PART V.

It was estimated, some years later than the period we are considering,

that there were then in London 3,000 receivers of stolen goods; that is

to say, people who bought without question whatever was brought to them

for sale: that the value of the goods stolen every year from the ships

lying in the river--there were then no great Docks and the lading and

unlading were carried on by lighters and barges--amounted to half a

million sterling every year: that the value of the property annually

stolen in and about London amounted to 700,000_l._: and that goods worth

half a million at least were annually stolen from His Majesty's stores,

dockyards, ships of war, &c. The moral principle, a writer states

plainly, 'is totally destroyed among a vast body of the lower ranks of

the people.' To meet this deplorable condition of things there were

forty-eight different offences punishable by death: among them was

shoplifting above five shillings: stealing linen from a bleaching

ground: cutting hop bines and sending threatening letters. There were

nineteen kinds of offences for which transportation, imprisonment,

whipping, or pillory were provided: there were twenty-one kinds of

offences punishable by whipping, pillory, fine and imprisonment. Among

the last were 'combinations and conspiracies for raising the price of

wages.' The classification seems to have been done at haphazard: for

instance, to embezzle naval stores would seem as bad as to steal a

master's goods: but the latter offence was capital and the former not.

Again, it is surely a most abominable crime to set fire to a house, yet

this is classed among the lighter offences. It was therefore a time when

there was a large and constantly increasing criminal class: and, as a

natural cause or a natural consequence, whichever we please, there was a

very large class of people as ignorant, as rude, and as dangerous as

could well be imagined. I do not think there was ever a time, not even

in the most remote ages, when London contained savages more brutal and

more ignorant than could be found in certain districts outside the City

of the Second George. But these poor wretches had one great virtue--they

were brave: they manned our ships for us and gave Britannia the command

of the sea: they were knocked down, driven and dragged aboard the ships

by the press-gang. Once there they fell into rank and order, carried a

valiant pike, manned the guns with zeal, joined the boarding party with

alacrity and carried their cutlasses into the forlorn hope with faces

that showed no fear. They were so strong, so stubborn, and so brave,

that one sighs to think of the lash that kept them in discipline and

order. There is one more side of London that must not be forgotten. It

was a great and prosperous city: we can never dwell too strongly on the

prosperity of the city: but there were shipwrecks many and disastrous.

And the fate of the man who could not pay his debts was well known to

all and could be witnessed every day, as an example and a warning. For

he went to prison and in prison he stopped. 'Pay what you owe,' they

said to the debtor, 'or else stay where you are.' The debtor could not

pay: in prison the debtor had no means of making any money: therefore he

stayed where he was until he died. For the accommodation of these

unhappy persons there were the King's Bench and the Marshalsea, both in

Southwark: there were the two Compters, both in the City: and there was

the Fleet Prison.

The life in these prisons can be found described in many novels. It was

a squalid and miserable life among ruined gamblers, spendthrifts,

profligates, broken down merchants, bankrupt tradesmen, and helpless

women of all classes. Unless one had allowances from friends, starvation

might be the end. In one at least the common hall had shelves ranged

round the walls for the reception of beds: everything was carried on in

the same room, living, sleeping, eating, cooking. And into such a

place as this the unhappy debtor was thrust, there to remain till death

released him.

[Illustration: THE OLD HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AND WESTMINSTER ABBEY,

1803.]

This was the London of a hundred and fifty years ago. No longer

picturesque as in the old days, but solidly constructed, handsome, and

substantial. The merchants still lived in the city but the nobles had

all gone. The Companies possessed the greater part of the City and still

ruled though they no longer dictated the wages, hours, and prices.

Within the walls there reigned comparative order: outside there was no

government at all. The river below the Bridge was crowded with ships

moored two and four together side by side with an open way in the

middle. Thousands of barges and lighters were engaged upon the cargoes:

every day the church bells rang for a large and orderly congregation:

every day arose in every street such an uproar as we cannot even

imagine: yet there were quiet spots in the City with shady gardens where

one could sit at peace: wealth grew fast: but with it there grew up the

mob with the fear of anarchy and license, a taste of which was afforded

by the Gordon Riots. Yet it would be eighty years before the city should

understand the necessity for a police.

60. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY.

PART I.

Let us walk into the streets. You will not observe, because you are used

to these things, and have been brought up among them, and are accustomed

to them, that all the men go about unarmed: that they do not carry even

a stick for their protection: that they do not fight or quarrel with

each other: that the strong do not knock down the weak but patiently

wait for them and make room for them: that ladies walk about with no

protection or escort: that things are exposed for sale with no other

guard than a boy or a girl: that most valuable articles are hung up

behind a thin pane of glass. You will further observe men in blue--you

call them policemen--who stroll about in a leisurely manner looking on

and taking no part in the bustle. What do these policemen do? In the

roads the vehicles do not run into one another, but follow in rank and

order, those going one way taking their own side. Everybody is orderly.

Everything is arranged and disposed as if there was no such thing as

violence, crime, or disorder. You think it has always been so? Nay:

order in human affairs does not grow of its own accord. Disorder, if you

please, grows like the weeds of the hedge side--but not order.

Again, you always find the shops well provided and filled with goods.

There are the food shops--those which offer meat, bread, fruit,

vegetables, coffee, tea, sugar, butter, cheese. These shops are always

full of these things. There is never a day in the whole year when the

supply runs short. You think all these things come of their own accord?

Not so: they come because their growth, importation, carriage, and

distribution are so ordered by experience that has accumulated for

centuries that there shall be no failure in the supply.

Again, you find every kind of business and occupation carried on without

hindrance. Nobody prevents a man from working at his trade; or from

selling what he has made. One workman does not molest another though he

is a rival. You think, perhaps, that this peacefulness has come by

chance? Nay: strife comes to men left without rule--but not peace.

You may observe further, that the streets are paved with broad stones

convenient for walking and easy to be kept clean: that the roadways are

asphalted or paved with wood, and are also clean: things that must be

thrown away are not thrown into the streets: they are collected in carts

and carried away. You think that the streets of cities are kept clean by

the rain? Not so: if we had only the rain as a scavenger we should be in

a sorry plight.

You find that water is laid on in every house. How does that water come?

That gas lights up houses and streets. How does the gas come? That drains

carry off the rain and the liquid refuse. How did the drains come?

You may see as you go along a man who walks from house to house

delivering letters. Does he do this of his own accord? You know very

well that he does not; that he is paid to do it: that he does his duty.

What is the whole of his duty? Who gives him his orders?

Or you may see another man going from house to house leaving a paper at

each. He is a rate collector. What is a rate collector? Who gives him

authority to take money from people? What does he do with the money?

Or you may see placards on the walls asking people to vote for this man,

or for that man, for the School Board, the County Council, the House of

Commons, or the Vestry. Why does this man want to get elected to one of

those Councils? What will he do when he is elected? What are all these

Councils for?

Again, the thing has never been otherwise in your recollection and you

therefore do not observe it, but if you listen you will find that men

talk with the greatest freedom as they walk with their friends: no one

interferes with their conversation, no one interferes with their dress,

no one asks them what they want or where they are going. Did this

personal freedom always exist? Certainly not, for personal freedom does

not grow of its own accord.

You will also observe, as you walk along, churches--in every street, a

church--of all denominations: you will find posted on the walls notices

of public meetings for discussion or for lectures and addresses on every

conceivable topic: you will see boys crying newspapers in which all

subjects are treated with the utmost freedom. You suppose, perhaps, that

freedom of thought, of speech, of discussion, of writing comes to a

community like the rain and the wind? Not so. Slavery comes to a

community if you please, but not freedom. That has to be achieved.

You have seen the city growing larger and wealthier: the people getting

into finer houses, wider streets, and more settled ways. Now, there is a

thing which goes with the advance of a people: it is good government.

Unless with advance of wealth there comes improved government, the

people fall into decay. But, which is a remarkable thing, good

government can only continue or advance as the people themselves advance

in wisdom as well as in wealth. Such government as we have now would

have been useless in the time of King Ethelred or King Edward I. Such

government as we have now would be impossible had not the citizens of

London continued to learn the lessons in order, in good laws, in respect

to law, which for generation after generation were submitted to the

people.

61. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY.

PART II.

Since all these things do not grow of their own accord, by whom were

they first introduced, planted, and developed? By whom are they now

maintained? By the collection of powers and authorities which we call

the Government of the City and County of London.

Thus order reigns in the streets: in the rare cases where disorder

breaks out the policeman is present to stop it. His presence stops it.

Not because he is a strong man, but because he is irresistible: he is

the servant of the Law: he represents Authority. Formerly the Alderman

of the Ward walked about his own streets followed by two bailiffs. If

any one dared to resist the Alderman he was liable to have his hand

struck off by an axe. In this way people were taught to respect the Law.

By such sharp lessons it was forced upon them that the Law must be

obeyed. Thus there gradually grew up among them a desire for Order. The

policeman appointed by the Chief Police Officer stands for a symbol and

reminder of the Law.

You have seen how the people of London had their Folks' Mote, their Ward

Mote, and their Hustings. From the first of these has sprung the Common

Council, which rules over the City of London within the old boundaries.

The Folks' Mote was a Parliament of the People--a rude and tumultuous

assembly, no doubt, but a free assembly. When the City grew great such a

Parliament became impossible. It therefore became an elective

Parliament. The election was--and is still--conducted at the Ward Motes,

each Ward returning so many members in proportion to its population, for

the Common Council. The Councillors are elected for one year only. If

there is a vacancy an Alderman is also elected, but that is for life.

Formerly every man in London followed a trade: he therefore belonged to

a Company. And as the commonalty, all the men of London together

assembled, i.e. all the members of all the companies, elected the Mayor,

so to this day the electors of the Lord Mayor are the members of the

Companies. None others have any voice in the election. The Companies no

longer include all the citizens, and the craftsmen have nearly all left

the City. But the power remains.

The Lord Mayor is the chief magistrate. With him is the Court of

Aldermen, also magistrates. He has with him the great officers of the

City: the Recorder, or Chief Justice; the Town Clerk; the Chamberlain,

who is the Treasurer; the Remembrancer; and the Common Sergeant.

The education of the young, the maintenance of the old, the paving and

cleansing of the streets, the lighting, the removal of waste, the

engines for extinguishing fires, the regulation of the road traffic, the

preservation of order, all these things are conducted by the various

Councils and Courts of the City, and the cost is provided by that kind

of taxation known as the rates. That is to say, every house is 'rated'

or estimated as worth so much rent. The tenant who pays the rent has to

pay, in addition, a charge of so much in the pound for this and that

object. Thus for education, if the rate be 1_s._ in the pound, a man in

a house whose rent is 100_l._ has to pay 5_l._ on that charge. He has to

pay also for the Police, the Fire Brigade, the Poor, lighting and

paving. His own water supply is managed by a private company, and

another private company gives him his gas or his electricity. In the

same way the food is provided by private persons and brought to the

city by private companies. Thus you are governed by men whom you are

supposed yourselves to elect: order is kept for you: education,

protection, and conveniences are found for you: in a word, life is made

tolerable for you by your own Government--elected by yourselves--and at

your own cost.

62. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY.

PART III.

That is the best Government which gives the greatest possible liberty to

its people: only that people can be happy which is capable of using

their freedom aright. You have seen how your personal freedom from

violence, robbery, and molestation in your work is secured for you: how

you are enabled to live in comfort and cleanliness--by a vast machinery

of Government whose growth has been gradual and which must always be

ready to meet changes so as to suit the needs of the people. One point

you must carefully remember, that your greatest liberty is liberty of

speech and of thought and of the Press. It is not so very long since

martyrs--Catholic as well as Protestant--were executed for their

religious belief: Catholics and Jews until quite recently were excluded

from Parliament. A hundred years ago the debates of Parliament could not

be reported: one had to weigh his words very carefully in speaking of

the Sovereign or the Ministers: certain forms of opinion were not

allowed to be published. All that is altered. You can believe what you

like and advocate what you like, so long as it is not against Divine Law

or the Law of the Land. Thus, if one were to preach the duty of Murder

he would be very properly stopped. Therefore, when you buy a daily

paper: whenever you enter a church or chapel: whenever you hear an

address or a lecture remember that you are enjoying the freedom won for

you by the obstinacy and the tenacity of your ancestors.

We have spoken of the City Companies. They still exist and though their

former powers are gone and they no longer control the trades after which

they are named, their power is still very great on account of the

revenues which they possess and their administration of charities,

institutions, &c., under their care. There were 109 in all, but many

have been dissolved. There are still, however, 76. About half of these

possess Halls which are now the Great Houses of the City. The number of

livery men, i.e. members of the Companies, is 8,765. The Companies vary

greatly in numbers: there are 448 Haberdashers, for instance: 380

Fishmongers: and 356 Spectacle Makers: while there are only 16

Fletchers, i.e. makers of arrows. Many of the trades are now extinct,

such as the Fletchers above named, the Bowyers, the Girdlers, the

Bowstring Makers and the Armourers.

Some of these Companies are now very rich. One of them possesses an

income, including Trust money, of 83,000_l._ a year. It must be

acknowledged that the Companies carry on a great deal of good work with

their money. Many of them, however, have little or nothing: the Basket

Makers have only 102_l._ a year: the Glass Sellers only 21_l._ a year:

the Tinplate Workers 7_l._ 7_s._ a year. If, therefore, you hear of the

great riches of the City Companies remember (1) that 25 of them have

less than 500_l._ a year each: and (2) that the rich Companies support

Technical Colleges and Schools, grant scholarships, encourage trade,

hold exhibitions, maintain almshouses, and make large grants to objects

worthy of support. It is not likely that the privilege of electing the

Lord Mayor will long continue to be in the hands of the Companies. It is

not, indeed, worthy of a great City that its Chief Magistrate should be

elected by so small a minority as 8,765 out of the hundreds of thousands

who have their offices and transact their business in the City: but

while this privilege will cease, the Companies may remain and continue

to exercise a central influence, at the least in London, over the Crafts

and Arts which they represent. Let us never destroy what has been

useful: let us, on the other hand, preserve it, altered to meet changed

circumstances. For an institution is not like a tree which grows and

decays. If it is a good institution, built upon the needs and adapted to

the circumstances of human nature, it will never decay but, like the

Saxon form of popular election, live and develop and change as the

people themselves change from age to age.

63. LONDON.

GREATER LONDON.

It has been a great misfortune for London that, when its Wall ceased to

be the true boundary of the town, and when the people began to spread in

all directions outside the walls, no statesman arose with vision clear

enough to perceive that the old system must be enlarged or abolished:

that the City must cease to mean the City of the Edwards, and must

include these new suburbs, from Richmond on the West to Poplar on the

East, and from Hampstead on the North to Balham on the South. It is true

that something was done: there are the Wards of Bridge Without, which is

Southwark: and of Farringdon Without. There should have been provision

for the creation of new Wards whenever the growth of a suburb warranted

its addition. That, however, has not been done. The Old London remains

as it was, and as we now see it, surrounded by another, and an immense

City, or aggregate of cities, all placed under the rule of a Council.

This was done by the Act of 1888, which created a County whose

boundaries were the same as those of the former Metropolitan Board of

Works; in other words, it embraces all the suburbs of London properly so

called. This County extends from Putney and Hammersmith on the West to

Plumstead on the East: on the North are Hampstead and Highgate; on the

South are Tooting, Streatham, Lewisham and Eltham. There are 138

Councillors, of whom 19 are Aldermen and one a Chairman. The

conservative tendency of our people is shown in their retention of the

old division of aldermen. It is, once more, Kings, Lords, and Commons.

But the functions of the Aldermen do not differ from those of the

Councillor. The Councillors are elected by the ratepayers for three

years, the Aldermen for six; but there is a rule as to retiring by

rotation.

The powers of the County Council are enormous. It regulates the building

of houses and streets: the drainage: places of amusement: it can close

streets and pull down houses: it administers and makes regulations

concerning parks, bridges, tunnels, subways, dairies, cattle diseases,

explosives, lunatic asylums, reformatory schools, weights and measures.

It grants licenses for music and dancing: it carries on, in fact, the

whole administration of the greatest City in the world, and, in some

respects, the best managed City.

In order to carry out these works the Council expend about 600,000_l._ a

year. It has a debt of 30,000,000_l._, against which are various assets,

so that the real debt is no more than 18,000,000_l._ The rating outside

the City was last year 121/2_d._ in the pound. The first Chairman was Lord

Rosebery. He has been succeeded by Sir John Lubbock and Mr. John

Hutton. The list of County Councillors contains men of every rank and

every opinion. Dukes, Earls and Barons, sit upon the Council beside

plain working men--an excellent promise for the future.

Such is the government of London. Within the City what was intended to

be democratic has become oligarchic. The election by the whole people

has become the election by 8,000 only. Without the City a great

democratic Parliament attracts men whose historic names and titles

belong to the aristocracy. In the London County Council the Peers may,

if they are elected, sit beside the Commons.

Lastly, what is the chief lesson for you to learn out of this history?

It is short, and may be summed up in a few sentences.

1. Consider how your liberties have grown silently and steadily out of

the original free institutions of your Saxon ancestors. They have grown

as the trunk, the tree, the leaves, the flower, the fruit, grow from the

single seed. The Folk Mote, the 'Law worthiness' of every man, the

absence of any Over Lord but the King, have kept London always free and

ready for every expansion of her liberties. Respect, therefore, the

ancient things which have made the City--and the country--what it is.

Trust that the further natural growth of the old tree--still

vigorous--will be safer for us than to cut it down and plant a sapling,

which may prove a poison tree. And with the old institutions respect the

old places. Never, if you can help it, suffer an old monument to be

pulled down and destroyed. Keep before your eyes the things which remind

you of the past. When you look on London Stone, remember that Henry of

London Stone was one of the first Mayors. When you go up College Hill,

remember Whittington who gave it that name. When you pass the Royal

Exchange think of Gresham: when you go up Walbrook remember the stream

beneath your feet, the Roman Fortress on your right, and the British

town on your left. London is crammed full of associations for those who

read and know and think. You will be better citizens of the present for

knowing about the citizens of the past.

2. The next lesson is your duty to your country. What does it mean, the

right of the Folk Mote? The Mote has now become a House of Commons, a

County Council, a School Board. You have the same rights that your

ancestor had. He was jealous over them: he fought to the death to

preserve them and to strengthen them. Be as jealous, for they are far

more important to you than ever they were to him. You have a hundred

times as much to defend: you have dangers which he did not know or fear.

Show your jealousy by exercising your right as the most sacred duty you

have to fulfil. Your vote is an inheritance and a trust. You have

inherited it direct from the Angles and the Jutes: as you exercise that

vote so it will be ill or well with you and your children. Be very

jealous of the man you put in power: learn to distinguish the man who

wants place from the man who wants justice: vote only for the right man:

and do your best to find out the right man. It is difficult at all

times. You may make it less difficult by sending to the various

Parliaments of the country a man you know, who has lived among you,

whose life, whose private character, whose previous record you know

instead of the stranger who comes to court your vote. Above all things

_vote always_ and let the first duty in your mind always be to protect

your rights and your liberties.

These are the two lessons that this book should teach you--the respect

that is due to the past and the duty that is owed to the present.

NOTES

1. THE FOUNDATION OF LONDON. PART I.

~AEneas~: a Trojan prince who escaped from Troy when it was destroyed by

the Greeks.

~Venus~, the Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty, was the mother of AEneas.

~Troy~: a famous city in the north-west corner of Asia Minor. It was

destroyed by Greek invaders about 1,000 years before Christ, and the

stories connected with it form one of the chief subjects of Greek and

Latin poets.

~Troynovant~ means New Troy.

~Constantine the Great~ was Emperor of Rome, that is, of all the then

known world from 305 to 337 A.D. He was the first Roman Emperor to adopt

and favour Christianity. Constantinople is named after him, and was made

by him the capital of the Empire.

~Geoffrey of Monmouth~ was a British historian of the twelfth century.

He was made Bishop of St. Asaph in 1152. His 'histories' are largely

made up of stories, such as that about Brutus, which nobody believes

now.

~historical document~: a piece of writing that can be used to prove some

event in the history of past times.

~architecture~: the art of building; the style in which houses are

built.

~Cornhill~: a street in the City of London running west to east from the

Royal Exchange into Leadenhall Street. It was probably named after a

family of that name, and not from any corn market on the site.

~bastion~: a strong turret or tower at the corner of a fortified

building.

~Walbrook~: a small stream that crossed the City from north to south. It

flowed near where the Mansion House now stands (Walbrook is a street at

the side of the Mansion House), and fell into the Thames at Dowgate,

near where Cannon Street Railway Station now stands.

~Fleet River~: a small stream which fell into the Thames near where

Blackfriars Railway Station now stands.

~Moorfields~ was a piece of moor land lying to the north of the City,

outside the walls. The City gate which led to this district was the

Moorgate, a name which still survives in Moorgate Street.

~Ken Wood~, in Hampstead, ~Hainault Forest~, a small piece of wood in

Essex, about eight miles north-east of London, and ~Epping Forest~, a

larger portion, also in Essex, to the west of Hainault Forest, are all

remaining portions of a great forest that once stretched away from

London far into the country.

~Chelsea, Bermondsey~: in all such words _ea_ or _ey_ is an old word for

island. In this way are formed Winchelsea, Battersea, &c.; ~Thorney~

(where Westminster is now) is the Island of Thorns; and ~Jersey~,

Caesar's Island.

~Southwark~: a district of London opposite the City, on the south side

of the Thames. It was the South work, or fort, and is spoken of as a

village as late as 1327, the accession of Edward III.

2. THE FOUNDATION OF LONDON. PART II.

~Malarious~: causing the air to be bad, and so giving rise to fevers;

unhealthy. (Latin _malus_, bad; _aer_, air.)

~Weybridge~, in Surrey, near where the river Wey, after flowing past

Godalming and Guildford, falls into the Thames.

~entrenching~: making a trench or ditch. The earth dug out was formed

into a mound. The mound and ditch, together with the stockade, protected

the place.

~stockade~: a barrier made of _stakes_ stuck in the ground.

~Gaul~: the old name for the country now called France--the land of the

Galli, or Celts. _Gaelic_ is the language still spoken by the Celts in

Scotland.

~Thanet~: a district in the north-east of Kent, containing Ramsgate,

Margate, and Broadstairs. The river Stour parts it from the rest of

Kent, so that it is still an 'island,' though the channel was formerly

much wider and deeper.

~Captain Cook~: a famous sailor born 1728, murdered in the Sandwich

Islands 1779. He was among the first to visit Australia and New Zealand,

and made many discoveries in the Pacific.

~Polynesians~: the natives of Polynesia, or the smaller islands in the

South Pacific. They are brown-skinned, and akin in race to the Maories

of New Zealand and the Malays.

~Brythonic~: that portion of the Celts whose descendants are now the

Welsh, Bretons: (in Bretagne, on the west coast of France), and

Cornishmen.

~Basques~: the natives of a part of northern Spain, near the Pyrenees.

Their language is unconnected with any other, except perhaps that of the

Finns. The Province and Bay of Biscay is named after them.

~Finns~: the natives of Finland in Russia. Like the Basques, they are

the remains of a nation which once spread over all Europe, and has now

nearly disappeared.

~barrow~: a mound raised over a grave.

~Verulam~: an old British, and then a Roman town, on the site of which

is now St. Albans, in Hertfordshire.

3. ROMAN LONDON. PART I.

~Stationary camp~: a fixed or permanent camp; a fort. A Roman army on

the march constructed a camp if it only spent one night in a place. Such

camps were not stationary.

~Porchester~: a small town on the north side of Portsmouth Harbour.

Chester is the Latin _castra_, a camp, and occurs in Leicester,

Colchester, Chester, Silchester, &c.

~rubble~: small rough stones often used inside piles of masonry.

~Silchester~: a place near Reading at which remains of old Roman

buildings have been dug out.

~Mincing Lane~: a narrow street in the east part of the City.

~tribunal~: the place where judges sit to administer justice.

~Exchange~: the place where merchants meet and carry on their business.

~stevedores~: those engaged in the work of loading and unloading ships.

4. ROMAN LONDON. PART II.

~Tesselated~: formed of small pieces of stone or tile of various colours

arranged to form a pattern, like mosaic work.

~Diana~: the Roman Goddess of Hunting; also of the Moon.

~Apollo~: the Roman God of Poetry, Music, and Prophecy.

~Guildhall~: the hall of the Guild or Corporation of the City of London,

near Cheapside.

~usurper~: one who by force seizes and holds a position which does not

belong to him.

~Picts~: wild savages from the country which we call Scotland; ~Scots~,

also savage men, who, though they afterwards gave their name to

Scotland, at that time came from Ireland.

~Hong Kong~: an island off the coast of China; ~Singapore~, a large

British seaport on an island of the same name off the south end of the

Malay Peninsula; ~West Indies~, a number of islands to the east of

Central America in the Atlantic: of those belonging to Great Britain

Jamaica is the largest.

5. AFTER THE ROMANS. PART I.

~East Saxons~ were those who dwelt in Essex, the county named after

them.

~Crayford~: on the river Cray in north Kent. Here the Saxons under

Hengist totally defeated the Britons under Vortimer in 457 A.D.

~Canterbury~ is the burgh, borough, or fortified place of the men of

Kent.

~Pulborough~, in Sussex, gives us another form of the suffix.

~chronicler~: a historian, particularly one living in early times.

~Saxons~: German tribes from the district by the mouth of the Elbe;

~Jutes~, from a part of Denmark which still preserves their name,

Jutland; ~Angles~, from what is now Schleswig and Holstein.

~Count of the Saxon Shore~: the Roman admiral set to defend the southern

parts of the English coast, which were called 'Saxon Shore,' because

most liable to attack from the Saxons.

~mercenaries~: soldiers who do not fight for the safety and glory of

their own country, but for hire.

6. AFTER THE ROMANS. PART II.

~Blackfriars~, at the eastern end of the Thames Embankment, derives its

name from a monastery or house of Black Friars which stood there.

~Watling Street~, ~Ermyn Street~, ~Vicinal Way~: made by the Romans, who

were famous makers of high roads, many of which are still in use. (See

map on p. 15.)

~Newgate~ was a gate on the west of the walls which enclosed the City;

~Bishopsgate~, on the north-east.

~victualling~: providing food for.

~emergencies~: times of difficulty and danger.

~Isle of Thanet~: it must be remembered that the Stour, at the back of

Thanet, was once much wider and deeper than it is now. In fact, it was

the general route for vessels coming up the Thames.

~appointments~: furniture, fittings.

~mimics~: actors who played in farces, like our panto_mimes_.

~scribes~: among the Romans, clerks in public offices.

7. AFTER THE ROMANS. PART III.

~Alaric~, king of a German tribe called the Visigoths (West Goths)

invaded Greece and Italy, and after several defeats finally took and

sacked Rome in 410 A.D. It was this state of thing which compelled the

Romans to withdraw their troops from Britain.

~The West where the Britons still held their own~: Wales and Cornwall

were never occupied by the invading Saxons: Welsh and Cornishmen are

Celts, with a language of their own in Wales, while the Cornish language

has only disappeared during the last hundred years.

~Wessex~: the land of the West Saxons corresponds roughly to England

south of the Thames.

~oblivion~: being forgotten.

~The river Lea~ rises in Bedfordshire, near Luton, passes Hertford and

Ware, forms the boundary between Middlesex and Essex, and falls into the

Thames at Blackwall, after a course of forty miles.

~quagmires~: marshy, boggy ground that _quakes_ under the feet (quake,

mire).

8. THE FIRST SAXON SETTLEMENT.

~Ecclesiastic~: connected with the Church. For many centuries Rome was

the centre of Christian influence, and is so still to all Roman

Catholics.

~ritual~: the customs and ceremonies employed in performing service in a

church.

~Gregory I.~ or ~the Great~ was Pope from 590-604 A.D. He it was who

sent Augustine to attempt the conversion of the English in the year 597.

~kinglet~: a petty king. England was then divided among many kings, so

that the realm of each was necessarily very small.

~crucifix~: a figure of Christ fixed to the cross.

~Bede~: a monk and Church historian who lived and died at Jarrow in

county Durham in 735 A.D.

~Lindesfarne~, or Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland.

~Northumbrians~: the men of Northumbria--that is, Yorkshire, Durham, and

Northumberland.

~Mercians~: the men of Mercia, or land of the Middle English.

~supremacy~: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, were separate kingdoms which

were successively, in the order in which they are given, strong enough

to overawe or exercise supremacy over the others. The king of Wessex

eventually became king of England.

~Witan~, or in its fuller form ~wit-an-a-ge-mote~, the 'meeting of wise

men,' was the national council which afterwards grew up into our modern

parliament.

9. THE SECOND SAXON SETTLEMENT.

~Pagan~: heathen, not yet converted to Christianity.

~King Alfred~, called the Great, was king of England from 871-901 A.D.

~Alderman~ in early England meant the ruler of a large district, such as

a shire or kingdom. When Mercia became subject to Wessex it was ruled by

an alderman.

~Benfleet~: a place in Essex, on the north bank of the Thames, not far

from Southend.

~Brunanburgh~ was the scene of a defeat of the Danes by Athelstan in 937

A.D.; the place cannot now be identified.

~Sweyn~, King of Denmark, invaded England with his son Canute in 1013

A.D.

~Redriff~ is now called Rotherhithe, south of the Thames.

~King Ethelred II.~, called the Unredig, or lacking in counsel, reigned

979-1013 A.D.

~Olave~ or ~Olaf~ and ~Magnus~ are Scandinavian names: there were early

kings of Norway so called.

~The Portreeve~: the reeve or governor of London was a chief magistrate

or mayor of the City.

~The 'Staller'~ or ~Marshal~ led the men of London to battle.

~The Knighten Guild~ was the ruling council of London: they were not

chosen by election, but were the chief owners of property, and, like

their land, the office was handed down from father to son.

~mote~: meeting.

~hustings~: a general meeting of the citizens held every week; later on

the word came to mean the platform whence candidates for parliament

addressed their constituents.

10. THE ANGLO-SAXON CITIZEN.

~Athelstan~ (925-940), the grandson of Alfred the Great, and ~Etheldred

II.~ (979-1013) were kings of England.

~earl~ or ~eorl~ was what we should now call a gentleman of good family;

~thanes~: nobles who for the most part acquired their titles from the

king as rewards for services.

~municipal~: having to do with the municipality or city.

~French~: Norman-French was the language spoken by the Normans.

~the meat and fish were salted~: in the absence of root-crops it was

found difficult to keep animals through the winter. Hence much salt meat

and fish were stored up.

~embroidery~: the art of working designs on cloth in needlework.

~spinster~: an unmarried woman; so called because unmarried daughters

worked at spinning and weaving for the household, making 'homespun'

cloth for them.

~marauding~: roving about for plunder.

~solar~: in early houses the chamber over the hall, used as the bedroom

for the master and mistress of the house. (See picture on p. 73.)

~tapestry~: thick hangings or curtains with figures worked on them.

~mead~: a fermented drink made of honey: metheglin is another form of

the word.

~wattle~: flexible twigs, withies, or osier rods: ~daub~, mud.

~turbulent~: disorderly, riotous.

~Thames Street~: a very narrow street running along the bank of the

Thames between Blackfriars and the Tower.

~ward~: a division of the City. The ~ward mote~ or ward meeting still

exists, and elects the alderman or representative of the ward on the

City Council.

11. THE WALL OF LONDON.

The ~White Tower~ is the 'keep' or central part of the Tower of London,

begun by William the Conqueror and finished by the Red King. It is 92

feet high and the walls are 17 feet thick.

~Dowgate~: the site of one of the gates of Old London Wall is near where

Cannon Street Railway Station now stands: here the Walbrook fell into

the Thames.

~Queen Hithe~: 'The Queen's Landing Place.' Merchants were compelled to

land their goods here so that the dues paid should go to the Queen.

~confluence~: a flowing together, the place where two rivers meet. The

Fleet fell into the Thames at Blackfriars. (Latin _cum_, with, together;

_fluo_, to flow. Compare, _fluid_, _fluent_.)

~Montfichet's Tower~ was near Baynard's Castle, at the south-west corner

of the old walls in Blackfriars. Both were named after the Norman

tenants who occupied them.

~Houndsditch~ is now a cross street joining Bishopgate Street and

Aldgate, with a Church of St. Botolph at each end of it. It adjoined the

moat or ditch round the City wall.

~Allhallows~: the same as All Saints--all the saints to whom churches

were often dedicated, and whose memory is celebrated on November 1,

which is All Saints' Day.

~St. Giles, Cripplegate~, contains in its churchyard part of London

Wall. Milton was buried here in 1674.

12. NORMAN LONDON.

~Bishop and Portreeve~: the two chief officers of the City, one ruling

for the Church, the other a civil ruler.

~charter~: a writing confirming or granting privileges.

~burghers~ or burgesses: citizens of a borough.

~Guildhall~ contains the necessary offices and accommodation for the

guild or corporation, town clerk, &c., the City library, museum and law

courts, and a great hall that will hold 7,000 persons.

~feudal claims~: demands made on their tenants by owners under the

feudal system. Such demands were usually for military service or

something equivalent.

~Matilda~, daughter of Henry I., and mother of Henry II., and widow of

the Emperor Henry V. of Germany, was the opponent of Stephen (1100-1135)

in the civil war of his reign. She gave London as 'a demesne' to the

Earl of Essex, with the Tower as his castle.

~Danegeld~, or Dane money: a tax raised to buy off the Danes.

~Sheriff~, or shire-reeve, governor of a shire, was the king's

representative in each shire: he collected the revenue, called out and

led the soldiers, and administered justice.

~Justiciar~: judge. It was one of the privileges of the City to have a

judge of its own to try cases within its own limits.

~stipulated~: bargained for.

~constitution~: form of government.

~priory~: a house for monks or nuns under the rule of a prior or

prioress.

~St. Katherine Cree~: this church is in Leadenhall Street, near Aldgate.

Cree in this name is for Christ.

~Portsoken~ is one of the City wards near Aldgate and the Minories.

13. FITZSTEPHEN'S ACCOUNT OF THE CITY.

PART I.

~St. Bartholomew the Great~ in Smithfield is part of St. Bartholomew's

Hospital.

~St. Ethelburga~ is in Bishopsgate Street, not far from Liverpool Street

Railway Station.

~crypt~ is a chapel or vault underground.

~St. Swithin's Church~ is near Cannon Street Railway Station. 'London

Stone,' supposed to be a Roman milestone, is let into the wall of this

church. St. Swithin, to whom the church is dedicated, was a Saxon Bishop

of Winchester, under whose care the youth of Alfred was spent at

Winchester.

~Thomas Becket~, Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in his own

cathedral by four knights, who thought they were executing the wishes of

Henry II. (1170 A.D.).

~conventual~: attached to convents.

~Palatine~ usually means 'held by a nobleman who has had royal powers

given him.'

~Westminster~ is named after a minster first erected there of wood about

604 A.D.: it was thus distinguished from St. Paul's, which was the 'East

Minster.' The site was a marshy spot, then called Thorney, or Thorn

Island.

~Charing Cross~ is named from the memorial cross built there by Edward

I. in 1294 in honour of his queen, Eleanor, who was brought for burial

from Lincoln to Westminster, and each place (nine) where her body rested

was marked by a similar cross. ('Charing' is a corruption of the French

_chere reine_, dear queen.)

~Cheapside~: the important street running between St. Paul's and the

Mansion House is so called because its site was the side--the south

side--of the Chepe, or old London market.

~East Chepe~, or the East Market, has given its name to Eastcheap, a

street running from the City towards the Tower.

~mercer~: a merchant selling woollens and silks.

~folkmotes~: the meetings of the folk or tribe: they met in arms in the

Saxon times, and were presided over by the alderman.

14. FITZSTEPHEN'S ACCOUNT OF THE CITY.

PART II.

~Tyburn~: a brook which gave its name to the place Tyburn, where the

Marble Arch now stands.

~Westbourne~: this brook has given its name to Westbourne Park, in

Paddington.

~Holywell~ may be remembered by Holywell Street, in the Strand.

~Clerkenwell~ is named after the Parish Clerks' Well, round which they

used to perform their 'mysteries.'

~quarterstaff~: a long staff used as a weapon of defence, and held in

the middle and also one quarter way from the end.

~tabor~: a kind of small drum beaten with one drumstick.

~consuls~: the chief magistrates of Rome: two of them with equal power

came into office every year.

~senatorial~: appointed and controlled by the senate or governing

council of Rome.

~venison~ (pronounced _ven'-zon_): the flesh of deer.

~cleric~: a clergyman.

~abbot~: the head of an abbey or monastery.

~magnate~: a great man, a man of great wealth and rank. (Latin _magnus_,

great.)

~metropolitan~: the bishop of a metropolis or chief cathedral city, as

Canterbury is the metropolis of England in this sense.

~ordinances~: laws, commands.

15. LONDON BRIDGE. PART I.

~Architect~: one who designs buildings and superintends the building of

them.

~Jewry~: the district in a town inhabited by the Jews; for in early

times the Jews were not allowed to live where they liked, but only in

quarters assigned to them. The street now called Old Jewry turns out of

the Poultry, on the north side.

~essential~: something very important and that cannot be done without.

~intercommunication~: intercourse; dealings between people which are

made much easier by having good roads and bridges to travel on.

~La Rochelle~: a seaport in France on the Atlantic, some distance north

of Bordeaux.

~Saintes~: a French town about thirty-eight miles from La Rochelle.

~St. Thomas Becket~, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury, who was

canonised, that is, named a saint after his death.

~titular~: giving his name to the bridge.

~crypt~: an underground or lower room used as a chapel or burying-place.

16. LONDON BRIDGE. PART II.

~King Edward I~: 1272-1307 A.D.

~haberdashers~: dealers in 'small wares' such as cotton, tape, needles,

and pins.

~Hans Holbein~: a celebrated German painter who came to live in England

and was introduced to Henry VIII.

~marine painters~: artists who excel in painting boats, ships, and sea

scenes. (Latin _mare_, the sea.)

~'shooting' the bridge~: passing through the arches in a boat.

~Queen Henrietta~ was the queen of Charles I. of England. After the

Civil War she withdrew to France, where she died in 1669.

~Rubens~: a very celebrated Flemish painter, born in 1577, died at

Antwerp in 1640.

~Sir Thomas Wyatt~ headed a rebellion in Kent, which was provoked by

Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain and the restoration of Roman

Catholicism. He was about to cross London Bridge, but finding this

impossible crossed the Thames at Kingston. The rising was a failure, and

Wyatt was executed, 1554.

~Sir William Wallace~: a brave Scotch gentleman who led the Scotch

against Edward I., who was trying to deprive Scotland of its

independence. Wallace was finally taken and executed as a traitor at

Tyburn, 1305.

~Jack Cade~ headed a rebellion in Kent in 1450 through dissatisfaction

with the government of Henry VI.: 30,000 rebels gathered on Blackheath,

but the movement ended in failure and Cade was slain.

~Sir Thomas More~: the good and learned chancellor of Henry VIII., and

author of a famous book called 'Utopia.' He was executed as a traitor in

1535.

~St. Thomas-on-the-Bridge~: that is, Thomas Becket, to whom the bridge

was dedicated.

~pageant~: a splendid show or procession.

~ex-apprentice~: one who has been once an apprentice.

17. THE TOWER OF LONDON. PART I.

~Dominate~: to lord over, to overawe, to be master of. (Latin _dominus_,

a master, lord.)

~Crusade~: an expedition under the banner of the _Cross_ to recover the

Holy Land from the Turks. Richard I. went on the third Crusade in 1191.

~antiquaries~: people who study ancient things.

~mediaeval~: made during the middle ages; the period, roughly speaking,

between the time of the Romans and the reign of Henry VII. (400-1485).

~lieutenant~: an officer in command of the Tower.

~keep~: the strongest part of a fortress or castle.

~insignia~: the badges of any office.

~menagerie~: a collection of wild animals.

~Queen Anne Boleyn~, to marry whom, Henry VIII. divorced Catherine of

Aragon. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth.

~Lady Jane Grey~ was proclaimed Queen by the Duke of Northumberland on

the death of Edward VI., but the attempt to prevent Mary's accession was

a failure, and Lady Jane Grey was executed in 1554.

~Guy Fawkes~: a conspirator who tried to blow up the King and Parliament

in 1605.

~The unfortunate princes~ were Edward V., son of Edward IV., and the

rightful king, and Richard Duke of York, his younger brother, murdered

in the Tower by the usurper Richard III., 1483.

18. THE TOWER OF LONDON. PART II.

~Allegiance~: the duty due from a subject to his liege the sovereign.

~Lord Hastings~ was executed by order of the Duke of Gloucester,

afterwards Richard III., in 1483 for supporting the side of Edward V.

and his relations.

~ordnance~: artillery, cannon, big guns.

~antipast~: aftertaste.

~clerk~: a clergyman, a scholar, because in early times all learning was

confined to the clergy.

19. THE PILGRIMS.

~ague~: a fever coming on at intervals, with fits of shivering.

~isolation~: living away from outside communication, a lonely position

like that of men on an _island_ cut off from the rest of the world.

~Flemings~: the people of Flanders, a district now comprising parts of

Belgium, South Holland, and North France.

~Walsingham~: a place in the north of Norfolk, where was a famous

shrine.

~Glastonbury~: a small town near Wells, in Somersetshire.

~Compostella~: a place in Spain where is the shrine of St. James, the

patron saint of Spain.

~Chaucer~: the great early English poet, born in London 1328, died 1400.

~expiation~: making amends for, atonement.

~Holy Sepulchre~: the burial place of our Lord at Jerusalem, to rescue

which from the Turks was the object of the Crusades.

20. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL.

~Endowment~: money given for the permanent support of an institution,

such as a church, hospital, or school.

~Hospitaller~: one in charge of a hospital. The term is generally

applied to the Knights of St. John, who built a hospital for sick

Crusaders at Jerusalem.

~shambles~: a slaughter-house.

~Whittington~, originally an apprentice in London, became a wealthy

mercer, thrice Lord Mayor, and knighted. He died in 1423, without

children, and left his wealth for public objects, such as the one in the

text.

~Dissolution of the religious houses~, carried out by Henry VIII. in

1536-1540 for the sake of the plunder they afforded.

~Chloroform~: a colourless liquid which when inhaled produces complete

insensibility to pain.

~Norman windows~: that is, built in a style introduced by the Normans.

The rounded tops of doors and windows maybe seen in the illustration on

p. 44.

~lanthorn~: a raised construction on the roof, with horn or glass sides

to give light.

~clinical~: in attendance at the bedside of patients.

~residential college~: where they reside or dwell.

~convalescent hospital~: where those who have had some illness may get

quite well and strong again.

21. THE TERROR OF LEPROSY.

~Leprosy~: a terrible disease of the skin and blood, once prevalent in

Europe, now mostly confined to the East.

~lazar~: a leper; one suffering from a foul disease like Lazarus in St.

Luke xvi.

~congregate~: flock together, crowd with.

~stringent~: strict.

~statutes~: rules or laws.

~Book of the Jewish Law~: that is, the book Leviticus.

~ulcerates~: is afflicted with ulcers or sores.

~Mass~: the celebration of the Lord's Supper in the Roman Catholic

Church.

~Burton Lazars~: a village one mile from Melton Mowbray, in

Leicestershire. Here, on account of its excellent sulphur springs, the

chief leper-hospital was established in the reign of Stephen.

~hereditary~: transmitted from parents to children.

22. THE TERROR OF FAMINE.

~24 shillings a quarter~: this is not far from the present price of

wheat, which gives us cheap bread. But in 1257 24_s._ would be

equivalent to at least 20_l._ in our money.

~retainers~: those in the service of a nobleman and wearing his livery

and badge.

~Hanseatic merchants~: merchants trading with the Hanse cities in

Germany (among which was Hamburg) who had formed a league for

self-protection about the twelfth century.

~granary~: a place for storing up grain or corn.

23. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. PART I.

~460 feet~: the loftiest spire in England, that of Salisbury Cathedral,

is about 404 feet.

~its length was at least 600 feet~: the present cathedral, the third on

the site, is 500 feet long.

~shrine~: a receptacle for relics and other sacred things. (The word

means a 'chest.')

~aisle~ (pronounced _[=i]le_) is the side or wing of a church.

~scribe~: a writer. In those early times so few people could read or

write that men often had to have recourse to professional writers.

~deed~: a written document relating to some legal transaction.

~conveyance~: a writing legally transferring from one person to another

property, especially houses and land.

~Humphrey Duke of Gloucester~ was the youngest brother of Henry V., on

whose death he was made regent in England in 1422. He died in 1447.

~St. Cuthbert~ was a monk, missionary, and bishop of Lindesfarne, an

island off the coast of Northumberland, where he died in 687 A.D., and

was buried in Durham Cathedral.

~sacristy~: a room adjoining a church where sacred vessels, vestments,

&c. are kept.

24. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. PART II.

~Inigo Jones~ (born 1572, died 1652) was a celebrated architect.

~Portico~: a row of columns in front of a building.

~Exchange~: a building where merchants meet to transact business.

~nave~: the main body of a church, the aisles being on each side of the

nave.

~King Charles II. returned~ at the Restoration in 1660.

~Sir Christopher Wren~ (born 1632, died 1723): the greatest English

architect. After the great fire he rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral, fifty

London churches, and many public buildings. Over his tomb in St. Paul's

is the inscription in Latin: 'If you seek for his monument, look round

about you.'

~The Peace of Ryswick~, 1697, made by England, Spain, and Holland with

Louis XIV. of France.

~Dr. Johnson~ (born 1709, died 1784): one of the great names in English

literature, and author of a celebrated dictionary.

~oriental scholar~, or ~orientalist~, is a man who studies Eastern or

Indian languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Sanskrit, &c.

~sarcophagus~: a stone chest for holding a corpse.

~porphyry~: a hard kind of stone coloured purple and white.

~Battle of the Nile~, 1798; ~Cape St. Vincent~, 1797; ~Camperdown~,

1797.

~Lord Almoner~: the official who dispenses the royal charities and

bounties.

~Slavonic~: a group of kindred languages, including Russian, Polish, and

Bulgarian.

25. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.

~Embattled~: built with battlements.

~minor canons~: clergy of the cathedral who intone the services and look

after the music.

~charnel~: containing the bones of the dead.

~Finsbury Fields~: the _fenny_ or marshy ground lying north of the

Moorgate of the old City walls.

~Papal Bulls~: decrees and orders issued by the Pope, so called from the

seal attached to them.

~Latimer~ (born 1470, died 1555), Bishop of Worcester, burnt at the

stake for his Protestant opinions together with Ridley, Bishop of

London.

~chapter house~: the building where the chapter or clergy belonging to

the cathedral meet.

~Sacrist~: the official in a cathedral who copied and took care of the

music and books.

~Paul's Chain~: so called because traffic was stopped by a chain during

the hours of service.

26. THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES.

~Forester~: one who has charge of a forest to cut wood, plant new trees,

&c.

~vicar~: one who acts in place of another; hence a priest who on behalf

of his monastery conducted services in a parish church.

~orders~: the different brotherhoods into which monks were divided.

~indiscriminate charity~: giving without thinking, whether the charity

is well or ill bestowed.

~Minorites~: monks or nuns belonging to the Franciscan Order, who in

their humility called themselves the 'lesser' (_minores_) brethren, or

sisters.

~Blackfriars~ were the Dominicans; ~Whitefriars~ were the Carmelites;

~Greyfriars~ were Franciscans, from the colour of their respective

dresses.

~Charter House~: the house of the Carthusian monks.

~Temple~: once the house of the ~Templars~, an order of knights whose

duty it was to protect the Holy Sepulchre.

~part of the church ... still to be seen~: at Clerkenwell the gate of

the priory of St. John's is still standing.

27. MONKS, FRIARS, AND NUNS.

~Indiscriminately~: without making any distinctions between them.

~hermit~, from the Greek, and ~solitary~, from the Latin, mean the same

thing--one who retires from the world and lives in a lonely place.

~Monte Casino~, in Campania, near Naples, where St. Benedict established

his monastery in 529 A.D.

~St. Benedict~ is often shortened to Benet, as in the name of several

London churches.

~austerities~: severe rules of life and conduct.

~Friars~, or brethren (French _freres_, Latin _fratres_): those orders

that went forth to the people.

~Assisi~: a town in Central Italy where St. Francis was born.

~St. Dominic~: born in Castile, in Spain, 1170, died 1221; founded his

order to convert 'heretics,' and procured the establishment of the

~Inquisition~, or court for punishing heretics.

~Sanctuary~: a refuge where criminals were safe from the law. Sir W.

Scott in the 'Fortunes of Nigel' well describes the lawless character of

this district in the reign of James I.

~St. Bernard~: a celebrated brother of the Cistercian Order (born 1091,

died 1153).

28. THE LONDON CHURCHES.

~St. Augustine~ was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 to convert the

heathen English: he was the 'Apostle of the English,' and first

Archbishop of Canterbury.

~St. Dunstan~, who became Archbishop of Canterbury and died in 988, was

not only a zealous priest but a great statesman and ruler.

~St. Alphege~: an Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by the Danes in 1012

A.D.

~Sise Lane~: a lane in the City, near Cannon Street.

~The Basings~: an old City family whose name also survives in the

'Bassishaw' ward of the City, and in Basinghall Street.

~Bread Street~, turning out of Cheapside, shows where the bakers chiefly

dwelt in Old London.

~John Milton~ (born 1608, died 1674) wrote 'Paradise Lost,' 'Paradise

Regained,' and some beautiful shorter pieces.

~Three Poets~: i. the Greek Homer, reputed author of those noble epics

the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' (about 1000 B.C.); ii. the Roman Virgil, who

wrote the 'AEneid' (born 70 B.C.); iii. the English Milton. The famous

epitaph was written by John Dryden.

~William Tyndal~ assisted the Reformation by translating the New

Testament into English (1526), and part of the Old Testament. He was

burnt as a heretic at Vilvoorde, near Brussels, in 1536.

~William Cowper~ (born 1731, died 1800), the author of 'The Task' and

other beautiful poems.

29. THE STREETS.

~Plantagenet~: Henry II., 1154-1189, was the first of the line of kings

bearing this name, so called from the badge worn by Henry's father, a

sprig of broom.

~Chesel~ was the Anglo-Saxon for pebble, and Kiesel is the German for

the same. The ~Chesil Beach~, near Weymouth, is a remarkable bank of

shingle joining Portland Bill to the mainland.

~Somerset House~, in the Strand: the palace of the Protector Somerset

has been pulled down, and public offices erected on its site.

~Northumberland House~, now demolished, has given its name to

Northumberland Avenue, near Charing Cross.

~Southwark ... many Inns~: in particular the Tabard, where Chaucer's

pilgrims assembled.

~mediaeval~: living in the middle ages, that is, some time before about

1500 A.D.

~ironmongers in their Lane~: that is, Ironmonger Lane, turning out of

Cheapside.

30. WHITTINGTON. PART I.

~Mercer~: a merchant who sells silken or woollen goods.

~executors~: those who are appointed to carry out the last will and

testament of a dead man.

~Levantine~, in the Levant, or eastern part of the Mediterranean.

~Guinea~, on the west coast of Africa.

~Pizarro~: a Spanish adventurer who conquered Peru from its native

rulers or Incas, and was murdered in his palace at Lima in 1541.

~a piece of eight~ (dollars), that is, about 30_s._

~assessment~: the value put upon house or property in order to fix the

amount of taxes to be paid.

31. WHITTINGTON. PART II.

~Vintner~: a wine-seller.

~Wycliffe~, born about 1324, was a learned theologian and rector of

Lutterworth, in Leicestershire. For preaching Protestant doctrines he

was summoned to appear at St. Paul's to answer a charge of heresy in

1377.

~John of Gaunt~ thus made the second attempt to deprive London of its

liberties and charter; Matilda, the opponent of Stephen, had tried long

before, but it ended in her overthrow (_see_ p. 45).

~The Marshal~ was the commander of the Royal forces. To put London under

him was to destroy its liberty. This office is hereditary in the family

of the Duke of Norfolk, and like other royal offices became unimportant

when it became hereditary.

~rebellion of the peasants, 1381~, against over-taxation and being bound

to the soil as serfs by their landlords. ~John Ball~, the popular

preacher, used to ask:

'When Adam delved and Eve span,

Who was then a gentleman?'

~The Archbishop of Canterbury~, Simon of Sudbury, had as chancellor

proposed the taxes complained of; therefore the peasants murdered him.

~rescinding~: repealing of a law.

32. WHITTINGTON. PART III.

~Burning of heretics and Lollards~: in 1401, in the reign of Henry IV.,

an Act of Parliament was passed for burning heretics.

~Lollards~ were those who differed from the Church before the

Reformation. The name comes from a German word _lollen_, to sing--from

the custom of these reformers.

~Mansion House~: the official home of the Lord Mayor. The present

building was begun in 1739; previously a house in Cheapside was used for

the purpose.

~bond~: a written obligation binding someone to pay a sum of money. When

money was needed the King used to borrow from wealthy citizens and give

a bond or promise to repay.

~St. Michael's Paternoster Royal~ is in College Hill, near Cannon

Street. The church was so called from the Tower Royal given by Edward

III. in 1331 to his queen, Philippa, for her wardrobe.

33. GIFTS AND BEQUESTS.

~Mark~: a coin, now obsolete, worth 13_s._ 4_d._

~interdicted~: forbidden, prevented.

~technical school~: where useful and practical arts and trades are

taught.

~aqueduct~: an artificial channel for water.

~Sevenoaks~, in Kent.

~Higham Ferrers~ is a small town in Northamptonshire.

34. THE PALACES AND GREAT HOUSES.

~The King Maker~: Warwick was so called because he helped Edward IV. to

become king in 1461, and restored Henry VI. for a time in 1470. He was

slain at the battle of Barnet, 1471.

~quadrangle~: an open court, square, with buildings all round it.

~College of Heralds~: a Government office under the Earl Marshal which

looks after pedigrees and armorial bearings.

~Hampton Court~: a Royal palace begun by Cardinal Wolsey.

~St. James's Palace~: the official residence of the Queen in London,

Buckingham Palace being her private residence.

~buttery~: a storeroom where liquors and other provisions were kept.

~Baynard's Castle~ has given its name to one of the City wards.

~The Duke of Buckingham~ secured the crown for Richard III., and then

being insufficiently rewarded rebelled against him, and was executed in

1483.

~George, Duke of Clarence~, brother of Edward IV., first sided with his

father-in-law, the Earl of Warwick, then joined his brother in 1471.

With justice, therefore, Shakespeare called him 'false, fleeting,

perjured Clarence. He was accused of treason and found dead in the Tower

in 1478.

35. AMUSEMENTS.

~Tournament~: a sham fight at which knights, mostly on horseback, used

to show their skill.

~Twelfth Day~: twelve days after Christmas, formerly an occasion of

great festivities, which have now nearly died out.

~Morris-dance~: a _Moorish_ dance to an accompaniment of bells and

tambourines.

~cresset~: a kind of lantern formed of an open brazier filled with

combustible materials.

~demilance~: a kind of horse-soldier armed with a short lance.

~mummeries~: entertainments performed by men in masks.

~Curfew~: the bell rung at eight o'clock at night as a sign to put out

all lights. Ancient towns having much wood were liable to serious fires.

36. WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

~Thorney~, Isle of Thorns; _ey_ and _ea_ meaning island, as in Anglesey,

Chelsea, Winchelsea.

~precinct~: the limit of the ground belonging to a church or other

institution.

~commissioner~: appointed to see that the work was carried out.

~Sir G. Gilbert Scott~, born 1811, died 1878, was the greatest modern

English architect.

~took sanctuary~: fled for shelter to the abbey, whence she could not be

taken without violating the privileges of the Church.

~William Caxton~ set up in 1476 the first printing press in England.

~coronation chair~: under this is the famous stone brought from Scone by

Edward I., over which all the Scottish kings had been crowned since

about 800 A.D.

37. THE COURT AT WESTMINSTER.

~Star Chamber Court~, in which cases were tried before some members of

the Privy Council and two judges without a jury. This was established in

1487 to restore order because great lords and landowners used to

frighten juries from giving true verdicts.

~bear and ragged staff~: the arms of the Earl of Warwick consisted of a

bear erect and hugging a rough stake. (See pictures on pp. 111, 113.)

~arras~: tapestry for hanging; so called from Arras, in the north of

France, where it was made.

~refectory~: the hall where the monks or nuns took their meals.

38. JUSTICE AND PUNISHMENTS.

~executive officers~: those whose duty it is to enforce the law.

~contrition~: repentance.

~securities~: stocks and shares; papers which can be of no use to the

ordinary thief.

~Bridewell~: the site of a prison, now demolished. It adjoined

Whitefriars, and may be seen in the map to the west of Blackfriars.

~amende honorable~ (French): when one who has done wrong gives

satisfaction without loss of honour.

~pillory~: a framework supported by an upright pillar. In it were holes

through which the head and hands of offenders were thrust. In this

uncomfortable position they had to stand exposed to the insults of the

mob.

~cogged~: loaded so as always to fall in a certain way.

~title deeds~: writings drawn up in proper legal form to prove the

possession of property.

39. THE POLITICAL POWER OF LONDON.

~Froissart~: an early French chronicler or historian who visited England

in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., and died in 1401.

~besotted with~: stupidly and excessively fond of.

~commonalty~: the common people.

~Berkeley Castle~, in Gloucestershire, where Edward II. was murdered in

1327.

~a son was born~: Edward, Prince of Wales, born in 1453. After the

Yorkist victory of Northampton in 1460 Edward's claim to the throne was

set aside in favour of Richard, Duke of York, father of Edward IV. The

Prince was slain at the battle of Tewkesbury, 1471.

~benevolences~: loans of money, supposed to be voluntary, really

compulsory, made by merchants and other rich men to the king.

~charts~: papers; ~blank cheques~: orders on the bank for money with all

except the amount required filled up and properly signed.

~factor~: if 2 x 3 makes six, 2 and 3 are each factors of 6; hence it is

something which helps to bring about some result.

40. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART I.

~Stow~ (born 1525, died 1605): a famous writer in Queen Elizabeth's

reign on the antiquities of London and other places.

~Whitechapel~ takes its name from a white chapel-of-ease built to

relieve Stepney, in which parish this district was till 1763.

~tenters~: pegs for stretching cloth. Sometimes hooks were used, from

which we get the phrase 'to be on tenter hooks'--to be on a stretch with

anxiety.

~St. Katharine's~ has given its name to the great docks east of the

Tower.

~bull-, bear-baiting~: the sport of setting dogs to worry bulls or

bears.

~Alsatia~: for a vivid picture of this haunt of rogues in the reign of

James I. the reader is referred to Sir W. Scott's 'Fortunes of Nigel.'

~Austin Friars~: the space known as Drapers' Gardens (because the hall

of the Drapers' Company is adjoining) in Throgmorton Street is on the

site of this monastery.

~Canwicke (now Cannon) Street~ was so called because the wax-chandlers

and candle-makers lived in that part.

41. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART II.

~William Shakespeare~ (born 1564, died 1616): the prince of poets, who

lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.

~ruins of the monasteries~ which had been suppressed by Henry VIII. in

1536-1540.

~Cold Harbour~: a merchant's mansion once standing on the bank of the

Thames in Thames Street.

~Genevan bands~: a kind of collar worn by Protestant clergymen, so

called because Geneva, the home of Calvin, was the centre of

Protestantism.

~palaces along the Strand~: if you walk along the Strand you will notice

that many of the short streets leading down to the river bear the names

of noblemen, such as Arundel Street, Norfolk Street, Salisbury Street,

&c. from the old palaces which once stood there.

~Staples Inn~: a picturesque group of old houses in Holborn was formerly

a wool-market (_staple_ means a fixed market). ~Wych Street~ is near

Holywell Street in the Strand.

~Cloth Fair~ is now a poor neighbourhood near Smithfield.

42. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART III.

~Impressment~: in the absence of some orderly arrangement, such as

conscription (where all serve) or a voluntary system (like our own), the

press-gang used to kidnap people and force them to serve.

~animosity~: anger, ill feeling against.

~The Steelyard~, on the site of which Cannon Street railway station now

stands, was the house of the Hanse merchants (_see_ note on Chapter

XXII.).

~John Colet~, Dean of St. Paul's (born 1466, died 1519), was one of the

leaders of the revival of learning in England. St. Paul's School, which

he founded in 1512, has been moved to Hammersmith.

43. TRADE. PART I.

~Forestall their market~: that is, to buy things before they arrived at

the market, so as to sell them at a higher price.

~Luebeck~: a large port in north Germany in the Baltic.

~staples~, originally all kinds of raw produce, came to be applied only

to wool. Staples Inn was once a wool-market.

~instead of selling our wool~: Edward III. brought Flemish weavers into

England to encourage manufactures. Till then England produced and

exported wool to Antwerp and other manufacturing centres, but did not

make it into cloth.

~Hamburg~ was a member of the Hanseatic League.

~The screen~ was presented to the Church of All Hallows the Great,

Thames Street, in 1710, by the Hanseatic merchants.

44. TRADE. PART II.

~Incubus~: something that weighs down and hinders.

~religious wars in the Netherlands~: between the Protestant Dutch and

the Catholic Spaniards, who were oppressing the country through great

part of the sixteenth century.

~Bourse~: the same as ~Exchange~, where merchants meet to transact their

business.

~English wool~ in Bruges, because it was much exported thither from

England before the growth of home manufactures.

~Flemings~: the natives of Flanders; who were the chief manufacturers of

Europe long before England took the lead.

~14 per cent.~: the height of this rate may be seen by comparing it with

the 21/2 per cent., which is all England now pays as interest upon her

debt.

~Bethlehem Hospital~, corrupted into Bedlam, is still a hospital, but

only for the insane.

45. TRADE. PART III.

~Bruges ... civil wars~: that is, the religious wars referred to in

Chapter XLIV.

~Venetians~: before the discovery of the sea route to India and the East

Venice was the first maritime and commercial power in the world. The

route round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered by Vasco de Gama in

1497.

~Moluccas~: a group of tropical islands between Celebes and New Guinea,

rich in pearls, spices, and precious woods.

~Calicut~: the port in Madras, where Vasco de Gama first landed in May

1498. The cotton cloth called _calico_ was first brought thence.

~Moorish pirates~: North Africa has always been a haunt of pirates. In

1816 Lord Exmouth had to bombard Algiers, and even as late as 1860 the

European Powers had to suppress piracy in Morocco.

~Dordrecht~: a commercial town in the south of Holland, near Rotterdam.

~The South Sea Company~ is celebrated above the other trading companies

for the great speculation in its shares called the ~South Sea bubble~ in

1720.

46. PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. PART I.

~Mummers~: men who played in entertainments masked and in various

disguises.

~masque~: a kind of play in which the actors wore masks. Milton's

'Comus' is a well-known masque of high character.

~mystery~: a name for a religious play representing some scene from the

Bible or scenes from the life of a saint.

~admonition~: warning.

~frescoes~: paintings on a wall covered with plaster--done while the

plaster is still wet or _fresh_.

~sequence~: that is, the connection of one event with another.

~properties~: the articles used in the play, scenery, dress, &c.

~realistic~: looking as though they really were the persons represented.

~tableau~: scene.

~lessee~: one who rents a theatre or holds it on a lease from the owner.

47. PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. PART II.

~Pageants~: grand shows, processions.

~censers~: vessels for burning incense.

~conduit~: a pipe or channel for leading or _conducting_ water.

~Cross of Chepe~: a memorial erected in the centre of the chepe, or

market, in memory of Queen Eleanor.

~jerkins~: a kind of jacket often made of leather.

~panoply~: full armour.

~banneret~: a little banner.

~blackjacks~: leather vessels for holding liquor.

~malmsey~: a strong sweet wine.

~marshal~: draw up and arrange.

~Lord Mayor's Show~: on November 9--when the people have an opportunity

of welcoming the new Lord Mayor on his entering into office.

48. PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. PART III.

~libretto~: the words of a masque or play set to music.

~scenic~: on the stage.

~Ben Jonson~ (born 1574, died 1637): a great English play writer and

poet, and a friend of Shakespeare.

~Francis Bacon~, Lord Verulam (born 1561, died 1626), was Lord

Chancellor and a great writer on philosophical subjects.

~Oberon~: the king of the fairies and husband of Titania, as in

Shakespeare's 'Midsummer Night's Dream.'

~save James~: that is, King James I.; a piece of courtly flattery due to

Jonson's connection with the court.

~Prince Henry~, who is meant by Oberon in the masque, died in 1612, to

the great regret of the people.

~Phosphorus~: Lucifer, the morning star that brings the day.

49. PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. PART IV.

~Gammer (i.e. Old Mother) Gurton's Needle~ is a very rough old play

about an old woman who lost her needle while mending a pair of breeches,

and, after accusing everyone of stealing it, finds it after all in the

garment itself. It was written some time before 1560. ('Gammer,' the

French _grand'-mere_, grandmother, contracted into 'ganmer,' and then

'gammer.')

~contortionist~: one who twists himself into extraordinary attitudes to

amuse the public.

~octagonal~: with eight sides.

~prologue~: the verses spoken before a play to introduce it to the

audience.

~Golden Lane~: a street near the Barbican, turning out of Aldersgate

Street.

~Bankside~, in Southwark, on the southern side of the Thames.

50. THE TERROR OF THE PLAGUE. PART I.

~Pretensions~: ambitious claims.

~Wars of the Roses~: a civil war lasting 1455-1485. In thinking of the

loss of life occasioned by this war, it must be remembered that such

loss fell most heavily on the noble families; the mass of the population

was not so much disturbed by it.

~Long Acre~: a street near Drury Lane, now chiefly occupied by

carriage-makers.

~delirium~: a wandering in the mind caused by fever.

51. THE TERROR OF THE PLAGUE. PART II.

~Registers~: a record of names of persons who have died. Such records

are now accurately kept by the registrars of births, deaths, and

marriages.

~The King~: Charles II., who, whatever his faults may have been, was at

least good-natured and averse to suffering.

~Samuel Pepys~ (born 1632, died 1703) was Secretary to the Admiralty in

the reigns of Charles II. and James II. His famous diary gives a graphic

picture of life during these reigns.

52. THE TERROR OF FIRE. PART I.

~Coleman Street~ runs northward from Lothbury (behind the Bank of

England) to Moorgate. The name goes back even to Saxon times, and

probably comes from one Ceolmund, who had a farm near.

~St. Erkinwald~: an early Saxon Bishop of London, who encouraged the

citizens to restore their ruined city, and himself built the Bishop's

Gate (named after him). His shrine in St. Paul's was long an object of

reverence.

~Paternoster Row~: always a great centre of the book trade: it was a row

immediately adjoining the precincts of the Cathedral before

encroachments were made. Naturally much of the booksellers' wares was

religious--paternosters, aves, credos, &c.

~chancel~: the east end of a church in which is the altar, separated

from the rest of the church by a screen or railings. (Latin _cancelli_,

a grating.)

~transept~: the part of a cathedral projecting on either side.

Cathedrals are generally built in the shape of a cross; the transept is

the arms of the cross in the ground plan.

53. THE TERROR OF FIRE. PART II.

~Astronomer~: one who studies the stars or heavenly bodies.

~John Evelyn~ (born 1620, died 1706), a gentleman of the reign of

Charles II., was made one of the commissioners for the restoration of

London after the Great Fire. He wrote a diary, which is not so amusing

as that of Pepys (_see_ Chapter LI.)

~St. Dunstan-in-the-East~, in Tower Street, was the first church

restored by Wren after the fire.

~John Dryden~ (born 1631, died 1700): one of the greatest English poets.

He was a supporter of the house of Stuart, and was made poet laureate.

~obnoxious~: exposed to.

54. ROGUES AND VAGABONDS.

~Vagabonds~: wanderers who have no settled home.

~Wapping~: called Wapping Wash (or Marsh) in the time of Queen

Elizabeth, when it was first drained and banked in, lies on the north

bank of the Thames, in Middlesex, near the Thames Tunnel.

~Lambeth~, facing Westminster, on the south bank of the river, is

low-lying, and was called in Saxon times Lambhythe, meaning loamy or

muddy landing place.

~Bermondsey~ (_ey_--island), on the south bank of the Thames, one mile

S.E. of St. Paul's, is a centre of the leather and wool trade.

~Rotherhithe~ (or Redriff), on the south bank of the Thames, lies east

of Bermondsey and faces Wapping. The south end of the Thames Tunnel is

in Rotherhithe.

~stringent~: strict.

~impotent~: powerless, unable to work.

~stocks~: a wooden frame in which the legs of criminals were confined.

~The Barbican~: a street near the site of the old Aldersgate. Barbican

means defensive works for a gate. ~Turnmill Street~ is near Farringdon

railway station.

55. UNDER GEORGE II. PART I. THE WEALTH OF LONDON.

~Essayists~: people who write essays; that is, short compositions on any

subject.

~picturesqueness~: beauty and grace; qualities which might be supposed

to make anything a good subject for a _picture_.

~ruffles~: pieces of some white material plaited and attached as a frill

to the collar and sleeves of garments.

~ostentation~: making a great show.

~Puritanism~: the more sober style of life and thought introduced by the

Puritans, who were a religious party in the times of Elizabeth and the

Stuarts, and were desirous of a purer and simpler doctrine and mode of

living.

56. UNDER GEORGE II. PART II.

~Predecessors~: those that went before them.

~cruciform~: in the form of a cross. The ground plan of many churches is

shaped like a cross.

~St. Stephen's, Walbrook~, stands behind the Mansion House, where the

Walbrook used to flow.

~lectureship~: the office of a lecturer, one who gives lectures,

discourses, or (as in this case) sermons. Money was left to pay for

these sermons, that is, the lectureships were ~endowed~.

~harbouring~: sheltering.

~organisers~: those who get up and arrange anything.

~Haymarket~ (obviously once a hay market) is near Trafalgar Square, and

~Coventry Street~ near Leicester Square.

~innovations~: novelties, new things.

57. UNDER GEORGE II. PART III.

~Broad Street~: between the Royal Exchange and Liverpool Street.

~Whitecross Street~ is near the Barbican, Aldersgate Street;

~Whitechapel~, in which is ~Middlesex Street~ (commonly known as

Petticoat Lane), is reached through Aldgate.

~Hogarth~ (born 1697, died 1764): a celebrated English painter, chiefly

famous for moral, satirical and humorous pictures drawn from everyday

life.

~asphalt~: a kind of mineral pitchy substance which melts in heat and

can be laid down so as to form a hard, smooth roadway.

~Vauxhall~: in Surrey, in the parish of Lambeth, on the south of the

Thames. There was once an old manor house here called Faukes or Fox

Hall.

~Bermondsey Spa~: so called from a mineral spring discovered there in

1770. (Spa, a place where there is a mineral spring, gets its name from

a celebrated watering-place in Belgium of that name.)

~punch~: a drink containing five ingredients--water, spirits, sugar,

lemon-juice, spice.

58. UNDER GEORGE II. PART IV.

~Decorous~: behaving in a decent and respectable way.

~appreciation~: estimate, judgment about.

~congregation~: gathering together.

~Benjamin Franklin~ (born 1706, died 1790): a native of Boston, U.S.A.,

who lived for some time in England. As a scientist he is famous for

electrical experiments; as a politician, for the share he took in

upholding the independence of the American States.

~transmission~: handing down from father to son.

~externally~: outwardly.

~St. Katharine's~, ~Ratcliff~, ~Shadwell~, ~Stepney~, are all in the

East End of London.

~jurisdiction~: legal authority.

59. UNDER GEORGE II. PART V.

~Lighters~: large boats or barges used in unloading ships.

~bleaching-grounds~: where cloth was laid out to be bleached or whitened

by the wind and sun.

~hopbines~: the stalks of hop plants.

~transportation~: conveying convicted criminals abroad. Till 1869

convicts were sent to Australia; now they are kept in convict prisons at

home.

~classification~: dividing and arranging into classes.

~embezzle~: to steal something entrusted to one's care.

~press-gang~: a party of sailors under an officer who forcibly took men

to serve in the Royal Navy.

~anarchy~: absence of rule, disorder.

~Gordon Riots~: in 1780, led by the fanatic Lord George Gordon. The mob

raised the cry of 'No Popery' on account of a law then proposing to

remove hardships from Roman Catholics. Riot and plunder were the real

object of the mob. The disorder had to be suppressed by military force.

~Police~: organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, after whom the members

of the force were called 'bobbies' and 'peelers.'

60. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART I.

~Denominations~: religious bodies or sects, the members of which are all

called by the same name. (Latin _nomen_, a name.)

~every conceivable topic~: every subject you can think of.

~community~: a people, the public.

~achieved~: won by effort.

61. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART II.

~Symbol of~: the representative of; the presence of a policeman is the

outward form taken by the law in the eyes of the people.

~mote~: meeting; hence ~folks' mote~, meeting of the folk or people;

~ward mote~, meeting of those living in the same ward or city division.

~The Companies~: such as those of the Goldsmiths, Merchant Taylors,

Drapers, &c.

~Quarter Sessions~: the sessions or sittings of the Law Courts in a

county or city held every quarter.

~archives~: public records.

~sergeant~ means 'servant,' 'officer'--here of the law. Ordinarily it is

a rank in the army.

62. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART III.

~Advocate~: argue in favour of.

~tenacity~: perseverance, holding on. (Latin _teneo_, to hold.)

~livery~: because the members of the different trade companies used to

wear a distinguishing uniform or livery.

~fletchers~: arrow-makers. (French _fleche_, an arrow.)

~trust-money~: money entrusted for a certain purpose for which alone it

can be used.

~technical~: where useful trades and sciences are taught.

63. LONDON. GREATER LONDON.

~Conservative~: preserving, so far as convenient, the present state of

things.

~functions~: powers and duties.

~reformatory schools~: where boys and girls who have committed some

crime are sent to be reformed to better ways.

~assets~: property actually held, so that it can be set off against a

debt.

~democratic~: giving power and influence to the people.

~oligarchic~: giving power and influence to the few.

~'law worthiness'~: right to assist in the making of laws.

* * * * *

_Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London_

* * * * *

[Transcriber's Note: The following errors have been corrected in this text:

Page 6: Fitzstephen's to FitzStephen's

Page 68: fiteenth to fifteenth

Page 108: SEVENTEENTH to FIFTEENTH

Page 135: Westminter to Westminster

Page 223: alway to always

Page 246: Archishop to Archbishop

Page 256: supressed to suppressed

The following words are inconsistently hyphenated in the original text:

folk-mote, folkmote; Lud-gate, Ludgate; pack-horse, packhorse;

river-side, riverside.]