2 M. Krumbacher (_Byzant. Zeitschr._, XVI, 1907, p. 710) notes, in
connection with the idea that I am defending here: "In ähnlicher Weise war
dieser Gedanke (der Ueberflügelung des Abendlandes durch die auf allen
Kulturgebieten vordringende Regsamkeit der Orientalen) kurz vorher in
meiner Skizze der byzantinischen Literatur (_Kultur der Gegenwart_, I, 8
[1907], pp. 246-253) auseinandergelegt worden; es ist ein erfreulicher und
bei dem Wirrsal widerstreitender Doctrinen tröstlicher Beweis für den
Fortschritt der Erkenntniss, dass {215} zwei von ganz verschiedenen
Richtungen ausgehende Diener der Wissenschaft sich in so wichtigen
allgemeinen Fragen so nahe kommen."
3. Cf. Kornemann, "Aegyptische Einflüsse im römischen Kaiserreich" (_Neue
Jahrb. für das klass. Altertum_, II, 1898, p. 118 ff.) and Otto Hirschfeld,
_Die kaiserl. Verwaltungsbeamten_, 2d. ed., p. 469.
4. See Cicero's statement regarding the ancient Roman dominion (_De off._,
II, 8): "Illud patrocinium orbis terrae verius quam imperium poterat
nominari."
5. O. Hirschfeld, _op. cit._, pp. 53, 91, 93, etc.; cf. Mitteis,
_Reichsrecht und Volksrecht_, p. 9, n. 2, etc. Thus have various
institutions been transmitted from the ancient Persians to the Romans; see
Ch. VI, n. 5.
6. Rostovtzew, "Der Ursprung des Kolonats" (_Beiträge zur alten Gesch._, I,
1901, p. 295); Haussoullier, _Histoire de Milet et du Didymeion_, 1902, p.
106.
7. Mitteis, _Reichsrecht und Volksrecht in den östlichen Provinzen_, 1891,
pp. 8 ff.
8. Mommsen, _Gesammelte Schriften_, II, 1905, p. 366: "Seit Diocletian
übernimmt der östliche Reichsteil, die _partes Orientis_, auf allen
Gebieten die Führung. Dieser späte Sieg des Hellenismus über die Lateiner
ist vielleicht nirgends auffälliger als auf dem Gebiet der juristischen
Schriftstellerei."
9. De Vogüe and Duthoit, _L'Architecture civile et religieuse de la Syrie
centrale_, Paris, 1866-1877.
10. This result is especially due to the researches of M. Strzygowski, but
we cannot enter here into the controversies aroused by his publications:
_Orient oder Rom_, 1911; _Hellas in des Orients Umarmung_, Munich, 1902,
and especially _Kleinasien, ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte_, Leipsic,
1903; [cf. the reports of Ch. Diehl, _Journal des Savants_, 1904, pp. 236
ff. = _Etudes byzantines_, 1905, pp. 336 ff.; Gabriel Millet, _Revue
archéolog._, 1905, I, pp. 93 ff.; Marcel Laurent, _Revue de l'Instr. publ.
en Belgique_, 1905, pp. 145 ff.]; _Mschatta_, 1904, [cf. _infra_, Ch. VI,
n. 12].--M. Bréhier, "Orient ou Byzance?" (_Rev. archéol._, 1907, II, pp.
396 ff.), gives a substantial summary of the question.--In his last volume,
_Amida_ (1910), M. {216} Strzygowski tries to find the source of medieval
art in Mesopotamia. For this controversy see Diehl's _Manuel d'art
byzantin_, 1910.
11. See also Pliny, _Epist. Traian._, 40: "Architecti tibi [in Bithynia]
deesse non possunt ... cum ex Graecia etiam ad nos [at Rome] venire soliti
sint."--Among the names of architects mentioned in Latin inscriptions there
are a great many revealing Greek or Oriental origin (see Ruggiero, _Dizion.
epigr._, s. v. "Architectus"), in spite of the consideration which their
eminently useful profession always enjoyed at Rome.
12. The question of the artistic and industrial influences exercised by the
Orient over Gaul during the Roman period, has been broached
frequently--among others by Courajod (_Leçons du Louvre_, I, 1899, pp. 115,
327 ff.)--but it has never been seriously studied in its entirety.
Michaëlis has recently devoted a suggestive article to this subject in
connection with a statue from the museum of Metz executed in the style of
the school of Pergamum (_Jahrb. der Gesellsch. für lothring. Geschichte_,
XVII, 1905, pp. 203 ff.). By the influence of Marseilles in Gaul, and the
ancient connection of that city with the towns of Hellenic Asia, he
explains the great difference between the works of sculpture discovered
along the upper Rhine, which had been civilized by the Italian legions, and
those unearthed on the other side of the Vosges. This is a very important
discovery, rich in results. We believe, however, that Michaëlis ascribes
too much importance to the early Marseilles traders traveling along the old
"tin road" towards Brittany and the "amber road" towards Germany. The
Asiatic merchants and artisans did not set out from one point only. There
were many emigrants all over the valley of the Rhone. Lyons was a
half-Hellenized city, and the relations of Arles with Syria, of Nîmes with
Egypt, etc., are well known. We shall speak of them in connection with the
religions of those countries.
13. Even in the bosom of the church the Latin Occident of the fourth
century was still subordinate to the Greek Orient, which imposed its
doctrinal problems upon it (Harnack, _Mission und Ausbreitung_, II, p. 283,
n. 1).
14. The sacred formulas have been collected by Alb. Dieterich, _Eine
Mithrasliturgie_, pp. 212 ff. He adds [Greek: Doiê soi Osiris to psuchron
hudôr], {217} _Archiv für Religionswiss_., VII, 1905, p. 504, n. 1. [Cf.
_infra_, ch. IV, n. 90.] Among the hymns of greatest importance for the
Oriental cults we must cite those in honor of Isis, discovered in the
island of Andros (Kaibel, _Epigr._, 4028) and elsewhere (see ch. IV, n. 6).
Fragments of hymns in honor of Attis have been preserved by Hippolytus
(_Philosoph._, V, 9. pp. 168 ff.) The so-called orphic hymns (Abel,
_Orphica_, 1883), which date back to a rather remote period, do not seem to
contain many Oriental elements (see Maas, _Orpheus_, 1893, pp. 173 ff.),
but this does not apply to the gnostic hymns of which we possess very
instructive fragments.--Cf. _Mon. myst. de Mithra_, I, p. 313, n. 1.
15. Regarding the imitations of the stage, see Adami, _De poetis scen.
Graecis hymnorum sacrorum imitatoribus_, 1901. Wünsch has shown the
liturgic character of a prayer to Asklepios, inserted by Herondas into his
mimiambi (_Archiv für Religionswiss._, VII, 1904, pp. 95 ff.) Dieterich
believes he has found an extensive extract from the Mithraic liturgy in a
magic papyrus of Paris (see _infra_, ch. VI, Bibliography). But all these
discoveries amount to very little if we think of the enormous number of
liturgic texts that have been lost, and even in the case of ancient Greece
we know little regarding this sacred literature. See Ausfeld, _De Graecorum
precationibus_, Leipsic, 1903; Ziegler, _De precationum apud Graecos formis
quaestiones selectae_, Breslau, 1905; H. Schmidt, _Veteres philosophi
quomodo iudicaverint de precibus_, Giessen, 1907.
16. For instance, the hymn "which the magi sung" about the steeds of the
supreme god; its contents are given by Dion Chrysostom, Oral., XXXVI, 39
(see _Mon. myst. Mithra_, I. p. 298; II, p. 60).
17. I have in mind the hymns of Cleanthes (Von Arnim, _Stoic. fragm._, I,
Nos. 527, 537), also Demetrius's act of renunciation in Seneca, _De
Provid._, V, 5, which bears a surprising resemblance to one of the most
famous Christian prayers, the _Suscipe_ of Saint Ignatius which concludes
the book of Spiritual Exercises (Delehaye, _Les légendes hagiographiques_,
1905, p. 170, n. 1).--In this connection we ought to mention the prayer
translated in the _Asclepius_, the Greek text {218} of which has recently
been found on a papyrus (Reitzenstein, _Archiv für Religionswiss._, VII,
1904, p. 395). On pagan prayers introduced into the Christian liturgy see
Reitzenstein and Wendland, _Nachrichten Ges. Wiss._, Göttingen, 1910, pp.
325 ff.
18. This point has been studied more in detail in our _Monuments relatifs
aux mystères de Mithra_, from which we have taken parts of the following
observations (I, pp. 21 ff.).
19. Lucian's authorship of the treatise [Greek: Peri tês Suriês theou] has
been questioned but wrongly; see Maurice Croiset, _Essai sur Lucien_, 1882,
pp. 63, 204. I am glad to be able to cite the high authority of Nöldeke in
favor of its authenticity. Nöldeke writes me on this subject: "Ich habe
jeden Zweifel daran schon lange aufgegeben.... Ich habe lange den Plan
gehabt, einen Commentar zu diesem immerhin recht lehrreichen Stück zu
schreiben and viel Material dazu gesammelt. Aus der Annahme der Echtheit
dieser Schrift ergiebt sich mir, dass auch das [Greek: Peri astronomias]
echt ist."
20. Cf. Frisch, _De compositione libri Plutarchei qui inscribitur_, [Greek:
Peri Isidos], Leipsic, 1906, and the observations of Neustadt, _Berl.
Philol. Wochenschr._, 1907, p. 1117.--One of Plutarch's sources is the
[Greek: Ioudaika] by Apion.--See also Scott Moncrieft, _Journ. of Hell.
Studies_, XIX, 1909, p. 81.