THE BRITISH AT THE AISNE
In the battles of the Marne, the brunt of the fighting had been
borne mainly by the French armies, but the major part of work of
the battle of the Aisne was borne by the British Expeditionary
Force. Sir John French wasted no time. Saturday night, September
12, 1914, was a night of labor for engineers and gunners. The bridge
trains belonging to the First and Second Army Corps were ordered
to the edge of the river at daybreak, and as soon as the first
gleam of dawn appeared in the sky, the heroic effort began.
At the risk of seeming a little detailed, in order to understand
the somewhat involved maneuvers by which the British won the crossing
of the Aisne, instead of dealing with the advance of the British army
as a unit, in the manner that was done in discussing the battles of
the Marne, their activities will be shown as army corps: the Third
Army Corps to the westward, under General Pulteney; the Second Army
Corps, under Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, and the First Army Corps
to the eastward, under Sir Douglas Haig, all, of course, under
the general direction of Sir John French.
The British had no means of knowing what was in front of them.
There was only one way to find out--a way, alas, often costly,
a way that in every campaign costs thousands of lives apparently
fruitlessly, and that is a frontal attack. Down over the slopes of
the southern bank, into the bright, smiling river valley, where the
little white villages in the distance were hiding their dilapidated
state, marched the British army. Not a sign of activity showed
itself upon the farther shore. A summer haze obscured objects at
a distance, but, shortly before nine o'clock, the German batteries
opened fire with a roar that was appalling.
The Third Army Corps, after a brief artillery duel, advanced on
Soissons to cover the work of the engineers who were building a
pontoon bridge for the French troops. The German fire was deadly,
yet though more than half their men fell, the engineers put the
pontoon bridge across. German howitzer fire, from behind the ridge,
however, soon destroyed the bridge. The Turcos crossed the river in
rowboats and had a fierce but indecisive struggle in the streets
of the medieval city. Meanwhile, with the failure of the pontoon
bridge at Soissons, General Pulteney struck to the northeast along
the road to Venizel. The bridge at that point had been blown up,
but the British sappers repaired it sufficiently to set the Eleventh
Brigade across, and even, despite the lurid hail of shot and shell,
four regiments gathered at Bucy-de-Long by one o'clock on that
Sunday, September 13, 1914. Over the heads of these courageous
regiments towered the great hill of Vregny, a veritable Gibraltar
of heavy guns with numerous machine guns along the wooded edge.
There was no protection, and no shelter against the terrible German
Maxim fire, so that the moment came when to attempt further advance
meant instant annihilation. Still, under cover of the success of the
Eleventh Brigade the engineers built a pontoon bridge at Venizel
and the Twelth Brigade crossed to Bucy-de-Long, with a number of
the lighter artillery. As there was absolutely no shelter, to storm
the height at that point was impossible, and to remain where they
were was merely to court sudden death, so the Twelfth Brigade worked
over the slopes to the ravine at Chipres, where they intrenched.
The task in front of the Second Army Corps was no less difficult.
The bridge at Condé was too strongly defended to be taken by assault,
as Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien speedily found out, so he divided his
forces into two parts, one of which was directed at the village
of Missy, two and one half miles west of Condé, while the other
concentrated its attack on a crossing at the town of Vailly, three
miles east of Condé. Both detachments made good their crossing,
but the regiments that found themselves near Missy also realized
that hasty, very hasty intrenchment was imperative, lest every
one of them should be blown into kingdom come before half an hour
had passed by. During the night some troops were rafted over, three
men at a time, and these encamped near Missy. It was a false move.
For sixteen days thereafter the British troops had to remain in
their dugouts, a large part of the time without food or water.
To show a head above the trench was sudden death.
The regiments that crossed the river at Vailly found themselves in
even a worse plight. No sooner had they crossed than the bombardment
began, and the Germans knew every range in the place accurately.
More than that, the line of trenches was open to enfilade fire from
a hidden battery, which did not unmask until the trench was filled
with soldiers. This Eighth Brigade had to retire in disorder.
The Fifth Brigade, attached to the First Army Corps under Sir Douglas
Haig, an Irish and Scotch group of regiments, were the most successful
of all. The bridge at Pont Arcy had been destroyed, but still one of
its girders spanned the stream. It would have been tricky walking,
even under ordinary circumstances, but nerve racking to attempt,
when from every hill and wood and point of land, Maxims, machine
guns and a steady rifle fire are concentrated on the man crossing
that one girder. By the afternoon, the engineers attached to the
First Army Corps had also established a pontoon bridge, and the
whole brigade crossed the river in the evening and dug itself in.
Late on Sunday afternoon, however, a weak spot showed itself in
the German line and Sir John French threw the First Division of the
First Army Corps across the river near Bourg. Some of the infantry
crossed by a small pontoon bridge and a brigade of cavalry started
to follow them. When they were in mid-stream, however, a terrific
storm of fire smote them. The cavalry pushed on, but could not
ride up the hill in the teeth of the bombardment. The infantry
were eager to go, but nothing was to be gained by the move, so
the cavalry returned over the pontoon, by a most extraordinary
occurrence not having lost a single member in the three hours it
had been scouting on the hostile side of the Aisne. The infantry
intrenched themselves solidly to await the morning.
The main forces of the First Division were especially lucky. Using
the canal aqueduct they made their way toward Bourg, and drove
the Germans back toward the main ridge.
More than three-quarters of the summit of the ridge had been won,
the entire Second Infantry Brigade was across, the Twenty-fifth
Artillery Brigade was across, ready to support, and General Bulfin,
instead of tiring his men by making them intrench there, ordered
them to rest, throwing their outposts in front of the hamlet of
Moulins.
This ended the first day's fighting on the battle of the Aisne.
Of the Third Army Corps, a small body of men had reached Chipres.
There they had been joined by a small force from the Second Army
Corps. In the First Army a strong detachment dug itself in not
far from Pont d'Arcy. The incomparably superior position of the
Germans, their huge numbers, their possession of innumerable guns,
made even this shaky tenure dangerous, though all held on. Sir
John French had tested and found out the German strength and the
result was not encouraging.
Although this repulse of the British army at every point was a
decided victory for the German gunners, Field Marshal von Heeringen
had been impressed by two things: the courage of the British attacking
army, and the destructiveness of the French artillery on the south
bank of the river. The German commander withdrew all his men from
the advanced trenches on between the ridge and the river, keeping,
however, strongly intrenched detachments of riflemen at all commanding
points with powerful artillery as their support.
Sunday night was a veritable pandemonium of destruction and tumult.
All night long, without cessation, the batteries of both sides,
knowing exactly their opponents' range, fired perpetually. All
night long searchlight bombs were thrown. All night long, golden
and red and yellow streams of flame or the sudden jagged flash
of an explosion lit up the black smoke of burning buildings and
fields in the valley, or showed the white puff-like low clouds of
the bursting shrapnel. Not for an instant did the roar diminish,
not for a second was the kindly veil of night left unrent by a
fissure of vengeful flame. Yet, all night long, as ceaselessly
as the great guns poured out their angry fury, so did men pour
out their indomitable will, and in that hell light of battle flame
engineers labored to construct bridges, small bodies of troops
moved forward to join their comrades in the trenches who had been
able to make a footing the day before, and all night long, those
ghastly yet merciful accompaniments of a battle field--the ambulance
corps--carried on their work of relief. The searchlights swept up
and down the valley, like great eyes that watched to give direction
to the venom of war.
At three o'clock in the morning of Monday, September 14, 1914,
two regiments were sent to capture a sugar factory strongly held
by the enemy. That sugar factory became a maelstrom. Three more
regiments had to be brought up and finally the guards, and even
thus heavily overpowered, the Germans successfully defended it
until noon. They sold their lives dearly--those defenders. That
sugar factory stood on that Monday as did Hogoumont at Waterloo. It
delayed the advance of the entire First Corps, but at four o'clock
in the afternoon, Sir Douglas Haig ordered a general advance. The
last afternoon and evening scored a distinct success for the English
arms, and when at last it grew absolutely too dark to see, that
corps held a position stretching from Troton to La Cour de Soupir.
Its chief importance, however, was that it gave the Allies a strongly
intrenched position on the plateau itself.
It was of this day's fighting that, almost a month later, Sir John
French was able to say in his official dispatches:
"The action of the First Corps on this day under the direction and
command of Sir Douglas Haig was of so skillful, bold, and decisive
a character that he gained positions which alone have enabled me
to maintain my position for more than three weeks of very severe
fighting on the north bank of the river."
The offensive of this entire movement was intrusted to the First
Corps. The artillery strength of the armies of General von Kluck
and Von Bülow was such that it was almost impossible for the Second
and Third British Army Corps to assail them by a charge up the
bluff. But, meantime, the French had not been idle. On September
13, 1914, General d'Espérey's Fifth Army crossed the Aisne east
of Bourg, and on the following day commenced the assault on the
Craonne plateau.
The next day, Tuesday, September 15, 1914, was a day of several
small victories for the Germans. General von Zwehl was a hard hitter
and a quick hitter. Having disposed of his artillery where he thought
it could be of the most use, he aided Field Marshal von Heeringen
with counsels of counterattack, counsels that the Field Marshal
fully indorsed. The Sixth French Army under General Manoury, at
the extreme west of the line, was the chief point of attack. Though
well placed on a strong position at Nampcel, the Germans drove
the French before them like clouds before the wind, recaptured
the spurs, forced the French backward through the Morsain ravine
and back to their original crossing place of the Aisne between
Viv and Fontenoy.
The Third Corps of the British suffered heavy loss of life without
any opportunity to retaliate, for it was too thoroughly and completely
dominated by the guns of Vregny.
The lull of Wednesday, September 16, 1914, was a foretaste of the
deadlock which was gradually forming. The French Fifth Army had
been compelled to abandon all idea of a direct attack upon the
Craonne plateau, the natural position being far too strong. The
Second and Third Corps of the British army could do nothing. Sir
John French, though eager to push the advantage, secured by his
position on the heights, was well aware that such a move was not
possible unless the entire French line was ready to cooperate with
him, for, if he tried to drive down upon the ridge of the Aisne,
or, for that matter, tried to flank it, the line of the Duke of
Württemberg would bend back upon him and nip him in a way which
would render escape difficult.
A sudden recrudescence of activity on the western front gave rise to
the hope that the deadlock might yet be avoided, that the two great
armies might come to handgrips again. Bolstered up by reenforcements,
General Manoury checked the German attack and regained all the
ground that had been lost. Concentrating on the need of driving
the invaders out of the quarries of Autreches, the French succeeded.
This eased the western end of the line, and the Second and Third
British Army Corps were left in peace.
Friday, September 18, 1914, is again a date of moment, not because
anything of importance was transacted, but because nothing was
transacted. It was a day of realizations. It was a day that convinced
the Allies that the German positions could not be broken down by
frontal attack, just as the battles of the Marne had convinced
the Germans that the road to Paris was not yet open. The six days
from September 12 to 18 had revealed beyond preadventure that the
German line along the ridge of the Aisne was not merely a convenient
halting place for a rear-guard action, but that it was formed of
lines of strong fortifications, almost impregnable and absolutely
beyond the hope of storming. The forces were too evenly balanced
for any concerted action to produce a desired effect, the possession
of air scouts eliminated any question of a surprise. In other words,
the conclusion was borne in upon the Allies with full force that,
much as the German plan had failed at Marne, so had the Allies'
plan failed at Aisne. The crossing of the Aisne, the winning of
the heights by Sir Douglas Haig were victories--not only that, but
they were full of that glory which goes with successful daring--yet
they led nowhere. The plan of the Allies must be abandoned and a
new one formed. This decision of a change of strategical plan,
then, closed the Allies' frontal attack upon the position of the
Central Powers on the ridge of the Maise, and marks the end of
the first phase of the battle of the Aisne.
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