Albright, Horace M., and Taylor, Frank J. Oh, Ranger! A book about the
national parks. Illustrated.
Diller, J. S. Geological History of Crater Lake. An account of the
formation of Crater Lake.
Diller, J. S., and Patton, H. B. Geology and Petrography of Crater
Lake National Park. Professional Paper No. 3, U. S. Geological
Survey. 1902. 167 pp.
Eaton, Walter Prichard:
Sky-line camps. 1922. 268 pp., illustrated. A record of wanderings
in the northwestern mountains, from the Rockies in Glacier
National Park to Crater Lake National Park, and to the
Cascades in Washington and Oregon.
Boy Scouts at Crater Lake. 1922. 320 pp., illustrated. A story of
Crater Lake National Park in the high Cascades.
Kane, J. F. Picturesque America. 1935. 256 pp., illustrated. Published
by Frederick Gumbrecht, Brooklyn, N. Y. Crater Lake on pp.
27-29.
Kelley, Edgemond, and Chick. Three Scout Naturalists in the National
Parks. A book by three Eagle Scouts who made a 12,000-mile
field trip through the western national parks. Brewer, Warren
& Putnam, 1931.
Lapham, Stanton C. The souvenir book, The Enchanted Lake.
Mazama, The. Bulletin published by the “Mazamas.” (Mountaineering
Club), of Portland, Oreg.
McArthur, Lewis A. Oregon Geographic Names. 450 pp., illustrated, map.
Koke-Chapman Co., Eugene, Oreg. 1928.
Mills, Enos A. Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. 1917. Crater
Lake on pp. 137-147; 470-474.
Pernot, J. F. Forests of Crater Lake National Park. 40 pp., 26
illustrations. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
20 cents.
Rolfe, Mary A. Our National Parks, Book Two. A supplementary reader on
the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students. Benj.
H. Sanborn & Co., Chicago. 1928. Crater Lake on pp. 109-118.
Russell, I. C.:
Lakes of North America. 1895. 125 pp. Crater Lake on pp. 20-21.
Volcanoes of North America. 1897. 346 pp. Crater Lake on pp.
235-236.
Steel, W. G. The Mountains of Oregon. 1890. 112 pp. Crater Lake on pp.
12-33.
Victor, Frances Fuller. Atlantic Arisen. 1891. 412 pp. Crater Lake on
pp. 179-183.
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Du Puy, William Atherton. Conservation in the
Department of the Interior. Chapter on national parks, pp.
96-112. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1931.
Price $1.
Yard, Robert Sterling:
The Top of the Continent. 1917. 244 pp., illustrated. Crater Lake
on pp. 140-160.
The Book of the National Parks. 1926. 440 pp., 74 illustrations,
14 maps and diagrams. Crater Lake on pp. 184-201.
Panoramic View of Crater Lake National Park. 16½ by 18 inches; scale,
1 mile to the inch, Gives excellent idea of configuration of
surface as seen from the air. Superintendent of Documents,
Washington, D. C. 25 cents.
Map of Crater Lake National Park. About 14 by 19 inches; scale, 1 mile
to inch. United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 10
cents.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
[Briefed]
The Park Regulations are designed for the protection of the natural
features and scenery as well as for the comfort and convenience of
visitors. The following synopsis is for the general guidance of
visitors, who are requested to assist the administration by observing
the rules. Full regulations may be seen at the office of the
superintendent and ranger station.
_Fires._—Light carefully and only in designated campgrounds.
Extinguish completely before leaving camp, even for temporary absence.
Do not guess your fire is out—know it.
_Camps._—Use designated campgrounds. Keep the campgrounds clean.
Combustible rubbish shall be burned on camp fires, and all other
garbage and refuse of all kinds shall be placed in garbage cans or
pits provided for the purpose. Firewood is provided free of charge.
Camping is restricted to 30 days.
_Trash._—Do not throw paper, lunch refuse, film cartons, chewing-gum
paper, or other trash over the rim, on walks, trails, roads, or
elsewhere. Carry until you can burn in camp or place in receptacle.
_Trees, Flowers, and Animals._—The destruction, injury, or disturbance
in any way of the trees, flowers, birds, or animals is prohibited.
_Noises._—Be quiet in camp after others have gone to bed. Many people
come here for rest.
_Automobiles._—Careful driving is required at all times for protection
of yourself and other visitors. Your car must be equipped with good
brakes, horn, and lights. Passing on curves is prohibited. Obey
traffic rules. A gasoline and oil station is maintained on the main
highway at park headquarters. Gasoline and oil may also be secured at
the Rim Village. No other gasoline stations are available in the park.
The fee for automobile permit is $1.
_Dogs._—Dogs are prohibited in the park overnight and are not
permitted in the rim concentration area. When not in an automobile,
dogs must be on a leash at all times.
_Warning About Bears._—Do not feed the bears from the hand; they will
not harm you if not fed at close range. Bears will enter or break into
automobiles if food that they can smell is left inside. They will also
rob your camp of unprotected food supplies.
_Fishing._—A limit of 12 fish per person per day has been set for lake
angling. A catch of 20 fish is permitted in park streams. No fishing
license is necessary.
_Park Rangers._—The rangers are here to help and advise you. When in
doubt ask a ranger. Rangers at the Information Bureau, park
headquarters, and the several stations will be glad to help you plan
your activity while in Crater Lake and to explain the regulations.
Complete rules and regulations are available at park headquarters.
EVENTS
OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE
1853—John Wesley Hillman and a group of prospectors discovered the
lake and named it Deep Blue Lake.
1862—Chauncey Nye and party of prospectors, unaware of the previous
discovery, accidentally visited the lake.
1865—Soldiers from Fort Klamath, without knowledge of previous
discoveries, visited the lake and named it Lake Majesty.
1869—Jim Sutton, accompanied by David Linn and family, of
Jacksonville, visited the lake and named it Crater Lake.
1873—First photograph, a daguerreotype, taken of Crater Lake by Peter
Britt, southern Oregon pioneer.
1883—J. S. Diller, geologist, and Everett Hayden, of the United States
Geological Survey, visited the lake.
1885—William Gladstone Steel, with Prof. Joseph Le Conte, Capt.
Clarence E. Dutton, J. M. Brock, Jr., and others, visited
Crater Lake. Mr. Steel suggested that a national park be
established and a petition was sent to President Cleveland.
1886—The President issued a proclamation withdrawing 10 townships,
including Crater Lake. Lake surveyed and sounded by the United
States Geological Survey.
1888—First fish planted in Crater Lake by William Gladstone Steel.
1896—Mazamas visited Crater Lake and christened the ancestral
mountain, of which only the caldera and lower slopes remain,
Mount Mazama.
1902—Crater Lake National Park, created by congressional action,
approved by President Theodore Roosevelt. First
superintendent, W. F. Arant, appointed.
1907—First automobile driven to the rim of Crater Lake by Charles
True, from Medford, Oreg. The _Wocus_, the first boat used in
rendering a launch service to visitors, placed on the lake.
1912—Crater Lake Lodge, the oldest structure now existing in the rim
area, was built.
1927—Crater Lake Ski Club organized. First annual ski races held.
1931—Sinnott Memorial completed and dedicated.
1932—The Watchman Observation Station completed.
1935—Park approach roads and highway to rim open for first time
throughout winter.
OREGON CAVES
NATIONAL MONUMENT
Located 160 miles southwest of Crater Lake, the Oregon Caves National
Monument in Josephine County, administered by the superintendent and
staff of the Crater Lake National Park, is one of the most popular
scenic attractions of Oregon. The caves, occurring at an elevation of
4,000 feet in the heart of the Siskiyou Mountains, are easily reached
over hard-surfaced highways.
The monument is 20 miles distant from the famous Redwood Highway,
between Crescent City, Calif., and Grants Pass, Oreg. Motorists to the
monument turn off at Caves Junction, a small settlement at the junction
of the Redwood and Caves Highways.
The caverns, also known as the “Marble Halls of Oregon,” were discovered
by a pioneer bear hunter, Elijah Davidson, in 1874 when a bruin sought
refuge in their darkness. Davidson, intent on a kill, followed close
behind, aided by a flickering pitch torch. He made a cursory
exploration, followed by others in later years, but he never viewed the
many wonders of their interior as seen today by the visiting public.
There are several miles of winding passageways, large rooms, and scores
of fantastic formations weird in their eerie beauty.
The monument, covering 480 acres, was established by proclamation of
President Taft on July 12, 1909. During recent years numerous
improvements, such as new trails, steel ladders, illumination, and
removal of obstructions, have been completed to make the caves more
accessible and visits more enjoyable.
A limestone, long ago altered to marble, is the soluble rock in which
the passageways were formed. The caves offer outstanding underground
beauty along a route which brings visitors past their most attractive
formations, the result of constant water action for many thousands of
years. These formations assume odd, grotesque, and fantastic shapes,
resembling draperies, flowers, fruits, palaces, and gargoyles.
The rocks of the region are complexly folded, faulted, and metamorphosed
shales, sandstones, and minor bodies of limestone, intruded by vast
amounts of basic igneous rock, most of which is now serpentine. The
whole is crushed and squeezed into intricate and apparently hopeless
confusion from the structural and stratigraphic viewpoint.
Here and there in sparkling beauty are exquisite miniatures of Niagaras,
Gardens of Eden, cotton blossoms, forests, and castles. A number of the
unusual features carry such strange names as Music Room, River Styx,
Ghost Room, Dante’s Inferno, Paradise Lost, and Joaquin Miller’s Chapel.
Paradise Lost is the most beautiful exhibit of the caves with its
flowerlike stalactitic pendants adorning the walls of a room 60 feet
high.
Countless stalagmites and stalactites telling the story of the patience
of the ages are seen by visitors during the 2-hour guided trips through
the caves. Especially is this true of one of the columns, which is a
foot in diameter and was formed by the joining of a stalagmite and
stalactite.
Monument visitors are offered hotel accommodations at the Oregon Caves
Chateau near the cave’s entrance. Lodging and dining-room service is
provided. From the floor of a canyon, the bark-covered six stories of
the chateau attain complete harmony with the thick forests and
moss-covered rock ledges of the surrounding country.
Cottages are available at the caves, as well as a store where novelties
and pictures can be procured. Picnic grounds are maintained in the
monument.
During the summer months from June 15 to September 1, frequent guided
trips are offered. Guide service on more flexible schedules is available
throughout the year. This service is furnished by the operator.
During the summer season, evening campfire programs are offered in the
open air near the chateau, presenting talent from the Oregon colleges
employed in the monument. Park rangers give short talks on the monument
in conjunction with the musical programs.
[Illustration: THE OREGON CAVES CHATEAU]
LAVA BEDS
NATIONAL MONUMENT
Located in northern California, 105 miles south of Crater Lake, the Lava
Beds National Monument, administered by the Crater Lake National Park
staff since 1933, covers an area of 45,967 acres, noteworthy for
volcanic, historical, and archeological features of distinctive
importance.
The monument is usually open to travel the entire year, although winter
storms are liable to make dirt roads in and approaching the area
difficult to travel. The Lava Beds are 70 miles from Alturas, Calif.,
and 45 miles from Klamath Falls, Oreg., with the last few miles of each
route served by passable dirt roads. It can also be reached over
unimproved roads from Bieber, Calif., on the Redding-Alturas Highway,
and Bartle via Medicine Lake.
A vast field for geologic study is included in this area where at
intervals over a period of thousands of years volcanic activity seethed
in lava rivers issuing forth from fissures scattered over the entire
section. Geologically, the region is considered young, the age of the
last lava flows and the last cinder cones being estimated at 500 years
or slightly less.
Viewed from a distance, the monument appears as a fairly level terrain,
with a northeasterly slope interspersed with symmetrical cinder cones.
The lava rocks of the area are so porous and broken with shrinkage
cracks that water from scant rainfall passes immediately underground,
hence causing no erosion and leaving the monument features in the same
condition as they were when first constructed. While volcanic activity
has continued until modern times, the oldest formations are believed to
date back some 20,000 to 60,000 years.
Except in the southern third of the monument where cindery pumice covers
the surface, the visitor walks on solid lava. The small recent flows of
billowy lava, or the pahoehoe type, have spread out like thick molasses
or tar. It is in this type of lava that the caves and tunnels of the
monument are found. These were formed by the hardening of the surface
and sides of lava flows, becoming tubes when the molten lava core
drained out. They range from a few feet to several miles in length and
from 10 to 75 feet in height. Collapsed portions form long serpentlike
trenches of broken rock 20 to 100 feet deep and from 50 to 250 feet
wide, while narrow unbroken roof strips serve as natural bridges.
The caves being of volcanic origin, lava stalactites are in evidence in
some of them. Ice formations, the result of constantly freezing
temperatures and presence of moisture, are found in others. Over 300
caves have been located in the monument, but of this number only 130
have been explored. A small number of the more interesting caves are
open to the public. In exploring these caverns, visitors are given the
services of guides without cost during the summer months.
Two types of symbolic Indian writings add a touch of mystery to the
monument, suggesting the presence of ancient aborigines many centuries
ago. One type is made up of paintings (pictographs) on the walls of a
number of the caves and sides of natural bridges. The other type is
composed of carvings (petroglyphs) confined entirely to rocky bluffs
where the material was sufficiently soft to be cut out by stone tools.
The petroglyphs, located in an isolated portion of the monument, are
deeply carved and have successfully withstood the ravages of time.
Historical features of the monument recall the only major Indian war
ever fought on California soil and one of the most costly of its kind in
United States history. In 1872-73 a small band of Modoc Indians under
the leadership of Keintpoos, commonly known as Captain Jack, clashed
with a body of United States cavalry just north of the California line
following a rampage during which several settlers were killed. A short
time later, the Modocs established themselves in a natural lava fortress
in the northern part of the monument where they withstood a superior
force of soldiers for 5 months.
During this time several peace negotiations were attempted, reaching
their climax in an ill-fated peace parley a short distance from the
Indian stronghold. A number of Indians, including Captain Jack, gathered
with a peace commission, headed by General R. E. S. Canby, commander of
the besieging soldiers. During the truce parley, the Indians without
warning killed General Canby and one other member of the commission,
after which the Modocs fled to their stronghold. A cross, erected by
Canby’s soldiers on the spot, still stands.
It was not long after the killings that the Indians were subdued,
marking the end of Indian warfare in this section. The stronghold today
is much as it was over 60 years ago. Points of interest are plainly
marked; bleaching bones and rotting bits of leather are reminiscent of
the last stand of the Modocs.
Interesting to monument visitors also is the presence of wildlife.
During winter and spring seasons, mule deer can be seen in large
numbers, with 20 to 30 individual herds remaining in the area until the
arrival of warmer summer weather. Hundreds of birds are observed,
particularly valley quail and an abundance of raptores. Large numbers of
small mammals are seen throughout the year. Lava Reds bighorn formerly
roamed the monument but were exterminated by unrestricted hunting and
competition for the range by sheep and cattle 20 years ago. However,
their trails are still visible.
Administrative headquarters of the monument are maintained at Indian
Well, where a park ranger is in charge. A small museum of old war relics
and volcanic specimens is maintained here. A campground is nearby. No
gasoline, food, or other accommodations are available in the monument
but these can be procured within 20 miles of the area at Merrill, Oreg.
or Tide Lake, Calif.
[Illustration: NATURAL LAVA FORTRESSES WERE CAPTAIN JACK’S STRONGHOLD]