Chapter XIX): Wallace, Darwinism, 1889; Romanes, Darwin and After_Biology and Its Makers With Portraits and Other Illustrations

Darwin, vol. I, 1892; Metcalf, An Outline of the Theory of Organic

Evolution, 1904, good for illustrations. Color: Poulton, The Colors of

Animals; Chapters in Weismann's The Evolution Theory, 1904. Mimicry:

Weismann, _loc. cit._ Sexual Selection: Darwin, The Descent of Man,

new ed., 1892. Inadequacy of Nat. Selection: Spencer, The Inadequacy

of Natural Selection, 1893; Morgan, Evolution and Adaptation, 1903.

Kellogg, Darwinism To-day, 1907, contains a good account of criticisms

against Darwinism.

CHAPTER XVIII

Weismann's The Evolution Theory, translated by J.A. and Margaret

Thomson, 2 vols., 1904, contains the best statement of Weismann's

views. It is remarkably clear in its exposition of a complicated

theory. The Germ-Plasm, 1893; Romanes's An Examination of Weismannism,

1893. Inheritance of Acquired Characters: Weismann's discussion, _loc.

cit._, vol. II, very good. Romanes's Darwin and After Darwin, vol. II.

Personality of Weismann: Sketch and brief autobiography, in _The Lamp_,

vol. 26, 1903, portrait; Solomonsen, Bericht über die Feier des 70

Geburtstages von August Weismann, 1905, 2 portraits.

Mutation-Theory of De Vries: Die Mutations-Theorie, 1901; Species

and Varieties, their Origin by Mutation, 1905; Morgan, Evolution and

Adaptation, 1903, gives a good statement of the Mutation Theory,

which is favored by the author; Whitman, The Problem of the Origin

of Species, _Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St.

Louis_, 1904; Davenport, Evolution without Mutation, _Journ. Exp.

Zool._, April, 1905.

CHAPTER XIX

For early phases of Evolutionary thought consult Osborn, From the

Greeks to Darwin, 1894, and Clodd, Pioneers of Evolution, 1897. Suarez

and the Doctrine of Special Creation: Huxley, in Mr. Darwin's Critics,

_Cont. Rev._, p. 187, reprinted in Critiques and Addresses, 1873.

Buffon: In Packard's Life of Lamarck, chapter 13. E. Darwin: Krause's

Life of E. Darwin translated into English, 1879; Packard, _loc. cit._

Goethe: Die Idee der Pflanzenmetamorphose bei Wolff und bei Goethe,

Kirchoff, 1867; Goethe's Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen, 1790. Oken: His

Elements of Physiophilosophy, Ray Soc., 1847. Cuvier and St. Hilaire:

Perrier, La Philosophie Zoologique avant Darwin, 1884; Osborn, _loc.

cit._ Darwin and Wallace: The original communications of Darwin and

Wallace, with a letter of transmissal signed by Hooker and Lyell,

published in the _Trans. Linnæan Soc._ for 1858, were reprinted in the

_Pop. Sci. Mo._, vol. 60, 1901. Darwin: Personality and biography (For

references to his theory see under Chapter XVII); Life and letters by

his son, 3 vols., 1887, new ed., 1896; More Letters of Charles Darwin,

2 vols., 1903; Chapter in Marshall's Lectures on the Darwinian Theory;

Darwin, Naturalist's Voyage around the World, 1880; Gould, Biographical

Clinics, for Darwin's illness due to eye-strain; Poulton, Chas. Darwin

and the Theory of Natural Selection, 1896. Wallace: My Life, 2 vols.,

1905; The Critic, Oct., 1905. Huxley: Life and Letters by his son,

1901; Numerous sketches at the time of his death, 1895, in _Nature_,

_Nineteenth Century_, _Pop. Sci. Mo._, etc., etc. Haeckel: His Life and

Work by Bölsche, 1906.

CHAPTER XX

It is deemed best to omit the references to Technical papers upon which

the summaries of recent tendencies are based. Morgan's Experimental

Zoology, 1907. Jennings, Behavior of the Lower Organisms, 1906.

Mosquitoes and other insects in connection with the transmission of

disease, see Folsom, Entomology, 1906, chapter IX, p. 299. Biological

Laboratories: Dean, The Marine Biological Stations of Europe, _Ann.

Rept. Smithson. Inst._, 1894; Marine Biolog. Station at Naples,

_Harper's Mag._, 1901; The _Century_, vol. 10 (Emily Nunn Whitman);

Williams, A History of Science, vol. V, chapter V, 1904; _Am. Nat._,

vol. 31, 1897; _Pop. Sci. Mo._, vol. 54, 1899; _ibid._, vol. 59, 1901.

Woods Hole Station--A Marine University, _Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst._,

1902.

INDEX

Abiogenesis, 277

Acquired characters, inheritance of, 314;

Weismann on, 398

Agassiz, essay on classification, 137;

agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record, 334;

fossil fishes, 334;

portrait, 334

Aldrovandi, 115

Alternative inheritance, 316

Amphimixis, the source of variations, 396

Anatomical sketches, the earliest, 32;

from Vesalius, 31, 33

Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of, 442

Anatomy, of Aristotle, 23;

beginnings of, 23;

earliest known illustrations, 32;

of Galen, 24;

of the Middle Ages, 24;

comparative, rise of, 141-165;

of insects, Dufour, 109;

Lyonet, 91;

Malpighi, 63;

Newport, 100;

Réaumur, 96;

Roesel, 96;

Straus-Dürckheim, 96;

Swammerdam, 70, 73-77;

minute, progress of, 89-104;

of plants, Grew, 56;

Malpighi, 66

Ancients, return to the science of, 112

Animal behavior, studies of, 441

Animal kingdom of Cuvier, 133

Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation, 409

Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek, 78

Aristotle, 9-15;

books of, 13;

errors of, 13;

estimate of, 10;

extensive knowledge of animals, 12;

the founder of natural history, 9;

influence of, 15;

personal appearance, 13, 14;

portrait, 14;

position in the development of science, 11

Arrest of inquiry, effect of, 17

Augustine, St., on creation, 409

Authority declared the source of knowledge, 18

Bacteria, discovery of, 276;

disease-producing, 300;

and antiseptic surgery, 302;

nitrifying, of the soil, 303

Bacteriology, development of, 276

Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology, 195-236;

his great classic on development of animals, 214;

and germ-layers, 218;

makes embryology comparative, 220;

and Pander 218;

period in embryology, 214-226;

portraits, 216, 217;

his rank in embryology, 220;

his especial service, 217;

sketches from his embryological treatise, 221

Balfour, masterly work of, 226;

his period in embryology, 226-232;

personality, 228;

portrait, 227;

tragic fate, 228;

university career, 227

Bary, H.A. de, 271;

portrait, 272

Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease, 294

Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system, 183;

portrait, 184

Berengarius, 26

Bernard, Claude, in physiology, 190;

personality, 191;

portrait, 191

Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam, 73

Bichat, and the birth of histology, 166-178;

Buckle's estimate of, 166, 167;

education, 167;

in Paris, 167;

personality, 168;

phenomenal industry, 168;

portrait, 169;

results of his work, 170;

writings, 170;

successes of, 170

Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus, 126

Biological facts, application of, 443

Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of, 445;

the station at Naples, 444;

picture of, 445;

the Woods Hole station, 444

Biological periodicals, 446

Biological progress, continuity of, 434;

atmosphere engendered by,

448;

from Linnæus to Darwin, 138-140

Biology, defined, 4;

domain of, 4, 5;

epochs of, 20;

progress of, 3, 5;

applied, 443

Boerhaave, quoted, 71, 72;

and Linnæus, 122

Bois-Reymond, Du, 189;

portrait, 189

Bones, fossil, 322, 324

Bonnet, and emboîtement, 208;

opposition to Wolff, 211;

portrait, 212

Books, the notable, of biology, 435

Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells, 243

Buckland, 324

Buckle, on Bichat, 166, 167

Buffon, 129, 411;

portrait, 412;

position in evolution, 412

Cæsalpinus, on the circulation, 50

Cajal, Ramon y, 176;

portrait, 176

Camper, anatomical work of, 143;

portrait, 144

Carpenter, quoted, 170

Carpi, the anatomist, 26

Castle, experiments on inheritance, 316

Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier, 326;

Lyell on, 331

Caulkins, on protozoa, 109

Cell, definition of, 258;

diagram of, 257;

earliest known pictures of, 238, 239;

in heredity, 257

Cell-lineage, 234, 442

Cell-theory, announcement of, 242;

effect on embryology, 222, 224;

founded by Schleiden and Schwann, 242;

Schleiden's contribution, 247;

Schwann's treatise, 248;

modifications of, 250;

vague foreshadowings of, 237

Child, studies on regulation, 440

Chromosomes, 254, 312

Circulation of the blood, Harvey, 46, 47;

Servetus, 50;

Columbus, 50;

Cæsalpinus, 50;

in the capillaries, 84;

Leeuwenhoek's sketch of, 83;

Vesalius on, with illustration, 49

Classification of animals, tabular view of, 137-138

Cohn, portrait, 271

Color, in evolution, 386

Columbus, on the circulation, 50

Comparative anatomy, rise of, 141-165;

becomes experimental, 165

Cope, in comparative anatomy, 165;

portrait, 336;

important work in palæontology, 337, 437

Creation, Aquinas on, 409;

St. Augustine on, 408;

special, 410;

evolution the method of, 348

Cuvier, birth and early education, 149;

and catastrophism, 326;

comprehensiveness of mind, 154;

correlation of parts, 133;

debate with St. Hilaire, 416;

domestic life, 155;

forerunners of, 143;

founds comparative anatomy, 154;

founder of vertebrate palæontology, 325;

his four branches of the animal kingdom, 132;

goes to Paris, 151;

life at the seashore, 150;

opposition to Lamarck, 414;

portraits, 152, 153;

physiognomy, 152;

and the rise of comparative anatomy, 141-156;

shortcomings of, 156;

successors of, 156;

type-theory of, 133

Darwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose, 427;

factors of evolution, 380;

habits of work, 426;

home life, 423;

at Downs, 426;

ill health, 426;

naturalist on the Beagle, 425;

natural selection, 383;

opens note-book on the origin of species, 426;

personality, 422;

portraits, 381, 423;

parallelism in thought with Wallace, 427;

publication of the Origin of Species, 429;

his other works, 391, 429;

theory of pangenesis, 306;

variation in nature, 382;

the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the

Linnæan Society, 420-422;

working hours, 426;

summary of his theory, 405

Darwin, Erasmus, 413;

portrait, 413

Darwinism and Lamarckism confused, 391;

not the same as organic evolution, 347

Davenport, experiments, 319

Deluge, and the deposit of fossils, 323

De Vries, mutation theory of, 402;

portrait, 403;

summary, 406

Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy, 100

Dujardin, 250, 262;

discovers sarcode, 250, 266;

portrait, 265;

writings, 264

Edwards, H. Milne-, 157;

portrait, 157

Ehrenberg, 106, 107;

portrait, 108

Embryological record, interpretation of, 229

Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of, 194-236;

experimental, 232;

gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos, 361;

theoretical, 235

Epochs in biological history, 20

Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding, 345;

controversies regarding the factors, 346, 369;

factors of, 368;

effect on embryology, 225;

on palæontology, 332;

nature of the question regarding, 348;

a historical question, 348;

the historical method in, 348;

sweep of, 366;

one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge, 366;

predictions verified, 367;

theories of, 369;

Lamarck, 369;

Darwin, 386;

Weismann, 392;

De Vries, 402;

summary of evolution theories, 404;

vagueness regarding, 346

Evolutionary series, 351;

shells, 351;

horses, 354

Evolutionary thought, rise of, 407-433;

views of certain fathers of the church, 408

Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey, 39-53

Experimental work in biology, 439

Fabrica, of Vesalius, 30

Fabricius, Harvey's teacher, 41;

portrait, 43

Factors of evolution, 369

Fallopius, 36;

portrait, 37

Flood, fossils ascribed to, 323

Fossil life, the science of, 320-341;

bones, 322, 325;

horses in America, 355;

collections in New

Haven, 355;

in New York, 355;

man, 340, 364;

Neanderthal skull, 365;

ape-like man, 364

Fossil remains an index to past history, 329

Fossils, arrangement in strata, 328;

ascribed to the flood, 323;

their comparison with living animals, 324;

from the Fayûm district, 341;

method of collecting, 340;

nature of, 322;

determination of, by Cuvier, 325;

Da Vinci, 322;

Steno, 322;

strange views regarding, 320

Galen, 23, 180;

portrait, 25

Galton, law of ancestral inheritance, 318;

portrait, 317

Geer, De, on insects, 95

Gegenbaur, 163;

portrait, 164

Generation, Wolff's theory of, 210

Germ-cells, organization of, 210

Germ-layers, 218

Germ-plasm, continuity of, 393;

complexity of, 395;

the hereditary substance, 311;

union of germ-plasms the source of variations, 396

Germ-theory of disease, 293

Germinal continuity, 224, 308;

doctrine of, 224, 311, 393

Germinal elements, 305

Germinal selection, 397

Germinal substance, 310

Gesner, 112;

personality, 113;

portrait, 114;

natural history of, 113

Gill-clefts in embryos, 361

Goodsir, 174

Grew, work of, 56

Haeckel, 431;

portrait, 432

Haller, fiber-theory, 242;

opposition to Wolff, 211;

in physiology, 181;

portrait, 182

Harvey, and experimental observation, 39-53;

his argument for the circulation, 51;

discovery of the circulation, 47;

his great classic, 46;

education, 40;

in embryology, 198;

embryological treatise, 199, 200;

frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651), 201;

influence of, 52;

introduces experimental

method, 47;

at Padua, 41;

period in physiology, 180;

personal appearance and qualities, 42, 44, 45;

portrait, 44;

predecessors of, 48;

question as to his originality, 46;

his teacher, 43;

writings, 45

Heredity, 305;

a cellular study, 257;

according to Darwin, 307;

Weismann, 309;

application of statistics to, 314;

inheritance of acquired characters, 314;

steps in advance of knowledge of, 308

Hertwig, Oskar, portrait, 231;

service in embryology, 232;

Richard, quoted, 125

Hilaire, St., portrait, 416;

see St. Hilaire

His, Wilhelm, 232;

portrait, 233

Histology, birth of, 166-178;

Bichat its founder, 170;

normal and pathological, 172;

text-books of, 177

Hooke, Robert, 55;

his microscope illustrated, 55

Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace, 420-422

Horse, evolution of, 354

Human ancestry, links in, 364, 365

Human body, evolution of, 363

Human fossils, 340, 364

Hunter, John, 144;

portrait, 145

Huxley, in comparative anatomy, 161;

influence on biology, 430;

in palæontology, 335;

portrait, 430

Inheritance, alternative, Mendel, 316;

ancestral, 318;

Darwin's theory of, 306;

material basis of, 311-313;

nature of, 305

Inheritance of acquired characters, 314;

Lamarck on, 377;

Weismann on, 398

Inquiry, the arrest of, 17

Insects, anatomy of, Dufour, 106;

Malpighi, 63;

illustration, 65;

Newport, 100;

Leydig, 102;

Straus-Dürckheim, 96;

Swammerdam, 70, 75;

illustration, 76;

theology of, 91

Jardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes, 372

Jennings, on animal behavior, 109, 441

Jonston, 114

Klein, 118

Koch, Robert, discoveries of, 300;

portrait, 301

Koelliker, in embryology, 224;

in histology, 171;

portrait, 173

Kowalevsky, in embryology, 224;

portrait, 225

Lacaze-Duthiers, 158;

portrait, 159

Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy, 372;

compared with Cuvier, 327;

education, 371;

first announcement of his evolutionary views, 375;

forerunners of, 411;

first use of a genealogical tree, 131;

founds invertebrate palæontology, 326;

on heredity, 377;

laws of evolution, 376;

military experience, 370;

opposition to, 414;

Philosophie Zoologique, 375;

portrait, 373;

position in science, 132;

salient points in his theory, 378;

his theory of evolution, 374;

compared with that of Darwin, 390, 391;

time and favorable conditions, 378;

use and disuse, 374

Leeuwenhoek, 77-87;

new biographical facts, 78;

capillary circulation, 84, 85;

sketch of, 83;

comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam, 87;

discovery of the protozoa, 105;

other discoveries, 85;

and histology, 178;

his microscopes, 81;

pictures of, 82, 83;

occupation of, 78;

portrait, 79;

scientific letters, 83;

theoretical views, 86

Leibnitz, 208

Leidy in palæontology, 337

Lesser's theology of insects, 91

Leuckart, 136;

portrait, 136

Leydig, 102;

anatomy of insects, 102;

in histology, 175;

portrait, 175

Linnæan system, reform of, 130-138

Linnæus, 118-130;

binomial nomenclature, 127;

his especial service, 126;

features of his work, 127, 128;

his idea of species, 128, 129;

influence on natural history, 125;

personal appearance, 125;

personal history, 119;

portrait, 124;

helped by his fiancée, 120;

return to Sweden, 123;

and the rise of natural history, 100-130;

the Systema Naturæ, 121, 125, 127;

professor in Upsala, 123;

celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth, 124;

as university lecturer, 123;

wide recognition, 122;

summary on, 129-130

Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery, 302;

portrait, 302

Loeb, 234;

on artificial fertilization, 441;

on regulation, 440

Ludwig, in physiology, 160;

portrait, 160

Lyell, epoch-making work in geology, 330;

letter on Darwin and Wallace, 420-422;

portrait, 331

Lyonet, 89;

portrait and personality, 90;

great monograph on insect anatomy, 91;

illustrations from, 92, 93, 94, 95;

extraordinary quality of his sketches, 92

Malpighi, 58-67;

activity in research, 62;

anatomy of plants, 66;

anatomy of the silkworm, 63;

compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, 87;

work in embryology, 66, 202;

rank as embryologist, 205;

honors at home and abroad, 61;

personal appearance, 58;

portraits, 59, 204;

sketches from his embryological treatises, 203;

and the theory of pre-delineation, 203

Man, antiquity of, 364;

evolution of, 363;

fossil, 340, 364

Marsh, O.C., portrait, 337

Meckel, J. Fr., 162;

portrait, 162

Men, of biology, 7, 8;

the foremost, 437;

of science, 7

Mendel, 315;

alternative inheritance, 316;

law of, 315;

purity of the germ-cells, 316;

portrait, 315;

rank of Mendel's discovery, 316, 317

Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of, 55;

Leeuwenhoek's, 81,

Figs. of, 82, 83

Microscopic observation, introduction of, 54;

of Hooke, 55;

Grew, 55;

Ehrenberg, 106;

Malpighi, 66, 67;

Leeuwenhoek, 81, 84, 85, 105

Microscopists, the pioneer, 54

Middle Ages, a remolding period, 19;

anatomy in, 24

Milne-Edwards, portrait, 157

Mimicry, 387

Mohl, Von, 268;

portrait, 269

Müller, Fritz, 230;

O. Fr., 106

Müller, Johannes, as anatomist, 163;

general influence, 185;

influence on physiology, 185;

as a teacher, 185;

his period in physiology, 184;

personality, 185;

portrait, 187;

physiology after Müller, 188

Nägeli, portrait, 268

Naples, biological station at, 446;

picture of, 445

Natural history, of Gesner, 112, 113, 114;

of Ray, 115-118;

of Linnæus, 118-130;

sacred, 110;

rise of scientific, 110-130

Natural selection, 383;

discovery of, 427;

Darwin and Wallace on, 429;

extension of, by Weismann, 397;

illustrations of, 384;

inadequacy of, 389

Nature, continuity of, 367;

return to, 19;

renewal of observation, 19

Naturphilosophie, school of, 160

Neanderthal skull, 365

Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation, 281

Neo-Lamarckism, 380

Newport, on insect anatomy, 100

Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3

Nomenclature of biology, 126, 127

Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown, 243;

division of, 256, 313

Observation, arrest of, 17;

renewal of, 19;

in anatomy, 26;

and experiment the method of science, 22, 39

Oken, on cells, 241;

portrait, 160

Omne vivum ex ovo, 200

Omnis cellula e cellula, 309

Organic evolution, doctrine of, 345-367;

influence of, on embryology, 225;

theories of, 368-406;

rise of

evolutionary thought, 407-433;

sweep of the doctrine of, 366

Osborn, quoted, 10, 364, 410;

in palæontology, 339

Palæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate, 325;

of the Fayûm district, 341;

Lamarck founder of invertebrate, 326;

Agassiz, 332;

Cope, 337;

Huxley, 335;

Lyell, 330;

Marsh, 337;

Osborn, 339;

Owen, 332;

William Smith, 328;

steps in the rise of, 329

Pander, and the germ-layer theory, 218

Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of, 306

Pasteur, on fermentation, 294;

spontaneous generation, 288;

inoculation for hydrophobia, 299;

investigation of microbes, 298;

personality, 296;

portrait, 295;

his supreme service, 299;

veneration of, 294

Pasteur Institute, foundation of, 299;

work of, 300

Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance, 318

Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire, 416

Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck, 375

Physiologus, the sacred natural history, 110-112

Physiology, of the ancients, 179;

rise of, 179-194;

period of Harvey, 180;

of Haller, 181;

of J. Müller, 184;

great influence of Müller, 185;

after Müller, 188

Pithecanthropus erectus, 341, 360

Pliny, portrait, 16

Pouchet, on spontaneous generation, 286

Pre-delineation, theory of, 206;

rise of, Malpighi, 207;

Swammerdam, 208;

Wolff, 210

Pre-formation. See Pre-delineation

Primitive race of men, 366

Protoplasm, 259;

discovery of, 250, 262;

doctrine and sarcode, 270, 273;

its movements, 261;

naming of, 269;

its powers, 260

Protozoa, discovery of, 104;

growth of knowledge concerning, 104-109

Purkinje, portrait, 267

Rathke, in comparative anatomy, 163;

in embryology, 223

Ray, John, 115;

portrait, 116;

and species, 117

Réaumur, 96;

portrait, 98

Recapitulation theory, 230

Recent tendencies, in biology, 437;

in embryology, 232

Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life, 279;

portrait, 280

Remak, in embryology, 223

Roesel, on insects, 95;

portrait, 97

Sarcode and protoplasm, 273, 275

Scala Naturæ, 131

Scale of being, 131

Schleiden, 243;

contribution to the cell-theory, 248;

personality, 247;

portrait, 246

Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine, 272;

in histology, 172;

portrait, 273

Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation, 284

Schwann, and the cell-theory, 242, 244, 248, 249;

in histology, 171;

and spontaneous generation, 284

Science, of the ancients, return to, 112;

conditions under which it developed, 8;

biological, 4

Servetus, on circulation of the blood, 50

Severinus, in comparative anatomy, 143;

portrait, 143

Sexual selection, 388

Shells, evolution of, 352, 353

Siebold, Von, 134, 135;

portrait, 135

Silkworm, Malpighi on, 63;

Pasteur on, 299

Smith, Wm., in geology, 328

Spallanzani, experiments on generation, 282;

portrait, 283

Special creation, theory of, 410

Species, Ray, 117;

Linnæus, 129;

are they fixed in nature, 350;

origin of, 350-364

Spencer, 418;

his views on evolution in 1852, 419

Spontaneous generation, belief in, 278;

disproved, 292;

first experiments on, 278;

new form of the question, 281;

Redi, 279;

Pasteur,

288;

Pouchet, 286;

Spallanzani, 282;

Tyndall, 290

Steno, on fossils, 322

Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph, 96;

illustrations from, 101

Suarez, and the theory of special creation, 410

Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ, 73;

illustrations from, 74, 76;

early interest in natural history, 68;

life and works, 67-77;

love of minute anatomy, 70;

method of work, 71;

personality, 67;

portrait, 69;

compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, 87

System, Linnæan, reform of, 130-138

Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus, 121, 127

Theory, the cell-, 242;

the protoplasm, 272;

of organic evolution, 345-368;

of special creation, 410

Tyndall, on spontaneous generation, 289;

his apparatus for getting optically pure air, 290

Type-theory, of Cuvier, 132

Uniformatism, and catastrophism, 331

Variation, of animals, in a state of nature, 382;

origin of, according to Weismann, 396

Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science, 22-38;

great book of, 30;

as court physician, 35;

death, 36;

force and independence, 27;

method of teaching anatomy, 28, 29;

opposition to,

34;

personality, 22, 27, 30;

physiognomy, 30;

portrait, 29;

predecessors of, 26;

especial service of, 37;

sketches from his works, 31, 33, 34, 49

Vicq d'Azyr, 146;

portrait, 147

Vinci, Leonardo da, and fossils, 322

Virchow, and germinal continuity, 225;

in histology, 174;

portrait, 174

Vries, Hugo de, his mutation theory, 403;

portrait, 403;

summary of theory, 406

Wallace, and Darwin, 420;

his account of the conditions under which his theory originated, 427;

portrait, 428;

writings, 427

Weismann, the man, 399;

quotation from autobiography, 401;

personal qualities, 399;

portrait, 400;

his theory of the germ-plasm, 392-399;

summary of his theory, 405

Whitney collection of fossil horses, 355

Willoughby, his connection with Ray, 115

Wolff, on cells, 240;

his best work, 211;

and epigenesis, 205;

and Haller, 211, 214;

opposed by Bonnet and Haller, 211;

his period in embryology, 205-214;

personality, 214;

plate from his Theory of Generation, 209;

the Theoria Generationis, 210

Wyman, Jeffries, on spontaneous generation, 289

Zittel, in palæontology, 338;

portrait, 339