among the Spaniards, 48–62;
among the French, 63–102;
among the English, 102–319;
in the Carolinas, 66–108;
in Georgia, 108;
in Virginia, 108;
in Massachusetts, 109–110;
in Rhode Island, 110;
in Connecticut, 110–111;
in New Hampshire, 111;
in New Netherland, 112–113;
in New York, 113;
in Pennsylvania, 115;
in New Jersey, 116;
in Maryland, 117;
by warfare, 118–153;
war with Stono Indians, 119;
war with Kussoe Indians, 119;
war of Spanish succession, 119;
Tuscarora War, 121;
Pequot War, 123;
King Philip’s War, 125;
Bacon’s rebellion, 131;
disposed of by colonial governments, 132–152;
by kidnapping, 154–167;
by trade, 168–195;
sold by family or tribe, 196;
abuse of apprenticeship, 198–201;
punishment, 201;
birth, 207–210;
considered property, 211–241;
bought and sold, 216;
advertised for sale, 216;
disposed of by will, 216;
runaways advertised, 218, 219;
disputes concerning, settled by court, 225;
personal property, 226;
real property, 226;
regarded as taxables, 227–228;
import and export duties on, 233;
as hunters, fishermen and guides, 242;
employed in fields, 244–245;
in manual occupations, 245;
hired out by owners, 245;
in military occupations, 246–249;
captured by French from English army, 246;
included by implication in legislative acts relating to slaves, 253;
right to testify in court, 254–255;
granted right to life, 255;
prohibitions on, 259, 260;
punishments, 260–264;
religious instruction of, 264–275;
manumission, 57, 94–95, 276–282;
freed by owner, 276;
purchase freedom, 276;
regulation of actions after emancipation, 280;
decline of use of, 283–319;
poor domestics, 288;
implicated in slave disturbances, 289;
included in laws concerning slaves by implication, 290;
values of, 298–302;
less valuable than negroes, 302;
use of, abolished in Virginia, 312;
in South Carolina, 315;
in Rhode Island, 316;
in New York, 317
Iroquois, tribe, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41;
effect on Indian slavery, 117
Ipswich, slaves in, 109, 298
Jenney, Reverend, on Indian slaves, 114, 273
Jesuits, 27, 34, 35, 41, 42;
oppose sale of Indians, 78, 79;
enslaved by Iroquois, 47
Johnson, missionary in South Carolina, on Indian slaves, 121
Johnson, Nathaniel, governor of Carolina, 106;
report on condition of Carolina, 106;
refuses to sell Indian perquisites, 183
Johnson, Robert, governor of Carolina, makes peace between nations,
172
Johnson, William, on Indian slaves in New York, 114
Jolliet, given an Indian, 80
Jones, Reverend Hugh, on baptizing Indian and negro slaves, 271
Jordan, river, 53
Joutel, 37
Judicial decisions recognize children of slave mothers as slaves, 210
Kansas, tribe, 31, 32, 74, 81, 86
Kaskaskia, Indian slaves at, 70, 76, 78;
church records of, 89
Keith, Sir William, owned Indian slaves, 116
Kettles, objects of barter, 27
Kidnapping, 154–167;
contrary to law, 165;
legislation regarding, 166;
Virginia act regarding, 166;
Maryland act regarding, 166;
Massachusetts act regarding, 166;
New Jersey act regarding, 167;
New Hampshire act regarding, 167
Kieft, Governor, requested by United Colonies to return runaway
Indian slave, 233
King Blount, chief, North Carolina orders to return runaway Indian
slaves, 222;
buys Indians, 302
King Philip, wife and son transported, 127
King Philip’s War, captives, enslaved, 110, 111, 125–131;
ran away, 218;
to receive religious instructions, 273
Kishkakon, tribe, 80
Klamath, tribe, 33
Knives, objects of barter, 27
Kussoe, tribe, war with, 119;
captives sold as slaves, 119, 134
La Harpe, journey in southwest, 30, 73;
seized Indians, 73;
given Indians, 81
La Hontan, 35, 37
La Salle, expedition of, 34, 35;
death of, 47;
urges Illinois against Iroquois, 70;
reports Indian slaves held by French, 75, 77;
advocates enslavement of Indians, 76;
given Indians, 81
Las Casas, opponent of Indian slavery, 65, 304
La Tore, Francis, kidnaps Indians, 162
Laudonnière, given Indians, 79;
intends using slaves as guides, 82
Laughton, John, captures and sells Indians abroad, 161;
indicted for the act, 161
La Vérendrye, 32;
sends Indian slaves to French settlements, 74
Law, customary, recognizes Indian slavery, 212
Leisler, Jacob, grievances against, 114
Le Jau, missionary, 266
Le Jeune, 28, 36
Le Page du Pratz, uses Indian slave as cook and interpreter, 83
Le Sueur, given Indians, 81
Levis, parish register of, 88
Little Compton, hired Indians in, 293
Little Sun, chief’s son, sent to West Indies, 68
Long, journal of, 98
Longfellow, Stephen, owns Indian slave, 274
Long Point, parish register of, 88
Louis de la Louisiane, Fort, 90
Louis XIV, edict of, 63;
orders captive Indians sent to France, 85
Louisiana, 57, 59, 64, 67, 77, 82, 83;
church records of, 88;
census of, 91;
report on, 91;
negro slaves in, 101
MacSparran, betters religious condition of slaves in Narragansett,
275
Madeira, Indian slaves in, 163
Maine, Indians from, carried to Massachusetts as slaves, 105;
carried to the Azores, 125
Maine, Thomas, on preying of tribe upon tribe for slaves, 171
Makah, tribe, 43
Mallet, expedition, uses slaves as guides, 82
Mandan, tribe, 43
Manumission of Indian slaves, 57, 94, 195, 276–282
Mantantons, tribe, 81
Marcy, Moses, owns Indian slave, 288
Markham, Governor William, owns Indian slave, 116
Marquette, Father, 27;
given an Indian slave, 80
Marriages, of slaves, 42, 43, 252;
of French and Indians, 87
Martha’s Vineyard, general court grants slaves right of appeal, 257
Maryland, Indian slaves in, 117;
indentured white servants in, 117;
assembly authorizes enslavement of Indians, 132;
act against kidnapping, 166;
decrees children shall follow condition of father, 208;
decrees slavery as condition of slave parents’ children, 209;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 217;
permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
forbids marriage of whites and slaves, 253;
permits slaves to testify at trial of slaves, 255;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 259;
encourages baptism of slaves, 271
Mascoutens, tribe, 38
Mason, John, commander in campaign against Narraganset, 138;
authorized to enslave captives, 138;
on runaway Indian slaves, 218;
declares Pequot captives poor slaves, 288
Massachusetts, Indian slaves in, 123, 124, 126, 187;
exports Pequot captives, 124;
exports other Indians, 126;
act against kidnapping, 166;
act against importation of Indians, 188;
act against exportation of Indians, 188;
act to prevent abuse of apprenticeship, 198;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment for crime, 202, 203, 205;
remunerates owner for Indian slave taken from him, 225;
courts settle disputed ownership of slaves, 225;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 230–231;
forbids marriage of whites and negroes or Indians, 252;
provides for slave courts, 261, 262;
regulates sale of spirituous liquor to Indians, 264;
provides religious instruction for captives of King Philip’s War,
273;
remunerates owner for slave taken from him, 279, 280;
provides freedom as reward to slave, 280;
regulates actions of slaves, 290;
legislation shows Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 291;
requires license to hire Indians, 292
Matthews, deputy, removed by proprietors, 174
Mayhew, Experience, regrets lack of religious instruction for slaves,
273;
tells of Indian slave purchasing liberty, 277
Mdewakanton, tribe, 81
Medford, slaves in, 263
Mendoza, viceroy, 31, 52, 53
Menendez, 30, 48;
brings negroes to Florida, 59
Menominee, tribe, 32
Mexico, 26, 34, 56
Miami, tribe, 29
Miantonomo, chief, agreement with Massachusetts, 221
Michigan, Indian slavery in, 33
Middleton, deputy, removed by proprietors of Carolina, 174
Milton, Indian slaves in, 298
Mining, occupation of Indian slaves, 37
Ministry, of the colonies, 91
Minquae, tribe, have white slaves, 47
Miró, governor, frees slaves, 58
Missions, 59, 60, 66
Missionaries, as slave holders, 65, 66, 67;
advocate enslavement of Indians, 76
Missouri, tribe, 32, 33, 64
Mississippi, river, 31, 36;
valley, 92
Mistick Fight, captives enslaved, 123
Mistresses, Indian slaves used as by Indians, 36;
by Spaniards, 55;
by French, 83
Mobile, tribe, held as slaves by French, 75;
settlement, 73, 75;
church records of, 88, 89;
purposes of establishment of, 172
Modoc, tribe, 33
Mohawk, have white slaves, 47
Mohegan, tribe, at war with Narraganset, 138;
hired by English, 294
Monmouth, county, New Jersey, Indian slaves in, 117
Montreal, capitulation of, 64, 93;
slavery in, 92
Montagnais, tribe, 80
Moore, Governor, enslaves and exports Indians, 119, 120, 135;
Colonel, expedition of, to North Carolina, 122;
deputy, removed by proprietors, 174;
forces council to annul election of Moreton as governor, 179;
on traffic in Indians, 179;
employs Indian slaves in fields, 245
Moreton, Governor Joseph, instructed by proprietors not to allow
Indians to be carried from South Carolina, 175
Morton, Thomas, hires Indians, 293
Moscoso, leader after Soto’s death, 56;
treatment of slaves, 56
Moseley, Captain, captured Indians, 125
Mountgomry, Sir Robert, advocates use of indentured white servants,
289
Mutilation, punishment, 246
Nairn, Captain, expedition of to Florida, 120
Nanticoke, tribe, war of Maryland with, 132, 133
Narraganset, tribe, Pequot captives given to, 123;
at war with the Mohegan, 138;
campaign against, 138
Narragansett, slaves in, 110, 275;
hired servants in, 294
Nassoni, tribe, 30
Natchez, tribe, friendly with French, 67;
enslaved by French, 67, 68;
English traders purchase slaves from, 173;
enslave Shawnee, 173
Natchitoch, tribe, 30
Natchitoches, 30, 74;
report concerning, 75
Neau, pastor in New York, to S. P. G. F. P., 268
Negroes, use of a cause for decline of Indian slavery, 297, 298
Newbury, Indian slaves in, 298
New England, Indian slaves in, 105, 117, 187;
free Indians in, 283;
Indian slaves die of consumption, 285;
hired Indians in, 293
New England Confederation, decrees slavery as punishment for
Indians, 206, 207;
provides for enslavement of Narraganset captives, 207;
orders Indians seized for harboring runaway slaves, 223
New Hampshire, Indian slaves in, 111;
act against importation of Indians, 192–193;
levies import duties on Indians, 236;
grants slaves the right to life, 255;
finds Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 291
New Haven, act against exportation of Indians, 189
New Jersey, Indian slaves in, 116–117, 180, 300;
import duties on Indians, 236;
provides for trial of slaves, 257;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 258;
punishments for slaves, 261, 262;
act concerning baptism of slaves, 271;
regulates action of freedmen, 280;
regulates manumission, 282;
indentured Indians in, 295
New London, Indian slaves in, 300
New Mexico, missions, 60
New Netherland, Indian slavery in, 112–113
New Orleans, 28, 74;
census of, 91;
report on, 92
Newport, Indians surrender at, 129
New York, Indian slaves in, 113–115, 187;
act to prevent importation of Indians, 193;
abuse of apprenticeship, 200;
decrees slavery as condition of slave mothers’ children, 209;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 232;
levies import duties on Indians, 238–240;
forbids slaves to testify at trial of whites, 255;
provides for trial of slaves, 257;
decrees that baptism does not free slaves, 272;
regulates actions of freedmen, 280;
regulates manumission, 282;
free Indians in, 284;
regulates conduct of slaves, 290;
indentured Indians in, 295;
abolishes Indian slavery, 317
New York City, permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
employs Indian slaves in military operations, 247;
restrictions on slaves, 260
Nez Percés, tribe, 33
Niagara, articles of peace drawn up at, 247
North Carolina, Indian slaves in, 36, 133, 301;
runaway Indian slaves, 222;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 225, 226;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 227;
forbids marriage of whites and Indians, 253;
forbids slaves to testify in court, 254;
punishments for Indian slaves, 261, 263, 264;
act regarding manumission of slaves, 278;
act regulating conduct of freedmen, 280, 281;
small-pox destroys Indians, 285
Northwest, 25, 27, 33, 36, 37, 39, 42, 85;
Indian slavery in, 45
Northwest Territory, slavery in, 33
Nova Scotia, 51
Oakinacke, tribe, slavery among, 46
Ohio, 29
Okechobee, Lake, 120
Oldmixon, on number of free Indians in New York, 284;
in New Jersey, 285
Old Town Creek, settlement, Indian children enslaved, 197
Opechancanough, chief, 119
Opinion, public, concerning Indian slavery, 303
Ordinance of 1787, 33
Oregon Indians, slavery among, 33, 45
O’Reilly, proclamation of concerning slaves, 58
Ortiz, Juan, enslaved, 46
Osage, tribe, 28, 31, 32, 73, 75
Ottawa, tribe, 27, 28, 32, 35, 36, 37;
area, 66, 70, 80
Ottogami, tribe, 38
Ouacha, tribe, 75
Outaouac, tribe, 32
Padouca, tribe, 31, 32, 86
Palfrey, estimate of number of Indians, 284
Pamunkey, 119
Panis, synonym for Indian slave, 89, 246
Paraguay, 67
Paris, 64, 66, 91
Pariss, Reverend, hires Indians, 293
Parliament, of Great Britain, 64;
of South Carolina, partly in sympathy with proprietors, 176;
of Canada, abolishes slavery, 97
Parris, Alexander, receiver of South Carolina, 202
Pawnee, tribe, 28, 31, 33, 73, 75, 99;
synonym for Indian slave, 32, 64, 93, 99
Payupki, enslavement of Indians of, 38
Pekkemeck, Indians, conceal runaway slaves, 222
Pemaquid, 160, 161
Penn, William, founder of a “free colony,” 115;
letter to Susquehanna, 224
Pennsylvania, kidnapping in, 161;
Indian slaves imported from South Carolina, 180, 187, 194;
acts against importation of Indians, 193–195;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
import duties on Indians, 236;
punishments for slaves, 262
Pensacola, English Indians attack, 171
Pequot War, captives, enslaved, 109, 110, 123, 124;
ran away, 218;
agreements to return runaways, 221–222;
unfitted for slaves, 288
Periér, governor of Louisiana, enslaves Natchez Indians, 68;
protests against trade in Indians, 98
Peter, Reverend Hugh, desires Indian slave, 310
Philadelphia, yearly meeting, action on Indian slavery, 308
Pierce, Captain, carries Indian slaves to the Bermudas, 124
Pima, tribe, 30
Pirates, work of, 163, 205
Plymouth, Indian slaves in, 109, 125;
sends Indians to Spain, 125, 126;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment for crime, 204;
concerning runaway slaves, 224;
frees Indian slaves, 277;
provides remuneration for slave owners, 279;
hired Indians in, 293;
apprenticed Indians in, 295
Pollock, Governor, negotiates sale of Indians, 133
Popham, Lord, patron of Weymouth, 155;
given two Indians, 156
Portsmouth, forbids holding Indian slaves in the town, 152;
Indian slaves in, 299
Portugal, rival power, 71;
Indians carried to, 127
Potawatami, tribe, 38
Powder, object of barter, 27
Powhatan, chief, 36;
Indian freed by Virginia assembly, 186
Praying Indians, enslaved, 128, 143, 144;
hired, 293
Privateers, bring prizes to New Amsterdam, 163
Proprietors, of Carolina, grant privilege of selling Indians in West
Indies, 134, 174;
jealous of Governor West, 134;
power broken, 135;
forbid enslavement of Indians, 169;
play double game with reference to Indians, 173;
jealous of colonial officials, 174;
oppose Indian slavery, 175;
forbid Governor Moreton to allow exportation of Indians, 175;
oppose dealers in Indians, 177;
recognize usefulness of enslaving Indian captives, 178;
denounce Governor Moore’s Indian policy, 179;
sanction Indian slavery, 309;
caution West against appointing certain deputies, 174
Protection, to owners’ property in Indian slaves, 221, 222
Providence, island, Indians carried to, 124;
town, Indians surrender at, 129
Pueblo, tribe, 31;
missions, 60
Puritans, of Anne Arundel County, refuse to raise military levy, 133;
missionary scheme concerning Indians, 294
Quakers, at peace with Delaware, 115;
control government of Rhode Island, 129;
affect Indian slavery, 305;
oppose Indian slavery, 307–308
Quebec, 80;
parish register of, 88
Queen Charlotte Island, slave mart, 45
Quincy, slaves in, 109
Rancherias, practically enslave Indians, 61
Ransom, 44
Rappahannock, court, authorizes enslavement of Indians, 131
Rauch, missionary in New York, 162
Raudot, Jacques, intendant, authorizes
Indian slavery, 63;
issues ordinance against slaves’ running away, 99
Reaping, occupation of Indian slaves, 37
Renault, sent to Louisiana, 102
Rhode Island, slaves in, 110, 128–130, 187, 236;
limits bondage of Indians to term of years, 150;
general assembly so orders, 151;
sends Indians back to Plymouth, 151;
Indian slaves brought to from South Carolina, 180;
act against importing Indians, 191, 192;
act to prevent abuse of apprenticeship, 199;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment, 205;
levies import duties on Indians, 235;
votes to enlist Indian slaves, 248;
religious condition of slaves in, 274;
legislation shows Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 292;
indentured Indians in, 295;
prices of Indian slaves in, 299;
abolishes Indian slavery, 316;
legislation concerning Spanish Indians, 319
Ribaut, instructions from Queen of France, 72;
seizes Indians, 72
Rowlandson, Mrs., taken prisoner by Indians, 47
Roxbury, Indian slaves in, 109
Rye, declares Indian slaves taxables, 232
Saguenay, 72, 79
St. Augustine, 30, 107;
expedition against, 119, 120, 135;
Indians captured at, 285
St. Denis, enslaved by Indians, 47
St. George, manor, Indian slaves in, 114
St. Lawrence, river, 36
St. Miguel, 53
St. Peters, Indian slaves in, 271
St. Thomas, parish, 107
Salem, indentured servants in, 295;
Indians slaves in, 298, 299
Salishan, tribe, 33
San Diego, 60
San Domingo, 102
Sandiford, Ralph, opposed to Indian slavery, 306
Sandwich, Indians in, 147;
court sentences Indians to slavery, 203
Sarrow, tribe, sells Indians in Virginia, 186
Sassacus, chief, 123
Sauk, tribe, 32
Savannah, tribe, prey on other tribes, sell captives, 170;
break treaty, 170;
reduced in numbers, 287
Savoile, owns Indian slaves, 77
Sayle, governor of Carolina, 169
Schuyler, Arient, owns Indian slaves, 114, 217
Schuylkill, river, 29
Seabrook, Fort, Indian captives to be sent to, 138
Seneca, tribe, 29;
carry Indian slave boy from South Carolina, 224
Serpent, Nation of the, 75
Sewall, Samuel, intercedes to prevent enslavement of Indians, 204;
admires marriage of whites and Indians, 253;
on sale of Indians, 298;
opposed to Indian slavery, 305
Sharp, Granville, opposed to Indian slavery, 306
Sharpe, pastor in New York, to S. P. G. T. P., 268
Shawnee, tribe, 29;
enslaved, 173
Shekomeka, Indian town in New York, 162
Short, Elizabeth, purchases Indian, 270
Shrimpton, Mr., quarters Indians on Noddle’s Island, 143
Shurt, Abraham, prevents union of Massachusetts and Maine Indians, 160
Smallcomb, Thomas, owns Indian slaves, 119;
sells Indians, 301
Smith, Captain John, 36;
expedition to New England, 158;
William, owns Indian slaves, 114
Snake, tribe, 32
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, purpose
of American missionaries, 265;
allows missionaries to work among slaves, 266;
response to missionaries, 268;
drafts bill to aid conversion of slaves, 268
Sonnagars, tribe, 29
Sonnontuan, tribe, 70
Soto, 31, 37, 49;
lands in Florida, 51;
captures Indians, 52;
a slave owner, 52;
uses Indian slaves as guides, 55;
death, 56
Southampton, hired Indians in, 204
Sowing, employment of Indian slaves, 37
South Carolina, report on, 107;
Indian slaves in, 109, 134–136;
sentences Indians to slavery, 201;
decrees condition of slavery for children of slave mothers, 207;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 213;
Indian slaves disposed of by will, 217;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
esteems slaves as real property, 226;
as taxables, 232;
levies import duties on Indians, 234;
levies export duties on Indians, 240;
permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
employs slaves in military operations, 247, 248;
rewards Tuscarora for military service by gifts of Indian slaves,
249;
permits slaves to testify, 254;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 258;
averse to slaves being church members, 269;
directions to traders, 276;
allows Indian slaves to prove right to freedom, 277;
act regulating freedmen, 280;
small-pox destroys Indians, 285;
declares Indian slaves of less value than negroes, 302;
abolishes Indian slavery, 315
South Kingston, slaves in, 110
Southold, Indian apprentices in, 295
Spain, Indians carried to, 51, 125, 126, 158;
rival power, 71
Spanish Indians, in New York, 163;
in New England, 164;
in Pennsylvania, 164;
undesirable, 290
Spanish Main, 48
Spanish Succession, war of, 119, 172
Spiritual welfare of Indians, 59
Spotswood, Governor, to Lord Dartmouth, 198
Sprague, Captain, carries Indian slaves to Spain, 125
Stanton, Captain John, owns Indian slaves, 130
Status, slavery, servitude, 212–216
Statutory recognition of slavery, 212
Steevens, missionary of S. P. G. F. P., 183
Stono, tribe, war with, 106, 119;
captives enslaved, 119, 134
Stoughton, Captain, requests Indian slave, 210
Susquehanna, tribe, carry away Indian slaves from New York, 224;
war with Yoamaco, 286
Swamp Fight, captives enslaved, 123
Swanzey, Indian slave in, 145
Taensa, tribe, Chickasaw obtain slaves from, 173
Taiguragui, chief, 71
Talapoosa, tribe, preys on tribes for captives to sell, 171
Talbot, attorney-general of England, decides that baptism does not
free slaves, 275
Talcot, Major John, treasurer of Connecticut, 130
Tampa Bay, 51
Tartary, 27
Terre Haute, slavery in, 92
Terrisse, 81
Thacher, Reverend Peter, owns Indian slaves, 251, 298
Thomas, Samuel, to S. P. G. F. P., 266
Thompson, Indians, slavery among, 46
Tiguex, captured by Coronado, 53, 56
Timucua, tribe, enslaved by English, 121
Tisquantum, captured by Captain Hunt, 158
Tlingit, tribe, 33
Tonti, 28, 38;
urges Illinois against Iroquois, 69;
advocates enslavement of Indians, 76;
given Indians, 81
Toungletat, Indian slavery among, 45
Trade, leading employment of French-American colonists, 87;
means of obtaining Indian slaves, 168–195
Treasurer, of colony, authorized to sell Indians, 139, 140, 148
Treatment, of Indian slaves, 39–42, 55–57, 86–92, 250, 282;
not different from treatment of negroes, 250
Tusayan, tribe, enslave Indians of Payupki, 38
Tuscarora, war, captives enslaved, 121, 122, 133;
cause of, 197;
Indians, runaway, 222
Uncas, chief, exchanges land for Indian slave, 277
United Colonies of New England, authorize enslavement of Indians, 138;
recognize property rights in Indian slaves, 222;
letter to Governor Kieft, 223
Ute, tribe, slavery among, 45, 46
Vancouver Island, Indian slavery on, 45
Verrazano, kidnaps Indians, 71
Vesey, Reverend, on Indian slaves in New York, 114
Vincennes, church records of, 89;
slavery at, 92
Virginia, Indian slaves in, 30, 108, 118, 119, 127, 180, 187, 271,
301;
assembly authorizes transportation and sale of Indians, 131–132;
act against kidnapping Indians, 166;
early trade with Indians, 185;
policy regarding enslavement of Indians, 185;
act against enslavement of Indian children, 198;
sentences Indians to slavery, 202–203;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 227–230;
levies import duties on, 235, 237;
forbids marriage of free whites and Indian slaves, 252;
decrees child of an Indian to be a mulatto, 254;
forbids slaves to testify in court except at trial of slaves, 255;
provides special courts for trial of slaves, 256;
votes to educate Indian servants, 270;
legally designates slaves in 1670, 270;
repeals act of 1670, 272;
requires registration of slaves, 271;
act concerning manumission of slaves, 278, 279;
regulates actions of freedmen, 280;
decrease in number of Indians, 286;
requires license to hire Indians, 292;
indentured Indians in, 295;
abolishes Indian slavery, 312;
supreme court decision regarding abolition of Indian slavery, 313
Voyageurs, 64
Waineoke, King of, sells Indian to Elizabeth Short, 270, 301
Wakashan, tribe, 33
Waldron, Major, seizes Indians at Cocheco, 147;
issues warrants for seizure of Indians, 161;
indicted for stealing and selling Indians, 161
Wallawalla, river, 33
Wampum, 35, 37
Waniah, tribe, at war with South Carolina, 177
Washington, General George, proposes to enlist slaves, 248
West, Governor, sells Indians as slaves, 119, 134;
removed from office by proprietors, 174;
cautioned by proprietors against appointing certain deputies, 174
West Indies, 78;
Indians carried to, 68, 97, 119, 124, 127, 133–134, 169, 180, 185,
202, 302
West Virginia, slave courts in, 256
Western Company, charter of, 101;
imports negroes into Louisiana, 101
Westo, tribe, sell captives to English, 170;
break treaty, 170;
sell Indians to Carolina planters, 175;
reduced in numbers, 287
Wethersfield, Indian slave in, 300
Wetmore, on opposition of owners to baptism of slaves, 273
Weymouth, kidnaps Indians, 155
Whipping, punishment, 262–263
Willard, Lieutenant, agreement of Massachusetts with, 222
Williams, Roger, on Indian slavery, 304;
requests an Indian slave, 310
Winthrop, John, owns an Indian slave, 216;
on number of free Indians, 248;
obtains licenses to employ Indians, 292
Wisconsin, 27, 32, 38, 94
Yamasee, tribe, 30
Yanan, tribe, 33
Yaqui, tribe, enslaved, 54
Yazoo, tribe, enslave Shawnee, 173
Yeamans, Sir John, chosen by proprietors to succeed West as
Governor, 174
Yoamaco, tribe, war with Susquehanna, 286
Yorke, solicitor-general of England, decides that baptism does not
free slaves 275
Yuma, tribe, 30
VITA
The author of this dissertation, Almon Wheeler Lauber, was born at
Lawrenceville, St. Lawrence Co., New York, March 24, 1880. He was
graduated from the New York State Normal School, Potsdam, New York,
in 1900. During the academic year of 1900–1901 he was principal
of the graded school at Lawrenceville, New York. In 1905, he was
graduated from Syracuse University with the degree of Ph. B., and in
the same year received the Ph. M. degree. During the three succeeding
academic years he was instructor in history at George School, Bucks
Co., Pennsylvania. In 1908, he entered Columbia University where he
pursued graduate work. His major subject was American History, and his
minors were Constitutional Law and European History. He took courses
in American History under Professors Shepherd, Osgood and Dunning; in
Constitutional Law under Professor Burgess; and in European History
under Professors Osgood, Robinson and Sloane. He was a member of
seminars under Professors Shepherd, Osgood and Dunning.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] In Mexico, a certain community of Indians was named “Esclavos” by
the Spaniards, because the Aztec rulers had drawn so largely upon them
for slaves. Gage, _A New Survey of the West Indies_, third edition, ii,
p. 414.
[2] Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Bureau of
American Ethnology_, Bulletin 30, pt. ii, p. 599.
[3] _Ibid._
[4] Fiske, _The Discovery of America_, i, p. 121; Prescott, _History of
the Conquest of Mexico_, twenty-second edition, i, pp. 35, 41. See also
Clavigero, _The History of Mexico_ (translated by Cullen), i, p. 157,
ii, p. 154; Prescott, _op. cit._, i, pp. 63, 68, 147, 155, 168, 285;
ii, pp. 82, 137.
[5] See Neill, _History of Minnesota_, p. 85, for the case of an Indian
who wanted to enslave his daughter’s murderer. Brickell, _The Natural
History of North Carolina_, etc., p. 355, tells of Indians enslaving
one another for theft until reparation was made.
[6] _The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_, edited by Reuben
Gold Thwaites, xvi, pp. 199, 201. The same custom was followed by the
Indians in later periods. See Parker, _A Journey Beyond the Rocky
Mountains_ (1835), p. 53.
[7] _Jesuit Relations_, xv, p. 157.
[8] Margry, _Découvertes_, etc., i, p. 470; _Michigan Pioneer and
Historical Society Collections_, xxiv, p. 182.
[9] Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 85. The spelling of the Indian
names in this dissertation is that used by Hodge in _Handbook of
American Indians north of Mexico_.
[10] Hennepin, _A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America_, edited
by Reuben Gold Thwaites, p. 631.
[11] French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, pt. i, p. 56;
Margry, _op. cit._, i, p. 527.
[12] Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, etc.,
pp. lvi, 32; Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 81.
[13] _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 309.
[14] _Jesuit Relations_, lxvii, p. 171. In the south, the term “slave”
was used by the Indians, not only in the sense in which it is commonly
used, but as applied to dogs, cats, tame and domestic animals, and to
captive birds. “So when an Indian tells you that he has a slave for
you, it may, in general terms as they use, be a young eagle, a dog, or
any other thing of that nature, which is obsequiously to depend upon
the master for its substance.” Lawson, _The History of North Carolina,
containing the exact description and natural history of that country_,
p. 327.
[15] In 1694, the Illinois informed Tonti that during the preceding
seven years they had killed and taken prisoners 334 men and boys and
111 women and girls. Margry, _op. cit._, iv, p. 5.
[16] Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., ii, p. 631; Margry, _op. cit._,
ii, p. 98; _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p. 191; lix, p. 127.
[17] Chappell, _A History of the Missouri River_, p. 25.
[18] _Jesuit Relations_, xxx, p. 133.
[19] French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, pt. i, p. 69.
[20] Hazard, _Annals of Pennsylvania_, p. 7.
[21] Discourse delivered before The New York Historical Association
at the anniversary meeting, December 6, 1811, by the Honorable DeWitt
Clinton; La Hontan, _New Voyages to North America_, edited by Reuben
Gold Thwaites, ii, p. 504.
[22] Margry, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 141, 272; iv, p. 5.
[23] Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 659.
[24] Margry, _op. cit._, i, p. 527; ii, p. 141.
[25] _Jesuit Relations_, lxii, p. 67.
[26] _Ibid._, lxi, p. 195.
[27] Catesby, _The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama
Islands_, etc., ii, p. xiii; Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 532.
[28] Beverly, _The History of Virginia in Four Parts_, second edition,
p. 179; Smith, _The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the
Summer Isles_, in Arber’s edition of Captain John Smith’s Works, ii, p.
570.
[29] _Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontanedo on the Country and
Ancient Indian Tribes of Florida_, in French, _Historical Collections
of Louisiana and Florida_, series ii, p. 253.
[30] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii. p. 68.
[31] Bulletin 43 of the _Bureau of American Ethnology_, p. 296.
[32] _Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society_, v, p. 305.
[33] _Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_,
1904–1905, p. 197.
[34] _Bureau of American Ethnology Publications_, xiv, pt. i, p. 548.
[35] _Ibid._, p. 449; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the
Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 314.
[36] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 74. Du Tisné meditated making
peace between the Pawnee and Padouca, and thought it could be done by
giving presents to each tribe, and by getting each to return the slaves
which it held of the other nation. Chappell, _op. cit._, p. 26.
[37] Iberville, in 1702, found them to number 2,000 men. Margry, _op.
cit._, iv, pp. 597–599.
[38] Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, vi, p. 61; _Jesuit Relations_,
lxix, p. 301.
[39] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 416.
[40] _Narrative of De Boucherville_, in _Wisconsin Historical Society
Collections_, xvii, pp. 42, 55, 89.
[41] _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxxiv, p.
182.
[42] Parkman, _A Half Century of Conflict_, ii, p. 46.
[43] The term “Pawnee” or “Panis” signifying an Indian slave was
especially used in Canada. See J. C. Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_,
in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, pp. 102–108; “_The
Panis_” in _Canadian Institute Proceedings_, 1899, pp. 19–27; Smith,
_The Slave in Canada_, in _Nova Scotia Historical Society Reports_, x,
pp. 3, 72.
[44] Grignon, _Seventy-two Years’ Recollections of Wisconsin_, in
_Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, iii, p. 256; Thwaites,
_Early Western Travels_, i, pp. 304, 309. In the present state of
Michigan, traces are found of Indians holding others as slaves, though
the Ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory.
_Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xiv, p. 658.
[45] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[46] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[47] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[48] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 506; French, _Historical Collections of
Louisiana_, pt. iii, pp. 33, 34, 68; Cramoisy, _Journal de la Guerre
du Micissippi contre les Chicachas_, pp. 65, 67, 68, 89; La Harpe,
_Historical Journal of the Establishment of the French in Louisiana_,
in French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 27; Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 324.
[49] Douay, _Narrative of La Salle’s Expedition_, in Shea, _Discovery
and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 204; French, _op. cit._,
pt. iv, p. 204.
[50] Shea, _op. cit._, pp. 205, 211, 216.
[51] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42.
[52] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 299; xliv, pp. 47, 49; l, p. 115.
[53] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 293.
[54] Hennepin’s _Narrative_, in Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the
Mississippi Valley_, p. 144.
[55] _Jesuit Relations_, liv, pp. 93, 95.
[56] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 454. _A Memoir of La Salle to
Frontenac_, November 9, 1680, declares that the Illinois forced their
slaves to work. _The Historical Magazine_, v, p. 197.
[57] Bartram, _Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East
and West Florida_, p. 185.
[58] _Jesuit Relations_, xvi, p. 199.
[59] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[60] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 293. It was the existence of this
class of slaves among the Iroquois which the Jesuits deplored most of
all.
[61] Carr, _The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historical
Considered_, p. 8; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present
Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 32.
[62] Carr, _op. cit._, p. 18.
[63] _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, edition of 1908, iv, pp. 1699–1700.
[64] Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 321; Lawson, _op. cit._, p. 188.
[65] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the
United States, 1513–1561_, p. 32.
[66] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 432.
[67] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339.
[68] _Jesuit Relations_, lxi, p. 195; La Hontan, _op. cit._, i, pp. 94,
106, 111, 113; Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 509; Carr, _op. cit._, p.
18.
[69] _Jesuit Relations_, xvi, p. 199.
[70] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 199.
[71] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 432.
[72] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[73] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 345. For the
legend of the enslaving and freeing of the Indians of Payupki by the
Tusayan, see the _Bureau of American Ethnology_, Report for 1886–1887,
p. 40.
[74] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 56.
[75] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi. p. 284.
[76] _Ibid._, xvi, pp. 306, 429, 444, 447–451.
[77] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 123.
[78] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 276.
[79] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, v, p. 79.
[80] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[81] _Ibid._
[82] This statement implies that the term “slave” does not include
prisoners of war who were tortured by their captors.
[83] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 185.
[84] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 439.
[85] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 160.
[86] Brickell, _The National History of North Carolina_, p. 321;
Irving, _The Conquest of Florida under Hernando de Soto_, i, p. 280;
Shipp, _The History of Hernando de Soto and Florida_, etc., p. 367;
Pickett, _History of Alabama_, p. 64. The statements of Irving, Shipp
and Pickett are based on the account by Garcilaso de la Vega.
[87] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 95.
[88] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 95; Marshall, _Historical Writings
Relating to the Early History of the West_, p. 211; La Hontan, _op.
cit._, ii, pp. 420, 505.
[89] Marshall, _op. cit._, p. 212; Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508;
_Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 303.
[90] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 295.
[91] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 299; Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the
Mississippi Valley_, p. 34.
[92] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 599.
[93] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 293.
[94] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 293.
[95] _Ibid._, 1, p. 115.
[96] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 186.
[97] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 613.
[98] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 186.
[99] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 474. These freed slaves were
accustomed to go each day to visit their former masters’ graves to
offer pipes and tobacco in acknowledgment of their freedom.
[100] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.
[101] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 599.
[102] _Ibid._ For the Iroquois, see Carr, _op. cit._, p. 18; Margry,
_op. cit._, v, p. 8; _Jesuit Relations_, lxii, p. 63. For the western
Indians, see Hennepin, _op. cit._, p. 509; _Jesuit Relations_, lxix,
p. 59. For the northern Indians, see Catesby, _op. cit._, ii. p. xiii
(editor’s note).
[103] Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508.
[104] _Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_,
1893–1894, p. cxii.
[105] Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 321; Lawson, _op. cit._, p. 323;
Catesby, _op. cit._, ii, p. xiii.
[106] _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p. 237.
[107] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508.
[108] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 46.
[109] The holding of slaves by the Indians continued long after
colonial times. It naturally died out first in the east, with the
growth in power of the whites and the consequent decrease in the
numbers and strength of the Indians.
The Indians of the Columbia River country held slaves till well into
the nineteenth century. These they procured by trading beads and
furs with the interior tribes. Franchère’s _Narrative_, in Thwaites,
_Early Western Travels_, vi, p. 324; xxix, p. 242; xxx, p. 111. The
Blackfeet, Cayuse, Crows, and Ute were accustomed to keep the women
taken in war as slaves, (_Ibid._, xxiii, p. 118); and other neighboring
tribes did the same. Travelers in Oregon in 1846 found that the Oregon
Indians enslaved their war captives, and that they made war for the
purpose of obtaining slaves. _Ibid._, xxix, p. 124. The Toungletat,
who inhabited Vancouver Island, at the same time had Indian slaves,
captives in war. _Ibid._, xxix, p. 149. The tribes of the section south
of the Columbia River country were given over to the same custom.
Both here, and in the Columbia River country, the Indians were heavy
gamblers, and not infrequently staked their own freedom in their games.
_Ibid._, xxx, p. 161; xxvii, p. 171; Parker, _Journey Beyond the Rocky
Mountains_, p. 53. The Indians of the extreme northwest held slaves in
1840. Considerable numbers were owned by the chiefs. These were worth
thirty blankets each, and were generally purchased from the natives of
Queen Charlotte Island, the great slave mart of the northwest coast.
Bancroft, _History of the Northwest Coast_, ii, pp. 647–649.
The slaves of the Columbia River country were well treated as long as
they were able to work. The district was a commercial one, and the
slaves, as an article of commerce, were valuable. But when a slave grew
old and was unable to work, he was neglected. The women of the tribe
had several slaves who were dependent entirely upon their will. Slaves
could be purchased by the male members of the tribes for wives. The
Oackinacke Indians, at this time, possessed but few slaves, and these
were adopted as children and as members of the family. _Ibid._, vii,
pp. 103, 107, 303.
Until 1850, the Thompson Indians of British Columbia enslaved captive
Indians. Teit, _The Thompson Indians of British Columbia_, in _Memoirs
of the American Museum of Natural History_, pp. 269, 290. In 1836, the
Chinook Indians possessed Indian slaves. In 1855, the Ute sacrificed
four slaves, and buried them with one of their chiefs. One of these
slaves was buried alive. Thomas, _Indians of North America in Historic
Times_, p. 369. In 1863, the Cherokee abolished slavery by law. This
was amended in 1866, so as to permit it as a punishment for crime.
Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, xx, p. 303.
[110] Enslavement of the whites by the Indians was not uncommon. Cabeza
de Vaca and other survivors of Narvaez’s expedition were made slaves by
the Indians among whom they wandered. _Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_,
in _Narratives of Early American History_, i, pp. 64, 69. Soto found
one of these survivors, Juan Ortiz by name, who had taken on Indian
customs, and nearly forgotten his native language. “_Relation of
Biedma_,” in Bourne, _Narratives of the Career of De Soto_, ii, p. 3.
Strachey, _The Historie of Travaile into Virginia_, speaks of a story
that he had heard from the Indians, concerning an Indian chief, Eyanoco
by name, living somewhere to the south of Virginia, who had seven white
slaves who had escaped from the massacre at Roanoke. These slaves the
Indians employed in beating copper. _Hakluyt Society Publication_,
vi, p. 26. Whether the story is wholly or partly true has never been
determined. That the Indians of the locality did enslave the whites
captured in war or shipwrecked off the coast is shown by the preamble
of an act of Carolina in 1707. _North Carolina Colonial Records_,
i, p. 674. In the war of 1711, the Indians spared some of the women
and children captured on the plantations so that they might serve as
slaves. _Ibid._, i, p. 182.
Captain Hendrickson, in 1616, found three persons belonging to the
Dutch West India Company, who were slaves of the Mohawk and Minquae,
and who were traded to him for merchandise. Hazard, _Annals of
Pennsylvania_, p. 7.
Father Bressani was captured in 1644 by the Iroquois, and given to a
woman as a slave. She sent him to Fort Orange, where he was ransomed
by the Dutch and returned to France. _Jesuit Relations_, xxvi, p.
49. Other Jesuits were enslaved by the Iroquois. Basqueville de la
Potherie, _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_, iv, pp. 125–163.
French men, women and children had a similar fate. _Jesuit Relations_,
xl, p. 137; xlvi, p. 207. Some of them were ransomed and freed by the
Dutch. Margry, _op. cit._, vi, pp. 123, 125. Joutel, in 1687, feared
that he would be enslaved by the Cenis, and put to work in their mines
along with their Indian slaves. Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339. After
the death of La Salle, and the massacre of most of his followers in
1687, the children who were spared were taken captive by the Spanish
Indians, and sent to Mexico as slaves. Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339.
Saint Denis, in 1721, certified that he had been eleven months a slave
among the savages of the west Mississippi country. Robinson, _Account
of Discoveries in the West_, etc., p. 215. As late as 1754, the Indians
of Virginia had French prisoners as slaves. _Virginia Historical
Society Collections_, iii, p. 267.
In the time of King Philip’s War, Mrs. Rowlandson of Lancaster was
taken prisoner by the Indians and sold to a Narraganset chief whose
slave she became. Clark, _History of King Philip_, p. 290. During the
various colonial wars, many Englishmen were taken by the Indians as
slaves and sold to the French in Canada. _Massachusetts Archives_,
lxxiv, p. 57.
[111] Prescott, _History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the
Catholic_, edition of 1838, i, p. 390; ii, p. 40.
[112] French, _op. cit._, series 2, p. 263.
[113] For slaves taken by Columbus on his three voyages, see _Journal
of Columbus’ First Voyage_, in _Original Narratives of Early American
History_, i, pp. 112, 306; Thacher, _Christopher Columbus, His Life,
His Work, His Remains_, etc., ii, pp. 301, 357, 393, 585, 644, 685.
[114] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the
United States, 1513–1561_, p. 136. According to the patent, the king
was to name the individuals who should distribute the slaves. _Ibid._,
p. 136.
[115] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the
United States, 1513–1561_, p. 162.
[116] Shea, _The Catholic Church in Colonial Days_, p. 112; Lowery,
_op. cit._, p. 136.
[117] For this reason he took no monks or priests with him. Lowery,
_op. cit._, p. 136.
[118] The proclamation of Ponce de Leon is quoted in Helps, _The
Conquerors of the New World and Their Bondsmen_, etc., ii, pp. 111–116.
This peculiar summons to surrender had been used by the Spanish
explorers and conquerors since 1509. After telling the Indians of the
creation of the world, it traced the title thereto to St. Peter, and
thence to the ruling pope. It cited also the grant of the Indies by
the pope to the sovereigns of Castile; and after urging the Indians to
acknowledge their fealty to these sovereigns, it threatened them with
war and slavery if they refused.
[119] Lowery, _op. cit._, p. 169.
[120] _The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Original Narratives of
Early American History_, ii, p. 25.
[121] _Ibid._, ii, p. 30.
[122] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 20.
[123] Buckingham Smith, _Life of De Soto_, p. 170.
[124] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 60, 94, 97, 103, 105.
[125] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 34.
[126] _Ibid._, i, p. 45; ii, pp. 25, 121.
[127] _Ibid._, i, p. 70; ii, pp. 72, 75, 117, 129.
[128] Coronado, in his letter to Mendoza, August 3, 1540, mentions
both negroes and Indians in the expedition. He does not allude to
their being slaves. In other parts of the letter, he mentions friendly
Indians accompanying the expedition. _Coronado’s Letter to Mendoza_,
in the _Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_;
Shea, _The Catholic Church in Colonial Days_, p. 114.
[129] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Pedro de
Castañeda, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p.
324.
[130] Lowery, _op. cit._, pp. 156–157; Martin, _The History of North
Carolina from the Earliest Period_, i, p. 2.
[131] _The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_ in _Original Narratives of
Early American History_, i, pp. 25–118. Among the Indians of this
region, who were carried away into captivity, were Yaqui who long
afterwards remained hostile to the whites.
[132] Bancroft, _History of the North Mexican States_, i, p. 59.
[133] French, _op. cit._, pt. iv, p. 201; Shea, _Discovery and
Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 201.
[134] For such instances in Soto’s journey, see Bourne, _op. cit._
For Coronado’s journey, see _Original Narratives of Early American
History_, ii, pp. 289, 329, 342; _Narrative of Jaramillo_, in
_Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_.
[135] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, p. 11.
[136] _Ibid._, i, p. 20.
[137] _Ibid._, ii, p. 55.
[138] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, pp. 329, 342.
[139] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 21, 117.
[140] _Ibid._, i, p. 45; ii, pp. 25, 121.
[141] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 289.
[142] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, pp. 193–194.
[143] Fairbanks, _History of Florida from Its Discovery_, etc., p. 58.
[144] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the
United States, 1513–1561_, pp. 249 (note), 357, 415, 417.
[145] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 324.
[146] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 177; ii, p. 60.
[147] _Ibid._, i, pp. 102, 139, 171, 191; ii, pp. 80, 121.
[148] _Ibid._, i, pp. 44, 84, 93; ii, pp. 94, 97, 103, 105, 106, 110,
112, 113, 115, 116, 117.
[149] See Lucas and Stevens, _The New Laws of the Indies_.
[150] Houck, _History of Missouri_, ii, p. 240; Wheeler, _A Practical
Treatise of the Law of Slavery_, pp. 12–14. O’Reilly’s instructions to
the various commandants at Natchitoches, the coast and elsewhere, are
given in Gayarré, _History of Louisiana, Spanish Domination_, pp. 20,
25.
[151] Bancroft, _History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888_, p. 132.
[152] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the
United States, Florida, 1562–1574_, pp. 145–160.
[153] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 874.
[154] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 893.
[155] _Ibid._, pt. i, pp. 894–895.
[156] _Ibid._, pt. i, p. 895; Bancroft, _History of California_, i,
p. 111; Coman, _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_, i, pp. 100–101,
147–155.
[157] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 894.
[158] Coman, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 28–29, 31–32, 144.
[159] _Ibid._, i, pp. 40–44.
[160] _Ibid._, i, p. 99.
[161] Barrett, _The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring
Indians_, in _University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology_, vi, p. 45.
[162] The edict of Louis XIV in 1688 authorizing the importation of
slaves related only to negroes from Africa. Hamilton, _Slavery in
Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.
[163] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian
Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102; _Mémoires et Documents Relatifs à
l’Histoire du Canada_, p. 5.
[164] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 316.
[165] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian
Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.
[166] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian
Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102; _New York Colonial Documents_, x, p. 1118.
General Amherst, the English commander and agent in the negotiations,
wrote opposite the proposition: “Granted, except those who shall have
been made prisoners.”
Though the word “Pawnee,” in the records, seems to have special
reference to Indian slaves, it is sometimes used by the old Canadian
writers to signify all persons in servitude, without regard to color.
Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_,
1890, i, p. 107.
[167] In 1557, ten young Brazilian Indians were purchased by
Villegaignon, and sent to France as a gift to King Henry II. The king
distributed them among the nobles of his court. Lescarbot, _Histoire de
la Nouvelle-France_, i, p. 174.
[168] See _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, ii, p. 173.
[169] Parkman, _The Discovery of the Great West_, sixth edition, p. 27.
[170] Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 34.
[171] It should be noted that the missions never attained the same
prominence among the French, within the limits of the present United
States, as among the Spaniards. “The neophyte was too much a child, too
much a slave, too little a man” to please the Frenchman.
[172] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 162. La Salle, on his expedition,
employed Indian hunters who were not slaves. Joutel’s _Journal of La
Salle’s Last Voyage_, pp. 20, 76, 82, 94, 95, 97, 98; Parkman, _The
Discovery of the Great West_, sixth edition, pp. 144, 356.
[173] _Jesuit Relations_, xxx, p. 133.
[174] _Archives du Ministre des Colonies, C. 13 ... Correspondance
Générale_, ii, 1707–1712.
[175] Lowry and McCardle, _A History of Mississippi from the
Discovery_, etc., second edition, p. 84.
[176] Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, xiii, p. 179.
[177] Thomas, _The Indians of North America_, etc., p. 321.
[178] Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_, etc., fourth edition, ii, p. 95.
“The number of the Natchez that escaped the grasp of Périer, at this
time, has been put down by some writers as three hundred warriors.”
French, _Historical Memoirs of Louisiana_, series 5, p. 102.
[179] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 36; Monette, _History of the
Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi_, etc., i,
p. 272, states the number as four hundred and twenty-seven. Lowry
and McCardle, _op. cit._, p. 85, place the number as forty-five male
Indians, and four hundred and fifty women and children.
[180] Pittman, _The Present State of the European Settlements on the
Mississippi_, Hodder edition, p. 80.
[181] On the passage, some of the Indians, for “showing their
resentment by upbraiding the authors of their misery,” were thrown into
the sea. _Ibid._, p. 80.
[182] Marbois, _op. cit._, p. 119, and appendix, No. 4.
[183] Ferland, _Cours d’Histoire du Canada_, seconde partie, p. 446.
[184] Landun, _Journal d’un Voyage à la Louisiane fait en 1720_, p.
247; Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 316; La Harpe’s _Journal_ in French,
_op. cit._, p. 351.
[185] Martin, _The History of Louisiana from the Earliest Period_, i,
p. 256.
[186] _Ibid._, i, p. 256.
[187] Dubroca, _L’Itinéraire des Français dans la Louisiane_, p. 81.
[188] Thomas, _The Indians of North America_, etc., p. 319; Cramoisy,
_Journal de la Guerre du Micissippi contre les Chicachas_, p. 65.
[189] Cramoisy, _op. cit._, p. 65.
[190] Gayarré, _Louisiana, its History as a French Colony_, p. 64.
[191] Cramoisy, _op. cit._, pp. 49, 65, 67, 68, 89; Margry, _op. cit._,
v, p. 432.
[192] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 564.
[193] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42.
[194] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i.
p. 100. Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., p. 631, mentions the French
of Kaskaskia using both Indian and negro slaves.
[195] _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxxiii, p.
286.
[196] _Ibid._, pp. 324, 397.
[197] _Ibid._, pp. 328, 439, 544.
[198] _Ibid._, p. 550.
[199] _Ibid._, pp. 365, 396.
[200] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, pp. 434, 436.
[201] Bossu, _Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amérique Septentrionale_, p. 100.
[202] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 343.
[203] Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, p. 255. Verrazano says
of the Indians of this region: “They are suspicious, hostile and
desirous of obtaining steel implements for defense against kidnappers,
who frequent the coast to seize and transport them to the Spanish
Islands of the West Indies.”
[204] Hakluyt, _Voyages_, iii, pp. 209, 213; Lescarbot, _Histoire de
la Nouvelle-France_, ii, p. 350; Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_,
i, pp. 327, 330; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_, pp. 22, 23,
27, 28, 30; Robinson, _An Account of Discoveries_, etc., p. 359. _Early
English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 81.
[205] Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, ii, p. 364; Douglas,
_op. cit._, pp. 39, 40, 42.
[206] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 363–367; Kohl, _Documentary
History of Maine_, i, p. 336; Douglas, _op. cit._, p. 37; Robinson,
_op cit._, p. 369. _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from
Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American
History_, p. 81. The promise of Cartier that the prisoners should be
well treated was evidently kept. In the archives of St. Malo for the
year 1538, is noted the baptism of three savages brought there by
Cartier. Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_, iv, p.
57. These Indians were questioned by Francis I, (Thevet, _Cosmographie
Universelle_, Tome II, p. 1013), and thus served the purpose for which
they had been brought. They never returned to America, for all of them,
except one little girl, died in Brittany before Cartier’s third voyage
in 1540. Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, p. 342; Robinson,
_op. cit._, p. 406.
[207] Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, pp. 303–319; Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i,
p. 44; _Narrative of Jean Ribaut’s Whole and True Discovery of Terra
Florida_, reprinted in Courtnay, _The Genesis of South Carolina_, p.
xxiv.
[208] Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, p. 320, says, “by permission of the
king”; Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 431.
[209] French, _op. cit._, p. 74; Margry, _op. cit._, vi, pp. 282, 370,
371. An instance of kidnapping Indians in Canada by military officials
is worthy of mention. In 1687, a number of Iroquois chiefs went to a
French camp near Montreal, on the invitation of the French officials,
to confer with the governor of Canada. The intendant, Champigny, had
these chiefs seized and by the king’s orders sent to France to serve in
the galleys. Brodhead, _History of New York_, first edition, ii, p. 476.
[210] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 314.
[211] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 29.
[212] _Ibid._, vi, p. 315.
[213] _Ibid._, vi, p. 406.
[214] _Ibid._, vi, p. 410.
[215] _Ibid._, vi, p. 593.
[216] Farmer, _The History of Detroit and Michigan_, p. 344.
[217] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 601.
[218] _Ibid._, iv, p. 230; _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French
Domination, Correspondance Générale_, ix, 1720–1722, p. 111; _Archives
du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, vi, p. 50.
[219] _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, 1707–1712, p. 398.
[220] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 36.
[221] _Ibid._, pt. iii. p. 36.
[222] Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_,
etc., p. 346.
[223] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 564.
[224] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42; _A Memoir of La Salle to
Frontenac_, November 9, 1680, states: “The young bisons are easily
tamed, and may be of great help, as well as the slaves in which the
natives are accustomed to trade.” _Historical Magazine_, v, p. 197.
[225] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i,
p. 100; Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., p. 631, mentions the French
of Kaskaskia using both negro and Indian slaves.
[226] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, pp. 434, 436.
[227] Savoile reported from Ft. Biloxi, August 4, 1701, that he
possessed some slaves from the territory to the west and one Illinois
slave, who was probably a runaway, and then adds that the French
“voyageurs” would not miss this one runaway since they had so many.
_Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance
Générale,_ 1678–1701, i, p. 152; _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C.
13, _Louisiane, Correspondance Générale_, 1678–1708, i, p. 315.
[228] _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C. 12, second series, Carton
I—_Louisiane, Correspondance Générale_, 1699–1773. (Transcript in
Mr. Peter J. Hamilton’s library); Charlevoix, _History and General
Description of New France_, (Shea’s Translation), vi, p. 32.
[229] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, 1713–1714, iv; _Archives du Ministre des
Colonies_, C. 13, 1710–1712, iii.
[230] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i,
p. 100.
[231] Kingsford, _The History of Canada_, iii, p. 226.
[232] _Ibid._
[233] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, 1716, vii, p. 23; _Archives du Ministre des
Colonies_, C. 13, iv, p. 248.
[234] Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_,
etc., p. 347.
[235] Robinson, _An Account of Discoveries in the West until 1519_,
etc., p. 369; _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_,
1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 50.
[236] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, ii, p. 352.
[237] Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 369; _Early English and French Voyages,
chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early
American History_, p. 55.
[238] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 71; Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, pp.
319–349.
[239] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 74; Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, p. 396.
[240] Sagard-Theodat, _Histoire du Canada et Voyages_, etc., new
edition, iv, p. 829; Le Clercq, _The First Establishment of the Faith
in New France_, Shea’s translation, i, p. 283; Douglas, _op. cit._, pp.
181, 195; Laverdière, _Oeuvres de Champlain_, seconde édition, vi, pp.
154–158.
[241] _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, xviii, p. 225; Bourne, _The Voyages and
Explorations of Samuel de Champlain_, etc., i, p. 229.
[242] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, pp. 226, 229; Laverdière, _op. cit._,
seconde édition, vi, pp. 154–158; Marshall, _Historical Writings
Relating to the Early History of the West_, p. 22. It will be seen that
these Indians were not considered as slaves by Champlain. They were
to be educated and trained in religious duties for their own good,
for that of the faith and the future good of the French. Yet they
illustrate the readiness with which the Indians parted with members of
their own tribe, as well as with those whom they held captive.
[243] Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, pp.
xxxii, 23; _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 121; French, _op. cit._, pt. iv,
p. xxxii.
[244] Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p.
lv.
[245] French, _op. cit._, pt. iv, p. li.
[246] _Ibid._, pt. iv, p. 169; pt. i, pp. 71, 72, 74; Margry, _op.
cit._, ii, p. 98; Joutel, _Journal of La Salle’s Last Voyage_, p. 118.
[247] French, _op. cit._, series 2, p. 100.
[248] _Ibid._, new series, p. 84; Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 433.
[249] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 21.
[250] _Ibid._, vi, pp. 47, 48.
[251] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 192.
[252] French, _op. cit._, p. 74; Margry, _op. cit._, vi, pp. 282, 370,
37?.
[253] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 407.
[254] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, 1716, vi, p. 355.
[255] _Le Code Noir_, Article IX.
[256] Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 363.
[257] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 74.
[258] Margry, _op. cit._, vi. p. 21.
[259] _Ibid._, vi, p. 458.
[260] _Ibid._, vi, p. 417.
[261] As in the case of the Spaniards, not all the Indians who
accompanied the French exploring parties were slaves. Many of them were
hired. Others were sent by their chiefs. Some went voluntarily.
[262] Le Page du Pratz, _The History of Louisiana_, etc., p. 20.
[263] _Correspondance Générale_, 1678–1706. Tome 2, p. 328. A memoir in
the possession of the Louisiana Historical Society.
[264] _The Present State of the Country and Inhabitants, European and
Indians of Louisiana on the North Continent of America_, p. 12.
[265] _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13. 1707–1712, p. 398.
[266] Pittman, _The Present State of the European Settlements on
the Mississippi_, etc., Hodder edition, p. 102; Hamilton, _Colonial
Mobile_, p. 67; Monette, _History of the Discovery and Settlement
of the Valley of the Mississippi_, i, p. 192; Gayarré, _History of
Louisiana, French Domination_, i, p. 242; Thwaites, _Early Western
Travels_, xxvii, p. 55; _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 145; Martin,
_History of Louisiana_, i. p. 173.
[267] Guénin, _La Louisiane_, p. 297.
[268] Pittman, _op. cit._, Hodder edition, p. 102.
[269] _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 145.
[270] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 332.
[271] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, iv, 1713–1714, p. 14; _Notes et Documents
Historiques de la Louisiane_, p. 29.
[272] Bossu, _op. cit._, p. 114; Margry, _op. cit._, i, p. 112.
[273] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, pp. 378, 379,
454.
[274] Margry. _op. cit._, ii, p. 293. The only instance in which a
home government demanded that Indians be sent to Europe to perform
actual labor as slaves, exists in the case of the French. On July 31,
1684, Louis XIV ordered de la Barre to send all Iroquois prisoners
to France to serve in the galleys, because, said the letters royal,
“these savages are strong and robust.” Brodhead, _History of New York_,
first edition, ii, p. 476. De la Barre made an expedition against the
Iroquois, but was unsuccessful. In 1687, Denonville, the succeeding
governor-general, led another expedition against the Iroquois who had
been especially arrogant toward the French since the repulse of de la
Barre. Before the expedition had set out from Fort Frontenac, another
dispatch from the king had arrived. This repeated his former orders
to send the Iroquois prisoners to France to serve in the galleys.
Denonville obeyed the command. Brodhead, _op. cit._, ii, p. 507. The
order was repeated March, 1688, declaring “It is certain that those
Indians, who are vigorous and accustomed to hardship, can serve
usefully on board his Majesty’s galleys,” Brodhead, _op. cit._, ii,
p. 546. Continued difficulties with the Indians led Denonville, among
other concessions and attempts at conciliation, to write to France,
asking that as many of the Indian galley slaves as survived should be
returned to Canada, and suggesting that, to produce as good an effect
as possible, they be decently clothed. The request was complied with.
Marshall, _Historical Writings relating to the early History of the
West_, p. 159; De Brumath, _Bishop Laval_, pp. 214, 215, 216. For a
description of the French galleys of the time, see Clément, _Vie de
Colbert_, p. 456.
[275] Parkman, _A Half-Century of Conflict_, ii, p. 17.
[276] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 402.
[277] _Arkansas Historical Society Publications_, ii, p. 342.
[278] Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian
Institute_, 1890, i, p. 103.
[279] See Hinsdale, _The Old Northwest_, etc., revised edition, p.
347; Monette, _op. cit._, pp. 199–200; _Wisconsin Historical Society
Collections_, 1856, iii, pp. 256 _et seq._
[280] Cramoisy, _Journal de la Guerre du Micissippi contre les
Chicachas_, p. 53.
[281] _Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings_, xlvi, p. 141.
[282] Bienville ordered one of the Indian prisoners, who had assisted
in the murder of St. Cosmé, to be placed on a wooden horse, and his
brains to be beaten out with a club. His scalp was then cut off, and
his body thrown into the river.
[283] Parkman, _The Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 217, 244.
[284] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, iii, p. 612; Parkman, _The Pioneers of
France in the New World_, p. 279; Marshall, _op. cit._, p. 127.
[285] The following records are from a transcript in the library of
Tulane University.
1724, Feb. 4, est né un fils d’une esclave Indienne appt—le père est
inconnu. (p. 26).
1724, May 2—autre fois esclave de la nation des Panis marié avec
Francarte de la nation de Chat—(p. 33).
1728, Sept. 13—ai inhumé dans la cimetière de cette paroisse—le corps
de sauvagesse apport à—(p. 280).
1729, Feb. 26—ai baptisé—sauvage appt. à M. Roquet, (p. 371).
1729, June 20—ai baptisé—sauvage appt. à M. Villevalle (p. 389).
1730, Janvier 30—ai inhumé dans la cimetière de cette paroisse avec les
ceremonies ordinaires de l’église, le corps de Jean Baptise, sauvage,
age de deux ans, appt. à M. de Ste. Cheuse (p. 424).
au fay de quoy j’ai signé, Fr. Hyacueltre.
[286] Tanguay, _A Travers les Registres_, pp. 88, 111, 157 (instances
cited).
[287] _Jesuit Relations_, lxx, p. 232.
[288] Dunn, _Indiana_, p. 127. _Parkman Club Papers_, p. 210, gives an
account of the marriage of two Indian slaves in 1754. About 1750 half
the baptisms and marriages recorded in the church register of Vincennes
were “red or Indian slaves,” belonging to the commandant or to the
inhabitants. Law, _The General History of Vincennes_, etc., p. 145.
[289] This register is now kept in the Mobile cathedral under the care
of the Bishop of Mobile. It was presented for examination through the
kindness of Father Hacket.
[290] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 66; Godwyn, _The Negro and Indian’s
Advocate_, etc., p. 30. When arrangements for an expedition to New
Biscay were being made, a memorial on America, February, 1684, called
attention to this state of affairs, and urged the king to enforce it in
order to attract to the side of the French the numerous negro, Indian
and mulatto slaves of that country. Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 66.
[291] Fortier, _A History of Louisiana_, i, p. 87.
[292] _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C. 13, _Louisiane,
Correspondance Générale_, 1673–1706, i, p. 168.
[293] French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida_, new
series, i, p. 99; Pickett, _History of Alabama_, etc., p. 179.
[294] Martin, _The History of Louisiana from the Earliest Period_, i,
p. 173.
[295] Quoted in Fortier, _A History of Louisiana_, i, p. 101.
[296] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 231; _Mississippi Provincial Archives,
French Domination, Correspondance Générale_, ix, p. 12; _Archives du
Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, vi, p. 51.
[297] _The Present State of the Country and Inhabitants, European and
Indians of Louisiana on the North Continent of America_, etc., p. 26.
[298] _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 211.
[299] Smith, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Nova Scotia Historical Society
Collections_, 1896–1898, x, p. 3.
[300] Dunn, _Indiana_, p. 126.
[301] _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 145; Hinsdale, _The Old Northwest_,
etc., p. 347.
[302] Burton, _Cadillac’s Village, or Detroit under Cadillac_, p. 34.
[303] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 295.
[304] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 340.
[305] _Beauharnois et Hocquart au Ministre._ Quoted in Salone, _La
Colonisation de la Nouvelle-France_, deuxième édition, p. 353.
[306] _Mémoires et Documents Relatifs à l’Histoire du Canada_,
published by the Montreal Historical Society, pp. 8–9. Records
following that time show Pawnee slaves still in existence down to 1827,
_Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, vii, pp. 158, 177, 179;
xi, p. 393; xii, p. 94; _Nova Scotia Historical Society Collections_,
1896–1898, x, p. 3. In the Niagara _Herald_ several advertisements
are found relating to Indian slaves. One of August 25, 1802, forbids
all persons harboring a runaway Indian slave. So in the _Gazette_ and
_Oracle_, early in the nineteenth century, advertisements refer to
Indian slaves or “Pawnees.”
[307] Rambaut, _A Sketch of the Constitutional History of Canada_, p.
28.
[308] Smith, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Nova Scotia Historical Society
Collections_, 1896–1898, x, p. 3.
[309] Grignon, _Recollections_, in _Wisconsin Historical Society
Collections_, 1856, iii, pp. 256–258, mentions several such instances.
[310] _Report Concerning Canadian Archives_, 1904, pt. ii, p. 211.
[311] _Mémoires et Documents Relatifs à l’Histoire du Canada_, pp. 5–6.
An interesting example of such manumission is recorded in Louisiana in
1770. On April 30th of that year, the Sieur Pierre Clermont appeared
before the notary of the Cabildo and declared that he had had for a
long time in his service an Indian, Louison, of the nation of the
“Sious.” The latter had served him with so much attachment and zeal
that he desired to reward him, and believed that the best way to do
so was to give him his freedom. As, however, he had an indispensable
need for the Indian for three years longer, and feared that he might
be prevented by death from liberating him, he stated that it was his
wish that in three years Louison be set free and enjoy all the rights
of freedom. Louison, in his turn, stated that he thanked the Sieur
Clermont, and promised to serve him faithfully for three years. He
also agreed to lose all rights given him by his master if he should
be ungrateful to him. Fortier, _Old Papers of Colonial Times_, in
_Louisiana Historical Society Publications_, i, pt. ii, 1895, p. 17.
[312] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, 1716, vi, p. 355.
[313] _Ibid._, 1721–1722, x, p. 217; _Archives du Ministre des
Colonies_, C. 13, vi, p. 368.
[314] Hewat, _An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the
Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia_, ii, p. 227.
[315] Wilson, _A New History of the Conquest of Mexico_, p. 34.
[316] Dunn, _Indiana_, p. 126.
[317] Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_,
etc., p. 348.
[318] Salone, _La Colonisation de la Nouvelle-France_, deuxième
édition, p. 353.
[319] In 1793, slavery was abolished in Upper Canada by act of the
Provincial Parliament. In Lower Canada, it had practically ceased by
1800, the few remaining slaves being freed by an imperial act in 1834.
_Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 301. The last public sale of a slave in
Canada took place in Montreal in 1797. It has been held, however, that
it was the proceeding of the Canadian courts, consistent with the
rising public sentiment in England and France against slavery, rather
than the actual state of the law, which reached the slave owners’
claims, and finally broke them. Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_, in
_Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.
[320] _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C. 13, _Louisiane,
Correspondance Générale_, i, 1678–1706, p. 514; Gayarré, _History of
Louisiana_, i, p. 100.
[321] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, viii, 1717–1720, pp. 73–74.
[322] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination,
Correspondance Générale_, xvii, pp. 303–307.
[323] _Report Concerning Canadian Archives_, 1905, i, p. 117.
[324] John Long’s _Journal_, 1768–1782, in Thwaites, _Early Western
Travels_, ii, p. 116.
[325] Care should be taken to distinguish between the term “Pawnee”
as applied to an Indian tribe, and as used by the French to mean any
Indian slave, regardless of the tribe to which he originally belonged.
[326] Parkman, _The Old Régime in Canada_, p. 338.
[327] _Ibid._, p. 388.
[328] Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian
Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.
[329] Fortier, _A History of Louisiana_, i, p. 85; Burke, _An Account
of the European Settlements in America_, i, p. 45.
[330] France also had in mind the getting rid of an undesirable class.
[331] Martin, _The History of Louisiana_, i, p. 266.
[332] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 42. Hamilton, _Slavery in
Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.
[333] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 42.
[334] Rowland, _Encyclopedia of Mississippi History_, ii, p. 673.
[335] Wallace, _History of Louisiana and Illinois_, p. 239.
[336] Rowland, _op. cit._, ii, p. 673.
[337] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 21.
[338] Stoddard, _History of Louisiana_, p. 36.
[339] Martin, _History of Louisiana_, i, p. 266. For an instance of one
hundred and seventy-five negroes brought in one vessel to Louisiana in
1721, see Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 583.
[340] See Fortier, _op. cit._, i, pp. 87–94.
[341] _Jesuit Relations_, lxvii, p. 281.
[342] Albach, _Annals of the West_, p. 88; _Illinois Historical Society
Publications_, xi, 1906, p. 49.
[343] Breese, _Early History of Illinois_, p. 194.
[344] _Illinois Historical Society Publications_, xi, 1906, p. 49.
[345] Doyle, _English Colonies in America, The Puritan Colonies_, ii,
p. 506.
[346] _I. e._, until after the Pequot and King Philip Wars.
[347] Freeman, _The History of Cape Cod_, p. 72.
[348] _Connecticut Colonial Records_, 1715, p. 516.
[349] Coffin, _A Sketch of the History of Newbury_, etc., p. 337;
_Essex Institute Historical Collections_, vii, p. 73; _Connecticut
Colonial Records_, 1711, p. 233.
[350] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, etc., second edition, ii, p.
577.
[351] _Bancroft Papers Relating to Carolina_, in New York City Public
Library, MSS. vol. i, 1662–1769; Rivers, _A Sketch of the History of
South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary Government_, etc.,
p. 232; _South Carolina Historical Society Collections_, ii, p.
217; Thomas, _The Indians of North America_, etc., p. 95; Schaper,
_Sectionalism in South Carolina_, p. 263.
[352] Logan, _A History of the Upper Country of South Carolina_, i, p.
189.
[353] Rivers, _A Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close
of Proprietary Government_, etc., p. 231.
[354] _Public Records of South Carolina_, 1711–1716, vi, p. 276;
_British Public Record Office_, Am. N. I., vol. 620.
[355] Hewat, _An Historical Account of the Rise of the Colonies of
South Carolina and Georgia_, i, p. 309.
[356] Glenn, _A Description of South Carolina_, etc., p. 81;
_Charleston Year Book_, 1883, p. 407. (A quotation from a pamphlet
entitled, “The Importance of the British Plantations in America to this
Kingdom,” London, 1731).
[357] Dalcho, _An Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church
in South Carolina_, p. 287; Humphreys, _An Historical Account of the
Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts_, etc., edition of 1730, pp. 103–105.
As the result of the intermingling of negroes and Indians, which came
about when the coast tribes dwindled and the small number of remaining
members moved inland, associated and intermarried with the negroes
until they finally lost their identity and were classed with that
race, a considerable portion of the blood of the southern negroes is
unquestionably Indian. _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology_, 1897–1898, p. 233. It was these mixed bloods, as
well as the pure blood Indians, to which the statutes referred by the
terms “Indian slaves” and “mustee,” or “mestee,” slaves. Occasional
mention is made in the colonial newspapers of slaves of the mixed
red and black races. _American Weekly Mercury_, October 24, 1734.
The opinion has even been advanced that, in certain of the colonies,
there never were any pure blood Indian slaves. Mr. W. B. Melius of
Albany, New York, asserts; “I do not believe the pure Indian was sold
as a slave (in New York), I believe the Indian who was the slave was
not without mixture.” _New York State Library Bulletin, History_, No.
4, May, 1900. One instance of the mixture of the Indians and negroes
in New York is found in a complaint made in 1717, that negro slaves
ran away, and were secreted by the Minisink with whose women they
intermarried. _Ibid._, No. 4, May, 1900.
[358] _Colonial Records of the State of Georgia_, vi, p. 259, mentions
an Indian slave in 1749.
[359] Howe, _Historical Collections of Virginia_, etc., p. 134.
[360] Winthrop, _Journal History of New England_, i, p. 225, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_.
[361] See Chapter V.
[362] “It seems probable that there were no Indian slaves in Plymouth
before the division of land in 1623.” _Massachusetts Historical Society
Collections_, series 4, iii, p. 114.
[363] _Boston News Letter_ and other newspapers.
[364] Ellis, _The History of Roxbury Town_, p. 136.
[365] Felt, _The History of Ipswich_, pp. 306, 320; _Boston Weekly
Mercury_, October 2, 1735.
[366] Wilson, _Where American Independence Began_, p. 154.
[367] Corey, _The History of Malden_, p. 416.
[368] _Ibid._
[369] Chase, _The History of Haverhill_, pp. 239, 248.
[370] Earle, _Customs and Fashions in Old New England_, p. 84.
[371] Doyle, _English Colonies in America, The Puritan Colonies_,
ii, p. 68. In 1708, Governor Dudley made a report on slaves and the
slave trade to the Board of Trade, in which he stated that there were
400 negro slaves in Massachusetts. No mention was made of Indians.
_Historical Magazine_, x, p. 52.
[372] _American Antiquarian Society Proceedings_, 1885–1887, new
series, iv, p. 216.
[373] _American Statistical Association Collections_, i, pp. 208–214;
_Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 1, iv, p. 199.
[374] Livermore, _A History of Block Island_, etc., p. 60.
[375] _New England Courant_, June 17, 1723—A Spanish Indian runaway
from Newport; _Boston Gazette_, October 28, 1728—An Indian runaway
slave from Warwick, Rhode Island.
[376] Channing, _The Narragansett Planters_, p. 10, in _Johns Hopkins
University Studies_, iv.
[377] _Ibid._, p. 10.
[378] _Colonial Records of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations_,
viii, p. 359.
[379] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, p. 342, in _Original
Narratives of Early American History_.
[380] See pp. 130–131, 150.
[381] Caulkins, _History of New London_, pp. 330, 335, mentions Indian
slaves in 1711 and 1735; An Indian woman slave lived in Westbury until
her death in 1774. Steiner, _History of Slavery in Connecticut_, p. 21,
in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xi.
[382] Steiner, _op. cit._, p. 12, in _Johns Hopkins University
Studies_, xi.
[383] Sanborn, _New Hampshire, an Epitome of Popular Government_, p.
137.
[384] Sanborn, _op. cit._, p. 151, states that in 1720, hardly an
Indian remained in New Hampshire, except, perhaps, an enslaved captive.
[385] The _Boston Postboy_, May 2, 1743, advertises a runaway Indian
slave from Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The same paper, July 25, 1743,
advertises another runaway Indian slave from New Castle, in the same
colony.
[386] “In theory, at least, the Hollander considered the Indian a man
like himself, with analogous rights to life, liberty and possessions.”
Consequently, “Indians were not enslaved in New Netherland.” Van
Rensselaer, _History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth
Century_, i, p. 63. These statements are rather difficult to prove.
Holding Indians as slaves who had been enslaved elsewhere and then
brought into the colony, and making slaves in the colony and then
sending them out of it, were practices that unquestionably existed,
even if on a small scale. The declaration of the governor and council
of New York in 1680 that “all Indians here have always been, and are,
free, and not slave, except such as have been formerly brought from the
Bay and Foreign Ports,” (Brodhead, _History of the State of New York_,
first edition, ii, p. 331), shows the presence of some Indian slaves in
the Dutch colony.
The records of New Netherland contain accounts of manumission in that
colony of slaves called Spaniards and bearing Spanish names. Whether
these individuals were Spanish Indians, or negroes from the Spanish
Islands, is not specified in the records. One such person received
his freedom in 1645, by payment of 300 carolus guilders. O’Callaghan,
_Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of
State, Albany, New York_, pt. i, p. 45. Another received his freedom in
1646, in return for his long and faithful services. O’Callaghan, _op.
cit._, pt. i, p. 105. Two others, slaves in the Company’s service, were
freed in 1664. O’Callaghan, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 264. Still others,
belonging presumably to individual owners, received freedom in this
same year. O’Callaghan, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 269.
Two incidents of enslavement of Indians in New Netherland are
noteworthy, even if the individuals concerned were subsequently
sent out of the colony. The first instance occurred in 1644, in
connection with the Indian troubles of that time. At the close of the
difficulties, some of the Indian prisoners were sent by Governor Kieft
to the Bermudas “as a present to the English governor.” Still others
were given to the “oldest and most experienced soldiers,” who, at that
time, were allowed to go to Holland. Brodhead, _History of the State of
New York_, revised edition, i, p. 396; _New York Colonial Documents_,
i, p. 215; Van Rensselaer, _op. cit._, i, p. 235. The second instance
was connected with the Esopus Indians. On May 25, 1660, a resolution
was taken in the council to transport to Curaçao all but two or three
of the lately acquired Esopus Indians, “to be employed there, or at
Buenaire, with the negroes in the Company’s service.” Brodhead, _op.
cit._, revised edition, i, p. 676; O’Callaghan, _Calendar of Historical
Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of State in Albany_, pt.
i, p. 295. On June 29th, Stuyvesant issued an order, and arranged for
their passage. O’Callaghan, _op. cit_., pt. i, p. 214. O’Callaghan,
_History of New Netherland_, etc., ii, p. 420, gives the number
transported as eleven. Schoonmaker, _The History of Kingston_, p. 16,
states it as twenty. Those retained in the colony on this occasion were
not enslaved, but were to be punished “as might be thought proper or as
necessity might demand.” Schoonmaker, _op. cit._, p. 16. The relations
with the Iroquois had prevented any serious Indian wars in the colony,
and because of this relation Stuyvesant’s act was considered highly
impolitic. His course, which was perhaps patterned after the action
of the English following the Pequot War, he sought to justify in his
declaration that “their enlargement would have a tendency to create
disaffection toward our nation. Our barbarian neighbors would glory,
as if they had inspired us with terror.” Schoonmaker, _op. cit._, p.
16. In 1661 these Indians were recalled from slavery. O’Callaghan,
_Calendar of Historical Manuscripts_, etc., pt. i, p. 295.
[387] Van Rensselaer, _History of the City of New York in the
Seventeenth Century_, i, p. 193.
[388] Brodhead, _History of the State of New York_, revised edition, i,
p. 193.
[389] _Records of the Towns of North and South Hempstead, Long Island_,
ii, p. 60.
[390] Northrup, _Slavery in New York_, in _New York State Library
Bulletin, History_. No. 4, May, 1900, p. 305.
[391] _Ibid._ Note that April 27, 1699, Bellomont reported to the Lords
of Trade: “They have no other servants in this country but negroes.”
[392] O’Callaghan, _Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of
the Secretary of State, Albany, New York_, pt. ii, p. 314.
[393] _New York Historical Society Collections_, 1892, i, p. 413.
[394] _New York Colonial Documents_, v, p. 433.
[395] Scharf, _History of Westchester County_, etc., ii, p. 667.
[396] _Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York_, iv, p. 2357;
Dix, _History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York_,
i, p. 203.
[397] _New York Colonial Documents_, vi, p. 546.
[398] O’Callaghan, _Documentary History of New York_, ii, p. 984;
_Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxx, p. 596.
[399] _New York Gazette_, July 23, 1733 (a runaway Indian slave from
Flushing); March 3, 1734 (a runaway Indian slave from Westchester);
February 13, 1739 (a runaway slave from New York City). _New York
Weekly Mercury_, October 27, November 3, and November 10, 1740 (a
runaway Indian slave from New York); August 16, 1756 (a runaway Indian
slave from Long Island); May 30 and June 13, 1757 (a runaway Indian
slave from “the mines near Second River”); June 12, June 19, June
26, July 3, 1758 (a runaway Indian slave from Newcastle, Westchester
County).
[400] The Delaware Indians had been conquered by the Iroquois, and so
humbled that they were glad to accept the friendship of the Quakers
and live in peace. Parkman, _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_, etc., sixth
edition, i, p. 82.
[401] _The Pennsylvania Gazette_, April 20, 1737, October 5, 1738,
March 16, 1731. _The American Daily Mercury_, March 24, 1720; May 24,
1726; August 28, 1729; July 30, 1730; August 16, 1733; July 8, 1771,
_The Pennsylvania Journal_, June 18, 1726.
[402] Scharf, _History of Delaware_, i, p. 180; Smith, _History of
Delaware County, Pennsylvania_, p. 219.
[403] Martin, _Chester and its Vicinity_, p. 189.
[404] Smith, _History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania_, p. 335;
Martin, _Chester and its Vicinity_, p. 189; Futhey and Cope, _History
of Chester County, Pennsylvania_, etc., p. 424. The registration was
made in accordance with the terms of the act of 1780, which provided
for the registration of all negro and mulatto slaves and servants for
life.
[405] _Report of the Friends’ Yearly Meeting of Pennsylvania and the
Jersies, from the 19th to the 24th of the 7th month, 1719_, p. 211.
[406] Lee, _New Jersey as a Colony and as a State_, i, p. 199.
[407] Cornelius Van Vorst had a slave known as “Half Indian Jack,” who
died at Harsimus, February 2, 1831, at the age of 102 years. Winfield,
_History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey_, p. 434.
_The New York Gazette_, June 24, July 8, July 15, July 29, August 12,
and August 26, advertises a runaway Indian slave, and a second slave,
half Indian and half negro, from Monmouth County, New Jersey. _The
American Weekly Mercury_, October 24, October 31, and November 7, 1734,
advertises a runaway slave, half Indian and half negro, from Perth
Amboy, New Jersey.
[408] The Yoamaco Indians of that section had been so preyed upon by
the “Susquahannocks” that they had abandoned their country. Oldmixon,
_The British Empire in America_, etc., i, p. 189.
[409] Lawson, _A New Voyage to Carolina_, etc., p. 194, states that the
Indians of the Carolina country refused to sell their children, though
they would sell anything else they possessed for wampum. For precedents
when the English sold white captives in war, see Trowbridge, _A History
of Ancient Maritime Interests in New Haven_, p. 47; Lecky, _A History
of England in the Eighteenth Century_, ii, p. 189.
[410] Quoted in Bannister, _British Colonization and Colored Tribes_,
pp. 49–54.
[411] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vi, p. 214.
[412] _The Narrative of Bacon’s Rebellion_, in Winder Papers, Virginia
State Library, reprinted in _Virginia Magazine of History_, iv,
1896–1897, p. 140, tells of forty-five Indian captives taken. “The
plunder and captives estimated noe lesse than 6 or 700, the goodes
being three horse loades.”
[413] _Calendar of State Papers_, colonial series, x, p. 165. Later all
but five were restored to the queen by Ingram, one of Bacon’s officers.
[414] Rivers, _A Sketch of the History of South Carolina_, etc., p. 106.
[415] Hewat, _op. cit._, i, p. 78; Grahame, _The History of the United
States_, etc., ii, p. 113.
[416] Rivers, _op. cit._, p. 200.
[417] Religious hatred and race hatred, as well as the desire for
personal gain, dictated Moore’s action. Note that the constant enmity
of the Spanish and English Indians, and their raids upon each other,
gave him excellent opportunity to accomplish his purpose.
[418] Hewat, _op. cit._, i, p. 157.
[419] _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_,
p. 233.
[420] _Public Records of South Carolina_, v, 1700–1710, p. 196;
_British Public Record Office_, vol. 620.
[421] Fairbanks, _History of Florida from its Discovery_, etc., p. 179.
[422] Fairbanks, _op. cit._, p. 189; Fairbanks, _The History and
Antiquities of the City of St. Augustine_, etc., p. 139.
[423] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 875; pt. ii, p. 600.
[424] _Records of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts._
[425] A few Indians were captured before this, and a few more were
imported, like other slaves. Bassett, _Slavery and Servitude in
the Colony of North Carolina_, p. 72, in _Johns Hopkins University
Studies_, xiv.
[426] _North Carolina Colonial Records_, i, p. 815.
[427] McCrady, _The History of South Carolina under Proprietary
Government_, p. 499.
[428] _North Carolina Colonial Records_, i, p. 826.
[429] _Ibid._, i, p. 875.
[430] _Ibid._, ii, p. iv.
[431] _Ibid._, i, p. 826.
[432] _Ibid._, ii, p. 30; McCrady, _op. cit._, p. 526; _South Carolina
Historical and Genealogical Magazine_, ix, 1908, pp. 33, 39, 41.
[433] McCrady, _op. cit._, p. 566; Rivers, _A Sketch of the History
of South Carolina_, etc., p. 254; _South Carolina Historical and
Genealogical Magazine_, viii, 1908, pp. 28–54.
[434] Bassett, _op. cit._, p. 73, in _Johns Hopkins University
Studies_, xiv.
[435] These Indians had never forgotten the seizure of twenty-seven
of their number by Thomas Hunt who had been in Smith’s expedition of
1614, and were, in consequence, always antagonistic to the whites. As
the result of their depredations, the Connecticut general court, May
1, 1637, declared an offensive war against them. See copy of the court
record in Orr, _History of the Pequot War_, etc., p. ix. Mason records
that one cause of not pursuing the Indians farther was the Sabbath
coming on. Mason, _A Brief Narrative of the Pequot War_, in Orr, _op.
cit._, p. 34.
[436] _Ibid._, p. 39.
[437] Winthrop, _Journal History of New England_, i, p. 225, in
_Original Narratives of Early American History_; Hubbard, _A Narrative
of the Indian Wars in New England_, p. 42. They were carried into the
harbor and drowned. Mather, _Magnalia_,, edition of 1820, ii, p. 483.
It has been stated that Massachusetts made no effort to retain
the captive male Pequot as slaves because of the admonition given
in Leviticus, xxiv, 44, that the heathen of the land in which the
Israelitish people dwelt were not to be enslaved, but only those “that
were round about them”—the Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, and Syrians,
whose utter extermination had not been expressly decreed. _Historical
Magazine_, x, p. 49.
[438] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, p. 225, in _Original Narratives of Early
American History_; Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, p. 342,
in _Original Narratives of Early American History_. Winthrop states the
number of captives as eighty. This is evidently an error, for the sum
of those whom he mentions as disposed of is eighty-three. Mason, _op.
cit._, in Orr, _op. cit._, p. 39, gives the number of captives as one
hundred and eighty.
A division of the Indian captives among the allies would tend to draw
them nearer to the English. It was for this reason, and because the
Indians enslaved at the first division of captives persisted in running
away, that all the Indians of the second division were not enslaved.
The Indians distributed among the friendly Indians did not become
their slaves. In the case of the Narraganset, Roger Williams informed
Governor Winthrop, June, 1637, that they did not desire to use the
Pequot as slaves, but preferred to treat them kindly, and grant them
houses and lands. _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_,
series 4, vi, p. 195.
[439] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, p. 225, in _Original Narratives of Early
American History_.
[440] Steiner, _History of Slavery in Connecticut_, p. 9, in _Johns
Hopkins University Studies_, xi.
[441] Morton, _op. cit._, 104; _Massachusetts Historical Society
Collections_, series 4, iii, p. 360. In the Swamp Fight the Indians
were attacked by the combined forces of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Hence the division of the captives between the two colonies.
[442] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, p. 260, in _Original Narratives of
Early American History_; Bradford, _op. cit._, p. 342, in _Original
Narratives of Early American History_.
[443] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, p. 225, in _Original Narratives of Early
American History_.
[444] _Calendar of State Papers_, colonial series, i, 1574–1660, p. 278.
[445] _Ibid._, i, p. 296.
[446] Freeman, _Civilisation and Barbarism_, p. 64, declares that the
enslaving of Indians had become a mania with speculators.
[447] Williamson, _The History of the State of Maine_, etc., i, p. 531;
Drake, _The Book of the Indians_, ninth edition, bk. iii, p. 40.
[448] Drake’s Note in Hubbard, _A Narrative of the Indian Wars in New
England_, etc., ii, p. 94.
[449] Bodge, _Soldiers in King Philip’s War_, p. 209.
[450] _Plymouth Colony Records_, v, p. 173.
[451] _Ibid._, v, p. 174.
[452] Felt, _The Ecclesiastical History of New England_, ii, p. 576.
[453] Baylies, _Historical Memoir of New Plymouth_, ii, pt. iii, pp.
47–48; Church, _The History of King Philip’s War_, Dexter edition, p.
147.
[454] Baylies, _op. cit._, ii, pt. iii, p. 75.
[455] Hough, _A Narrative of the Causes which led to Philip’s Indian
War of 1675–1676_, pp. 188–189.
[456] _Plymouth Colony Records_, v, p. 173; ix, p. 401.
[457] Hough, _op. cit._, p. 25; Felt, _Annals of Salem_, second
edition, i, p. 507.
[458] _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, viii, pp.
270–272.
[459] Hutchinson, _The History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay_,
etc., i, p. 306.
[460] Ellis and Morris, _King Philip’s War_, p. 287.
[461] Drake’s Note in Hubbard, _op. cit._, ii, p. 94. These Indians did
not sell well abroad, for doubtless former experience had proved their
race to be unsatisfactory as slaves. In one instance, when no immediate
market could be found, a number of them were left in the slave market
of Algiers from which, by the efforts of John Eliot, they were enabled
to return to America in 1683. _Massachusetts Historical Society
Collections_, series 1, ii, p. 183. Of this incident Cotton Mather
said: “Moreover, ’tis a prophecy in Deut. 28: 68, ‘The Lord shall bring
thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee.
Thou shalt see it no more again; and there ye shall be sold unto your
enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.’ These did
our Eliot imagine were sent to be sold in the coasts lying not very
far from the coasts of Egypt, on the Mediterranean Sea, and scarce any
chapman would offer to take them off.” _Magnalia_, bk. iii, pt. 3.
[462] Baylies, _op. cit._, ii, pt. iii, p. 190.