Sophia Torok, daughter of his

former patron, and retired to his small estate at Szephalom or

"Fairhill," near Sator-Ujhely, in the county of Zemplen. In 1828 he took

an active part in the conferences held for the establishment of the

Hungarian academy in the historical section of which he became the first

corresponding member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Szephalom, on the

22nd of August 1831.

Kazinczy, although possessing great beauty of style, cannot be

regarded as a powerful and original thinker; his fame is chiefly due

to the felicity of his translations from the masterpieces of Lessing,

Goethe, Wieland, Klopstock, Ossian, La Rochefoucauld, Marmontel,

Moliere, Metastasio, Shakespeare, Sterne, Cicero, Sallust, Anacreon,

and many others. He also edited the works of Baroczy (Pest, 1812, 8

vols.) and of the poet Zrinyi (1817, 2 vols.), and the poems of Dayka

(1813, 3 vols.) and of John Kis, (1815, 3 vols.). A collective edition

of his works (_Szep Literatura_), consisting for the most part of

translations, was published at Pest, 1814-1816, in 9 vols. His

original productions (_Eredeti Mukai_), largely made up of letters,

were edited by Joseph Bajza and Francis Toldy at Pest, 1836-1845, in 5

vols. Editions of his poems appeared in 1858 and in 1863.

KAZVIN, a province and town of Persia. The province is situated N.W. of

Teheran and S. of Gilan. On the W. it is bounded by Khamseh. It pays a

yearly revenue of about L22,000, and contains many rich villages which

produce much grain and fruit, great quantities of the latter being dried

and exported.

Kazvin, the capital of the province, is situated at an elevation of 4165

ft., in 36 deg. 15' N. and 50 deg. E., and 92 m. by road from Teheran.

The city is said to have been founded in the 4th century by the

Sassanian king Shapur II (309-379). It has been repeatedly damaged by

earthquakes. Many of its streets and most of the magnificent buildings

seen there by Chardin in 1674 and other travellers during the 17th

century are in ruins. The most remarkable remains are the palace of the

Safawid shahs and the mosque with its large blue dome. In the 16th

century Shah Tahmasp I. (1524-1576) made Kazvin his capital, and it

remained so till Shah Abbas I. (1587-1629) transferred the seat of

government to Isfahan. The town still bears the title Dar es Salteneh,

"the seat of government." Kazvin has many baths and cisterns fed by

underground canals. The system of irrigation formerly carried on by

these canals rendered the plain of Kazvin one of the most fertile

regions in Persia; now most of the canals are choked up. The city has a

population of about 50,000 and a thriving transit trade, particularly

since 1899 when the carriage road between Resht and Teheran with Kazvin

as a half-way stage was opened under the auspices of the Russian

"Enzeli-Teheran Road Company." Great quantities of rice, fish and silk

are brought to it from Gilan for distribution in Persia and export to

Turkey.

KEAN, EDMUND (1787-1833), was born in London on the 17th of March[1]

1787. His father was probably Edmund Kean, an architect's clerk; and his

mother was an actress, Ann Carey, grand-daughter of Henry Carey. When in

his fourth year Kean made his first appearance on the stage as Cupid in

Noverre's ballet of _Cymon_. As a child his vivacity and cleverness, and

his ready affection for those who treated him with kindness, made him a

universal favourite, but the harsh circumstances of his lot, and the

want of proper restraint, while they developed strong self-reliance,

fostered wayward tendencies. About 1794 a few benevolent persons

provided the means of sending him to school, where he mastered his tasks

with remarkable ease and rapidity; but finding the restraint

intolerable, he shipped as a cabin boy at Portsmouth. Discovering that

he had only escaped to a more rigorous bondage, he counterfeited both

deafness and lameness with a histrionic mastery which deceived even the

physicians at Madeira. On his return to England he sought the protection

of his uncle Moses Kean, mimic, ventriloquist and general entertainer,

who, besides continuing his pantomimic studies, introduced him to the

study of Shakespeare. At the same time Miss Tidswell, an actress who had

been specially kind to him from infancy, taught him the principles of

acting. On the death of his uncle he was taken charge of by Miss

Tidswell, and under her direction he began the systematic study of the

principal Shakespearian characters, displaying the peculiar originality

of his genius by interpretations entirely different from those of

Kemble. His talents and interesting countenance induced a Mrs Clarke to

adopt him, but the slight of a visitor so wounded his pride that he

suddenly left her house and went back to his old surroundings. In his

fourteenth year he obtained an engagement to play leading characters for

twenty nights in York Theatre, appearing as Hamlet, Hastings and Cato.

Shortly afterwards, while he was in the strolling troupe belonging to

Richardson's show, the rumour of his abilities reached George III., who

commanded him to recite at Windsor. He subsequently joined Saunders's

circus, where in the performance of an equestrian feat he fell and broke

his legs--the accident leaving traces of swelling in his insteps

throughout his life. About this time he picked up music from Charles

Incledon, dancing from D'Egville, and fencing from Angelo. In 1807 he

played leading parts in the Belfast theatre with Mrs Siddons, who began

by calling him "a horrid little man" and on further experience of his

ability said that he "played very, very well," but that "there was too

little of him to make a great actor." An engagement in 1808 to play

leading characters in Beverley's provincial troupe was brought to an

abrupt close by his marriage (July 17) with Miss Mary Chambers of

Waterford, the leading actress. For several years his prospects were

very gloomy, but in 1814 the committee of Drury Lane theatre, the

fortunes of which were then so low that bankruptcy seemed inevitable,

resolved to give him a chance among the "experiments" they were making

to win a return of popularity. When the expectation of his first

appearance in London was close upon him he was so feverish that he

exclaimed "If I succeed I shall go mad." His opening at Drury Lane on

the 26th of January 1814 as Shylock roused the audience to almost

uncontrollable enthusiasm. Successive appearances in Richard III.,

Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and Lear served to demonstrate his complete

mastery of the whole range of tragic emotion. His triumph was so great

that he himself said on one occasion, "I could not feel the stage under

me." On the 29th of November 1820 Kean appeared for the first time in

New York as Richard III. The success of his visit to America was

unequivocal, although he fell into a vexatious dispute with the press.

On the 4th of June 1821 he returned to England.

Probably his irregular habits were prejudicial to the refinement of his

taste, and latterly they tended to exaggerate his special defects and

mannerisms. The adverse decision in the divorce case of Cox v. Kean on

the 17th of January 1825 caused his wife to leave him, and aroused

against him such bitter feeling, shown by the almost riotous conduct of

the audiences before which he appeared about this time, as nearly to

compel him to retire permanently into private life. A second visit to

America in 1825 was largely a repetition of the persecution which, in

the name of morality, he had suffered in England. Some cities showed him

a spirit of charity; many audiences submitted him to the grossest

insults and endangered his life by the violence of their disapproval. In

Quebec he was much impressed with the kindness of some Huron Indians who

attended his performances, and he was made chief of the tribe, receiving

the name Alanienouidet. Kean's last appearance in New York was on the

5th of December 1826 in Richard III., the role in which he was first

seen in America. He returned to England and was ultimately received with

all the old favour, but the contest had made him so dependent on the use

of stimulants that the gradual deterioration of his gifts was

inevitable. Still, even in their decay his great powers triumphed during

the moments of his inspiration over the absolute wreck of his physical

faculties, and compelled admiration after his gait had degenerated into

a weak hobble, and the lightning brilliancy of his eyes had become dull

and bloodshot, and the tones of his matchless voice marred by rough and

grating hoarseness. His appearance in Paris was a failure owing to a fit

of drunkenness. His last appearance on the stage was at Covent Garden,

on the 25th of March 1833 when he played Othello to the Iago of his son

Charles. At the words "Villain, be sure," in scene 3 of act iii., he

suddenly broke down, and crying in a faltering voice "O God, I am dying.

Speak to them, Charles," fell insensible into his son's arms. He died at

Richmond on the 15th of May 1833.

It was in the impersonation of the great creations of Shakespeare's

genius that the varied beauty and grandeur of the acting of Kean were

displayed in their highest form, although probably his most powerful

character was Sir Giles Overreach in Massinger's _A New Way to Pay Old

Debts_, the effect of his first impersonation of which was such that the

pit rose _en masse_, and even the actors and actresses themselves were

overcome by the terrific dramatic illusion. His only personal

disadvantage as an actor was his small stature. His countenance was

strikingly interesting and unusually mobile; he had a matchless command

of facial expression; his fine eyes scintillated with the slightest

shades of emotion and thought; his voice, though weak and harsh in the

upper register, possessed in its lower range tones of penetrating and

resistless power, and a thrilling sweetness like the witchery of the

finest music; above all, in the grander moments of his passion, his

intellect and soul seemed to rise beyond material barriers and to

glorify physical defects with their own greatness. Kean specially

excelled as the exponent of passion. In Othello, Iago, Shylock and

Richard III., characters utterly different from each other, but in which

the predominant element is some form of passion, his identification with

the personality, as he had conceived it, was as nearly as possible

perfect, and each isolated phase and aspect of the plot was elaborated

with the minutest attention to details, and yet with an absolute

subordination of these to the distinct individuality he was endeavouring

to portray. Coleridge said, "Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare

by flashes of lightning." If the range of character in which Kean

attained supreme excellence was narrow, no one except Garrick has been

so successful in so many great impersonations. Unlike Garrick, he had no

true talent for comedy, but in the expression of biting and saturnine

wit, of grim and ghostly gaiety, he was unsurpassed. His eccentricities

at the height of his fame were numerous. Sometimes he would ride

recklessly on his horse Shylock throughout the night. He was presented

with a tame lion with which he might be found playing in his

drawing-room. The prizefighters Mendoza and Richmond the Black were

among his visitors. Grattan was his devoted friend. In his earlier days

Talma said of him, "He is a magnificent uncut gem; polish and round him

off and he will be a perfect tragedian." Macready, who was much

impressed by Kean's Richard III. and met the actor at supper, speaks of

his "unassuming manner ... partaking in some degree of shyness" and of

the "touching grace" of his singing. Kean's delivery of the three words

"I answer--NO!" in the part of Sir Edward Mortimer in _The Iron Chest_,

cast Macready into an abyss of despair at rivalling him in this role. So

full of dramatic interest is the life of Edmund Kean that it formed the

subject for a play by the elder Dumas, entitled _Kean on desordre et

genie_, in which Frederick-Lemaitre achieved one of his greatest

triumphs.

See Francis Phippen, _Authentic Memoirs of Edmund Kean_ (1814); B. W.

Procter (Barry Cornwall), _The Life of Edmund Kean_ (1835); F. W.

Hawkins, _The Life of Edmund Kean_ (1869); J. Fitzgerald Molloy, _The

Life and Adventures of Edmund Kean_ (1888); Edward Stirling, _Old

Drury Lane_ (1887).

His son, CHARLES JOHN KEAN (1811-1868), was born at Waterford, Ireland,

on the 18th of January 1811. After preparatory education at Worplesdon

and at Greenford, near Harrow, he was sent to Eton College, where he

remained three years. In 1827 he was offered a cadetship in the East

India Company's service, which he was prepared to accept if his father

would settle an income of L400 on his mother. The elder Kean refused to

do this, and his son determined to become an actor. He made his first

appearance at Drury Lane on the 1st of October 1827 as Norval in Home's

_Douglas_, but his continued failure to achieve popularity led him to

leave London in the spring of 1828 for the provinces. At Glasgow, on the

1st of October in this year, father and son acted together in Arnold

Payne's _Brutus_, the elder Kean in the title-part and his son as Titus.

After a visit to America in 1830, where he was received with much

favour, he appeared in 1833 at Covent Garden as Sir Edmund Mortimer in

Colman's _The Iron Chest_, but his success was not pronounced enough to

encourage him to remain in London, especially as he had already won a

high position in the provinces. In January 1838, however, he returned to

Drury Lane, and played Hamlet with a success which gave him a place

among the principal tragedians of his time. He was married to the

actress Ellen Tree (1805-1880) on the 29th of January 1842, and paid a

second visit to America with her from 1845 to 1847. Returning to

England, he entered on a successful engagement at the Haymarket, and in

1850, with Robert Keeley, became lessee of the Princess Theatre. The

most noteworthy feature of his management was a series of gorgeous

Shakespearian revivals. Charles Kean was not a great tragic actor. He

did all that could be done by the persevering cultivation of his powers,

and in many ways manifested the possession of high intelligence and

refined taste, but his defects of person and voice made it impossible

for him to give a representation at all adequate of the varying and

subtle emotions of pure tragedy. But in melodramatic parts such as the

king in Boucicault's adaptation of Casimir Delavigne's _Louis XI._, and

Louis and Fabian dei Franchi in Boucicault's adaptation of Dumas's _The

Corsican Brothers_, his success was complete. From his "tour round the

world" Kean returned in 1866 in broken health, and died in London on the

22nd of January 1868.

See _The Life and Theatrical Times of Charles Kean_, by John William

Cole (1859).