=========+=========+==========+=========+=====+===========+======
Month | Monthly | Absolute | Absolute|Rela-| Monthly |Number
| Means | Maxima | Minima |tive | Rainfall | of
| | | | Hu- | | Rainy
+--+------+---+------+--+------+midi-+----+------+ Days
|F.| ~C.~ | F.| ~C.~ |F.| ~C.~ | ty %|Ins.| ~Mm.~|
---------+--+------+---+------+--+------+-----+----+------+------
January |54|~12·2~| 87|~30·6~|30|~-1·1~| 66 |2·80|~71·1~| 6
February |55|~12·8~| 88|~31·1~|28|~-2·2~| 69 |2·82|~71·3~| 6
March |57|~13·9~| 99|~37·2~|31|~-0·6~| 73 |2·72|~68·7~| 7
April |60|~15·6~| 99|~37·2~|38| ~3·3~| 73 |1·10|~27·9~| 4
May |63|~17·2~|103|~39·4~|41| ~5·0~| 74 |0·51|~12·7~| 3
June |67|~19·4~|100|~37·8~|46| ~7·8~| 73 |0·10| ~2·5~| 1
July |71|~21·7~|109|~42·8~|50|~10·0~| 74 |0·02| ~0·0~| 0
August |72|~22·2~|106|~41·1~|51|~10·6~| 74 |0·04| ~0·1~| 0
September|70|~21·1~|108|~42·2~|44| ~6·7~| 72 |0·04| ~0·1~| 0
October |64|~17·8~| 96|~35·6~|40| ~4·4~| 71 |0·81|~20·4~| 3
November |60|~15·6~| 96|~35·6~|34| ~1·1~| 64 |1·47|~36·9~| 3
December |56|~13·3~| 88|~31·1~|30|~-1·1~| 65 |3·28|~82·7~| 6
=========+==+======+===+======+==+======+=====+====+======+======
With a total rainfall of only 15·43 ins. (392 mm.), and a remarkably
high percentage of hours of sunshine, even during the rainy months, one
begins to understand how it is that a Californian fellow-member of the
Golf Club of Rome used to complain of the “gloom” of a Roman winter. The
one drawback is the enormous daily range of over 50° F., which must be
necessarily trying to delicate subjects who neglect obvious precautions;
but avoidance of the fierce heat out of doors of the afternoon, and the
chill that follows sunset, should suffice to neutralise this defect.
Across the sierras, in Texas the rainfall remains very scanty, amounting
to no more than 9·8 ins. (250 mm.) in the district of El Paso, but
improves steadily as we approach the eastern frontier, where it reaches
52 ins. (1,320 mm.) at Galveston, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
This place is regarded as a health resort for the Southern States; Dr.
Solly, the American authority on medical climatology, writes:--
“The climate of Galveston, in the Gulf of Mexico, is warm, mild and
humid. Occasionally, there are winters when the temperature does not
fall below 32°. During the past twenty years there have been thirteen
years in which the temperature has not fallen below 24°, and but two
years below 20°. The seasonal mean temperatures are: Winter, 55°;
Spring, 69°; Summer, 83°; Autumn, 71°. The annual mean is 70°. Monthly
mean for January, 53°; for July, 84°. The extreme temperature record is
98°, and the minimum 20°. The mean rainfall is 51 inches, distributed as
follows: Winter, 11·5 inches; Spring, 10·2 inches; Summer, 13·3 inches;
Autumn, 16·6 inches. The heaviest rain takes place in September, and the
least in February and July. The mean annual relative humidity is 77 per
cent.; for Winter, 81 per cent. Wind movement averages 11·1 miles, the
prevailing winds being from S. and S.E. The highest winds occur in
winter and blow from the N., but the average ‘northers’ of upper Texas
are but little felt in the Gulf of Mexico.”
Proceeding westward along the Mexican Gulf we find the climate grows
steadily moister, New Orleans, which is placed very nearly in the middle
of its northern coast, presenting the following climatic factors.
NEW ORLEANS. LAT. 29° 58′ N. LONG. 90° 11′ W.
=========+===========+=========+=========+=====+=============+======
Month | Monthly | Monthly| Monthly|Rela-| Mean |Number
| Mean | Absolute| Absolute| tive| Monthly | of
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima | Hu-| Rainfall | Rainy
+-----+-----+---+-----+---+-----+midi-+-----+-------+ Days
| F. | ~C.~ |F.| ~C.~ |F.| ~C.~ | ty | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
---------+----+------+--+------+--+------+-----+-----+-------+------
January |58·8|~14·8~|82|~27·8~|15|~-9·4~| 79 | 5·17|~130·9~| 11
February |58·1|~14·4~|82|~27·8~|25|~-3·9~| 81 | 4·56|~115·7~| 10
March |62·0|~16·7~|84|~28·9~|30|~-1·1~| 76 | 5·35|~135·9~| 9
April |69·0|~20·6~|88|~31·1~|38| ~3·3~| 76 | 5·28|~133·5~| 8
May |74·6|~23·7~|92|~33·3~|53|~11·7~| 74 | 4·76|~120·7~| 9
June |80·3|~26·8~|97|~36·1~|58|~14·4~| 78 | 6·49|~165·0~| 14
July |82·2|~27·9~|99|~37·2~|67|~19·4~| 78 | 6·50|~165·1~| 16
August |81·5|~27·5~|96|~35·6~|63|~17·2~| 79 | 6·02|~153·6~| 14
September|78·3|~25·7~|95|~35·0~|56|~13·3~| 77 | 4·70|~119·4~| 11
October |69·8|~21·0~|90|~32·2~|40| ~4·4~| 74 | 3·25| ~82·5~| 7
November |60·7|~15·9~|85|~29·4~|30|~-1·1~| 79 | 4·30|~109·2~| 9
December |55·5|~13·1~|81|~27·2~|20|~-6·7~| 80 | 4·38|~111·7~| 4
---------+----+------+--+------+--+------+-----+-----+-------+------
Year |68·8|~20·4~|99|~37·2~|15|~-9·4~| 78 |60·52|~153·7~| 128
=========+====+======+==+======+==+======+=====+=====+=======+======
The amenity of the climate of Florida is proverbial, as the maxima
rarely run so high, and the annual and daily range is much smaller than
is the case further west, owing to the effect of the Gulf Stream, which
sweeps out past its projecting shore. On this account there is an almost
entire absence of frost, and the State has become celebrated for its
cultivation of oranges, a fruit which is at once nipped by any approach
to freezing point. Dr. Solly describes it as follows:--
“The climate is marine in character, and is very equable and temperate
for its latitude. The mean annual temperature runs from 69° at Sanford
to 79·8° at Jacksonville; for the winter, the variation is from 54·6° at
Pensacola to 66·5°, at Jupiter. Frost, snow and ice are very rare.
Annual rainfall varies from 53·19 inches at Pensacola to 57·16 at Cedar
Keys; of this, one half usually occurs in the summer. The mean relative
humidity varies from 76 per cent. at Pensacola to 80 at Cedar Keys. In
the winter months it is from 76 to 87 per cent. The total number of
rainy days ranged from 103·8 at Cedar Keys to 124·1 at Pensacola, and
the number of cloudy days in the same places was 66.8 and 84·5. Dr.
Hall, while admitting the prevalence of malaria, states that there are
many places quite free from it, and that it is generally diminishing.”
_Mexico._--Extending, as it does, completely across the southern portion
of the North American Continent, the climate of Mexico presents the same
sequence from the drought of the eastern to the moderately ample
rainfall of the western coasts; and here too, there are places in the
central highlands that are much drier than any to be found on either
coast. These points are illustrated in the table on following page.
The corresponding data as to temperature are given below.
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES OF MEXICAN STATIONS.
=========+===========+====================+==================
Place |Mean Annual| Coldest Month | Warmest Month
|Temperature+--------+-----------+------+-----------
| | Name | Mean | Name | Mean
| | |Temperature| |Temperature
+----+------+ +----+------+ +----+------
| F. | ~C.~ | | F. | ~C.~ | | F. | ~C.~
---------+----+------+--------+----+------+------+----+------
Mazatlan |74·5|~23·6~|January |66·1|~19~ | July |81·6|~27·6~
Culiacan |76·5|~24·8~|January |65·0|~18·3~| July |84·5|~29·2~
Leon |65·5|~18·5~|December|56·4|~13·5~| May |73·6|~23·2~
Mexico |59·5|~15·4~|December|53·6|~12·0~| May |64·5|~18·1~
Puebla |60·0|~15·6~|January |53·1|~11·8~| May |64·5|~18·2~
Matamoros|73·5|~23·2~|January |62·6|~17·0~| July |84·2|~29·0~
Montery |70·4|~21·3~|January |54·6|~12·6~| June |82·0|~27·8~
Vera Cruz|76·6|~24·8~|December|70·5|~21·4~|August|81·3|~27·4~
Cordoba |69·0|~20·6~|January |64·4|~18·0~| May |73·5|~23·1~
=========+====+======+========+====+======+======+====+======
_Central America and the Isthmus of Panama._--This portion of the
American continent is notoriously unhealthy, especially along the only
routes practicable for an inter-oceanic canal.
It is said that the construction of the railway across Panama cost a
human life for every sleeper that was laid.
Much of this is due to malaria, but yellow fever also frequently
attacked the workers, and it is to be hoped that as both these diseases
are known to be capable of transmission only by the agency of
mosquitoes, that a rational prophylaxis against the bites of these
insects will form part of the sanitary programme of the huge work that
is now being proceeded with. In any case, when the new canal comes to be
finished it will behove passengers by the mail boats to provide
themselves with mosquito nets for this portion of the voyage.
RAINFALL TABLE OF MEXICAN STATIONS.
=============+===========+===================================+
Place | PACIFIC | CENTRAL |
| COAST | PLATEAU |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Mazatlan | Chihuahua | Leon | Mexico |
-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Latitude, N. | 23° 11′ | 28° 38′ | 21° 7′ | 19° 26′ |
-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Longitude, W.| 106° 24′ | 106° 30′ | 101° 40′ | 99° 8′ |
-------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Elevation | 30 ft. | 4,650 ft. | 5,850 ft. | 7,400 ft .|
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Scale | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~|
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
January | 1·34| ~34~| 1·49| ~38~| 0·36| ~9~| 0·16| ~4~|
February | 0·24| ~6~| 0·28| ~7~| 0·34| ~8~| 0·24| ~6~|
March | 0·24| ~6~| 0·0 | ~0~| 0·36| ~9~| 0·59| ~15~|
April | 0·04| ~1~| 0·24| ~6~| 0·28| ~7~| 0·59| ~15~|
May | 0·28| ~7~| 1·38| ~35~| 1·14| ~29~| 2·02| ~51~|
June | 1·85| ~47~| 8·51|~216~| 4·88|~124~| 4·09|~104~|
July | 6·54|~166~| 6·04|~153~| 5·68|~144~| 4·09|~104~|
August |10·35|~257~| 5·24|~133~| 5·91|~150~| 4·83|~123~|
September | 8·63|~219~| 1·08| ~27~| 5·07|~129~| 3·97|~101~|
October | 3·15| ~80~| 1·14| ~29~| 1·69| ~43~| 1·68| ~43~|
November | 0·48| ~12~| 0·0 | ~0~| 0·39| ~10~| 0·43| ~11~|
December | 0·91| ~23~| 0·08| ~2~| 0·36| ~9~| 0·16| ~4~|
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Year |33·92|~863~|25·44|~646~|26·39|~671~|22·97|~581~|
=============+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+
=============+=====================================
Place | ATLANTIC
| COAST
+-----------+-----------+-------------
| Oxaca | Matamoros | Vera Cruz
-------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
Latitude, N. | 16° 57′ | 25° 49′ | 19° 12′
-------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
Longitude, W.| 94° 42′ | 97° 38′ | 96° 8′
-------------+-----------+-----------+-------------
Elevation | 5,150 ft. | 63 ft. | 48 ft.
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
Scale | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
January | 0·13| ~3~| 1·58| ~40~| 0·39| ~10~
February | 0·55| ~14~| 2·34| ~59~| 0·55| ~14~
March | 0·59| ~15~| 2·44| ~62~| 0·60| ~18~
April | 1·77| ~45~| 2·24| ~57~| 0·13| ~3~
May | 3·94|~100~| 2·22| ~56~| 4·26| ~108~
June | 8·64|~219~| 3·63| ~92~|12·48| ~317~
July | 4·09|~104~| 2·37| ~60~|14·81| ~376~
August | 4·26|~108~| 1·66| ~42~| 8·74| ~222~
September | 5·94|~151~| 7·04|~179~|11·62| ~295~
October | 2·92| ~74~| 4·45|~113~| 9·03| ~229~
November | 0·39| ~10~| 4·47|~114~| 3·24| ~82~
December | 0·03| ~1~| 2·24| ~57~| 2·03| ~51~
-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------
Year |33·21|~844~|36·66|~931~|67·92|~1,728~
=============+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=======
The north-east Trades dominate the Atlantic coast of these regions
throughout the year, but on the Pacific side, during the summer months,
a southerly breeze takes its place.
The rainfall is very heavy, but even here, in spite of the narrowness of
the dividing belt of land, the comparative dryness of the Southern or
Pacific coast is quite obvious, as may be seen from a glance at the
table on the following page.
The rainfall, it will be noted, varies greatly owing to small local
differences of environment, and includes at least one place far up on
the world’s list of the wettest spots.
The stifling heat and damp of Greytown used to be well known to naval
officers of the last generation, and it is probably a fortunate
circumstance for their successors that the harbour has now so silted up
as to be useless, for at one time it was frequently visited by our
men-of-war.
The corresponding temperature records, given below, do not run very
high, but the places on the Atlantic shore are extremely enervating on
account of the extreme dampness of the air.
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES IN LOCALITIES IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
=============+===========+===========+====================+
Place | Absolute | Absolute | Coldest Month |
| Mean | Mean +--------+-----------+
| Annual | Annual | Name | Mean |
| Maxima | Minima | |Temperature|
+----+------+----+------+ +-----+-----+
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | | F. | ~C.~ |
-------------+----+------+----+------+--------+----+------+
San Salvador |93·4|~34·1~|56 |~13·3~|December|70·2|~21·2~|
Taboga Island|96·5|~35·8~|66·4|~19·1~|February|77·2|~25·1~|
San José |88·5|~31·4~|50·2|~10·1~|December|65·6|~18·7~|
Coban |88·3|~31·3~|40·2| ~4·5~|December|62·3|~16·8~|
Guatemala |87·5|~30·8~|45·6| ~7·6~|January |62·0|~16·7~|
Quezaltenango|76·4|~24·6~|26·7|~-3·0~|January |50·2|~10·1~|
Belize |91·2|~32·9~|59·6|~15·4~|December|74·5|~23·6~|
Colon |94·3|~34·5~|66·0|~18·9~|November|78·5|~25·8~|
Gamboa |96·6|~35·9~|57·2|~14·0~|February|76·8|~24·9~|
=============+====+======+====+======+========+===========+
=============+==================
Place | Warmest Month
|------+-----------
| Name | Mean
| |Temperature
+ +----+------
| | F. | ~C.~
-------------+------+----+------
San Salvador | April|75·2|~24~
Taboga Island| June |80·2|~26·8~
San José | May |68·7|~20·4~
Coban | May |68·8|~20·5~
Guatemala | May |68·5|~20·3~
Quezaltenango| May |62·0|~16·7~
Belize |August|82·5|~28·1~
Colon | June |79·8|~26·6~
Gamboa | June |80·4|~26·8~
=============+==================
RAINFALL TABLE FOR CENTRAL AMERICA.
=============+=============+=============+=============+
Place | SAN SALVADOR|TABOGA ISLAND| RIVAS |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Situation |Pacific Coast| Pacific, | Costa Rica, |
| of Salvador | off Panama | near |
| | |Pacific Coast|
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Latitude, N. | 13° 39′ | 8° 52′ | 11° 30′ |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Longitude, W.| 89° 13′ | 79° 31′ | 85° 47′ |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Elevation | 2,970 | near sea- | 1,500 |
(feet) | | level | |
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Scale | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~|
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
January | 0·07| ~2~| 0·48| ~12~| 0·38| ~10~|
February | 0·07| ~2~| 0·03| ~1~| 0·01| ~2~|
March | 0·59| ~15~| 0·16| ~4~| 0·19| ~5~|
April | 1·54| ~39~| 0·87| ~22~| 0·33| ~8~|
May | 7·83| ~199~| 5·27| ~134~| 7·53| ~191~|
June |10·01| ~255~| 5·17| ~131~|11·11| ~282~|
July |13·22| ~336~| 4·43| ~112~| 7·47| ~190~|
August |11·58| ~293~| 5·67| ~144~| 8·13| ~206~|
September |11·34| ~288~| 7·22| ~183~| 9·42| ~239~|
October | 6·66| ~169~| 6·83| ~173~|16·88| ~429~|
November | 2·60| ~66~| 5·54| ~140~| 3·88| ~99~|
December | 0·48| ~12~| 4·73| ~120~| 1·48| ~38~|
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Year |65·97|~1,676~|46·37|~1,178~|66·88|~1,699~|
=============+=====+=======+=====+=======+=====+=======+
=============+=============+=============+=============+
Place | SAN JOSÉ | GUATEMALA | COBAN |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Situation | Costa Rica, | Guatemala, | Guatemala, |
| near | Inland | Inland |
|Pacific Coast| | |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Latitude, N. | 90° 56′ | 14° 38′ | 15° 30′ |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Longitude, W.| 84° 8′ | 90° 31′ | 90° 25′ |
-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
Elevation | 3,600 | 4,810 | 2,500 |
(feet) | | | |
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Scale | Ins.| ~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
January | 0·38| ~10~| 0·42| ~11~| 5·36| ~136~|
February | 0·13| ~3~| 0·13| ~3~| 4·58| ~116~|
March | 0·83| ~22~| 0·88| ~20~| 3·67| ~93~|
April | 1·17| ~30~| 2·38| ~60~| 2·44| ~62~|
May | 7·98| ~203~| 4·97| ~126~| 7·22| ~183~|
June |10·16| ~258~|10·36| ~263~|12·47| ~317~|
July | 7·98| ~203~| 9·18| ~232~|12·22| ~310~|
August | 9·81| ~249~| 9·28| ~236~| 8·28| ~210~|
September |12·13| ~308~| 9·73| ~247~| 9·53| ~242~|
October |12·68| ~322~| 7·38| ~187~| 9·82| ~249~|
November | 4·57| ~116~| 0.78| ~20~| 8·90| ~226~|
December | 2·10| ~53~| 0·24| ~6~| 6·66| ~169~|
-------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Year |70·97|~1,777~|55·55|~1,411~|98·94|~2,313~|
=============+=====+=======+=====+=======+=====+=======+
=============+=============+==============+==============
Place | BELIZE | GREYTOWN | COLON
-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------
Situation | Atlantic | Atlantic | Atlantic
| Coast, Brit-| Coast, | Coast,
| ish Honduras| Costa Rica | Panama
-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------
Latitude, N. | 17° 32′ | 10° 30′ | 9° 22′
-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------
Longitude, W.| 88° 10′ | 83° 22′ | 79° 55′
-------------+-------------+--------------+--------------
Elevation | near sea- | near sea- | near sea-
(feet) | level | level | level
-------------+-----+-------+------+-------+------+-------
Scale |Ins. | ~Mm.~| Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~
-------------+-----+-------+------+-------+------+-------
January | 5·78| ~147~| 21·39| ~543~| 1·88| ~48~
February | 3·08| ~78~| 5·78| ~147~| 1·49| ~38~
March | 1·54| ~39~| 4·75| ~120~| 1·30| ~33~
April | 1·54| ~39~| 10·39| ~264~| 2·65| ~68~
May | 3·24| ~83~| 12·73| ~328~| 11·40| ~290~
June | 8·18| ~208~| 16·63| ~422~| 13·67| ~347~
July | 9·09| ~231~| 29·87| ~760~| 14·14| ~359~
August | 8·18| ~208~| 20·03| ~509~| 14·64| ~372~
September | 8·63| ~219~| 9·29| ~236~| 12·40| ~315~
October |12·68| ~322~| 14·42| ~366~| 13·54| ~345~
November | 9·14| ~232~| 20·96| ~530~| 23·18| ~589~
December | 7·08| ~180~| 26·57| ~675~| 11·98| ~304~
-------------+-----+-------+------+-------+------+-------
Year |78·18|~1,986~|192·67|~4,895~|122·37|~3,108~
=============+=====+=======+======+=======+======+=======
_The West Indies._--These islands are all under the influence of the
north-east Trades, and enjoy a mild but rather moist climate, with
comparatively little variation through the year. Nearly all of them are
extremely healthy for places in the Tropics, although they are
occasionally visited by devastating outbreaks of yellow fever.
The Americans have, however, proved in the case of Havana that it is
quite possible to reduce the risk of this disease to a minimum by the
adoption of appropriate measures against the mosquitoes that carry the
disease, and it ought to be possible for any one, who takes the matter
in earnest, to insure himself almost completely against this danger.
In the north, among the lesser Antilles, the Trade wind has an almost
purely easterly direction. During the months from June to November
terrific revolving storms, known as hurricanes, are of not uncommon
occurrence and constitute one of the gravest drawbacks to cultivation,
besides often causing much injury to life. So enormous is the force of
the wind during these visitations that even objects of great weight and
small surface are set in motion, it being an absolute fact that huge
Admiralty anchors have been shifted from the position in which they lay
in the dockyard at Port Royal in Jamaica.
HAVANA, CUBA. LAT. 23° 9′ N.; LONG. 82° 23′ W. NEAR SEA-LEVEL.
=========+===========+============+===========+
Month | Mean | Absolute | Absolute |
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima |
+-----+-----+-----+------+----+------+
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ |
---------+----+------+-----+------+----+------+
January |70·3|~21·3~| 84·4|~29·1~|52·3|~11·3~|
February |72·0|~22·2~| 87·6|~30·9~|51·4|~10·7~|
March |73·2|~22·9~| 91·4|~33·0~|55 |~12·8~|
April |76·1|~24·5~| 93·6|~34·3~|52·9|~11·6~|
May |78·8|~26·0~| 99·0|~37·2~|64·4|~18·0~|
June |81·5|~27·5~| 97·7|~36·5~|69·1|~20·6~|
July |82·4|~28·0~|100·6|~38·2~|71·2|~21·8~|
August |82·2|~27·9~| 98·6|~37·0~|69·8|~21·0~|
September|80·7|~27·0~| 96·1|~35·6~|70·9|~21·6~|
October |78·1|~25·7~| 91·9|~33·2~|61·9|~16·6~|
November |75·3|~24·0~| 88·7|~31·5~|56·5|~13·6~|
December |71·4|~21·8~| 86·0|~30·0~|51·8|~11·0~|
---------+----+------+-----+------+----+------+
Year |76·3|~24·8~|100·6|~38·2~|51·4|~10·8~|
=========+====+======+=====+======+====+======+
=========+=====+===============+======
Month |Rela-| Rainfall |Number
| tive| | of
+humi-+------+--------+ Rainy
| dity| Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Days
---------+-----+------+--------+------
January | 75 | 2·71 | ~68·7~| 7·5
February | 73 | 2·27 | ~57·2~| 5·7
March | 70 | 1·83 | ~46·0~| 5·5
April | 69 | 2·83 | ~72·0~| 4·6
May | 71 | 4·47 | ~113·2~| 9·3
June | 76 | 7·16 | ~181·7~| 12·8
July | 74 | 5·06 | ~128·5~| 12·7
August | 75 | 6·02 | ~153·1~| 12·6
September| 79 | 6·71 | ~171·0~| 15·4
October | 78 | 7·42 | ~188·5~| 15·1
November | 77 | 3·08 | ~78·3~| 10·2
December | 74 | 2·15 | ~54·6~| 8·5
---------+-----+------+--------+------
Year | 74 |51·73 |~1313·5~|119·9
=========+=====+======+========+======
It is unfortunately impossible, from considerations of space, to do more
than give a few examples of the climatic conditions to be met with, but
those selected may suffice to give a general idea of what may be
expected, as no very great differences will be found, in spite of the
large area over which these islands are scattered.
Jamaica, a table for which is given below, has a rather heavier rainfall
of 70 ins. (1,778 mm.), but not so high as that of Martinique, 94·5 ins.
(2,399 mm.), though even this cannot be considered high for a tropical
climate. Of the other islands, Nassau in the Bahamas has 54·41 ins.
(1,382 mm.); Port Au Prince, Haiti, 55 ins. (1,397 mm.); St. Croix,
46·56 ins. (1,183 mm.); St. Kitts, 51 ins. (1,295 mm.); Guadeloupe, 64·4
ins. (1,635 mm.); and Barbados, 57·74 ins. (1,467 mm.)--figures which
serve well to indicate the general uniformity of climate throughout the
group.
The table for Jamaica is as follows, but it must be remembered that most
of the troops are now quartered at camps at a moderate elevation above
the town, where it is considerably cooler than at the sea level.
KINGSTON, JAMAICA. LAT. 17° 50′ N.; LONG. 76° 42′ W.
=========+===========+===========+===========+==============
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean
| Monthly | Monthly | Relative | Monthly
| Maxima | Minima | Humidity %| Rainfall
+----+------+----+------+-----+-----+------+-------
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | 7 | 4 | Ins. | ~Mm.~
| | | | | a.m.| p.m.| |
---------+----+------+----+------+-----+-----+------+-------
January |86·2|~30·1~|66·7|~19·3~| 84 | 63 | 3·79 | ~96·4~
February |85·3|~29·5~|67·0|~19·4~| 81 | 65 | 2·62 | ~66·5~
March |85·4|~29·6~|67·8|~19·9~| 84 | 65 | 2·86 | ~73·0~
April |86·5|~30·3~|71·1|~21·8~| 83 | 66 | 4·50 |~114·3~
May |87·8|~31·0~|73·2|~22·9~| 73 | 70 | 9·56 |~243·0~
June |89·0|~31·7~|73·4|~23·0~| 72 | 66 | 4·77 |~121·1~
July |89·8|~32·0~|73·3|~22·9~| 73 | 60 | 6·51 |~165·6~
August |89·9|~32·1~|73·3|~22·9~| 80 | 63 | 7·12 |~181·0~
September|89·3|~31·8~|74·1|~23·4~| 83 | 68 |10·37 |~263·0~
October |88·0|~31·1~|73·5|~23·1~| 88 | 69 | 6·50 |~165·1~
November |87·3|~30·7~|70·9|~22·2~| 85 | 68 | 6·53 |~176·0~
December |85·6|~29·8~|68·2|~20·2~| 83 | 58 | 5·53 |~140·0~
=========+====+======+====+======+=====+=====+======+=======
Even Trinidad, the most southerly of all the islands in no way rivals
the East Indies either in temperature or rainfall, the total of the
latter being 65·5 ins. (1,663 mm.). Its hottest months, March and
September, have a mean temperature of 78·5° F. (25·8° C.), and its
coldest, February, of 75·4° F. (24° C.); the absolute extreme
temperature of the year being 89·5° F. (31·9° C.) and 64° F. (17·9° C.).
The highest temperature for any island is 100° F. (37·8° C.) at Havana,
but from its landlocked position this place appertains more to the
climatic conditions of the mainland than to the islands in general.
SOUTH AMERICA.--The greater part of the tropical portion of the southern
division of the western continent comes within the influence of the
north-east Trades, which sweep up from the sea an enormous volume of
watery vapour, which is precipitated gradually as the air current passes
across the land. The second great factor in the determination of its
climate is the position of the enormous mountain range of the Andes,
quite close to the western coast, and of such a height as to cut off
practically the last drops of moisture brought by the Trades, so as to
leave the narrow belt of country between the Andes and the Pacific with
a rainfall so scanty as to be in some instances almost negligible, as is
the case with Lima, amounting to little more than an inch and a half in
the year. So vast, however, is the amount of moisture imported by the
Trades that the supply lasts out well, quite to the foot of the Andes,
the rainfall of Manaos, half-way across, being rather greater than that
of the east coast; but once the mountains are passed the change is
abrupt and enormous. Unfortunately, however, when one sets one’s self to
plot out the change as represented by a line of observations carried
across the continent, one finds one’s self at once met by the difficulty
that there is very little exact information to be obtained, as the
all-absorbing interests of the ever-changing political barometer leaves
the population little time to study the mercurial instrument, and they
appear to be much fonder of playing with repeating rifles than with
aneroids. Practically speaking, there is little exact information to be
obtained for places at any distance from the coast, and on this account
the tables given below refer almost exclusively to the littoral regions,
and any attempt at anything beyond remarks of the most general character
is out of the question.
Quite at the southern boundary of our limits we have the first-class
observatory of San Paolo, which although but little outside the
geographical, tropical zone, enjoys a temperature which shows that we
are rapidly leaving warm climates behind, for the climate is already
milder than most localities in the subtropical zone of the old world.
SAN PAOLO. 23° 33′ S.; 46° 38′ W. E.F., 2,400.
=======+===========+===========+===========+=====+============+======
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean |Rela-| Mean |Number
| Monthly | Monthly | Monthly | tive| Monthly | of
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima | Hu- | Rainfall |Rainy
+----+------+----+------+----+------+midi-+----+-------+ Days
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | ty |Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
-------+----+------+----+------+----+------+-----+----+-------+------
January|68·2|~20·1~|77·2|~25·1~|61·7|~16·5~| 86 |7·08|~180~ | 18
Februa-| | | | | | | | | |
ry |68·9|~20·5~|78·8|~26·0~|62·7|~17·0~| 86 |8·23|~208~ | 12
March |67·4|~19·6~|77·2|~25·1~|61·8|~16·6~| 87 |5·96|~152~ | 19
April |63·5|~17·5~|73·4|~23·0~|57·5|~14·2~| 87 |2·84| ~72~ | 14
May |61·0|~16·1~|72·0|~22·2~|52·3|~11·2~| 80 |1·90| ~48·3~| 6
June |56·8|~13·8~|69·7|~20·9~|47·5| ~8·6~| 80 |0·48| ~12·3~| 4
July |61·0|~16·1~|71·0|~21·7~|52·8|~11·6~| 78 |1·93| ~48·9~| 10
August |61·0|~16·1~|69·7|~20·9~|55·2|~12·9~| 83 |2·30| ~58·4~| 17
Septem-| | | | | | | | | |
ber |62·0|~16·7~|72·8|~22·7~|55·0|~12·8~| 81 |1·02| ~26·2~| 7
October|65·8|~18·8~|78·0|~28·6~|58·5|~14·7~| 79 |0·77| ~20·0~| 5
Novem- | | | | | | | | | |
ber |64·4|~18·0~|76·0|~24·4~|57·2|~14·0~| 79 |3·57| ~89·5~| 14
Decem- | | | | | | | | | |
ber |80·5|~26·9~|79·0|~26·1~|63·5|~17·5~| 84 |8·74|~222~ | 23
=======+====+======+====+======+====+======+=====+====+=======+======
With a total rainfall of 44·77 ins. (1,137 mm.) and absolute extremes of
temperature of 98° F. (36·5° C.) and 55° F. (12·9° C), the climate,
though perhaps not bracing, can never be unpleasant. The shore is here
washed by a warm southerly current from the equatorial regions, whereas
on the west coast the inshore current is a northerly one from the
antarctic regions. On this account it is necessary to go a good deal to
the geographical north to select a place on the west coast for
comparison of the rainfall in the same isotherm.
MOLENDO. LAT. 17° 5′ S.; LONG. 72° 0′ W. (THE PORT OF AREQUIPA IN SOUTH
OF PERU.)
=========+===========+===========+===========+============
Month | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean
| Monthly | Monthly | Monthly | Monthly
|Temperature| Maxima | Minima | Rainfall
+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ | F. \ ~C.~ |Ins.| ~Mm.~
---------+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
January |72·3|~22·4~|79·4|~26·3~|66·7|~19·3~|0 | ~0~
February |72·8|~22·7~|79·5|~26·4~|67·5|~19·7~|0·08| ~2~
March |71·5|~21·9~|78·0|~25·6~|66·0|~18·9~|0 | ~0~
April |68·2|~20·1~|74·8|~23·8~|63·4|~17·4~|0·08| ~2~
May |65·8|~18·8~|72·7|~22·7~|62·8|~17·1~|0·17| ~4~
June |63·0|~17·2~|68·5|~20·3~|57·8|~14·3~|0·6 | ~1~
July |60·9|~16·0~|66·0|~18·9~|55·7|~13·2~|0 | ~0~
August |59·5|~15·3~|65·0|~18·3~|54·7|~12·6~|0·23| ~6~
September|61·2|~16·2~|67·0|~19·4~|56·0|~13·3~|0·06| ~1~
October |63·3|~17·4~|70·0|~21·1~|57·3|~14·1~|0·08| ~2~
November |66·3|~19·1~|73·0|~22·8~|60·2|~15·7~|0·08| ~2~
December |70·8|~21·6~|78·2|~25·7~|64·7|~18·2~|0·06| ~1~
---------+----+------+----+------+----+------+----+-------
Year |60·4|~19·1~|72·7|~22·6~|61·0|~16·1~|0·83| ~21~
=========+====+======+====+======+====+======+====+=======
TABLE OF TEMPERATURE DATA OF PLACES IN SOUTH AMERICA.
==================+==========+==========+=====+===========+
Place | Latitude | Longitude| Ele-| Mean |
| | | va- |Temperature|
| | | tion| of Year |
| | | in +----+------+
| | | Feet| F. | ~C.~ |
| | | | | |
------------------+----------+----------+-----+----+------+
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela|10° 30′ N.|66° 55′ W.|3,000|71·2|~21·8~|
La Guayra, port |10° 37′ N.|67° 0′ W.| -- |78·2|~25·7~|
Tovar |10° 26′ N.|67° 20′ W.|6,000|58.0|~14·4~|
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru._
Medellin | 6° 10′ N.|75° 45′ W.|4,676|70·0|~21·1~|
Bogota | 4° 35′ N.|71° 14′ W.|8,650|58·0|~14·4~|
Quito | 0° 14′ S.|78° 32′ W.|9,300|56·3|~13·5~|
Antisana | 0° 21′ S.|78° 6′ W.|3,200|40·8| ~4·9~|
Guayaquil | 2° 10′ S.|79° 56′ W.| -- |80·7|~27·0~|
Lima |12° 4′ S.|79° 21′ W.| 530|66·2|~19·0~|
Anca |18° 25′ S.|70° 22′ W.| -- |67·5|~19·7~|
Salta |24° 46′ S.|65° 24′ W.|4,000|63·2|~17·3~|
Copiapo |27° 22′ S.|70° 23′ W.|1,200|61·5|~16·4~|
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown | 6° 50′ N.|58° 8′ W.| -- |79·0|~26·1~|
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | 5° 53′ N.|50° 23′ W.| -- |78·7|~25·9~|
Paramaribo | 5° 44′ N.|50° 13′ W.| -- |78·7|~25·9~|
_French Guiana._
Cayenne | 4° 56′ N.|52° 18′ W.| -- |79·5|~26·4~|
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | 1° 30′ S.|48° 24′ W.| -- |78·5|~25·8~|
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | 3° 8′ S.|60° 0′ W.| 150|79·0|~26·0~|
San Antonio | 9° 5′ S.|64° 0′ W.| -- |78·0|~25·6~|
Peruvian frontier |11° 30′ S.|68° 30′ W.| 650|77·4|~25·2~|
Cuyaba |15° 86′ S.|56° 7′ W.| 700|77·5|~25·3~|
Uberaba |19° 44′ S.|47° 45′ W.|2,600|70·3|~21·3~|
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | 8° 4′ S.|34° 51′ W.| -- |78·5|~25·8~|
Victoria | 8° 9′ S.|35° 27′ W.| 550|76·7|~24·8~|
Colony of Isabella| 8° 45′ S.|35° 42′ W.| 750|74·2|~23·4~|
Bahia |12° 59′ S.|38° 36′ W.| 200|77·8|~25·5~|
Rio Janeiro |22° 54′ S.|43° 10′ W.| 200|72·5|~22·3~|
Joinville |26° 19′ S.|49° 43′ W.| -- |68·0|~20·0~|
Villa Formosa |26° 13′ S.|58° 5′ W.| 250|70·2|~21·2~|
==================+==========+==========+=====+====+======+
==================+============+===========+
Place | Maximum | Minimum |
| Temperature|Temperature+
| of Year | of Year |
|-----+------+----+------+
| F. | ~C.~ | F. | ~C.~ |
| | | | |
------------------+-----+------+----+------+
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela| 79·7|~26·5~|57·8|~14·3~|
La Guayra, port | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Tovar | -- | -- | -- | -- |
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru._
Medellin | 85·0|~29·4~|56·5|~13·6~|
Bogota | 72·0|~22·2~|45·8| ~7·7~|
Quito | 73·5|~23·1~|38·2| ~3·4~|
Antisana | 52·0|~11·0~|21·0|~-6·2~|
Guayaquil | 95·0|~35·0~|66·2|~19·0~|
Lima | 88·2|~31·2~|48·5| ~9·2~|
Anca | 82·4|~28·0~|56·0|~13·3~|
Salta |109·4|~43·0~|23·0|~-5·0~|
Copiapo | 87·3|~30·7~|37·4| ~3·0~|
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown | 90·0|~32·2~|70·0|~21·1~|
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | 92·8|~33·8~|68·7|~20·4~|
Paramaribo | 94·4|~34·6~|67·8|~19·9~|
_French Guiana._
Cayenne | 94·4|~34·6~|68·0|~20·0~|
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | -- | -- | -- | -- |
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | -- | -- | -- | -- |
San Antonio | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Peruvian frontier | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Cuyaba |105·8|~41·0~|48·2| ~9·0~|
Uberaba | 96·8|~36·0~|36·5| ~2·5~|
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | 97·5|~36·4~|64·5|~18·1~|
Victoria | 99·4|~37·4~|57·3|~14·1~|
Colony of Isabella| 91·2|~32·9~|56·2|~13·4~|
Bahia | 89·0|~31·7~|70·7|~21·5~|
Rio Janeiro | 97·7|~36·6~|55·2|~12·9~|
Joinville | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Villa Formosa |100·3|~38·0~|37·7| ~3·2~|
==================+=====+======+====+======+
==================+======================+======================
Place | Hottest Month | Coldest Month
|----------+-----------+----------+-----------
| Name | Mean | Name | Mean
| |Temperature| |Temperature
| +----+------+ +----+------
| | F. | ~C.~ | | F. | ~C.~
------------------+----------+----+------+----------+----+------
_Northern Coast, on Atlantic Seaboard._
Caracas, Venezuela| May |74·0|~23·3~| January |68·5|~20·3~
La Guayra, port |September |80·7|~27·0~|Feb.-Mar. |75·7|~24·3~
Tovar | April |59·6|~15·3~| January |54·5|~12·5~
_Western Littoral--Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru._
Medellin | February |71·0|~21·7~|November |68·5|~20·3~
Bogota |Mar.-April|58·7|~14·8~| July |56·8|~13·8~
Quito | Dec.-Jan.|56·7|~13·7~|Sept.-Oct.|56·2|~13·4~
Antisana | January |43·2| ~6·2~|July-Aug. |37·3| ~3·0~
Guayaquil | January |83·4|~28·5~| July |77·8|~25·5~
Lima | February |73·7|~23·2~| July |59·0|~15·0~
Anca | Dec.-Jan.|71·7|~22·0~| August |63·2|~17·3~
Salta | December |72·2|~22·3~| June |50·8|~10·5~
Copiapo | January |69·8|~21·0~| July |53·2|~11·8~
_North-East Coast--British Guiana._
Georgetown |Sept.-Oct.|80·7|~27·0~|Jan.-Feb. |77·5|~25·3~
_Dutch Guiana._
Burnside | October |80·0|~26·7~| February |77·3|~25·2~
Paramaribo | September|80·8|~27·1~| January |77·2|~25·1~
_French Guiana._
Cayenne |Sept.-Oct.|81·4|~27·4~| January |77·5|~25·3~
_Brazil, Amazon Coast._
Para | June |79·5|~26·4~| January |77·7|~25·4~
_Interior of Brazil._
Manaos | November |79·8|~26·6~| April |77·0|~25·0~
San Antonio | October |79·4|~26·3~| June |76·8|~24·9~
Peruvian frontier | December |80·0|~26·7~| June |72·2|~22·3~
Cuyaba |Sept.-Oct.|80·7|~27·0~| June |69·5|~20·8~
Uberaba | February |74·2|~23·4~| July |64·0|~17·8~
_Western Central Brazil._
Pernambuco | February |81·7|~27·6~| July |73·7|~23·2~
Victoria | February |79·5|~26·4~| July |72·8|~22·7~
Colony of Isabella| February |76·6|~24·7~| July |70·0|~21·1~
Bahia | February |80·8|~27·1~| July |73·7|~23·2~
Rio Janeiro | February |77·2|~25·1~| July |67·5|~19·7~
Joinville | February |75·5|~24·2~| July |61·5|~16·4~
Villa Formosa | January |79·2|~26·2~| July |61·3|~16·3~
==================+==========+====+======+==========+====+======
In contrast with the fairly liberal rainfall of the east coast we find
places almost as rainless as Waddy Halfa in the Soudan.
Arequipa, _e.g._, though situated high up on the Andes, is nearly as dry
as Lima, but receives a few trifling showers during the height of summer
and autumn (January to March).
AREQUIPA. LAT. 16° 24′ S.; LONG. 71° 30′ W. E.F., 7,680.
=========+===========+========+==========
Month | Mean |Relative| Monthly
| Monthly |Humidity| Rainfall
|Temperature| |
+----+------+ +----+-----
| F. | ~C.~ | |Ins.|~Mm.~
---------+----+------+--------+----+-----
January |56·5|~13·6~| 65 |1·08| ~27~
February |55·4|~13·0~| 69 |5·28|~134~
March |56·0|~13·3~| -- |0·84| ~21~
April |53·2|~11·8~| 71 |0 | ~0~
May |49·0| ~9·4~| -- |0 | ~0~
June |47·5| ~8·6~| 44 |0 | ~0~
July |51·0|~10·6~| 45 |0 | ~0~
August |53·0|~11·7~| 52 |0 | ~0~
September|56·0|~13·3~| 55 |0·03| ~1~
October |56·7|~13·7~| 59 |0 | ~0~
November |57·2|~14·0~| -- |0 | ~0~
December |56·8|~13·8~| 65 |0·03| ~1~
Year |54·2|~12·3~| 59 |7·28|~185~
=========+====+======+========+====+=====
These Western figures must serve as a specimen, though only for a single
year; for as already remarked, meteorology is but fitfully studied in
South America.
Many towns and districts, especially on the northern and eastern coasts,
are at a considerable elevation above the sea, and in estimating the
probable climate of such localities the following scale of diminution of
mean temperature for height in the equatorial Andes may be of service:--
Elevation } Sea-level 1,500 4,500 7,000 10,000 13,000 17,000 20,000
in Feet }
Temperature } 80° 77° 68° 59° 50° 40° 32° 20°
F. }
Or expressed in the metric system:--
Elevation } Sea-level 490 1,420 2,320 3,270 4,190 5,120 6,040
in Metres }
Temperature } 27° 25° 20° 15° 10° 5° 0° -5°
C. }
The tables given on pages 92, 93, compiled from Hann’s “Klimatologie”
include some of the better-known sites in South America, but it will be
observed that we are wofully wanting in detailed information as to
places in the interior, by far the majority being places on the coast.
The small variation and remarkable uniformity of temperature in places
spread over so large an area, when situated at all near the same level
above the sea, is very remarkable, as also is the fact that nothing
approaching the excessive temperature of Africa, the other great
Southern Peninsula, is to be met with here.
Guiana, Venezuela, and the other countries of the north and
north-eastern coasts, are no doubt steamy and unhealthy, but the greater
part of Brazil seems to possess a climate by no means prohibitive of
European energy, though doubtless the deltas of the great rivers, like
similar situations elsewhere, are best avoided from the point of view of
health.
Tables of the rainfall of a few places in each of the regions included
in the preceding table will be found below:--
RAINFALL IN PLACES ON N. AND N.E. COAST, SOUTH AMERICA.
=========+=============+===========+=============+
Place | Cartagena, | Caracas, | George Town,|
| Colombia | Venezuela | Brit. Guiana|
| |(3,000 ft.)| |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
January | 0 | ~0~| 0·37| ~9~| 6·92| ~176~|
February | 0 | ~0~| 0·33| ~8~| 4·88| ~124~|
March | 0·19| ~5~| 0·28| ~7~| 5·42| ~138~|
April | 0·13| ~3~| 1·03| ~26~| 6·43| ~163~|
May | 5·18| ~132~| 2·17| ~55~|10·95| ~279~|
June | 4·83| ~124~| 4·57|~116~|11·96| ~303~|
July | 3·12| ~79~| 4·82|~122~| 9·07| ~230~|
August | 5·0 | ~127~| 3·63| ~92~| 7·02| ~178~|
September| 7·23| ~184~| 5·37|~136~| 2·60| ~66~|
October |10·95| ~279~| 5·02|~128~| 2·38| ~60~|
November | 5·37| ~136~| 2·60| ~66~| 5·68| ~144~|
December | 0·98| ~25~| 1·03| ~26~|10·92| ~277~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
Year |43·67|~1,094~|31·14|~791~|84·23|~2,138~|
=========+=====+=======+=====+=====+=====+=======+
=========+=============+==============+=============
Place | Paramaribo,| Cayenne, | Para,
| Dutch Guiana| French Guiana| Brazil
| | |
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
January | 9·93| ~252~| 14·23| ~361~|11·97| ~303~
February | 6·12| ~155~| 12·43| ~316~|11·02| ~280~
March | 7·48| ~190~| 15·53| ~394~|12·98| ~329~
April | 9·82| ~249~| 15·16| ~385~|13·37| ~340~
May |11·97| ~304~| 19·25| ~489~| 7·64| ~194~
June |11·88| ~300~| 14·84| ~377~| 4·18| ~106~
July | 9·27| ~235~| 6·64| ~169~| 2·78| ~71~
August | 7·08| ~180~| 2·68| ~68~| 2·04| ~52~
September| 2·68| ~68~| 1·12| ~28~| 2·63| ~67~
October | 2·83| ~72~| 1·33| ~34~| 2·44| ~62~
November | 4·03| ~102~| 4·72| ~120~| 3·52| ~90~
December | 9·48| ~241~| 10·64| ~270~| 5·08| ~129~
---------+-----+-------+------+-------+-----+-------
Year |92·43|~2,348~|118·53|~3,011~|79·64|~2,023~
=========+=====+=======+======+=======+=====+=======
RAINFALL, WESTERN LITTORAL-COLOMBIA, ECUADOR AND PERU.
=========+=============+=============+==========+
Place | Medellin, | Quito, | Lima, |
| Colombia | Ecuador | Peru |
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
Month | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |Ins.|~Mm.~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
January | 2·18| ~55~| 3·24| ~82~|0·07| ~1~|
February | 2·52| ~64~| 3·88| ~99~|0 | ~0~|
March | 5·28| ~134~| 4·84| ~123~|0 | ~0~|
April | 6·93| ~176~| 6·95| ~177~|0 | ~0~|
May | 7·77| ~197~| 4·62| ~117~|0·13| ~3~|
June | 6·62| ~168~| 1·33| ~34~|0·37| ~9~|
July | 4·13| ~105~| 1·08| ~27~|0·39| ~10~|
August | 5·13| ~130~| 2·22| ~56~|0·33| ~8~|
September| 6·42| ~163~| 2·57| ~65~|0·27| ~7~|
October | 7·37| ~187~| 3·87| ~98~|0·13| ~3~|
November | 5·87| ~149~| 3·97| ~101~|0 | ~0~|
December | 2·67| ~68~| 3·57| ~91~|0 | ~0~|
---------+-----+-------+-----+-------+----+-----+
Year |62·88|~1,596~|42·13|~1,070~|1·64| ~41~|
=========+=====+=======+=====+=======+====+=====+
=========+==============+===========+===========
Place |Iquitos, East | Salta, | Tucuman,
|Slope of Andes| Peru | Peru
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
Month | Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.|~Mm.~
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
January | 10·24| ~260~| 5·68|~144~| 7·38|~187~
February | 9·83| ~250~| 5·44|~138~| 6·63|~168~
March | 12·24| ~311~| 4·64|~118~| 6·27|~159~
April | 6·48| ~165~| 0·92| ~23~| 1·78| ~45~
May | 10·00| ~254~| 0·37| ~9~| 1·14| ~29~
June | 7·43| ~189~| 0·03| ~1~| 0·52| ~13~
July | 6·53| ~167~| 0 | ~0~| 0·52| ~13~
August | 4·62| ~117~| 0·07| ~2~| 0·23| ~6~
September| 8·70| ~221~| 0·27| ~7~| 0·63| ~16~
October | 7·24| ~184~| 0·48| ~12~| 3·14| ~79~
November | 8·52| ~216~| 1·88| ~48~| 4·33|~110~
December | 11·47| ~291~| 2·93| ~74~| 5·75|~146~
---------+------+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----
Year |103·33|~2,625~|22·64|~575~|38·23|~971~
=========+======+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====
RAINFALL, INTERIOR AND EAST COAST.
=========+===========+=============+=============+
| Merida, | Manaos, | Cuyaba, |
Place | Yucatan-- | Brazil-- | Brazil-- |
| Interior | Interior | Interior |
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Month | Ins.|~Mm.~| Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ |
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
January | 1·02| ~26~| 9·37| ~238~|10·03| ~255~|
February | 0·53| ~13~| 9·84| ~250~| 8·58| ~218~|
March | 0·70| ~1~|11·88| ~301~| 8·70| ~221~|
April | 0·17| ~4~|13·08| ~332~| 3·52| ~90~|
May | 0·96| ~24~| 7·33| ~186~| 2·14| ~54~|
June | 5·88|~149~| 6·02| ~153~| 0·72| ~18~|
July | 3·86| ~98~| 2·88| ~72~| 0·34| ~8~|
August | 7·76|~197~| 2·40| ~61~| 0·37| ~9~|
September| 4·50|~114~| 1·74| ~44~| 3·63| ~92~|
October | 2·95| ~75~| 4·13| ~105~| 4·27| ~108~|
November | 4·12|~104~| 7·65| ~194~| 7·68| ~195~|
December | 1·24| ~31~|10·48| ~266~| 8·67| ~220~|
---------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-------+
Year |33·86|~860~|85·12|~2,202~|59·00|~1,498~|
=========+=====+=====+=====+=======+=====+=======+
=========+==============+=============+=============
| Pernambuco, | Bahia, |Rio Janeiro,
Place | Coast, | Coast, | Coast,
| Brazil | Brazil | Brazil
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
Month | Ins. | ~Mm.~ | Ins.| ~Mm.~ | Ins. | ~Mm.~
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
January | 4·34| ~110~| 3·58| ~91~| 4·68| ~119~
February | 5·98| ~152~| 3·43| ~87~| 4·34| ~110~
March | 5·92| ~150~| 7·87| ~200~| 5·38| ~137~
April | 10·96| ~277~|14·34| ~364~| 4·57| ~116~
May | 14·81| ~378~|12·28| ~312~| 3·63| ~92~
June | 15·18| ~386~|11·54| ~293~| 1·85| ~47~
July | 28·27| ~718~| 8·98| ~228~| 1·64| ~41~
August | 12·60| ~320~| 4·93| ~125~| 1·85| ~47~
September| 6·83| ~173~| 3·15| ~80~| 2·28| ~58~
October | 1·03| ~26~| 4·88| ~124~| 3·08| ~78~
November | 1·14| ~29~| 6·83| ~173~| 4·28| ~109~
December | 2·04| ~52~| 3·63| ~92~| 5·43| ~138~
---------+------+-------+-----+-------+------+------
Year |117·00|~2,971~|85·39|~2,169~|43·00|~1,091~
=========+======+=======+=====+=======+=====+=======
_Bermuda_ (St. George), lat. 32° 22′ N., long. 64° 30′ W.--This group of
Islands is becoming a favourite health resort with Americans, who are
able in a couple of days (600 sea miles) to exchange the turmoil of Wall
Street for the holy calm of the Atlantic. The climate is extremely
pleasant, without being too relaxing, the mean temperature of the year
being 69·4° F. (20·7° C).
Jan. April August October
62° F. 64° F. 79° F. 69·5° F.
(16·6° C.) (17·8° C.) (26·2° C.) (20·7° C.)
The month of March, with a mean of 61° F. (16° C.), is cooler than
February, and the absolute annual extremes of temperature are 91·5° F.
(33° C.), and 43° F. (6° C.). The relative humidity stands very
constantly about 70 per cent., and the cloudiness of the sky rather
higher. The general direction of the wind is S.W., bearing more to the
north in winter, and southerly in summer and autumn. There are on the
average 159 days on which rain falls during the year, producing a total
of 45·28 ins. (1,150 mm.) of rain; the most rainy month being October,
and the least so April and June. There is very little variation during
the twenty-four hours, so that the climate is well suited for delicate
chests.
These islands depend for water almost entirely on rain caught and stored
in tanks, so that the amount obtained during the last shower is said to
be one of the main subjects of conversation and interest among the
islanders.
_Madeira_ (Funchal). Lat. 32° 37′, Long. 16° 55′ W.--Situated off the
coast of Africa, in nearly the same latitude as the preceding, this
well-known health resort has a slightly lower mean annual temperature of
65·5° F. (18·6° C.); the mean of the coldest month, February, being
59·6° F. (15·4° C.), and of the hottest, August, 72·7° F. (22·6° C.)
During twenty-five years the absolute extremes of temperature were 90·7°
F. (32·7° C.) and 43·6° F. (6·5° C.). The air is drier than that of
Bermuda, the relative humidity averaging 68 per cent.; March, with 65
per cent., being the driest, and July, with 70 per cent., the moistest
month.
The amount and distribution of the rainfall is as below:--
=================+====+====+====+====+====+====+
|Jan.|Feb.|Mar.|Apl.|May |June|
-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Rainfall {Ins. |4·18|3·18|2·87|2·13|0·92|0·53|
{Mm. | 106| 81| 73| 54| 23| 13|
No. of rainy days|10·7| 8·6| 9·4| 7·3| 5·3| 2·3|
=================+====+====+====+====+====+====+
=================+====+====+=====+====+====+====
|July|Aug.|Sept.|Oct.|Nov.|Dec.
-----------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----
Rainfall {Ins. |0·03|0·08| 0·67|2·38|5·28|4·67
{Mm. | 1| 2| 17| 60| 134| 119
No. of rainy days| 0·8| 1·0| 3·3| 7·9|10·5|11·6
=================+====+====+=====+====+====+====
The total rainfall is thus under 27 inches, and owing to the occurrence
of east winds coming from the African desert, the air often becomes
very dry during its continuance. Madeira has earned a high reputation
for the treatment of cases of consumption, but has been less recommended
for such cases since the introduction of the open-air treatment; and it
should be recognised that neither this nor any other climate can do more
than retard the progress of advanced cases. It is an excellent country,
however, in which to live in the open air, and cases that find Funchal
too relaxing can obtain a somewhat more bracing climate on the higher
ground of the interior of the island.
In any case Madeira forms an excellent resort for those who, without
being actually ailing, find themselves unable to withstand the damp and
cold of our English winters.
NOTES ON THE OBSERVATION OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA.
Few houses will now be found without a thermometer and barometer, and
many people are fond of keeping a register of their observations.
Moreover, where the observer chances to be stationed in an
out-of-the-way place, even a casual domestic register of this sort may
be of considerable value. . . . The instruments required are the wet and
dry bulb thermometers, a rain gauge, and a barometer.
Those who have to move about in the backwaters of civilisation, will
probably find the mercurial barometer rather a “white elephant,” as it
requires great care and attention whenever it is necessary to move it;
and for such, a good aneroid is a more desirable possession. It is, of
course, important that the instrument should be compared, whenever
opportunity occurs, with a standard mercurial instrument; but for merely
observing extent of fluctuation an aneroid is quite accurate enough for
all practical purposes. The rain gauge must of course be set up in some
open and unsheltered position near the ground level, and the
thermometers should be hung in a north verandah (for the northern
hemisphere) against a piece of felt which will help to protect them
from the heat radiated from the wall. The aneroid, on the other hand,
may be hung in any position where it is well protected from the
weather--on the ground-floor. The direction of the wind can easily be
observed by means of a small triangular flag or burgee hoisted to a
pole, which, unless the neighbourhood be a very open one, is best lashed
up in a tree so as to project above its branches.
Those, however, who desire to take up the study of their local
meteorology seriously, will do well to obtain a little pamphlet,
entitled “Hints to Meteorological Observers,” by W. Marriott, published
at 1s. 6d., under the auspices of the Royal Meteorological Society, by
E. Stanford, 12, Long Acre, W.C., which contains complete instructions
on the subject.
From the point of view of the tropical resident, it is unfortunate that
some of the tables in this publication are hardly carried high enough,
but the instructions will enable anyone to amplify them. On this
account, I append a table for calculating relative humidity of a less
elaborate sort, but more extended than that furnished in the pamphlet,
as this is one of the most important of all climatic factors from a
sanitary point of view.
The table is only worked out to half degrees of difference between the
wet and dry bulb instruments, and for the most part to 4° intervals of
the dry thermometer, but it is easy, by reading between the lines, to
fill up the gaps, where any marked interval exists; and it will be
observed that at the lower right-hand corner of the second table, the
numbers progress in regular arithmetical progression, so that it is not
difficult to infer the percentages in cases of somewhat higher degrees
of temperature and dryness.
TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE % BY THE
DRY AND WET BULB THERMOMETER.
==========+========================================
Difference| READING OF THE DRY BULB THERMOMETER.
of Wet +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
and Dry | | | | | | | | | | |
Bulbs |32°|34°|36°|38°|40°|44°|48°|52°|56°|60°|
----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0·5 | 92| 94| 95| 95| 96| 96| 96| 96| 97| 97|
1 | 87| 89| 91| 91| 92| 92| 92| 93| 93| 93|
1·5 | 81| 84| 86| 87| 88| 88| 88| 89| 89| 90|
2 | 76| 80| 82| 83| 84| 84| 85| 86| 87| 88|
2·5 | 70| 75| 78| 79| 80| 81| 82| 83| 83| 84|
3 | 65| 71| 74| 76| 76| 78| 79| 80| 81| 82|
3·5 | 60| 66| 70| 72| 73| 75| 76| 77| 78| 79|
4 | 56| 62| 66| 69| 70| 72| 73| 74| 75| 76|
4·5 | 52| 58| 62| 65| 66| 69| 70| 71| 72| 74|
5 | 48| 55| 59| 62| 63| 65| 67| 69| 70| 71|
5·5 | 45| 52| 56| 59| 61| 62| 64| 65| 67| 69|
6 | 41| 49| 53| 56| 58| 60| 62| 63| 65| 66|
6·5 | 38| 46| 50| 53| 55| 57| 59| 61| 62| 64|
7 | 35| 43| 47| 50| 52| 55| 57| 59| 60| 62|
7·5 | 32| 40| 44| 48| 49| 52| 54| 56| 58| 60|
8 | 30| 37| 42| 45| 47| 50| 52| 54| 56| 58|
8·5 | 29| 35| 40| 42| 44| 48| 50| 52| 54| 56|
9 | 27| 33| 38| 41| 42| 46| 48| 50| 52| 54|
9·5 | 25| 31| 36| 38| 40| 43| 46| 48| 50| 52|
10 | 23| 30| 34| 36| 38| 41| 44| 46| 48| 50|
10·5 | 21| 28| 32| 34| 36| 40| 42| 44| 46| 48|
11 | 19| 26| 30| 32| 34| 38| 40| 43| 45| 46|
11·5 | 17| 24| 28| 30| 32| 36| 38| 41| 43| 45|
12 | 16| 23| 27| 29| 31| 34| 36| 39| 41| 43|
12·5 | 15| 21| 28| 27| 29| 32| 34| 37| 39| 42|
13 | 14| 20| 24| 26| 28| 31| 33| 36| 38| 40|
13·5 | 13| 18| 23| 25| 27| 30| 32| 35| 36| 38|
14 | 12| 17| 22| 24| 25| 28| 30| 33| 35| 37|
14·5 | 11| 16| 21| 22| 24| 26| 29| 31| 34| 36|
15 | 10| 15| 20| 21| 23| 25| 28| 30| 33| 35|
15·5 | 10| 14| 18| 20| 22| 24| 26| 28| 31| 33|
16 | 9| 13| 17| 19| 21| 23| 25| 27| 30| 32|
16·5 | 8| 12| 16| 18| 20| 22| 23| 26| 29| 31|
17 | 7| 12| 15| 17| 19| 21| 22| 25| 27| 30|
17·5 | 7| 11| 14| 16| 18| 20| 21| 24| 26| 28|
18 | 6| 10| 13| 15| 17| 19| 20| 23| 25| 27|
18·5 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 19| 22| 24| 26|
19 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 18| 20| 23| 25|
19·5 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 17| 19| 21| 24|
20 | --| --| --| --| --| --| 17| 18| 20| 23|
==========+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+
==========+========================================
Difference| READING OF THE DRY BULB THERMOMETER.
of Wet +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
and Dry | | | | | | | | | |
Bulbs |64°|68°|72°|76°|80°|84°|88°|92°|96°|100°
----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
0·5 | 97| 97| 97| 97| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98
1 | 94| 94| 94| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95| 95
1·5 | 91| 91| 92| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93| 93
2 | 88| 89| 89| 89| 90| 90| 91| 91| 91| 91
2·5 | 85| 85| 86| 87| 87| 87| 88| 88| 88| 89
3 | 82| 83| 83| 84| 85| 85| 85| 85| 86| 87
3·5 | 80| 81| 82| 82| 83| 83| 83| 83| 84| 85
4 | 77| 78| 79| 80| 80| 81| 81| 81| 82| 83
4·5 | 75| 75| 76| 79| 78| 78| 79| 79| 80| 81
5 | 72| 73| 74| 75| 76| 76| 77| 77| 78| 79
5·5 | 70| 71| 72| 73| 74| 74| 75| 75| 76| 77
6 | 68| 69| 70| 71| 72| 72| 73| 73| 74| 75
6·5 | 65| 67| 68| 68| 69| 70| 70| 71| 72| 73
7 | 63| 65| 65| 66| 67| 68| 68| 69| 69| 70
7·5 | 61| 62| 63| 64| 65| 66| 66| 67| 68| 69
8 | 59| 60| 61| 63| 64| 64| 65| 66| 67| 68
8·5 | 57| 58| 60| 61| 62| 63| 63| 64| 65| 66
9 | 55| 56| 58| 59| 60| 61| 61| 62| 63| 64
9·5 | 53| 54| 55| 57| 58| 59| 60| 61| 62| 63
10 | 52| 53| 54| 56| 57| 57| 58| 59| 60| 61
10·5 | 50| 51| 52| 54| 55| 56| 57| 58| 59| 60
11 | 48| 50| 51| 52| 53| 54| 55| 56| 57| 58
11·5 | 46| 48| 49| 50| 52| 53| 54| 55| 56| 57
12 | 45| 46| 48| 49| 50| 51| 52| 53| 54| 55
12·5 | 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 51| 50| 53| 54
13 | 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 50| 51| 52| 53
13·5 | 40| 41| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 50| 51
14 | 39| 40| 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49| 50
14·5 | 37| 39| 40| 42| 43| 45| 46| 47| 48| 49
15 | 36| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44| 45| 46| 47
15·5 | 35| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44| 45| 46
16 | 34| 35| 37| 38| 39| 40| 42| 43| 44| 45
16·5 | 33| 34| 36| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43| 44
17 | 31| 33| 34| 36| 37| 38| 39| 41| 42| 43
17·5 | 30| 32| 33| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39| 40| 41
18 | 29| 31| 32| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39| 40
18·5 | 28| 30| 31| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38| 39
19 | 27| 29| 30| 32| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37| 38
19·5 | 26| 28| 29| 31| 32| 33| 34| 35| 36| 37
20 | 25| 27| 28| 30| 31| 32| 33| 34| 35| 35
==========+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+====
INDEX.
Abdominal chills, 32
Abusher, August climate of, 16
Abyssinia, climate of, 33-34
Addi Ugri, climate of, 45-47; table, 46
Aden, Gulf of, climate of, 46-47
Adis-Ababa, climatic table, 34
Africa, climatic characters of, 22 _et seq._
Central, Lake region, climate of, 34-35
East Coast, climate of, 39-40
North, 23, 25
West Coast--
Climate of, 36-39
Contraction of tropical zone on, 3
Agra, climatic table, 56-57, 63
Agustia Peak, temperature table of, 61
Air--
Heating of:--an indirect process, 4; effects of rapid local, 6-7
Temperature of, observation of, 11
Akyab, climatic data for, 63, 64
Alexandria, climate of, 28, 29
Algeria, climate of, 22-24
Algerian Sahara, summer climate in, 16
Algiers--
Climatic table, 24
Monthly mean temperatures, table of, 23, 24
mentioned, 25
Allahabad, climatic table for, 56-57
Amboina (Seram), temperature chart for, 74
America, climate of, 81 _et seq._
Central, climate of, 84-87
South--
Climate of, 90-96
Winds prevalent in, 6
West Coast, contraction of tropical zone on, 3
Andes--
Influence of, on South American climate, 90
Scale of diminution of mean temperatures for height above sea in, 94
Aneroid barometers, 98-99
Angola, mean temperature in, 39
Antananarivo, rainfall in, 40-41
Antilles, lesser, 88
Antisana, temperature table for, 92
Apia, Samoa, climatic data for, 79, 80
Arab civilisation, 39
Arabia, climate of, 53
Arakan, coast climate of, 64
Arequipa, 91; climatic table, 94
Asia--
Climate of, 47 _et seq._
Northerly current over, 8
Asia Minor, 26
Asmara, mean monthly temperatures, 45
Assam--
Rainfall in, 58
Temperature tables for stations in, 61
mentioned, 54, 62
Assouan, winter climate of, 30
Australia--
Climate of, 77-79
Contraction of tropical zone on West Coast of, 3
Bagdad, climatic table for, 49
Bahia Coast, Brazil--
Rainfall, 96
Temperature table, 93
Baker (explorer), 32
Ballot, Prof. Buys, law of winds as related to barometric pressures,
8-9
Bangala, temperature data, 36
Bangalore, climatic table, 56-57
Bangawanji (Java), rainfall at, 75
Bangkok, climatic table for, 67
Banjoewangie, temperature chart for, 74
Barbados, rainfall at, 89
Baryermassing (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Batavia--
Climatic tables for, 72, 74
Observatory at, 72
Bathurst, climate of, 36-37
Bayombong (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Behar, 54
Beirut, climatic table for, 48
Belgaum, climatic tables for, 56-57, 61
Belize, climatic tables for, 86, 87
Bellary, climatic tables for, 56-57, 61
Beluchistan, climate of, 53
Benares, 54; climatic table for, 56-57
Bengal, climate in Bay of, 62-64
Lower, 54
Benguela district, climate of, 39
Benkulen (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Bermuda, climate of, 96-97
Bhamo, climatic table for, 65
Bight of Benin, 31
Biskra, temperature table for, 23, 24
Blackwater fever, 31
Blanford, 62, 63
Blantyre, rainfall of, 35
Bogota, temperature table for, 92
Bohol, temperature chart for, 74
Boliano, C. (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Bolobo, climatic data for, 36, 37
Bombay--
Climatic tables for, 56-57, 61, 63
Hill stations, 60
otherwise mentioned, 46, 47
Brazil, climatic tables, 93, 95
Brazzaville, temperature data for, 36
Brisbane, climatic table for, 77
Bua (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Buitenzorg (Java), temperature chart for, 74
Burmah, climate of--lower, 64; upper, 65
Burnside, temperature table for, 92
Bushire, 50; climatic table for, 51
Cairo, 28, 29
Calcutta, 61, 64; climatic tables, 56-57, 58, 61, 63
California, climate of, 28, 81-82
Cameroon district, rainfall of, 38
Cameroon, rainfall of, 9
Campbell, Staff-Surg. J., (R.N.), 67
Canton, climate of, 70
Cape Colony, 41
Cape Verd Islands, climate of, 37
Caracas, Venezuela, climatic tables for, 92, 95
Carlotta (Negros), temperature chart for, 74
Carnarvon (Australia), rainfall at, 79
Cartagena (Colombia), rainfall at, 95
Catgut, hygroscopic properties of, 15
Cayenne, climatic tables, 93, 95
Cedar Keys, 84
Ceylon, climate of, 59-60
Cherapunji, Assam, rainfall of, 9
Cheren, mean monthly temperatures of, 45
Chest disease, localities favouring treatment of--
Algeria, 23
Cyprus, 26
Egypt, 28
Fars, plateau of, 52
Madeira, 98
Somaliland, 46
Chihuahua, rainfall at, 85
China--
Climate of 68-72
Seas, typhoons in 7, 70
Southern, 6
Chindwara, 58
Chittagong, temperature table, 61
Chochin, rainfall at, 59
Clark, Major S. F., _quoted_, 69-70
Climate--
Artificial alterations in, 10
Factors determining, 1-11
Coban, temperature table, 86
Cochin China, climatic data, 56-57, 68
Cold, effect on the skin, 12
Colombo, climatic tables, 59, 63
Columbia, climate of, 92, 96
Colon, climatic table of, 86, 87
Congo basin, climate of, 35-37
Mouth of, temperature data, 36
Consumption, localities favouring treatment of, _see_ chest disease
Continental climates, variations in temperature in, cause of, 5
Convection, 4
Coolgardie, rainfall at, 78
Copiapo, temperature table of, 92
Cordoba, temperature table of, 84
Cossach, rainfall, 78-79
Costa Rica, rainfall, 87
Culiacan, temperature table of, 84
Cuyaba, Brazil, climatic tables, 93, 96
Cyclones, 7, 63-64
Cyprus, climate of, 26-27
Dacca, temperature table of, 61
Dalrymple, Dr., _quoted_, 28
Damascus, temperature table, 48
Darien, Isthmus of, 81
Darjeeling, temperature tables, 61, 63
Dashtistan, rainfall of, 50-51, 53
Debunja, rainfall of, 9
Deccan, plateau of, climate of, 59
Deesa, climatic tables of, 56-57, 63
Deforestation, influence of, on rainfall, 9
Dew, formation of, 14-15
Dew point, definition of, 14
Dhubri, climatic tables for, 56-57
Dodabetta Peak, temperature table of, 61
Doldrums, the, 6
Drizzle, unhealthiness of, 17-18
Durban, climatic table of, 40
Dust in the atmosphere, deleterious influence of, 19-20
Dust storms, 7-8, 46
Dutch, observatory of, at Batavia, 72
Dysentery, 25, 68
East Cape, New Guinea, 76
East Indies, 89
Ecuador, climatic data for, 92, 96
Egypt, climate of, 27-30
“Egypt as a Winter Resort,” 28
El Paso, rainfall of, 82
England, climate of, mentioned, 9
Equator, seasons at, 3
Equatorville, temperature data of, 36
Erythrea, colony of, climate of, 42-46
Erzerum, temperature variations in, 26
Euphrates Valley, climate in, 48-49
Evaporation from the body, 12
False Point, temperature table of, 61
Fars Plateau, 52
Fiji Islands, rainfall in, 80
Florida, climate of, 83-84
Formosa, Island of, climate of, 70-72
Freemantle, rainfall of, 78
Galveston, climate of, 82-83
Gamboa, temperature table, 86
Georgetown, climatic tables, 92, 95
Géryville, temperature table of, 23, 24
Ghenda, temperature of, 45
Goalpara, temperature table, 61
Gout, 28
Granular ophthalmia, 30
Greytown, climatic tables, 86, 87
Guadeloupe, rainfall of, 89
Guatemala, climatic tables of, 86, 87
Guayaquil, temperature table of, 92
Guiana, British, temperature tables, 92, 95
Dutch, temperature tables, 92, 95
French, temperature tables, 93, 95
Guinea, Gulf of, climate of, 37-39
New, British, climate of, 74, 76
Gujarat, 57
Gulf stream, 9, 83
Hai-Fong, rainfall at, 68
Haidrababad, climate of, 59
Hair, hygroscopic properties of, 15
Hall, Dr., 84
Hann’s “Klimatologie,” _cited_, iii.-iv., 34, 36, 48, 62, 71, 95
Harmattan, 36, 37, 38
Havana, 90; climatic table, 88
Hazaribagh, climatic tables, 56-57
Health, effect of temperature on, 11-14
Heart affections, Egypt as a resort for, 28
Heat apoplexy, 13, 36, 42, 51, 70
Heatstroke, 43
Helouan, sulphur baths at, 28
Hilo, temperature chart of, 79
Himalayas, 54
“Hints to Meteorological Observers,” 99
Hong Kong--
Climate of, 69-70
Meteorological observations at, 69
Honolulu, Hawaii, climatic tables, 79, 80
Hue, rainfall at, 68
Humidity, relative, of air at--
Addi-Ugri, 46; Adis-Ababa, 34; Alexandria, 29; Algiers, 24;
Arequipa, 94; Bagdad, 49; Bangkok, 67; Batavia, 72; Brisbane, 77;
Bushire, 51; Cairo, 29; Cochin China, 68; Colombo, 59; Galveston,
82; Havana, 88; Hong-Kong, 69, 70; Kassala, 33; Kingston, Jamaica,
89; Los Angeles, 81; Luxor, 30; Manila, 73; Massawa, 43;
New Orleans, 83; Nikosia, Cyprus, 26; Old Calabar, 38; Omdurman,
33; Port Louis, Mauritius, 41; Red Sea Basin, 41; Sahara, 31; San
Paolo, 91; Singapore, 66; Suakim, 44; Valetta, 25; Wadi Halfa, 32;
Zi-ka-Wei, 71; Zoruba, 35
Tables for calculating, 100-101
Hurricanes, West Indian, 7
Hyderabad, climatic table of, 56-57
Hygrometers, 15
Iloilo (Sebu), temperature table of, 74
India--
Bengal zone, climate of, 58
Central Provinces, climate of, 58-59
Climate of, 53 et seq.
Climatic divisions of, 53-54
Coast climate, 59
Hill stations, climatic chart of, 60 _et seq._
“Malta fever” in, 25
North-West Frontier, climate of, 54, 55-58
Northern, 49, 60
Persian frontier zone, climate of, 54-55
Rainy season, cause of, 6
Sub-tropical, maximum temperatures in, 3
Winds in, 6
Indian Ocean, cyclones in, 7
Indo-Malay Peninsula, 64-65, 69
Iquitos, East, rainfall of, 96
Irrawaddy, 65
Irrigation in California, 81
Isabella Colony, Brazil, temperature table of, 93
Isothermal lines, 1
Isotherms, tropical and sub-tropical zones bounding, 3
Ispahan, climatic table of, 52
Italy, South, 25
Jacobabad, temperature in, 2, 54, 63
Jacksonville, 83
Jaffa, climatic data, 48
Jaipur, climatic table, 56-57
Jaluit, temperature chart of, 79
Jamaica, 88; climate of, 89
Java, 72
“Java winds,” 66
Jerusalem, climatic table of, 48
Jhánsi, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61
Joinville, temperature table of, 93
Jubulpur, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61
Jupiter, American Town, 83
Kamsin, 42
Kanai, temperature table of, 79
Karachi, 53
Karoo, 31
Kassala, climatic data for, 33
Khandwa, climatic table of, 56-57
“Khamseen,” 27, 29
Khathiawar, rainfall at, 58
Kidney affections, Egypt as a resort for, 28
Kilung, rainfall at, 71
Kingston, Jamaica, climatic table of, 89
“Kiti” breezes, 67
“Klimatologie,” _see_ Hann’s “Klimatologie”
Korat plateau, 68
Kota Raja (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Kupang (Timor), rainfall at, 75
Kurrachi, climatic tables for, 56-57, 63
Kuttak, temperature table of, 61
La Guayra, temperature table of, 92
Lahat (Sumatra) temperature table of, 74
Lahore, climatic tables of, 56-57, 61, 63
Land, thermal capacity as compared with that of sea, 4
Lawson, Capt. I. A., “Wanderings in Interior of New Guinea,” _cited_,
76
Leh, temperature table of, 63
Leon, climatic data for, 84, 85
Lesuha, (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Levuka, temperature table of, 79
Light, influence of, 18
Lima, 94; climatic data, 90, 92, 96
Los Angeles, climatic table of, 81
Luluaberg, temperature data of, 36
Luxor, winter climate of, 30
Madagascar, climate of, 40-41
Madeira, climate of, 5, 97, 98
Madras, 53--
Climatic data, 56-57, 61, 63, 64
Health resorts in, 60-61
Malaria in--
Africa, 31, 32
America, 81
Bengal, 58
Cochin China, 68
Cyprus, absence in, 27
Egypt, comparative absence in, 30
Florida, in, 84
Indian stations, 57
Malta, 25
Mauritius, 41
Panama, in, 84
Persia, scarcity in, 51
Malay Archipelago--
Climate on, 72-76, 80
Contraction of tropical zone on coast of, 3
Malion (Lugon), temperature chart for, 74
Malta, climate of, 24-26
“Malta fever,” 25
Mamlaro, 76
Manaos, climatic data of, 90, 93, 96
Mandalay, climatic table, 56-57, 65
Manila (Lugon) climatic tables, 73-74
Marine climates, uniformity of, 5
Marriott, Mr. W., 21
Martinique rainfall, 89
Marseilles, 22
Marshall Islands, rainfall at, 80
Massawa, climatic data for, 42, 43, 45
Massey, Dr. Yale, _quoted_, 39
Matamoros, climatic data, 84, 85
Mauritius, climate of, 41
Maximum and minimum thermometers, 10
Mazatlan, climatic data, 84, 85
Medellin, climatic data, 92, 96
Mediterranean Basin, climate of shores of, 22-30
Meerut, climatic tables, 56-57, 61
Menado (Celebes), rainfall, 75
Menam, R., flooding of delta, 67-68
Mercara, temperature of, 61
Mercurial thermometers, 98
Merida (Yucatan), rainfall at, 96
Mesopotamia, 47
Meteorological data, observations of, 98-99
Mexico, 81; climatic data, 84, 85
Moisture in the atmosphere, 10, 14-16
Molendo, climatic table for, 91
Monsoon, 6 and n.; S.W. monsoon, 60, 66, 67, 70-71; N.E. monsoon, 67,
68; N.W. monsoon, 72
Montery, temperature of 84
Mosquitoes, disease carried by, 16, 19, 86, 88
Mosul, climatic data for, 48
Moulmein, rainfall at, 64
Mountain chains, influence of distribution of, on climate, 9
Multan, climatic tables, 56, 57, 61, 63
Muskat, 53
Mysore, climate of, 59
Nagpur, climatic tables, 56-57, 61, 63
Nassau, rainfall at, 89
Natal, climatic table of, 40
Nelson, Cape, 76
Nerbudah Valley, temperature in, 58
New Caledonia, rainfall in, 80
Guinea, 74, 76
Hebrides, rainfall in, 80
Orleans, climatic table of, 83
York, 81
Newera Eliya, temperature table of, 63
Nigeria, British, climatic data for, 38
Nihilgerris, hill stations in, 60
Nikosia, Cyprus, climatic tables of, 26, 27
Nile--
Annual overflow of, 30
Upper, valley of, climate of, 10
Northern hemisphere, 9
Noumea, climatic tables, 79, 80
Nyassaland, 35
Old Calabar, climatic table of, 38
Omdurman, 33, 47
Ootacamand, climate of, 60-61, 62
Oparu, temperature table of, 79
Orissa, rainfall at, and Central Provinces, India, temperature table
for stations, in 58, 61
Orleansville, temperature table of, 23, 24
Oudh, 54
Pachmari, temperature table of, 61
Pacific Islands, climate of, 79-80
Padang (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Palembang (Sumatra), temperature chart for, 74
Palermo, 45
Palestine, climate of, 47-49
Panama, Isthmus of, climate of, 84-86
Papar (Borneo), temperature chart for, 74
Papiti, temperature chart of, 79
Para, climate of, 93, 95
Parallels of latitude, 1
Paramaribo, temperature data, 92, 95
Patna, climatic table of, 56-57
Peak, the, Hong Kong, climate at, 69-70
Pensacola, 83, 84
Pernambuco, climatic data, 93, 96
Persia--
Climate, 50-52
People, 50
Persian Gulf, climate in, 16, 49, 53
Perspiration, function of, 12
Peru, climatic data, 91, 92, 96
Peruvian frontier, temperature table of, 93
Peshawar, climate of, 5, 55, 56-57, 61, 63
Petella, Dr. Giovani, 42, 43, 44-45
Polynesian Islands, 80
Poona, climatic data of, 56-57, 60, 61
Port Au Prince, Haiti, rainfall at, 89
Blair, climatic tables, 63, 64
Darwin, climatic table of, 78
Louis, climatic data of, 41
Moresley, climatic table of, 76
Prickly heat, 43, 55
Puebla, temperature table of, 84
Punjab, the, 7, 54, 55, 58, 61
Qara Valu (Fiji), rainfall at, 80
Queensland, 77
Quetta, temperature table for, 63
Quezaltenango, temperature table of, 86
Quito, climatic data, 92, 96
Radiation, 2
Rain, scarcity of, in Red Sea district, 41
Gauge, 10, 98
Rainfall, _see_ names of places
Rainy seasons in:
Congo basin, 36; Erythrea, 45; Gulf of Guinea, 37; India, 53, 60;
double rainy seasons, 36, 37, 72
Rajputana, 7, 54, 57
Rangoon, climatic tables, 56-57, 63, 65
Rauenstein, E. G., _cited_, 34
Rawal Pindi, 54
Red Sea region, climate of, 16, 41-47, 49
Revolving storms, _see_ typhoons
Rheumatism, 28
Rheumatoid arthritis, 28
Rio Janeiro, temperature table of, 93
Rivas, rainfall at, 87
Rohilkhand, 54, 55
Royal Army Medical Corps Journal, _quoted_, 69-70
Royal Meteorological Society Library, 21
St. Croix, rainfall at, 89
St. Kitts, rainfall at, 89
Sahara, 23, 31
Saigon, rainfall at, 68
Salta, climatic data for, 92, 96
San Antonio, temperature table of, 93
José, temperature table of, 86
Paolo, observatory at, 90; climatic table, 91
Salvador, climatic tables, 36, 86, 87
Sanatorium on Mount Troödos, 26
Sandakan, climate of, 74
Sandwith, Dr., 28, 30
Sanford, 83
Saugor, 58, 61
Sarawak, rainfall at, 75
Scind, climate of, 54, 55
Scorpions, 76
Sea, thermal capacity compared to that of land, 4
Sea-level, elevation above, influence of, on climate, 1-2
Secunderabad, temperature table of, 61
Selangor, rainfall at, 64
Sex, relation to health in the tropics, 18
Shanghai, 69
Shillong, 9, 62
Sholapur, temperature tables, 61, 63
Siam, climate of, 66-68
Siberian Steppes, 8
Sibsagar, climatic tables, 56-7, 61, 63
Sierra Leone, climate of, 37
Silchar, temperature table, 61
Simla, climatic tables, 56-57, 63
Sind, 57
Singapore, climate of, 65-66, 73
Singkel (Sumatra), rainfall at, 75
Sironcha, temperature table of, 61
Skin, influence of temperature on, 12
Sleeping sickness, 31, 32
Smyrna, climatic data for, 48
Snakes, poisonous, 76
Solly, Dr., _quoted_, 82, 83-84
Somaliland, climate of, 46
Soudan, climate of, 3, 31-33
Southern Hemisphere, currents of, 9
Sresnewsky, 15
Stanley’s Pool, 36
Stevenson, R. L., 79
Straits Settlements, climate of, 65-66
Suakim, climate of, 43-44, 47
Sub-tropical zone, isotherm bounding, 3
Suez, Gulf of, 42
Suleiman Range, 54, 55
Sunstroke in New York, 81
Surat, rainfall at, 58
Sweat glands, working of, 12, 13
Syrian Coast, climate of, 25
Taboga Island, climatic data, 86, 87
Takao Anping, rainfall in, 71
Tana, temperature table of, 79
Tancredi, Capt., 45
Tanganyika, climatic data, 34-35
Taurus Mountain range, 26
Teheran, climatic table of, 52
Tel, The, 23
Temperature (for temperatures of places _see_ place names)
Air of, effect on body temperature and health, 11-13
Determination of, 10
Diurnal range of, influence on health, 13-14
Sub-tropical, 2-3
Tropical, 2-3
Ternata (Jilolo), rainfall, 75
Tevandrum, temperature table, 61
Texas, rainfall at, 82
Thandiani, 61
Thermometers--
Maximum and minimum, 10
Wet and dry bulb, 98; calculation of relative humidity by, 100-101
Tongatabu, climatic data, 79, 80
Tongking, range of temperature of, 68
Tovar, temperature table, 92
Trade winds, 5-6, 80, 86, 88, 90
Trichinopoly, climatic tables, 56-57, 61
Trinidad, temperature of, 89-90
Troödos, Mount, climate of hill station on, 26, 27
Tropic of Cancer, 53
Tropical climates, uniformity of, 5
Zone--
Definition of, 3
Isotherms bounding, 3
Maximum and minimum temperatures of, 2-3
Narrowing of, through influence of sea currents, 3-4
Tucuman, rainfall at, 96
Typhoons, 7, 70
Uberaba, temperature table of, 93
Uganda, climate of, 34
Valetta, climatic table, 25
Vanua Levu, temperature table of, 79
Vaso-motor nerve system, function of, 12
Vegetation, connection with rainfall, 9-10
Venezuela, 95
Vera Cruz, climatic data, 84, 85
Victoria (Brazil), temperature table, 93
Victoria Nyanza, climate of region of, 34
Villa Formosa, temperature table, 93
Vivi, temperature of, 36
Vizagapatam, temperature table of, 61
Wadi Halfa, climate of, 22, 32, 94
Wakujrui Pass, climatic conditions on, 2
“Wanderings in the Interior of New Guinea” (Lawson), _cited_, 76
Water, scarcity of, in Siam, 68; Australia, 77, 79
Wellington, temperature tables, 61, 63
West Indies, climate of, 64, 88-90; hurricanes in, 7
Wet and dry bulb instruments, 10
Winds--
Direction and force of, at
Alexandria, 29
Cairo, 29
Galveston, 83
Luxor, 30
Malay Archipelago, in, 73
Panama, 86
Port Moresley, 76
Red Sea region, 42
Siam, 67
Singapore, 66
Suakim, 44
West Indies, 88
Harmattan, 36, 37, 38
Health, influence on, 19-20
Kamsin, 42
Land and sea breezes, 4-5
Monsoons, _see that title_
Trades, _see_ Trade winds
Worms, internal, 30, 68
Wyndham, climatic table for, 78
Yellow fever, 31, 84, 88
Zambesi, climate in, 39
Zanzibar Island, climatic data for, 40
Zi-ka-Wei, climatic chart, 71; observatory at, 69
Zoruba, climatic data for, 35
Zymotic diseases, freedom of Massawa from, 43
Transcriber’s Notes
Some tables and illustrations have been moved; some tables have been
re-arranged. Due to their width, several of the tables are best viewed
in a wide window.
Unusual or archaic spelling and inconsistencies in spelling (including
between text and indexes), use of diacriticals, lay-out, hyphenation,
etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below. Non-English words
(including geographical names) have not been corrected, except as
mentioned below.
Depending on the hard- and software used, not all elements may display
as intended.
The geographic and climatological data in Part II are given here as
printed in the source document. In general they do not appear to be
very reliable (see also the first paragraphs of Part II, Section II
and the author’s remarks with some of the individual tables). There
are inconsistencies in the data, and the conversion from degrees
Fahrenheit to Celsius (or vice versa) and from inches to millimetres
(or vice versa) has apparently not always been done with the same
conversion factors or accuracy. Only obvious typographical errors in
the data (where the location of the error could be identified) have
been changed; see below under Changes. Similarly, the results of
calculations (such as sums and means) do not always agree with the
data on which they are supposed to be based; here, too, corrections
have only been made in case of obvious typographical errors where the
location of the error could be identified. A good deal of caution in
using the data is advisable.
Figures 3 and 12 are (apart from the caption) identical in the source
document.
Page I-57 and index: Cgaleka is possibly a typographical error for
Chaleka or Chalekah
Part II, Errata: the errata have already been corrected in the text.
Page II-74 and index, C. Boliano: probably Cape Bolinao; Baryermassing
possibly Banyermassing (Banjarmasin, although that is on Borneo rather
than on Sumatra).
Page II-91, table Molendo, monthly rainfall for June should probable
read 0·06 Ins.
Page II-100 and 101: data have not been corrected.
Page II-103, entry Hann’s Klimatologie: there are no pages iii. or iv.
in the second part.
Changes made
Some obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently.
Page I-xvi: Spinnach changed to Spinach
Page I-9: Antypyrin changed to Antipyrin
Page I-108: the illusive flying insect changed to the elusive flying
insect
Page I-151: napthol changed to naphthol
Page II-11: (1) deleted from before section header Temperature (cf.
other section headers)
Page II-25, table Valetta, row June: 1·0 Mm. changed to 10·0 Mm.
Page II-32, latitude Wadi Halfa: N. added
Page II-40, table Natal, yearly total rainfall: 104·7 changed to
1,047·0
Page II-44, table Suakim, February rainfall: 0·17 Mm. changed to 17·0
Mm.
Page II-53 and index: Dashstistan changed to Dashtistan
Page II-54 and II-63: Jachobabad changed to Jacobabad
Page II-61: Jubbulpur changed to Jubulpur; Trichinopoli changed to
Trichinopoly
Page II-71, table Formosa rainfall, Kilung February, 397 Mm. changed
to 379 Mm.; April, 22·0 Mm. changed to 220 Mm.; May 237 Mm. changed to
273 Mm.; 65·25 ins. (16·58 mm.) changed to 65·25 ins. (1,658 mm.);
Table Zi-ka-Wei, yearly average maximum temperature 37·3 C. changed to
27·3 C.
Page II-72, table Batavia, mean temperature February: 23·4 C. changed
to 25·4 C.
Page II-77, table Brisbane, header M. changed to Mm.
Page II-78, second table, column Mean Monthly Minima temperatures in
C.: marked up as bold face for consistency
Page II-80, Marshall Group. October: 11·47 Ins. changed to 15·47; Ins.
Page II-85: Matumoras changed to Matamoros
Page II-92: Columbia changed to Colombia
Page II-96: Medelin changed to Medellin
Page II-103: Barbadoes changed to Barbados; Bogoba changed to Bogota
Page II-104: Gujerat changed to Gujarat
Page II-106: Massowa changed to Massawa; Mazattan changed to Mazatlan;
Musket changed to Muskat; Trinchinopoly changed to Trichinopoly;
Yucaban changed to Yucatan
Page II-108: Wakuyrui changed to Wakujrui.