~Motors.~--300 h.p. made up of two 150 h_Jane's All the World's Aircraft. 1913

behind the other.

~Speed.~--41 m.p.h. (66 km.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval, 4-bladed, semi-rigid steel.

~Steering.~--As in others.

Remarks.--Station, Cologne, (Coeln).

PARSEVAL P.L. 9 (1910), & 10. (Building 1913.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 164 feet (50m.) ~maximum diameter~, 26-1/4 feet (8m.)

~volume~, 77,700 c. feet (2,200m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--2,910 lbs. (1,320 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Continental fabric. One central ballonet instead of the

usual two.

~Motors.~--1 N.A.G. of 50 h.p.

~Speed.~--25 m.p.h. (40 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--One 2-bladed, wooden. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.)

~Steering.~--Differs from other standard types, in that only one

ballonet being fitted, an elevator is introduced under the bow.

Remarks.--Small ships for sporting purposes. A remarkably successful

type of small dirigible. A small _P.L. 5_, burned 1912. _P.L. 10_

delayed owing to press of other work.

[Illustration: PARSEVAL TYPE D.]

PARSEVAL P.L. 11. = P. III. Military. (1911.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 272-1/3 feet (83 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 53 feet

(16.20 m.) ~volume~, 388,450 c. feet (11,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, each of 200 h.p.=400 total.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (67 k.p.h.) (18.3 metres p. sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed Parseval.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station, Koenigsberg.

PARSEVAL P.L. 12. "Charlotte." (1912.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 259 feet (79 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 49-3/4 feet

(15.20 m.) ~volume~, 300,750 c. feet (8,800 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each=220 total.

~Speed.~--33-1/2 m.p.h.=54 k.p.h. (15 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station: Wanne.

PARSEVAL P.L. 16 = P. IV. Military. (1913.)

+---------------+

| |

| _Completing._ |

| |

+---------------+

~Maximum length~, 308-1/2 feet (94 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 51-1/2 feet

(15.50 m.) ~volume~, 353,000 c. feet (10,000 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzler.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach, of 180 each=360 h.p.

~Speed.~--45 m.p.h.=72 k.p.h. (20 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed, wooden (on trial).

Remarks.--For the Prussian Army. Station: Berlin.

RUTHENBERG II. (1911). H. Ruthenberg, Lehderstrasse 16/19, Weissensee

bei Berlin: also Luftfahrzeug-Ges, Ruthenberg, Krefeld.

+-----------------------------------+

| |

| _Small ships on Parseval lines. |

| Still existing, but stored away._ |

| |

+-----------------------------------+

~Maximum length,~ 151 feet (46 m.) ~diameter~, 24-1/4 feet 7.40 (m.)

~volume~, 60,000 c. feet (1,700 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--2 Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

RUTHENBERG III. (1913).

+---------------+

| |

| _Building._ |

| |

+---------------+

~Length~, feet (m.) ~diameter~, feet (m.) ~volume~, 95,000 c. feet

(2,700 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

SUCHARD. Non-rigid (Trans-Atlantic). (Re-constructed 1912).

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 198-1/2 feet (60/5 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 56-1/4 feet

(17.11 m.) ~volume~, 237,681 cubic feet (6,730 m cubed.)

~Total weight.~--About 2 tons (2,130 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzeler fabric. One ballonet.

~Motors.~--2 of 100 h.p. (one a N.A.G., the other an Escher). Placed one

behind the other. A 4 h.p. motor carried for auxiliary purposes. Petrol

carried, (1700 kil.) Oil, (300 kil.)

~Speed.~--17 m.p.h. (28 k.p.h).

~Propellers.~--Two 2-bladed Zeise. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.) Chain

driven.

~Steering.~--Elevation by moving weight slung on cable under body.

Rudder aft.

Remarks.--Built March, 1911, with a view to crossing the Atlantic from

the Canaries to the Antilles. Re-constructed 1912. Proposed further

re-construction in 1913.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 1. Military. S.L. I. (1911.) H. Heinrich Lanz, Rheinau bei

Mannheim.

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 426 feet (130 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 60-1/2 feet

(18.40 m.) ~volume~, 706,000 c. feet (20,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--About 20 tons (20,000 kgs.) ~Useful lift.~--About 5 tons

(5,000 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--These are of great strength and of unusual shapes, made to

fit the interior, which is encumbered with cross stays. All but two of

the bags are always full, and when the gas expands it flows into the

remaining two, which are nearly empty at sea level, and full at 6500

feet (2,000 m.) A centrifugal pump is used for distributing the gas.

There are 14 gas bags.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach of 270 h.p. each. The propellers are at the ends of

the car, driven through 1 set of reduction gear. ~Speed.~--38-43 m.p.h.

About 59-64 k.p.h.

~Propellers.~--2 aft. Also 1 with its axis vertical.

~Steering.~--Vertical and horizontal rudders at both ends of the ship.

Also see Propellers.

Remarks.--Two of these ships were under construction, and one was to be

presented and one sold to the German government. The hull is built of

special 3-ply wood made of Russian white fir; this wood is pressed into

channel bars, angle bars, and all other requisite shapes. The strength

of the hull is such that it can be supported at the ends without damage;

its lightness is such that although the ship is nearly half as large

again as _Zeppelin II_, yet the hull weighs about 3 tons less. Designed

by Prof. Schuette.

In 1910, structural defects were found in _Schuette I_ when the loads

were applied. This has necessitated extensive alterations and much

delay. In 1911 it was completed, and sold for L25,000 to the German

Army.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 2. Military. S.L. II. (1913.)

+------------------------------+

| |

| _Building._ |

| Enlarged edition of above. |

| 918,000 c. feet (26,000 m cubed.) |

| |

+------------------------------+

ZEPPELIN type. Rigid. Graf von Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen.

The features of this type are--A rigid framework of aluminium, a number

of drum-shaped gas bags, and a thin outer cover.

[Illustration]

At the end of March, 1913, the total of _Zeppelins_, limit and building

was 16, including one (number 18) for Austria. Of these several had come

to grief in various ways, and the actual total at the date mentioned,

was:--

~8 effective~ = 4 Army (of which one _Z4_ was still on trials), 1 naval

and 3 private.

3 completing or building = 1 naval, 1 private and 1 for Austria.

Others projected but not actually in hand.

All are on the lines of the above plan, differing only in minor details,

such as the provision of a cabin amidships, etc., and in dimensions.

Details see the following pages.

----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------

Name | ~Z I.~ | ~DEUTSCHLAND.~ | ~Z II.~ | ~VICT. LUISE.~ | _(ex Schwaben)_ | ~HANSA.~ | ~L I.~ | ~Z IV.~ | ~L II.~ | ~SACHSEN.~

~Zeppelin~ No. | ~3b.~ | ~6a.~ | ~9b.~ | ~11.~ | ~12.~ | ~13.~ | ~14.~ | ~15.~ | ~16.~ | ~17.~

Date | ~1908.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~

{c. feet| 424,000 | 682,000 | 635,000 | 667,000 | 629,000 | 660,000 | 776,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 | 742,000

~Volume~ { | | | | | | | | | |

{ (m cubed.)| ~12,000~ | ~19,000~ | ~18,000~ | ~18,700~ | ~17,800~ | ~18,700~ | ~22,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~

~Length~ feet (m.)| 446 (136) | 479 (136) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 518 (158) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) | 492 (150)

~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38-1/2 (11.66) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5)

~Envelope~ | Pegamoid | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

{fabric| Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

~Gas Bags~ { | | | | | | | | | |

{number| 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | ... | 18 | ... | ...

{total tons| 12-1/2 | 16-1/2 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21

~Lift~ { | | | | | | | | | |

{useful tons| 3-1/2 | 5 | 4-1/2 | ... | 4-1/2 | ... | 6 | ... | ... | ...

| (= 170) | (= 345) | (= 360) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450)

{number | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ...

~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 2 forward} | 2 forward} | ... | ...

{ | | | | | | | 4 aft } | 4 aft } | |

{diam feet (m.)| ... | 12 (3.60) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

~Max. Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 29 (46) | 36 (57.5) | 35 (56) | 40 (62) | 49 (79) | 40 (62) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77)

~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| 15 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 35 | ... | ... | ...

~Complement~ | ... | ... | ... |{8 crew | ... | ... | 21 | ... | ... | ...

| | | |{25 passengers | | | | | |

[Illustration: Z1 Military. (1908.) _Obsolete._ Shortly to be struck off

list.]

[Illustration: ERSATZ DEUTSCHLAND. (Private.) (1910.)]

[Illustration: Z II. Military. (1911.)]

[Illustration: VIKTORIA LUISE. (Private.) (1912).]

[Illustration: Z III. Military. (1912.)]

[Illustration: Zeppelin dirigible. Sachsen.]

[Illustration: HANSA. (Private). (1912.)]

L I. Naval. (1912.) Armament: 1 gun on top.

+-----------------------------+

| |

| No photo procurable. |

| Generally resembles _Z IV._ |

| |

+-----------------------------+

[Illustration: _Photo. Deliius._

Z IV. Military. (1913). Armament: 1 gun on top, 1 in each gondola, 1 can

be lowered from central cabin]

GREEK.

~Aerial Societies:~--

_None._

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Military Aeroplanes:~--

At end of March, 1913, these included:--1 _Astra_ hydro. (fitted with

Scott's bomb dropper), 2 or 3 _Nieuports_, 1--100 h.p. _M. Farman_, and

probably some others. Owing to the war, details are unobtainable. 3

_Bleriots_ reported captured from the Turks, and 15 _Farmans_ on order.

~Military Aviators:~--

Adamis (824 Ae. C. F.)

Kamberos (744 Ae. C. F.)

Montoussis (839 Ae. C. F.)

Mutassas, Sub-lt., naval.

Savoff, Lt.

~Flying Grounds~:--

~Phaleron.~

+------------------+

| Killed 1913. |

| Argyropulus, Lt. |

| |

+------------------+

ITALIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. d'Italia (Ae.C.I.), 62 via Colonna, Rome.

Ae. Club di Roma (Ae.C.I.), 183, via del Triton, Rome.

Circolo, Aeronautico Napoletano, 295 v. Roma, Naples.

Lega Aerea Nazionale (L.A.N.), 6 via della Signora, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 4 via Boccaccio, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 6, via Cernaia, Turin.

Societa Aviazone, di Torino (S.A.T.), 28 via Roma, Turin.

Societa Ital. di Aviazone, (S.I.A.), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan.

~Aerial Journals:~--

(3 times a week.)

_Gazzetta dello Sport_, 15 v. della Signora, Milan. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

(Weekly):

_Italia Sportiva_, Rome. L--.05 per no. (=1/2d.)

_Lettura Sportiva_, 17 corso Porta Romana, Milan. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Sports (Gli)._ 46 and dei Prefretti, Rome. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

_Stampa Sportiva_, 3 v. Davide Bertolotti, Turin. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Tribuna Sport_, 22 via S. Giacomo, Naples. L--.10 (=1d.)

(Monthly):

_Rivista della L.A.N._ (Lega Aerea Nazionale), Milan.

_Rivista del T.C.I._ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte

Napoleone, Milan. L--.40 (=4d.)

_La Navigazione Aerea_ (Bolletino dell' Ae. C. d'Italia). L--1.80

(=1/6.)

(Annual):

_Annuario dell' Aeronautica_ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte

Napoleone, Milan. L--6.00 (=5/-)

~Flying Grounds~ (Military see next page):--

~Cameri~, Novara.--15 hangars (Thouvenot school).

~Mirafiore~, Turin.--17 hangars (Asteria and Chiribiri schools).

~S. Giusto~, Pisa.--4 hangars (Antoni school).

~Taliedo~, Milan.--26 hangars.

~Vizzola Ticino.~--7 hangars (Caproni school).

~Dirigible Headquarters~ (with hangars, etc., etc.):--

Bracciano.

Milan.

Rome.

Venice.

Verona.

~ITALIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~ORGANISATION, etc.~

The _Battaglione Aviatori_ has its headquarters at Turin. In July, 1912,

it was re-organised along the following lines:--

1 command at Turin.

1 flying work.

1 technical work.

2 troop duty.

6 at the aviation schools, with a certain number of mobile squadrillos.

The recognised grades are:--

_a.a.p._ aspirante allievo (learners).

_a.p._ allievo pilota (certificated pilots).

_p._ pilota militare (superior military brevet).

In flying work the superior pilots are mostly using _Bleriots_; the

ordinary pilots _Bleriot-Caproni_, _Bristol_, _Antonis_, _Deperdussins_

and _Voisins_.

The technical section chiefly supervises the theoretical instruction of

the _a.a.p._

The 2 companies on troop duty practical work, preparation for the

schools.

~FLYING SCHOOLS.~

The military schools are:--

~Aviano.~--Central school. Size about 5x2 kilometres. Sheltered

from all winds except westerly, by banks of trees. Numerous

hangers.

~Mirafiori (Turin).~--Mixed military and civil school. Hangers.

School machines confined to _Asteria_, _Bleriot_, _Nieuport_ and

_Savary_ types.

~Pordenone.~--School for superior brevets. Treeless plain.

Principal school machines _Breguets_ and _Farmans_; but some

_Bleriots_ and _Caproni_.

~S. Francesco al Campo.~--_M. Farman_ machines. At present for

officers trained in France.

~Somma Lombarda.~--Camp school for _Nieuports_.

~Venaria Reale.~--Formed late in 1912. _Bristol_ monos for

certificated pilots.

~GENERAL TRAINING.~

50 officers in training during the first quarter of 1913.

Aspirants commence with instruction in the theory of heavier than air

machines, resistance of material and particular instruction in the

various type of aero motors in use. They are taken for flights as

passengers.

All then go to the training camp about 80% for monoplane work, the

remainder for biplanes.

Monoplanes. Special attention paid to teaching _Gauchis Dessent_.

Biplanes. Much shorter course. Principal feature: _Vol Plane_.

For the _military brevet_ the examination is most comprehensive, special

attention is paid to flying in wind, manoeuvring, climbing, good

landings without inconvenience to passengers, cross country flights,

etc. The course is generally modelled on war experiences.

~TOTAL FLYING STRENGTH.~

No particular distinction between naval and military aviators.

Total by end of June, 1913, to be about 225 certificated aviators of

whom a fair percentage hold the superior brevet. In addition all the

best civilian aviators are held at disposal.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1911 there were about 20 machines, mostly _Bleriots_ and

_Farmans_. The majority of these are still in use for school purposes.

At the end of March, 1913, the machines effective for war purposes were

roughly as follows:--

_Bleriot._ }

_Bristol_ (mono.) }

_Caproni._ }

_Deperdussin._ } Total _about_ 50, plus a number

_Farman._ } of school machines.

_Hanriot._ }

_Nieuport._ }

_Savary._ }

About 40 machines were on order, including 12 _Bristol-Capronies_.

~Naval Aeroplanes.~

Effective at end of March, 1913.

1 _Calderara_.

1 _Guidoni-Farman_.

4 or 5 others.

~ITALIAN AVIATORS.~

Military.

Agostoni, Capt. V. (45)

Bailo, Lieut. (71)

*Bolla, Capt. (89)

Cannonieri, Lieut. (22)

+Cammarotta, Lieut. (15F)

De Filippi, Com. (5)

*De Rada, Lieut. (38)

*Falchi, Capt. (55)

Garassini. (29)

*Gavotti, Lieut. (25)

Gazzera, Lieut. (20)

Guidoni, Capt. (58)

*Lampugnani, Lieut. (33)

+Manazini, Lieut. (98)

Moizo, Capt. (40)

Neri, Lieut. (345-Ae. C. F.) (106)

*Palmadi, Cesnola Lieut. (75)

*Piazza, Major (44)

Pizzagalli, Capt. (49)

Poggi, Lieut. (82)

Prandoni, Capt. (69)

*Pulvirenti, Lieut. (50)

Raffaelli, Lieut. A. (108)

Ravelli (453, Ae. C. F.)

Roberti, Lieut. (47)

Rossi, Capt. (27)

+Saghetti, Lieut. (16)

Savoia, Lieut. T. U. (4)

Surdi, Lieut. (32)

*Vece, Lieut. F. (74)

+Vivaldi, Lieut. (31)

_Brevets in 1912._

Andriani, Capt. O. (137)

Antonini, Capt. L. (91)

Almerigi, F. (159)

Alvisi, Lieut. A. (172)

Baglione, Lieut. A. (129)

Baracca, F. (167)

Bonamici, L. (101)

Bongiovanni, Lieut. E. (115)

Bongiovanni, c. L. (124)

Bonuti, R. (135)

Brach, Lieut. F. (146)

Buzzi, Lieut. M. (156)

Calderara, Lieut. A. (134)

Calori, S. (136)

Capuzzo (143)

Casabella, Lieut, G. (121)

Clerici, Lieut. U. (110)

Cuzzo, Capt. A. (166)

De Giovanni, Lieut. G. (101)

De Riso, Lieut. G. (153)

Della Chiesaconte, Lieut. A. (109)

Ercole, Lieut. E. (117)

Franceschini, Lieut. E. (112)

Gallotti, Lieut. A. (150)

Garino ing. G. (134)

Girotti, Lieut. M. (100)

Gordesco, Lieut. M. (151)

*Graziani, Lieut, C. (92)

Jacoponi, Lieut. A. (171)

Kerbaker, Lieut. E. (99)

Laureati, Lieut. G.

Leffi dott. sott. med. A. (169)

*Mareno, M. A. (90)

Moreno, Capt. G. (78)

Nosari, G. (142)

*Novellis di Coarazze, Capt. A. (94)

Oddo, A. (147)

Pagano, P. (158)

Palpacelli, A. (164)

Perrucca, D. (162)

Poggioli, Q. (107)

Pongelli, R. (60)

Porta, Capt. E. (145)

Prandoni, Capt. E. (69)

Resio, Lieut. (120)

Rosetti, A. (157)

Russi, Lieut. S. (152)

Suglia, Lieut. C. (118)

Torelli, F. (165)

Valdimiro, Lieut. F. (170)

Venanzi, U. (155)

Zanuso, Lieut. G. (149)

Naval.

(_To end of 1911_).

Calderara, Lieut. (1)

Ginnochio, Lieut. (18)

*Rossi, Sub. Lieut. (31)

Strobin, Lieut. (39)

(_During 1912_).

De Muro, Lieut. (119)

Frigerio, Lieut. (154)

Scelsi, Capt. difreg. G.

Private.

(_To end of 1911_).

Akachew, C. (61)

Amerigo (3)

Barigiola, G. (51)

Battagli, B. (34)

Bianchi, P. (6)

Biego, C. (56)

Bigliani, A. (63)

Borgotti, G. (43)

Brilli, D. G. (48)

Brociner, M. (87)

Cagno, U. (10)

Cagliani, A. (23)

Cannoniere, Umberto (22)

Cattaneo, Bartelomo (2)

Cavaglia, Pietro (30)

Cavalieri, Alfredo (17)

Cei, J. (53, Ae. C. F.)

Casaroni, A. (77)

+Cirri, Ciro (11)

Cobianchi, Mariot (24)

Darioli, Ernesto (9)

Da Zara, Leonino (7)

De Agostina, A. (53)

De Antonis, A. (67)

Faccioli, Mario (21)

Franzoni, R. (62)

Garassini, G. G. (29)

Gianfelice (59)

Ginnochio, T. (18)

Graziani, nob. Ettere (28)

Lusetti, A. (19)

Maffeis, C. (36)

Maggiora, C. (72)

Manissero, R. (37)

+Marra, R. (35)

Marro, E. (52)

Mogafico, Mario (26)

Mosca, Francesco (47)

Pasquali, R. (66)

Picollo, G. (32)

Poggioli, Quinto (117)

Porro, A. (113)

Ramasotto, M. M. (148)

Ravetto, Clemento (12)

Re, Umberto (86)

Ruggerone, G. (14)

Sabelli, G. (93)

Santoni, L. (114)

Stucchi, Federico (8)

Verona, A. (54)

(_Brevets in 1912_).

Amour, ing. E.

Arista, A. (131)

Ballerini, M. (132)

Bergonzi, P. C. (78)

Berni, L. (95)

+Bertoletti, R. (79)

Borsalino, G. M. (102)

Brunetta D'Usseaux, G. (125)

Carabelli, C. (104)

+Caramanlaki, A. (97)

Caramanlaki, G. (168)

Carminati di, B. N. (163)

Colucci, G. (80)

Corsini, J. C. (133)

Corsini, A. E. (85)

Dalla, N. C. (126)

Dal Mistro, C. A. (127)

De Campo conte, S. (103)

Fabri, A. (165)

Facchini, E. (141)

Garino, G. (134)

Gelmetti, A. (83)

Grassi, conte A. (88)

Leonardi, G. (122)

Mandelli, P. (96)

Marazzi, E. (140)

Nardini, G. (128)

Paolucci, G. (144)

Piceller, G. (105)

Sacerdoti, C. (116)

Salengo, R. (138)

Vallet, C. (86)

Zorra, L. (84)

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were about 45 machines in use at the

various private schools, and about 6 privately owned aeroplanes.

ITALIAN AEROPLANES

~A~

ANTONI. Soc. di aviazione Antoni, via Vitt. Emanuele, 46, Pisa. School:

S. Guisto, Pisa. Output capacity: about 20 machines a year.

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

| ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ |

| Single seat mono. | 2-seater military |

| | mono. |

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 36 (11) |

~Span~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 237 (22) |

{machine lbs. (kg.)| 660 (300) | 770 (350) |

~Weight~ { | | |

{useful lbs. (kg.)| ... | ... |

~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome or Anzani | Gnome and Anzani |

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |

~Speed~ { | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |

~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... |

Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

ASTERIA. Fabbr. Ital. Aeroplani ing. Darbesio e. C., via Salbertrand,

12, Torino (Turin). School: Mirafiori. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

| ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ |

| Monoplane. | Biplane. |

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-3/4 (6.50) | 29-1/2 (9) |

{| 26-1/2 (8.10) | 44 (13.50) |

~Span~ feet (m.){| | |

{| ... | 24-1/2 (7.50) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 431 (40) |

{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 530 (240) | 110 (500) |

~Weight~ { | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... |

~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Renault |

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |

~Speed~ { | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |

~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... |

Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

~C~

CALDERARA. Navy hydro-monoplane.

----------------------------+--------------------

Model ~1912-13.~ | "Hydro vol."

----------------------------+--------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 54 (16.50)

~Span~ feet (m.)| 61 (18.50)

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 753 (70)

{total lbs. (kgs.)| 2644 (1200)

~Weight~ { |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ...

~Motor~ h.p.{| 150 (formerly 100

{| Gnome)

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100)

~Speed~ { |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80)

~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-1/2

Number Built during 1912 | 1

----------------------------+--------------------

Lieut. Calderara's floats consist of a plurality of w.t. compartments

with internal lattice frame, well braced. Hull is formed of three skins

of wood, sail-cloth between each. Distance between outer floats, 21 feet

(6.30 m.) Centre of gravity is only 4-1/2 feet (1.40 m.) above water. If

necessary wings can be cut away and the central hull used as a boat with

emergency sail.

[Illustration: CALDERARA. UAS.]

CAPRONI. Soc. di Aviazione Ingg, Caproni e Faccanoni, Vizzola Ticino.

School: Vizzola Ticino.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Models ~1912-13.~ | Single Seat | Single Seat | 2-seater mono. | 3-seater mono.

| mono. A. | mono. B. | |

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | ... | ...

~Span~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | 29 (8.80) | ... | ...

~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 162 (15) | 172 (16) | 226 (21)

{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 485 (220) | 660 (300) | 750 (340) | 760 (345)

~Weight~ { | | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ...

~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome | 60 Anzani | 80 Gnome

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 75 (120) | 75 (120) | 87 (140)

~Speed~ { | | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ...

~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-1/2 | ... | ... | 4

Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ...

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--At the end of 1912, held Italian record for speed, 200-300

k.m. Flown by Cobioni.

CAPRONI-BRISTOL. Caproni also builds under Bristol license.

CHIRIBIRI. A Chiribiri e. C, via Lamarmora 28, and via Don Bosco 68-73.

Torino (Turin).

[Illustration: CHIRIBIRI.]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Models ~1912-13.~ | 45 h.p. mono. | 50 h.p. mono. | Racing mono. | 80 h.p. mono.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 23 (7) | 24-3/4 (7.50) | 25-3/4 (7.80)

~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.30) | 39-2/3 (12.10)

~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 204 (19) | 204 (19) | 226 (21) | 258 (24)

{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 683 (310) | 772 (350) | 595 (270)

~Weight~{ | | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ...

~Motor~ h.p.| 45 Chiribiri | 50 Chiribiri | 60 Chiribiri | 80 Chiribiri

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 44 (70) | 56 (90) | 103 (165) | 65 (105)

~Speed~ { | | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ...

~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ...

Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | 2 | ...

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~F~

FRIULI. E. Pensuti e E. Calligaro, Pordenone. School: Pordenone. A 30-35

h.p. Anzani motor monoplane. Area, 150 sq. feet. (14 m squared). Generally of

_Bleriot_ type, but _Hanriot_ type landing carriage.

~G~

GUIDONI. Naval Hydroavions. Either a _Farman_ biplane or a _Nieuport_

mono. is used, mounted on special floats designed by Capitano del Genio

navale Guidoni. There are two long floats, each of which is fitted with

parallel fins.

~FOREIGN AGENCIES.~

Foreign types of machines are constructed in Italy under licenses as

follows:--

BLERIOT. Soc. Ital. Transaerea, corso Peschiera 25, Torino (Turin).

BRISTOL. (British), by Caproni.

DEPERDUSSIN. Soc. Ital. degli Aeroplani, via Giulini 7b, Milan.

NIEUPORT. Carrozzeria Macchi. Varese.

ITALIAN DIRIGIBLES.

~ITALIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

~Army.~ ~Navy.~

/----------------------------------------------^--------------------------------------------------\ /-----------------^-----------------\

--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Name and Date. | ~P1.~ | ~P2 & P3.~ | ~P4 & P5.~ | ~Citta di Milano~ | ~Parseval.~ | ~M1.~ | ~M2 & M3.~

| 1909. | 1910 & 1911. | both 1912. | 1912. | (P.L. 17). | 1912. | 1912 & 1913.

| | | | | 1912-13. | |

--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

{ c. feet| 148,000 | 155,000 | 166,000 | 424,000 | 353,000 | 424,000 | 424,000

~Volume~ { | | | | | | |

{ (m cubed.)| (~4200~) | (~4400~) | (~4700~) | (~12000~) | (~10000~) | (~12000~) | (~12000~)

~Length~ feet (m.)| 197 (60) | 207 (63) | 207 (63) | 233 (72) | 279 (85) | 272-1/3 (83) | 272-1/3 (83)

~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 39-1/3 (12) | 59 (18) | 52-1/2 (16) | 56 (17) | 56 (17)

{fabric | Silk | Continental | Continental | ... | Riedinger | Metzeler | Metzeler

~Gas bags~ {compartments | 7 | 8 | 8 | ... | 0 | ... | ...

{ballonets | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | ...

{total tons | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.75 | ... | ... | 9.50 | 9.50

~Lift~ {useful tons | 1.10 | 1.35 | 1.50 | ... | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.80

~Motor~ h.p. {| 1-100 C. Bayard | 1-120 C. Bayard | 2-80 Fiat | 2-85/100 Isotta | 2-170 Maybach | 2-250 Fiat | 4-125 Wolseley

{| (=100) | (=120) | (=160) | (=170/200) | (=340) | (=500) | (=500)

{number | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 Parseval | 2 | 2

~Propellers~{blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4

{diameter feet (m.)| 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 14 (4.20) | ... | 12-1/2 (3.80) | 12-1/2 (3.80)

~Max. speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 32 (52) | 35 (56) | 37 (60) | 45 (72) | 40 (65) | 44 (70) | 44 (70)

~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 20 | 12 | 12

~Max. complement~ | 5 | 5 | 5 | ... | ... | 14 | 14

--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes: All the above are semi-rigid. The _P_ and _M_ are all of the same

general type. Principal features of these ships, which were designed by

Captains Crocci and Ricaldoni, are the shape of the envelope, (maximum

diameter very far forward), keel and the box kite tail. The _Citta di

Milano_ (semi-rigid) is an enlarged _Leonardo da Vinci_ (which see).

_Special feature_ is the keel built into the envelope. This serves as a

nacelle.

Building.--One _Parseval_ (P.L. 15) about the same size as the other

(P.L. 17), which was completed first.

~Army Dirigible Pilots.~

Agostoni, Capt.

Biffi, Ten.

Bosio, Ten.

Crocco, Capt. G.

Dal Fabbro, Capt. C.

Denti di Piraino, March, Capt.

Gallotti, Ten.

Longo, Ten.

Manni, Ten.

Menenti, S. Ten.

Merzari, Capt.

Messina, Ten.

Munari, Capt. E.

Pastina, Capt.

Ricaldoni, Capt. A.

Scelso, Ten L.

Seymandi, Capt. G.

Stabarin, Ten.

Tagliasacchi, Ten.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Carniglia, Ten. d. vas.

Gravina, Ten. d. v. Conte M.

Penco, Ten. d. v., A.

Ponzio, Ten. d. v., E.

Scelsi, Capt. di f., G.

Valerio, Sot. V.

Valli, Ten. d. v., G.

[Illustration: P.I.]

Elevation of P. I. The later ships only differ in dimensions, and the

fact that the middle rudder is done away with.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: Dirigibles M1 & M2.]

[Illustration: Citta di Milano.]

[Illustration: Parseval (P.L. 17). First Italian _Parseval_.]

~ITALIAN PRIVATE DIRIGIBLES.~

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

| Reconstructed 1910.| 1905. | 1913. | 1909. | 1909. |

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

~Volume~ (m cubed.)| (~1500~) | (~1500~) | (~2600~) | (~3265~) | (~3870~) |

~Length~ feet (m.)| 121 (37) | 128 (39) | 164 (50) | 131-1/4 (40) | 167-1/3 (51) |

~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 19-3/4 (6) | 32-3/4 (10) | 46 (14) | 32 (9.80) |

{fabric | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

~Gas bags~ {compartments | nil. | nil. | nil. | 7 | 6 |

{ballonets | 1 | nil. | nil. | 1 | 1 |

{total tons| ... | 1.35 | 2.20 | 3.00 | ... |

~Lift~ { | | | | | |

{useful tons| 0.80 | ... | ... | ... | ... |

{number | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |

~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 |

{diameter, feet (m.)| 10-3/4 (3.20) | 15 (4.50) | 10 (3) | 9 (2.70) | ... |

~Max. speed~ m.p.h (k.m.)| 25 (40) | 25 (40) | ... | ... | 30 (50) |

~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 |

~Max. complement~ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

Notes:

~Ausonia.~ Nico Piccoli, via Accademia 12, Padova (Padua). Works:

Magre, Vicenza (Schio). Semi-rigid.

~Italia.~ Cont Almerico da Schio, Schio. Non-rigid. _Special

features_ is a "belly" of Para rubber in lieu of a ballonet.

~Leonardo da Vinci.~ Ing. Enrico Forlanini, via Boccaccio 21,

Milan. Works: Baggio. Semi-rigid, keel and nacelle, incorporated in

envelope.

~Usuelli.~ Usuelli and Borsalini, Torino (Turin). Non-rigid.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Forlanini, ing. E.

Piccoli, D.

Usuelli, C.

[Illustration: Italia.]

[Illustration: Usuelli.]

[Illustration: ~FORLANINI.~ UDS.]

[Illustration: Leonardo da Vinci.]

JAPANESE.

(Naval Aviation data. Official).

~Aerial Societies~:--

Tokio, Ae. Co.

Aeroplane Assoc., 1, Yayesu Cho, I-Chome, Kojimachi, Tokio. (Sec.:

Dr. Fujioka).

Kikyu Kinkyu Kai (connected with War Office).

~Flying Grounds~:--

Near ~Yokohama~.

~Saitama~, Tokorozawa (Government).--Dirigible shed and hangars.

~Port Arthur~, (Government).

~General Military Aviation.~

This was originally formed as one body without distinction between army

and navy. It was subsequently re-modelled on lines somewhat similar to

the British Royal Flying Corps with naval and military wings.

~Navy.~

The naval section is superintended by Capt. K. Yamaji, I.J.N.

The naval headquarters are at Oihama (near Yokosuka).

The naval force at the end of 1912 consisted of 4 hydro-aeroplanes (2

_Curtiss_ and 2 _Farman_). The available total of qualified naval

aviators was 5.

~Finance.~

The total amount granted for aviation of the navy in 1912 (fiscal year)

was 100,000 yen (L10,000).

For the year 1913 the estimates amount was 100,000 yen (but not approved

yet).

~Pay of Flying Officers.~

The special pay for officers employed in aerial work is undecided.

~Army.~

The army wing is responsible for the dirigible. Aeroplanes are one or

two _Bleriots_, a _Grade_, 2 _Tokogawa_, and a _Farman_.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Hino, Major

Saigom, Capt.

Tokogawa, Capt.

Tokogama, Lieut.

Naval.

Narahara, Naval Constr.

Kaneko, Lieut.

Kono, Lieut.

Obama, Eng. Lieut.

Umikita, Lieut.

Usuioku, Naval Constr.

Private.

Doig, S.

Iga, Baron

Shigeno, Baron

Tsuzuki,

Yamada, Isaburo

The following have been killed:--

+----------------+

| 1912. |

| Aibata, Lieut. |

| |

| 1913. |

| Kimura, Lieut. |

| Tokuda, Lieut. |

| Takeishi. |

+----------------+

~Private Aviation.~

There are some private aeroplanes being regularly flown in Japan. A

number of aeroplanes have from time to time been invented by naval and

military officers and private individuals, and some of them are in use.

Inventors include Major Hino, naval constructor Narahara and Ushioki,

Baron Iga, Baron Shigeno and Mr. Tsuzuki.

JAPANESE AEROPLANES.

[Illustration: Bleriot (since wrecked). Tokogawa. Wright. Grade. Army

Flying School ground.]

[Illustration: Narahara.]

[Illustration: Tokogawa II. Type I the same except for minor details.]

JAPANESE DIRIGIBLES.

PARSEVAL type. Military. (P.L. 13.)

[Illustration]

~Length~ 259 feet (19 m.) ~maximum diameter~ 47-3/4 feet (14.50 m.)

~capacity,~ 8,500 m cubed.

~Gas bag.~--2 ballonets. Usual Parseval.

~Motors.~--Total, 300 h.p., made up of two 150 h.p. Maybach.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (65 km.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual Parseval (see German).

Remarks.--Of _Parseval P.L. 12_ type (see German). Built 1911.

YAMADA. Non-rigid. (Private.)

[Illustration: _Photo by favour of M. Samuro Kuki._]

~Maximum length~, feet ( m.) ~maximum diameter~, feet ( m.) ~volume,~

700 m cubed. (_about_)

~Gas bag.~--

~Motor.~--American make.

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--One.

~Steering.~--Biplane elevator forward. Triangular rudder in rear under

gas bag.

Remarks.--Generally of American type.

MEXICAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 2 old pattern _H. Farman_; also one or more _Curtiss_ and

_Wright_ machines. Nothing seems doing with them.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Martinez, N. (Ae. C. F. 462)

Mendia, (Ae. C. F. 680)

Private.

Duval, Raoul

Lebrija, Miguel

Morales

Noriega

Ramsey, E. L.

Saavedra, Alfonso

Probably 2 others

(The above are mostly amateur builders.)

NORWEGIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club, Norsk Flyveselskad (Christiana). Secretary, D. Barth.

Norsk Luftseilads Forening (Christiana). President, H. Mohn.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Military Aviation.~

At the end of 1912 the Army possessed two 70 h.p. _M. Farmans_ (Renault

motors), and the Navy a 100 h.p. N.A.G. _Rumpler_.

For 1913 the purchase of further machines is contemplated for both arms.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1911~ 1

At end of 1912 there were in existence 2--a _Grade_ and a _Deperdussin_.

~AVIATORS.~

~Military.~

Dichi, Lieut.

Jacobsen, Lieut.

~Private.~

Hansen.

St. Dons.

PERUVIAN.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

The Peruvian Government has made a special grant for aviation students,

and war machines are projected. Actual order to end of 1912 was one

_Avro_ mono.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 3

" ~1911~ 2

" ~1912~ _none_ probably.

~AVIATORS.~

Bielovucic, J.

Chavez, J.

Monterc (766 A. C. F.)

Peruvian aviators killed:

+------------+

| 1910. |

| Chavez, G. |

| |

| 1911. |

| Tenaud, C. |

| |

+------------+

PORTUGUESE.

(Revised by J. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. de Portugal (R. Nova docklaemada d. ISL.)

~Aerial Journals:~--

Rivista Aeronautica (Ae. C. Journal.)

~Flying Grounds:~--

Campo do Seigcal.

Mounchavo da Povoa.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 1

" ~1911~ 2

" ~1912~ 2

~Private Aviators.~

De Castro, Sanchez

De Silva, Gomez

~Military Aviation.~

In 1912 a military corps was formed. At the end of 1912 it possessed

_Avro_ (1--50 h.p.), _Voisin_ (1--80 h.p.), and _M. Farman_ (1--80 h.p.)

(since wrecked). 1 _Deperdussin_.

~Private Aviation.~

In 1911 the _Gouveia_ mono. was built, span 9 metres, but it failed to

fly. Also the _Avante_ biplane, which also failed. First flight in

Portugal by a Portuguese was De Castro in September, 1912, with an old

_Bleriot_.

ROUMANIAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At end of March, 1913, there were several 80 h.p. _Bristol_ monos., 2

_Bleriots_, 1 _Nieuport_, 1 _Morane_, 2 _Vlaiclu_, and several _H.

Farman_ biplanes.

Government school is at Bucharest.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Capsa, Lieut.

Negrescu, Lieut.

Protpopscu, Lieut.

Vacas, Lieut. Poly

Zorileann, Lieut. (Ae. F. 587)

Private.

Bibesco, Prince (Ae. C. F. 20)

Oznoth

VLAICLU Monoplane. Designed by Ouvret Vlaiclu. First shewn at the Vienna

Exhibition, 1911. Modified; it flew very well indeed at Aspern, June,

1912. The 1912 model is of entirely novel type, a tail first monoplane

with a propeller either end of the main planes, and a triangular tail

aft. Principal details are:--~Length~, 34-2/3 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span~, 30

feet (9.15 m.) ~Height~, 12 feet (3.65 m.) Wing frame in three sections

with gap between. ~Motor~, 50 h.p., Gnome chain driven. ~Fuselage~, old

style; landing chassis on three wheels only, with a single ash skid in

front. Covered in engine driving the 31 foot propeller shaft for the 2

propellers. Rear tail consists of 2 fixed planes, a triangular damping

plane and a triangular keel plane. Forward, an elevator and two

semi-circular rudders (double faced). From this combination remarkable

results are achieved, and all gyrostatic effect from the propellers

eliminated. _Control_, horizontal wheel on column. Elevator depressed or

otherwise by action on column. Note.--At Vienna, 1912, this machine took

first prize for the smallest circle and also for accurate bomb-dropping.

The original machine was purchased by the Roumanian Army.

RUSSIAN.

~General Note.~--In the number of military machines and general

attention to aviation Russia is only second to France. There are no

effective machines of Russian design, but the Aviataka, Dux & Lomatuk

firms build at home under foreign license, and there is also the Kennedy

school (Anglo-Russian).

~Aerial Societies:~--

(Imperial) Aero Club.

1. Odessa branch.

2. Rostow and Don branch.

3. St. Petersburg "

Finland Ae. C., Helsingfors.

Kieff University Ae. C., Kieff.

Moscow Ae. C., Moscow.

Moscow Imp. Tech. College (Aviation Section).

Riga Ae. C., Riga.

Russian Aeronautical Society, St. Petersburg.

Sevastopol Ae. C.

Students' Aviation Club.

Tomsk Ae. C., Tomsk.

Volunteer Aerial Fleet.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Aeronautical Journal of St. Petersburg._

_Aero_ (6, Liteiny, St. Petersburg). Weekly.

_Dans l'Empire des Airs_ (7, Rota 26, Petersburg). Fortnightly.

_Revue de Navigation Aerienne_ (7 rue Stremmiannaya, Petersburg).

Weekly.

_Sport_ (25, Ekaterineska, Odessa).

_Wozdookhoplavatel_ (St. Petersburg). Monthly.

_Wosduchoplawanie y Sport_ (Moscow). Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Gatchina Park.~-- Flying here under restrictions. V.F. school.

~Kieff.~--School for pilots.

~Kolomiaggi.~--Racecourse.

~Novo Therkask.~

~Odessa.~

~St. Petersburg.~--Kennedy school.

~Sevastopol.~--Volunteer Fleet school.

~Warsaw.~

~RUSSIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Army Aviation.~

Early in 1912, under the presidency of the Grand Duke Alexander, the

special school of the Volunteer Aerial Association was finally formed at

Sevastopol for the winter and Gatchina for the summer.

June 1912. Vote for 150 aeroplanes (140 to be built at home). Vote

1,050,000 roubles for new school at Tauride.

November, 1912. Military trials results. (1) Sikorsky in a _Sikorsky_.

(2) Haber in a _M. Farman_. (3) Boutmy in a _Nieuport_.

December, 1912. Aeronautical school re-organised. Put under control of

one commandant, one assistant, and four juniors. Course made seven

months--15 pupils per school at a time. A one month course in

aeroplanes, aerial motors, etc. Of the pupils, 10 will be selected

for aeroplanes. New flying school established at Taskend in

Turkestan.

March, 1913. New schools established at Moscow, Odessa and Omsk.

At the end of 1911 the total number of military aeroplanes was about

100. At the end of March, 1913, the total number was about 250, of which

about 150 were modern. Principal types: _Albatross_, _Aviatik_,

_Bristol_, _Deperdussin_, _Farman_, _Nieuport_, _Rumpler_, there being

an average of 20 of each. The majority built under Russian license in

Russia. The number of actual military pilots was 72. There is, however,

a special volunteer corps of about 36 private aviators, bringing the

available total to 108 or thereabouts.

~Navy Aviation.~

July, 1912. Lieut. Andreadi, 50 h.p. _Nieuport_, did a flight with

stops from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg.

September, 1912. Special naval aerodrome for hydro-avions ordered for

Golodai Island, near Petersburg, bringing total of military and

naval aerodromes to 6. _Sikorsky_ hydro-avion acquired. Also an

_M. Farman_ ditto. New naval station projected at Libau.

October, 1912. Naval purchase of several _Curtiss_ hydro-avions after

trials at Sevastopol.

At the end of March, 1913, the approximate effective force was as

follows (all hydros, or capable of being so fitted): 1 _Astra_, 1

_Breguet_, 2 _Donnet-Leveque_, 1 _Farman_, 4 _Paulhan Curtiss_, 2

_Nieuport_ (50 h.p.), 1 _Sikorsky_. (A number of others on order.)

Early in 1913 experiments were carried out with a combination of floats

and skids, invented by M. Lobanoff, of Moscow. This proved equally

effective on land or water.

~AVIATORS.~

The following are army, navy or volunteer aviators. The number is the

Russian Ae. C., unless otherwise stated. F = French. Prefix + = killed.

n = navy.

Abramowitch Wissewold (14)

Agababa, N. (668 F.)

Agofonoff (20)

Aleknovitch, G. (29)

Alexandroff, D. (472 F.)

n Andreadi, Lt.

Artsgouloff (44)

Avinass, J. (60)

Badowski, L.

Bakhmoutoff, N. (6)

Berdchenko, V. (7)

Bistritsky, V. (8)

Boukshevden, Bar. G. (10)

Boutmy (de), E.

Campo, Scipio (211 F.)

Childovski (67)

Chioni, B. (250)

Chimansky (27)

Choudinoff (46)

Dmitrieff, J. (9)

Dorogouski (125 F.)

Dougowezky, A. (1)

n Dybovski, V. (12)

Efimoff, M. (31 F.)

Efimoff, T.

Erdeli, G. (45)

Eristov, Prince (524 F.)

Evsukoff, P. (21)

Firstemberg

Flegfier, von.

Gelgar (33)

Glouchenko, S. (48)

Godoulsky, A. (59)

Gorghkoff, G. (626 F.)

Goumberto-Dros, B. (58)

Grekoff G. (5.)

Grigoraschirilly (577 F.)

Houeninsey, A. (227 F.)

Husarenko (22)

Illin, A. (16)

Iougmeister (52)

Jankovsky, G. (24)

Joukoff (37)

Kaidenoff (42)

Kamensky, V. (66)

Katzian, A.

+ Kauzminski (228 F.)

Kebouroff, V. (210 F.)

Kirchstern

Kolchin, F. (28)

Komaroff, M. (245 F.)

Kostine, N. (223 F.)

Kauznezoff, P.

Kreiner, E.

Kroumm, A.

Lachtionoff, G. (57)

Lambert (de) C. (8 F.)

Lebedeff, V. (98 F.)

Lerche, M. (25)

Lewkowicz, H. (327 F.)

Linno, G. (15)

Lipowski, H. (330 F.)

Kokteff (61)

Makaroff, D. (13)

Makeef, P. (5)

Matyevitch, Matzevitch (152 F.)

n+Matyevitch, Capt. (178 F.)

Meybaum, T.

Miller (35)

Monakoff, (565 F.)

Naidenoff, G.

Naslennikoff, B.

Nikiforoff (18)

Nikolaieff (49)

Nikolsky, P. (17)

Oulianine, S. (181 F.)

Pehanovsky, B. (401 F.)

+ Pietrowsky, G. (195 F.)

Porcheron, J. (640 F.)

Popoff, N. (50 F.)

Poliakoff, A. (50)

Poplavko (34)

Pongolowski, W. (4)

Pristchepoff (38)

Raevsky, A. (F.)

Raygorodsky, A. (207 F.)

Rossinsky (68)

n Rouaroff, M. (245 F.)

Rynin, N. (23)

Sakoff, N. de (627 F.)

Salesky (41)

Samoilo (11)

Samouiloff, P. (51)

Semeniovitch (226 F.)

Semenko-Slavorossoff, H. (40)

Semitan (36)

Seversky-Prokofieff, N. (47)

Sewkowicz, L.

Shidloovsky, M.

Shimansky, K.

Shimkevitch, V.

Sikorsky, I. (63)

Skarginsky, A. (43)

Slusarenko, W.

+ Smith, V. (231 F.)

Sobansky Graf. (3)

Soechnikoff, A.

Soupnevsky, C. (26)

Springuefeld

Sredinsky, A.

Strelmkoff (71)

Tchemiakoff (72)

Tkatcheff, V. (64)

Tounochensky (32)

Tselary, I. (54)

Wassilieff, A. (225 F.)

Zaikine (191 F.)

Zelinsky, Col. (273 F.)

+ Zolotouchin, M. (31)

~CIVILIAN AVIATORS.~

There are very few purely civilian aviators in Russia. Russians who have

obtained brevets include Mdlles Anarta (52), Golantchikova (55), Zvereva

(30), Count de Lambert, (8 F.) and Count Malynski (209 F.) and one or

two others. Few or none do any flying now.

RUSSIAN AEROPLANES.

~A-Z~

AVIATIK. St. Petersburger Aviatik Gesellschaft, Petersburg. Construct

Aviatiks. (See Germany.)

BRONISLAWSKI. Experimental biplane with special stabilising features.

DUX. Fabrica Moscovita Tneerskaja "Dux," Lastawa, Moscow. Construct

under license.

GELTOUCHOW. W. G. Geltouchow and A. W. Preiss, 4 Piasnitzkajai, Moscow.

Constructs.

GILBERT. C. Gilbert, 195 Twerskaja, Moscow. Constructs.

KENNEDY. Soc. d. Dirigibles and Aeroplanes Kennedy, St. Petersburg.

MOTOR. Riga-Sassenhof.

RODJESTVEISKY. Built a triplane in 1911.

RUSSIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES (13).

-----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

| (1) | (2) | (3 & 4) | (5, 6, 7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13)

Date | ~1910.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~

~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed.)| ~3700~ | ~3000~ | ~1500~ | ~2140~ | ~7600~ | ~800~ | ~600~ | ~9800~ | ~10,000~ | ~6200~

~Length~ feet (m.)| 200 (61) | 184 (56.25) | ... | 164 (50) | 236 (72) | 121-1/2 (37) | ... | 259 (77.80) | 279 (85) | 250 (77.60)

~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | 34-3/4 (10.58) | ... | 29-1/2 (9) | 46 (14) | 19-3/4 (6) | ... | 49 (14.90) | 52-1/2 (16) | 42-3/4 (13)

{fabric | Continental | Continental | ... | Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | Reidinger | Continental

~Gas Bags~{ballonets | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | 2 (3100 m cubed.) | 2 | 2

{compartments| 3 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

~Lift~ {total tons | 4 | 3-3/4 | ... | 2 | 7 | 1/2 | 1/3 | ... | ... | 7-1/2

{useful tons | 1-1/4 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | nearly 4 | about 3-1/2 | 2-3/4

| (=70) | (=105) | (=75) | (=60) | (=220) | | | (=300) | (=360) | (=260)

~Propellers~ number| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | two 4-bladed | 1 | 1 | 3 | two 4-bladed | 2

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 30 (49) | 33-1/2 (54) | 13 (21) | 33-1/2 (54) | 37 (59) | 23 (37) | ... | 36 (60) | 43 (68) | ...

| | | | | | | | 7307 " | |

| | | | | | | | ---- | |

| | | | | | | | 8541 " | |

| | | | | | | | ---- | |

Note.--Illustrations see next page.

[Illustration: Lebedj. UDS.]

[Illustration: Jastreb (Outchebny).]

[Illustration: Kommissiony. UDS.]

[Illustration: FURSZMANN.]

Note.--The other dirigibles are of usual type. See France and Germany.

SERVIA.

~Military Aviation.~

At end of March, 1913, there were 7 aeroplanes, and 3 more (_Bleriots_)

on order.

SPANISH.

~Aerial Societies:~--

El Real Aero Club de Espana (70 rue Alcala, Madrid).

La Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea (20 Plaza de Cataluna,

Barcelona).

Real Aero Club d'Espana.

Cataluna Ae. C.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Boletin Oficial de la Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea_, 20, Plaza

de Cataluna, Barcelona (monthly).

_Espana Automovil_, 5, plaza de Isabel II, Madrid. Official organ,

Spanish R. Ae. C.

_Revista de Locomotion Aerea_, 20, Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona

(monthly).

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Carbouchelle~ Military School.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 9 old _Farmans_ (1910-11 model), and one or two more modern

monoplanes: but little is doing.

Some hydro-aeroplanes are on order for the Navy.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Adaro, Lt. J.

Alfaro, Lt. H.

Arridaga, Capt.

Berron, Lt. E.

Echevarria, J.

Gonzales, Capt. C. J.

Granche

Kindelan, Capt. A.

Menendez, M.

Ortiz, So. Lt. J.

Penas, M. de las

Pujo, Capt. (467 F)

Private.

Campano

Dras, J. F.

Jezzi, R. G. L. (British Ae. C. 44)[F]

Lailhacar, de

Pascal, Ferdinand

Pimentel, B. L.

Prince Alphonse d'Orleans (1)

The following Spanish aviators have been killed:--

+---------------+

| 1909. |

| Fernandez, A. |

| |

| 1911. |

| Pola, M. |

| Mauvais |

| |

| 1912. |

| Bayo, Capt. |

+---------------+

~Military Dirigible Pilots.~

Herrera, Lt. E.

Kindelan y Duany, Capt. A.

Vives y Vich, Col.

SPANISH DIRIGIBLES (Non-rigid).

ESPANA. Military. (ASTRA class.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 35-1/3 feet

(10.75 m.) ~volume,~ 43,057 c. feet4,000 m cubed.

~Total lift.~--9,700 lbs. (4,400 kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Yellow coloured rubber proofed Continental fabric.

~Motor.~--One 100 h.p. 4-cylinder Panhard.

~Speed.~--29 m.p.h.

~Propellers.~--1, at the front end of the car, of wood, "Integrale"

type.

~Steering.~--As in _Clement Bayard I_ and _Ville de Nancy_.

Remarks.--The two side stabilising shapes are duplicated, as they are in

the _Ville de Paris_. A webbing stretched on steel tubes is introduced

between the inner edges of the 4 main stabilising shapes to provide

extra stabilising surface.

TORRES-QUEVEDO II. Military.

+------------------+

| |

+------------------+

~Maximum length~, 147-3/4 feet (45 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 32-3/4 feet

(10 m.) ~volume,~ 56,700 c. feet (1,600 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- ? lbs. ( ? kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--60 h.p. Chenu.

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--

~Steering.~--

Remarks.--Designed by Captain Kindelan and Engineer Torres Quevedo.

SWEDISH.

~(Revised by Lieut. DAHLBECK, R. Swedish Navy.)~

~Aerial Societies:~--

Svenska Aeronautiska Saellskapet (Stockholm).

Kungl. Automobil klubben: (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm).

Svenska Motor-klubben: Aero sektion (Stockholm).

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Svensk Motor-Tidning_ (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm) Fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Ljungbyhed~ (Skane), sheds.

~Malmsl[~a]tt~, sheds.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, the Army possessed 1 monoplane, 1 biplane,

and 2 biplanes building.

The Navy had 1 _Bleriot_ type monoplane and 3 building.

At the end of 1912 there were 9 privately owned aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C.

Swedish pilot certificate.)

Military.

von Porat, Lieut. (6)

Ljungner, Lieut. (7)

Hamilton, Capt. (2)

Naval.

Dahlbeck, Lieut. (3) (British Ae. C. 120)

Werner, Lieut. (9)

Private.

Cedarstr[~o]m, Baron C. (1)

Fj[~a]llb[~a]ck (4)

Angstr[~o]m (5)

Sundstedt (8)

Thulin, M.A. (10)

SWEDISH AEROPLANES.

ASK. Monoplane.

[Illustration: _Harlan_ type. Built by Ask, 1911.]

NYROP. Naval Monoplane.

[Illustration: _Bleriot_ 2-seater. Built in Sweden by Nyrop, 1911.

~Motor~, 50 h.p. Gnome.]

DAHLBECK.

[Illustration: _Farman_ type. Built by Lieut. Dahlbeck. 1913.]

SWISS.

(By our special Swiss editor.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club Suisse (3, Hirschengraben, Berne). Sec.: F. Filliot.

a Ostschweizerischer V. fuer L. (Zuerich).

b Sektion Mittelschwerz (Bern).

c Sektion Westschweiz (Romande) (Lausanne).

d Club Suisse d'Aviation (Geneva).

Club Genevois d'Aviation (Geneva). Sec.: P. Brasier.

Fluegsport Klub (Rorschach). Sec.: A. Zuern.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Bulletin de l'Aero Club Suisse_ (Berne). Monthly.

_La Suisse Sportive_ (16, Rue de Hesse, Geneva). Weekly.

_Sport_ (35, Boulevard Exterieur, Berne).

_Automobil Revue_ (Berne). Weekly.

_Le Sport Suisse_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_L'Auto Sport_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_A.C.S._ (Swiss Aut. Clubs) (Geneva). Fortnightly.

_Das Illustrierte Programm_ (Zurich). Fortnightly.

_Revue Weinfelden._ Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Avenches.~

~Collex-Versoix.~ (Club Suisse d'Aviation).

~Lucerne.~--60 acre park. Sheds.

~Petit Lancy.~ Geneva (Geneva Club).

~Duebendorf bei Zurich.~

~Dirigible Station~ (with hangars):--

~Lucerne.~

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were no army aeroplanes, a _Farman_

bought in 1911 having ceased to exist.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ _about_ 10

" ~1911~ " 15

At the end of March, 1913, there were about ~15~ privately owned

aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C.

Suisse pilot certificate number.) + = killed.

Military.

Real, Lieut. T. (4)

+ Schmidt, Capt. J.

Private.

Audemars, E. (7)

Bianchi, P. (6)

Bider, O. (32)

+ Blane, M. (17)

Bucher, M. (11)

Burkard, H. (20)

Burri, E. (24)

Casser, E. (28)

+ Cobioni, E. (15)

Domenjoz, J. (10)

Durafour, F. (3)

Failloubaz, E. (1)

Grandjean, R. (2l)

Gsell, R. (12)

+ Hoesli, G. (25)

Hug, M. (18)

Ingold, K. E. (35)

Jucker, A. (13)

Kramer, H. (31)

Mallei, A. (23)

Parmelin, A. (22)

+ Primavesi, E. (34)

Rech, E. (29)

Rettig, J. J. (27)

Reynold, M. (19)

Ruchonnet, E. (5)

Rupp, A. (9)

Salvioni, C. (16)

+ Schmid, H. (14)

Schumacher, J. (26)

Taddoli, E. (2)

Trepp, M. (30)

Wyss P. A. (8)

Zuest, B. (33)

SWISS AEROPLANES.

[Illustration: Grandjean.]

[Illustration: Taddeoli.]

[Illustration: Wetterwald.]

-----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+

| ~GRANDJEAN.~ | ~TADDEOLI.~ | ~WETTERWALD.~ |

Model and date. | Hydro-monoplane. | Monoplane. | Monoplane. |

| ~1911-12.~ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1912.~ |

-----------------------------+------------------ +-----------------+------------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 19-3/4 (6) | 24-1/2 (7.50) |

~Span~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 29-1/2 (9) | 33 (10) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 191 (18) | 151 (14) | 215 (20) |

{ total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | 880 (400) | 705 (320) |

~Weight~ { | | | |

{useful, lbs. (kgs.)| 310 (140) | 330 (150) | ... |

~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Oerlikon | 50 Gnome | 40 E.N.V. |

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 69 (110) | ... |

~Speed~ { | | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... | ... |

Number built during 1912 | 2 | 1 | 1 |

-----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+

TURKISH.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There is a military aerodrome at S. Stefano, with Amerigo, Renzel and

Thanlau as instructors.

In March, 1913, there were about 12 monoplanes (_Harlans & Reps_), and

one or two biplanes. Only one seems actually to have been used. Several

other aeroplanes were captured during the war--generally in their

packing cases unopened. In April, 50 machines were reported ordered in

Germany.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Fessa, Bey (780, F.)

Kienan, Lt. (797, F.)

Nouri, Lt.

Ratzian

Refik, Capt.

Sismanoglou, J.

URUGUAY.

~Aeroplanes in the country.~

_None._

~AVIATOR:~ Cameo, M. Garcia

U.S.A.

(Edited by E. L. JONES, Editor of "Aeronautics," U.S.A.)

~General Note.~--In the early nineties, Professor Langley and the Bros.

Wright were experimenting with heavier-than-air machines, but general

interest in the subject is quite recent. Though some small dirigibles

exist, American attention is mainly devoted to aeroplanes. Ballooning

was quite the thing in 1907-11, but has languished.

It is stated that there are certainly no less than _two thousand_ people

in the U. S. A. who have built flying machines. The greater percentage

of these have been home-made copies of standard machines. Individual

builders of copies and freaks have diminished greatly in numbers, and

there remains a few well-established manufacturers.

Although inventors are still prolific in the Patent Office and clubs

numerous, the general public takes very slight intelligent interest in

aviation. The majority of clubs are inactive.

In the year 1912 commercial development seemed to have great

possibilities. The copyists were being weeded out and competent

aeronautical constructors financed by adequate means began operations on

systematic business lines. The latter half of the year saw a great

slump. In the spring of 1913 prospects looked greatly improved, and

there was generally increased activity.

~Aerial Journals:~--

~Aeronautics.~--122, East 25th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Aircraft.~--37, East 28th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Fly.~--1701, Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pa. Monthly.

~Aero.~--Chicago, Ills. Weekly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Belmont Park, N.Y.~--Old race track. Not very good. Scene of 1910

meet. 30 sheds occupied by few experimenters.

~Dayton.~--_Wright_ school private field.

~Chicago, Ills.~--Two fine fields.

~Fort Myer, Va.~--Government and private sheds.

~Hammondsport, N.Y.~--_Curtiss_ factory. Field (small) and lake for

water planes.

~Los Angeles, Calif.~--Several fields in vicinity. Used for _Eaton_

school and private flyers.

~Marblehead, Mass.~--Poor field. Home of Burgess C. Fine for

hydro-aeroplanes.

~Mineola, N.Y.~--_Moisant, Sloane_ and another school, and

individuals. About 1 by 10 miles level field, without obstructions.

~Oakwood Heights, Staten I., N.Y.~--The Aeronautical Soc. grounds,

on bay for use of hydro-aeroplanes.

~San Diego, Calif.~--Winter quarters _Curtiss_ camp; also used by

army flyers.

~San Francisco~ (near).--Good.

~St. Louis, Mo.~--Kinloch Park. _Benoist_ school and private

owners.

~U. S. A. AERO CLUBS.~

An attempt has been made here to give the name of every aero club that

has been formed recently in the United States, or has been in existence

for a long time. It is believed this list covers every club in the

United States.

Many of these clubs are nothing but a name. They were formed to conduct

meets or exhibitions, given by the various aeroplane concerns engaged in

this business. Many clubs are not incorporated. Others have no

organisation, being run by principals of boys' schools or classes.

Clubs even affiliated with the Aero Club of America have no members'

meetings, nor have they in many cases even meeting rooms. There are but

a half-dozen live aero clubs worthy the name in America. Three clubs own

balloons, which are rented to members for ascensions. Little attempt is

made by more than one or two associations to popularise aeronautics, to

encourage experimenters, or to indulge in scientific work.

The Aero Club of America, the Aeronautical Society and Aero Club of

Illinois, are the principal organisations. The Ae. C. represents the

F.A.I., and has a beautiful club house. The Aeronautical Society has

rooms in the United Engineering Building, conducts well-attended

lectures twice a month, and has grounds on Straten Island (for

hydro-aeroplanes and aeroplanes).

Clubs affiliated with the Ae. C. of America are marked *

~CALIFORNIA.~

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

*Aero Club of California, Prof. H. La V. Twining, Pres., 1308

Calumet St. Los Angeles.

*Pacific Aero Club, Pacific Buildings, 331 Octavia Street, San

Francisco

Postal Aero Club, 305 W. Santa Clara Street, San Jose

University of California Aero Club, T. W. Veitch, Sec., Berkeley

Oakland Aero Club, Oakland

*Aero Club of Colorado, 36 West Colfax Avenue, Denver, Col.

Aero Club of Blackstonehill, Oakland, Calif, c/o W. R. Davis, Jr.,

474 Prospect Street

Curtiss Amateur Aviation Club, Harold Scott, Secretary, Los Angeles

Santa Clara Valley Aero Club, Chamber of Commerce, San Jose

Aero Club of San Diego, San Diego, Colonel C. C. Collier, Pres.

Aero Club of Pasedena, W. J. Hogan, Pres., 635 Chamber of Commerce,

Box 1054

~CONNECTICUT.~

*Aero Club of Connecticut, Pres., A. Holland Forbes, at Fairfield

Yale University Aero Club, New Haven

Aero Club of Hartford, Hiram Percy Maxim, Pres., Hartford

~CUBA.~

*Aero Club de Cuba, Ignario 5, Havana

~DELAWARE.~

Aero Club of Delaware, Wilmington

~DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.~

Washington Aero Scientific Club, F. L. Rice, Sec., c/o Y.M.C.A.,

Washington

*Aero Club of Washington, Dr. Albert F. Zahm, Sec., Cosmos Club,

Washington

~FLORIDA.~

Aeronautic Society of Florida, Davenport and Kerrison, Secs., 2014

Main Street, Jacksonville

~ILLINOIS.~

*Aero Club of Illinois, F. McCormick, Pres., 240 Michigan Avenue,

Chicago

Aeroplane and Kite Club, E. E. Harbert, Pres., 2852 N. Clark

Street, Chicago

University of Chicago Aero Club, Chicago

*Aircraft Club of Peoria, c/o Leslie Lord, 505 E. Armstrong Street,

Peoria

Aeronautical Society of the University of Illinois, Urbana, R.

Watts, Sec., 507 E. John Street, Champaigne

~INDIANA.~

Purdue Aero Club, Purdue University, Lafayette

South Bend Aero Club, South Bend.

*Aero Club of Indiana, Indianapolis

~KANSAS.~

Aero Club of Topeka, Topeka

*Western Aero Association, E. S. Cole, Sec., Topeka

Kansas State Aero Club, C. H. Lyons, Sec., Overland Park

~KENTUCKY.~

Continental Aero Club, Richmond

~LOUISIANA.~

Southern Aero Club, 809 Canal Street, New Orleans

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

~MARYLAND.~

*Aero Club of Baltimore, Col. Jerome H. Joyce, Pres., Baltimore

~MASSACHUSETTS.~

Aero Club of North Adams, North Adams

*Aero Club of New England, A. R. Shrigley, Sec., 26 Trement St.,

Boston

Amherst Aero Club, Amherst

*Pittsfield Aero Club, L. J. Minahan, Pres., Pittsfield

Springfield Aero Club, c/o Charles T. Shean, Pres., 3 John Street,

Springfield

Tufts College Aero Club, Tufts College

*Harvard Aeronautical Society, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch, Pres., Blue

Hill Observatory

Mass. Inst. of Technology Aero Club, John S. Selfridgem, Sec.,

Inst. of Technology, Boston

Dartmouth Aero Club, Richard F. Paul, Sec., Dartmouth

First Assn. of Licensed Pilots, Chas. J. Glidden, Pres., Hotel

Somerset, Boston

Williams Aeronautical Society, Williams College, Robert O. Starret,

Sec., Williamstown

~MICHIGAN.~

*Aero Club of Michigan, C. B. du Charme, Sec., Detroit

University of Michigan Aero Club, Ann Arbor

~MINNESOTA.~

Minneapolis Junior Aero Club, Stillman Chase, Sec., 3047 5th

Avenue, S., Minneapolis

St. Louis Experimental Ass'n., 5346 Zealand Street, St. Louis

*Kansas City Aero Club, George M. Myers, Pres., Convention Hall,

Kansas City

~MISSOURI.~

*Aero Club of St. Louis, 1429 Pine Street, St. Louis

~MONTANA.~

Aero Club of St. Charles College, Helena

~NEBRASKA.~

Aero Club of Nebraska, Col. Wm. H. Glassford, Pres., Fort Omaha

Junior Aero Club or the Y.M.C.A., c/o Y.M.C.A., Omaha

Lincoln Aero Club, Lincoln, c/o G. R. Brownfield, 1234 "O" Street

Aviation Club of Nebraska, Arthur Frenzer, Sec., 2778 California

Street, Omaha

~NEW JERSEY.~

Princeton University Aero Club, Princeton

Aeronautic Society of New Jersey, c/o N.J. Automobile & Motor Club,

Broad Street, Newark

Aero Club of New Jersey, c/o James K. Duffy, Sec., 315 Madison

Avenue, New York

New Jersey Aeronautical League, W. A. Kraus, Sec., Guttenberg

Aero and Motor Club, Asbury Park

Atlantic City Aero Club, Col. Walter E. Edge, Sec., Atlantic City

Model School Aero Club, Trenton, R. G. Teavitt, Sec.

Trenton Aero Club, James Fenton, Sec., Trenton

~NEW YORK.~

*Aero Club of America, 297 Madison Avenue, Chas. Walsh, Sec.

The Aeronautical Society, 250 W. 54th Street, Arnold Kruckman, Gen.

Sec.

Aeronautic Alumni Ass'n., c/o West Side Y.M.C.A., West 57th Street

New York Model Aero Club, Adrien Lacroix, Sec., 141 Lexington

Avenue

National Model Aero Club, c/o A. Leo Stevens, 282 9th Avenue

Stuyvesant Aeronautic Society, 345 East 15th Street, Percey W.

Pierce, Sec.

Columbia Aero Club, Columbia University, 116th Street

Dewitt Clinton High School Aero Club, 58th Street and 10th Avenue

*Aero Club of Buffalo, Lafayette Hotel, Buffalo, N.Y.

Thousand Islands Aero Club, c/o Dr. J. M. Gibbons, 168 Montague

Street, Ithaca

Aeronautic Section, Technology Club, Syracuse

Boys' High School Aero Club, Henry St. Pieless, Sec., 815 Avenue,

J., Brooklyn

*Rochester Aero Club, c/o L. J. Seely, 10 Culver Road, Rochester

Aero Club of the Y.M.C.A., Harold C. Carpenter, Pres., White Plains

Aero Club, Haliano, U.S.A., 135, West 12th Street, N.Y. Seventy-two

members. C. Chiantelli, Sec.

Junior Aero Club, c/o A. E. Horn, Public School, 77 Park Avenue and

84th Street

Aero Club of Long Island, c/o Hohn H. Lisle, Alen Cove

Commerce Aero Club, 65 West 117th Street

*Aero Club of New York, Garden City.

Mechanics Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o H. H. Simms, 304 Cutler

Building, Rochester

Aeronautical Research Club of the Y.M.C.A., H. C. Myers, Sec.,

Buffalo

Aero Club Italiano, Saverio A. Mascia, 403 Park Avenue

Aeronautical Society of Women, Miss Dorothy E. Ball, Sec., 250 West

54th Street

~OHIO.~

*Aero Club of Ohio, Canton

*Aero Club of Dayton, Dayton

International Aeroplane Club, Dayton

Cleveland Aero Club, C. J. Forbes, Sec., Hollanden Hotel, Cleveland

*Aero Club of Cincinnati, c/o P. L. Mitchell, Traction Buildings,

Cincinnati

~OREGON.~

Portland Aero Club, E. Henry Wemme, Pres., Portland

~PENNSYLVANIA.~

Aviation Section, Professional Chauffeurs Ass'n. of America, 1933

Spring Gardens, Phil.

*Aero Club of Pennsylvania, Rev. Geo. S. Gassner, Sec., Betz

Buildings, Phil.

Ben Franklin Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o Dr. T. Chalmers Fulton, 6th

and Diamond Street, Phil.

Philadelphia Aeronautical Recreation Society, Dr. Thos. E.

Eldridge, Pres., 1639 N. Broad Street, Phil.

Haverford College Aero Club, Haverford, Pa.

Swartmore College Aero Club, Swartmore, Pa.

Univ. of Penn. Aero Club, Univ. of Penn., Phil., Pa.

Aero Club of Carnegie, Tech. Schools, Pittsburg, Pa.

Intercollegiate Aeronautical Ass'n., Geo. A. Richardson, Pres.,

Univ. of Penn., Phil.

Pittsburg Aero Club, H. P. Haas, Sec., Magel Buildings, Pittsburg,

Pa.

~RHODE ISLAND.~

Pawtucket Aero Club, Pawtucket

Rhode Island Aeronautical Society, Providence, John J. Long, Sec.,

c/o Brown University

~TENNESSE.~

Nashville Aero Club, Nashville, E. Fisher Coles, Sec.

~TEXAS.~

Dallas Aero Club, c/o Chamber of Commerce

San Antonio Aero Club, c/o Dr. Fred J. Fielding, 423 Hick's

Buildings, San Antonio

South Western Aero Club, P.O. Box 821, Fort Worth

Texas Junior Aeronautical Ass'n., Hugh Dumas, Pres., Fort Worth

~UTAH.~

Aero Club of Utah, c/o L. R. Culver, 11 Eagle Block, Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City Aero Club, c/o Mr. Campbell, Walker Bank Buildings,

Salt Lake City

~VERMONT.~

Aero Club of Vermont, Chas. T. Fairfield, Pres., c/o Rutland News,

Rutland

~VIRGINIA.~

University of Virginia Aero Club, Stanford Swin, Sec., University

of Virginia

Virginia-Tennesse Aero Club, Bristol, Va-Tenn, C. W. Morey, Sec.

~WASHINGTON.~

Aero Club of Washington, 415 Union Trust Buildings, Washington,

D.C.

Aero Club of Seattle, c/o M. Robert Guggenheim, 511 Lonan

Buildings, Seattle

Walla Walla Aero Club, Walla Walla

~WISCONSIN.~

*Milwaukee Aero Club, Milwaukee, c/o Major Henry B. Hersey, Chief

of the Weather Bureau, Milwaukee

Milwaukee Aeronautic Society, Pres., Sherman Brown, Manager of

Davidson Theatre, Milwaukee

~U.S.A. MILITARY AVIATION.~

~U. S. ARMY AEROPLANE SPECIFICATIONS. (1912).~

~SPEED SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) Carry one person with the seat located to permit of the largest

possible field of observation. (2) Ascend at the rate of 1500 feet

in three minutes, while carrying fuel for one hour's flight. (3)

Carry fuel for a three hours' flight. (4) Must be easily

transportable by road, rail, etc., and easily and rapidly assembled

and adjusted. (5) The starting and landing devices must be part of

the machine itself, and it must be able to start without outside

assistance. (6) The engine must be capable of throttling. (7) The

engine will be subject to endurance test in the air of two hours'

continuous flight. (8) Speed in the air of at least 65 miles an

hour. (9) Capable of landing on and arising from ploughed fields.

(10) The supporting surfaces must be of sufficient size to insure

safe gliding in case the engine stops. (11) The efficiency and

reliability of the system of control must have been demonstrated

before the purchase order is placed. The aeroplane must be capable

of executing a figure eight within a rectangle 500 yards by 250

yards, and without decreasing its altitude more than 100 feet at

the completion of the figure eight. This test to be made by aviator

alone without carrying extra weight. (12) The extreme width of the

aeroplane supporting surfaces must not exceed 40 feet.

~SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) The aeroplane must carry two persons with seats located to

permit of the largest possible field of observation for both. (2)

The control must be capable of use by either operator from either

seat. (3) The machine must be able to ascend at least 2000 feet in

ten minutes while carrying a weight of 600 lbs. including the

aviator and passenger, 150 lbs. of gasoline, and extra weight to

make 600 lbs. All of the extra weight must be carried on the engine

section and not distributed over the wings. (4) The fuel and oil

capacity must be sufficient for at least four hours continuous

flight. This will be determined by a trial flight of at least one

half-hour, measuring the consumption of gasoline while carrying the

passenger and weight stated in paragraph 3. (5) Same as No. 4

above. (6) Same as No. 5 above. (7) The engine must be of American

manufacture and capable of throttling to run at reduced speed. (8)

Same as No. 7 above. This test will be made with aviator and

passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4.

(9) The aeroplane must develop a speed in the air of at least forty

miles an hour. This test will be made with aviator and passenger,

extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. The maximum

speed must not exceed sixty-five miles per hour. (10) Same as No. 9

above. This test will be made with aviator, passenger, extra weight

and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. (11) Same as No. 10

above. (12) Same as No. 11 above. (13) Same as No. 12 above.

In ~1913~ additional requirements specified enclosed body, bullet-proof

armour, .75 chrome steel, for engine and aviator, provision of necessary

instruments and wireless, with, as desirable features, silencer and

cut-out, self-starter and an efficient stabilising device.

At end of March, 1913, the effective Army aeroplanes consisted of three

50 h.p. _Wrights_, one _Wright-Burgess_, several old machines.

The Navy had two _Wright-Burgess_ hydros and a few nondescripts. A

_Burgess_ flying boat since added.

The estimate for Army effectives at end of the present year (1913) is 21

(5 _Burgess_, 6 _Curtiss_, 10 _Wright_).

~AVIATORS.~

(The numbers after any name is the number of the U. S. Aero Club

certificate.)

Army.

Arnold, Lieut. H. H. (29)

Beck, P. Capt. (39)

Brereton, Lt. L. H. (211)

Burge, Corp. V. S. (154)

Chandler, C. de F. Capt. (59)

Foulois, Lieut. (140)

Geiger, Lieut. H. (166)

Goodier, Lt. L. E. (200)

Graham, Lieut. H. (152)

Hennessy, Capt. F. B. (153)

Humphreys, Lieut.

Kirtland, Lieut. R.C. (45)

Lahm, Lieut. F. P. (2)

Love, Lieut. M. L. (155)

McClaskey, Lieut. J. W. (90)

McKay, Capt. G. W. (67)

McLeary, Lieut. S. H. (210)

McManus, Lieut.

Milling, Lieut. (30)

Rodgers, J. Lieut. (48)

Sherman, Lieut. W. C. (151)

Winder, Lieut.-Col. C.B. (130)

Navy.

Herbster, Ens. (103)

Ellyson, Lieut. T. G. (28)

Rodgers, John, Lieut.

Towers, Lieut. J. H. (62)

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS (to end of 1911).~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C.

America pilot certificate number. Only a few American aviators have

bothered to obtain the Ae. Certificate. America produces a large number

of aviators who fly for pleasure or exhibitions only and have not gone

into competitions under International Rules. These consequently do not

bother about certificates; but most of those recorded could easily

obtain them, if they cared to try.)

Adams, Clarence

Adams, A. S. (215)

Alvarez, F.

Ambrose, Charles

Andrews, Thornwell

Apto, H. J.

Arndt, Edw. F.

Atwater, Mrs. L. J.

Atwater, W. B. (98)

Atwood, H. N. (33)

Baker, G. H.

Baldwin, Ivy

Baldwin, Capt. T. S. (7)

Barnett, A. E.

Barton, Sam

Bates, M. F. (66)

Beachey, Hillery (89)

Beachey, Lincoln (27)

Beatty, G. W. (41)

Beckly, Wm. A.

Beers, W. C. (40)

Benoist, T. W.

Bergdoll, Louis, J.

Betton, Kaid

Bishop, Cortland

Bleakley, W. H.

Boandette, A. B.

Bonner, G. T.

Bonette, C. C.

Bonney, L. W. (47)

Brackett, A. J.

Brewer, Roy

Brindley, O. A. (46)

Brinker, H. S.

Brodie, O. W. (135)

Brookins, W. R. (19)

Brown, H. H. (58)

Bumbaugh, Capt. G. L.

Burgess, W. Starling (136)

Burligh, Chas.

Bush, J. F.

Butler, P. J.

Callon, J. L. (102)

Champion, Frank (86)

Christmas, Wm.

Cannon, Jack

Cline, W. F.

Coffyn, F. C. (26)

Cole, R.

Coleman, R. F.

Cook, W. B. (95)

Cooke, Henry C.

Cooke, F. G. (26)

Cooper, John D. (60)

Costello, A. B.

Coutourier, C. (79)

Crewelson, W. H.

Cross, Redmond W. (35)

Crosby, R. W.

Cummings, J. A.

Curtiss, Glenn H. (1) & (Ae. C. F. 1)

Curzon, J. W.

DeGiers, C.

De Hart, D. C.

De Kor, F. (72)

Dennis, D. L.

Dixon, S. D.

Dougherty, E. S. (87)

Doyle, H.

Drew, A. (50)

Drexel, J. A. (8)

Durgan, W. E.

Dyott, G. M.

Eaton, Warren

Ecot, Robert G.

Eells, Fred.

Elton, Albert (75)

Engel, A. J.

Erickson, Louis, G.

Eshoo, D.

Evans, W.

Ey, G.

Fish, Farnam (85)

Fortney, Lewis

Fowler, R. G.

Freeman, A. (84)

Fuchs, Joseph

Funk, T. B.

Gallaudet, E. F. (32)

Games, A. B.

Gantz, Saxe P.

Gardener, Hubbard G.

Garner, R. W.

Gaskell, Bud

Gratz, H. F.

Gray, George

Green, William, Dr.

Gregory, Donald

Greider, C.

Greider, J.

Gressier, Romaine

Guey, Fung Joe

Hadley, C. O.

Hall,

Hamilton, C. K. (12)

Hamilton, J. W.

Hamilton, Thos. W.

Hammond, Lee (34)

Harper

Harkness, H. S. (16)

Harmon, C. B. (6)

Hartman, A.

Haupt, Willie

Havens, Beckwith (127)

Hendrian, A.

Henning, J. C.

Henningsen, Fred

Heth, Eugene

Henry, R. St.

Hilliard, W. M. (Brit. Ae. C. 102)

Hills, H. V.

Hofer, W.

Hoff, Wm. H. (91)

Hoflake, Charles

Holden, J. J.

Holt, L. E. (63)

Hoover, Fred. (100)

Hoover, H. H.

Huddleston, E. D.

James, Stanley

Janicke, W.

Jannus, Anthony (80)

Jennings, J. C.

Jerwan, S. S. (54)

Johnson, Frank H.

Johnson, Walter E. (164)

Jumel, August

Kantner, H. (65)

Kellrey, H.

Kemmerle, Horace

Kennedy, F. M. (97)

Kiley, J. E.

Kimball, Wilbur R.

Klein, H. H.

Klockles, J. G.

Korn, Edward

Krasting, Theodore

La Chapelle, Duval

Lambert, A. B. (61)

Lambreath, C. E.

Lapadat, N.

Laser, G. F.

Le Van, Howard

Lewis, S. C. (92)

Lewkowicz, Ladis

Lidstone, Ed. S.

Lillie, M. T. (73)

Lockwood, Chas.

Longfellow, H. W.

Loose, Geo. H.

Lougheed, A.

Longo, T.

Ludwig, Vandy

Maier

Manners, George

Mars, J. C. (11)

Martin, J. B.

Martin, G. L. (56)

Martin, J. V.

Massar, A. M.

Masson

Matalach, S. H.

Mattingley, O. A.

Maynard, Arthur

Mayo, Albert (99)

McCally, J. B. (94)

McCarty, James

McClellam

McCollum, W. C.

McCurdy, J. A. D. (18)

McGoey, Thomas

McNamara, Geo. E.

McManus, L.

McMahon, A. J.

Medrick, F. H.

Meyerhoffer, Orvar

Miller, Clinton R.

Moisant, Miss M. E. (44)

Morok, Chas. B.

Mourfield, Carl

Murias, De E. F. (38)

Murphy, T.

Murphy, Wm.

Neidmiller, Ed.

Nelson, N. B.

Nelson, Nels. T.

Ovington, E. L.

Page, P. W. (68)

Paine, N. B.

Paridon, Michael

Park, Henry

Paulding, Dwight

Paulhan, L. (3)

Pfiel, P.

Post, Augustus

Powers, H. W.

Prince, Norman (55)

Prentice,

Prospect, Louis

Prowse, C. O.

Raiche, Mrs. F.

Ragot, Louis

Reichert, H. D. W. (82)

Remington, Earle

Reynolds, Dr. Percy, L.

Richter, J. (81)

Riggs, E.

Roat, Arthur R.

Robinson, H. (42)

Roehrig, B. F.

Rowe, F. E.

Russell, Geo.

Sackett, Harry

Sands, H. Hayden (Ae. C. F. 70)

Schafer, G. E.

Schmidt, G. S.

Schneider, Fred, P.

Schulz, G. C.

Schwartz, A.

Schwister, John

Scott, Miss B.

Seeman, J. R.

Seignor, H. A.

Seligman, J. (64)

Seymour, Joseph

Sellers, M. B.

Shelton, T.

Sherwood, Oliver, B.

Shneider, Fred.

Shoemaker, Chas. W. (93)

Sill, F.

Simmonds, O. G. (145)

Skinner, S. R.

Slaik, E.

Slavin, J. J.

Smith, A.

Smith, Kyle

Smith, R. M.

Sommerville, W. E.

Soreusen, Prof.

Sparling, J. N.

Steitz, F. M. (88)

Stewart, J. G.

Stone, A. (Ae. C. F. 15)

Summer, Gill.

Suppe,

Talmage, M. P.

Takisow,

Tarbox, J.

Thomas, W. T.

Thomas, O. W.

Thompson, George

Tickell, Sam

Timothy, S. R.

Troxey

Turpin, J. C. (22)

Tuttle, T. T.

Vanderbilt, W. K.

Vaughan, Stanley

Vogt, Jesse S.

Walden, Dr. H. W. (74)

Walker, Clarence

Ward, J. J. (52)

Warner, A. P.

Webster, C. L. (69)

Weeks, F. W.

Wells, G.

Wetzig, H. H.

Weymann, Charles (14)

Wilcox

Wildman, Dock

Willard, C. F. (10)

Williams, Beryl (71)

Williams, B. J.

Willoughby, Capt. Hugh L.

Wilson, Edward

Wiseman, Fred. E.

Witmer, C. C. (53)

Worden, John H. (76)

Wright, Orville (4) (Ae. C. F. 14)

Wright, Wilbur (5) (Ae. C. F. 15)

Young, C. M.

Yan, J.

The following American aviators have been killed:--

+-----------------------+

| 1908. |

| Selfridge, Lt. (Army) |

| |

| 1910. |

| Johnstone, R. (20) |

| Moisant, J. B. (13) |

| |

| 1911. |

| Badger, Wm. R. (36) |

| Castellane, Tony |

| Clark, C. B., Dr. |

| Dixon, Cromwell (43) |

| Ely, Eugene |

| Frisbie, J. J. (24) |

| Hoxsey, Arch. (21) |

| Johnston, St. Croix |

| Kelly, Lieut. (Army) |

| Kreamer, Dan. A. |

| Miller, F. H. |

| Oxley |

| Penot, Marcel |

| Purvis, Wm. G. |

| Rosenbaum, Louis |

| Schriver, Tod (9) |

+-----------------------+

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS. (Brevets, 1912.)~

Aldasoro, J. P. (217)

Aldasaro, E. A. (218)

Andrews, W. D. (124)

Arnold, G. (198)

Barlow, F. E. (139)

Beckwith, S. F. (137)

Beech, A. C. (168)

Belcher, O. T. (158)

Bell, Dr. F. J. (196)

Bell, G. E. (201)

Bergdoll, G. C. (169)

Berlin, C. A. (109)

Bleakley, W. H. (206)

Bouldin, W. (157)

Boysdorfer, C. (193)

Brown, R. M. (185)

Bryant, G. M. (208)

Burnside, F. H. (212)

Carlstrom, O. G. (145)

Colovon, P. (160)

Crossley, S. J. (187)

Dalwigk, G. B. (190)

De Hart, D. C. (129)

Eaton, W. S. (128)

Edelman, D. (191)

Elliott, R. (178)

Figyelmessy, H. (203)

Fritts, E. V. (213)

Gilpatric, J. G. (171)

Gray, G. A. (142)

Gray, J. F. (150)

Gunn, T. (131)

Hattemer, H. L. (147)

Hemstraught, W. H. (146)

Hetlick, W. A., jr. (197)

Hild, F. C. (216)

Hunt, E. N. (163)

Holmes, H. (204)

Johnson, R. R. (205)

Kabitzke, W. (126)

Kammski, J. G. (121)

Kemper, F. W. (119)

Klockler, J. G. (125)

Korn, E. (171)

Lamkey, W. A. (183)

Law, R. B. (188)

Maroney, T. T. (106)

Masson, D. (202)

McMillen, R. E. (111)

Meyer, C. (176)

Miller, B. A. (173)

Niles, C. F. (181)

Park, H. (113)

Peoli, C. (141)

Piceller, W. (116)

Prodgers, C. B. (159)

Reid, M. E. (114)

Reid, P. H. (179)

Remer, L. H., de (115)

Richardson, R. H. C. (174)

Robinson, R. W. C. (162)

Ruiz, H. (182)

Russell, R. B. (132)

Salinas, A. (170)

Salinas, G. (172)

Schaeffer, J. S. (177)

Scholovinck, E. (195)

Schuman, F. J. (143)

Singh, M. M. (123)

Sjolander, C. T. (138)

Smith, J. F. (207)

Spaulding, J. D. (107)

Stark, W. M. (110)

Stinson, K. (148)

Sverkerson, J. S. (180)

Tait, G. M. (184)

Takeiski, K. (122)

Terrill, F. J. (108)

Thomson, C. (112)

Thompson, De L. (134)

Twombly, W. I. (149)

Vought, C. M. (156)

Waite, H. R. (186)

Weeks, E. O. (214)

Weiner, T. (167)

Wiggins, C. L. (175)

Wood, C. M. (209)

U.S. Aviators killed:

_Continued._

+---------------------------+

| In ~1912.~ |

| |

| Blair, R. |

| Chambers, W. B. |

| Clarke, J. (133) |

| Gill, H. W. (31) |

| Hazelhurst, Lieut. |

| Kearney, H. F. (83) |

| Kondo, M. (120) |

| Lawrence, C. |

| Longstaffe, J. L. |

| Mitchell, L. (51) |

| Page, R. (96) |

| Parmelee (25) |

| Peck, P. (57) |

| Quimby, Miss H. (37) |

| Rodgers, C. P. (49) |

| Rockwell, Lt. L. C. (165) |

| Scott, Corp. F. |

| Southard, F. J. |

| Stevenson, J. |

| Turner, H. |

| Underwood, G. |

| Walsh, C. F. |

| Welsh, A. L. (23) |

| |

| In ~1913.~ |

| |

| Boland, F. E. |

| Chandler, Lieut. R. |

| Park, Lieut. T. D. (223) |

+---------------------------+

U.S.A. AEROPLANES.

~A~

AERIAL EXHIBITION Co. (Biplane), 1777, Broadway, New York. Built a

_Curtiss_ type with Kirkham motor, 1911. 2 skids, with wheel between,

and usual _Farman_ rubber shock absorbers.

AERIAL YACHT CO., San Francisco. Inc. 1913. Capital, $25,000.

AERONAUTICAL SUPPLY CO. See _Cordeaux-Etter_.

AMERICAN AEROPLANE SUPPLY HOUSE (Monoplane), 266, Main Street,

Hempstead, N.Y. Builders of monoplanes after the _Bleriot_ type.

Half-a-dozen machines were built and sold during 1911. Fitted with

Gnomes or American engines.

~B~

BALDWIN Biplanes. Captain Thos. S. Baldwin, PO Box, 78, Madison Square,

N.Y. About half-a-dozen steel biplanes have been produced in 1911 by

Captain Baldwin, and he and other aviators, Badger, Hammond, Miss Scott

Mass, etc., have flown these at various exhibitions and meets, and are

classed with well-known successful American biplanes.

[Illustration: _Photo, Edwin Levick, N.Y._]

Details of _Baldwin_ ("Red Devil").

~Length.~--28-1/4 feet (8.60 m.) ~Span.~--28-3/4 feet (8.75 m.)

~Motor.~--50-60 h.p. Hall-Scott ~Propeller.~--One Requa-Gibson in rear

of main planes. Diameter, 7 feet (2.13 m.) Pitch, 6 feet (1.82 m.)

~Speed.~--60 m.p.h. (97 k.p.h.)

[Illustration: BALDWIN. RED DEVIL. UAS.]

BENOIST. Benoist Aircraft Co., 6628, Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo.

(formerly Aeronautic Supply Co.)

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+

| ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ |

Model and date. | "Headless." | Flying boat. |

| | Tandem biplane. |

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 22-1/2 (6.85) | 27 |

~Span~ feet (m.)| 30 (9.15) | 42-1/6 (12.80) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... |

{total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1004 (455) |

~Weight~ { | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... |

~Motor~ h.p.| ... | 75 Roberts |

{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 68 (110) | ... |

~Speed~ { | | |

{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 31 (50) | ... |

~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | |

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--The boat of the flying boat is 23-5/6 feet long, by 2 feet 2-1/2

inches wide. Shipable wheels. See _Aeronautics_, January, 1913.

[Illustration: BENOIST. Flying boat. UAS.]

BOLAND. Boland Aeroplane & Motor Co., 1821, Broadway, New York. Works:

Ft. Center St. Newark, N.J.

[Illustration]

----------------------------+------------------+

Model and date. | ~1913.~ |

| "Tailless." |

----------------------------+------------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-1/6 (6.45) |

~Span~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... |

{total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) |

~Weight~ { | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... |

~Motor~ h.p.| 60 Boland |

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (95) |

Number built during 1912 | 1 |

----------------------------+------------------+

A refinement of the original machine of the late F. E. Boland, which

first flew in 1911. _Control_ by two special jibs which work inward.

Designed to be used also as a hydro, with three step floats. No rudder

or ailerons. Full details, etc., see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913,

and _Aircraft_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

BURGESS. Burgess Co. & Curtis, Marblehead, Mass. Built _Wright_ types

under license, also machines of their own.

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

Model and date. | Military tractor. | Coast defence hydro. | Naval flying boat.

| ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (8.50) | 33-1/3 (9.55) | 31 (9.45)

~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 37-3/4 (12) | 43 (13.10)

| | | -- -----

| | | 36 (10.97)

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | 397 (37)

{total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ...

~Weight~ { | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 775 (352) | ...

~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 60 Sturtevant | 70 Renault

| | _muffled_ |

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (70) | 59 (95) | ...

~Endurance~ hrs.| 4-1/2 | 4-1/2 | ...

Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ...

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

Remarks.-- | Lumina fabric. | Special clear view | Boat 29-1/2 feet long.

| Single screw. | for observation. | 2--2 step floats.

| Details, _Aeronautics_, | 2--1 step mahogany | Petrol, 48 gallons.

| (U.S.A.), May-June, | and copper floats. | Details, _Aeronautics_,

| 1912. | Useful weight | (U.S.A.), May, 1913.

| | includes floats. |

| | Details, _Aeronautics_, |

| | (U.S.A.), Feb., 1913. |

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

[Illustration: Burgess-Wright.]

[Illustration: Burgess-Wright as a hydro (the U.S. Navy has two of these).]

[Illustration: Military tractor. _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS.]

[Illustration: "Coast defense" hydro. _From "Aeronautics."_]

[Illustration: Burgess-Curtis. 1913 Naval flying boat.]

~C~

CHRISTMAS. Durham Christmas Aeroplane Sales & Exhibition Corporation,

Inc. 1913. Capital: $10,000 to $50,000. Claims for it are that it is

"automatically balanced." This is attained by the shape of the machine,

not through the agency of any auxiliary apparatus.

[Illustration]

CORDEAUX-ETTER. Cordeaux-Etter Mfg. Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y. Capital:

$10,000. Took over, 1913, the Aeronautical Supply Co., of N.Y.

COOKE. Weldon B. Cooke Aeroplane Co., Sandusky, Ohio. Founded 1913 by

the well-known aviator, W. B. Cooke.

[Illustration]

---------------------------+------------------+

Model and date. | ~1913.~ |

---------------------------+------------------+

~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.60) |

~Span~ feet (m.)| 24 (7.30) |

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 240 (22) |

{total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) |

~Weight~ { | |

{usefullbs. (kgs.)| ... |

~Motor~ h.p.{|75 Roberts 2 cycle|

{| _upside down_ |

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... |

Number built during 1912 | new firm |

---------------------------+------------------+

Details, _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February, 1913.

[Illustration: COOKE. UAS]

CURTISS. Curtiss Aeroplane Co., Hammondsport, N.Y. Glenn H. Curtiss in

1907 and 1908 was a member of the Aerial Experiment Association, formed

by Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell. This Association built four

machines, each along the lines of one of the four engineers belong to

the Association, F. W. Baldwin, Lieut. T. E. Selfridge, G. H. Curtiss

and J. A. D. McCurdy. The last built was the _June Bug_, designed by

Curtiss and was the most successful. In the spring of 1908, the

Association was disbanded and The Aeronautical Society gave Curtiss an

order for an aeroplane with _carte blanche_ as to design. He produced a

4 cyl. machine, Curtiss engine, and flew it. A duplicate was hurriedly

built, 8 cyl. engine installed, and taken to Europe for the first Gordon

Bennett, which he won. Returning, the same type was continued with minor

improvements. Later the front elevator was brought closer in, finally

discarded, and the fan tail adopted and this remains the standard land

machine to-day. In April, a military tractor was built and flown.

On January 26th, 1911, first successful flights were made with a

hydroaeroplane, at the Winter camp at San Diego, Calif. This had two

floats tandem. One was finally adopted and great success was achieved,

and remains standard at the present time. With this machine various

experiments were made. It was altered in a tractor for one occasion, it

was lifted on board warships; made into triplane, etc.

In 1912 he brought out his present type of flying boat. This is being

rapidly developed and minor changes in details are made in practically

every machine put out.

In May, 1913, he produced a special 4-passenger flying boat for a

customer on special order.

Note.--In addition to those tabulated, special small racing machines

have been built, as well as similar machines with extra sections simply

added either side for Army use.

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+--------------------

Model and date. | ~Type D.~ | ~Type E.~ | ~Type F.~

| ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+--------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-2/3 (8.10) | 27-1/3 (8.33) | 27-1/3 (8.33)

~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 31-1/4 (9.50) | 38-1/3 (11.70)

~Overall~ feet (m.)| 33-1/12 (10) | 36-1/4 (11) | 41-2/3 (12.70)

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 214 (19-1/2) | 288 (26-1/4) | 421-1/2 (39)

{total lbs. (kgs)| ... | 1700 (771) | ...

~Weight~ { | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs)| ... | 500 (227) | ...

~Motor~ h.p.| Curtiss | 80 Curtiss | Curtiss

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 59 (95) | ...

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+--------------------

Remarks.-- | Land service, but | Fitted either with |Used to date only

|is also made fitted | wheels, pontons, or |as military tractor

| with floats. | boat. |or heavy flying boat.

| Panels. | _Vilas boat._ | _McCormick boat._

| | Boat 24 ft. long. |Boat 25 ft. long 4 ft.

| |Beam 54-1/2 ft. long. |wide. Freeboard 46

| |Height 41 ins. long. |ins. Cockpit 84 ins.

| |Cockpit 3 ft. long by |long by 46 ins. wide.

| | 4 ft. 2 ins. wide. |Length of tail, incl.

| | | elevator 12 feet.

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+------------------

For full details of the tractor (F) see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February,

1913.

[Illustration: 1913 Tractor. Type F.]

[Illustration: 1912 flying boat. _By favor of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._]

[Illustration: Curtiss. 1913 flying boat. UAS.]

~G~

GALLAUDET. Gallaudet Eng. Co., Norwich Ct.

[Illustration]

In 1912 produced a special racer as above. ~Span~, 32 feet (9.75 m.)

~Area~, 200 sq. feet (18-1/2 m squared.) ~Speed~, 100 m.p.h. (160 k.p.h.)

~Motor~, 100 Gnome.

~K~

KIRKHAM Biplanes. Chas. B. Kirkham, Motor Manufacturers, Savona, N.Y.

Began to manufacture aeroplanes in 1912, after previous experiments and

flights near his factory.

~Length~, ? feet ( ? m.) ~span~, 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~surface~, ? sq.

feet ( ? m squared.)

~Weight.~--Complete, _without pilot_, 980 lbs. (445 kgs.)

~Motor.~--50 h.p. Kirkham, located in front under bonnet. 70 h.p. also

fitted.

~Speed.~--56-62 m.p.h. (90-100 k.p.h.)

Remarks.--Rises easily at under 35 m.p.h., and has a full speed radius

of 5-1/2 hours. Full details in _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., January, 1912.

1913, no changes.

[Illustration]

~L-S~

LOENING. Monoplane aero boat, with one very deep step. See

_Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May-June, 1912.

SELLERS. Quadruplane. Matthew B. Sellers, R.F., D2, Norwood, Ga. Has

been successfully experimenting for a number of years with a staggered

quadruplane, and has given the aviation world a number of valuable

papers. His aim is to fly successfully with the least possible horse

power. For several years he has been making flights with various engines

delivering from 5 to 6 h.p. on careful test. The actual thrust has been

measured and recorded in late 1911 experiments. Details in

_Aeronautics_, June, 1909; October, 1909; November, 1910; January, 1911;

January, 1912. No actual details of the machine are available, but it

follows closely the patent drawings (see references). He is one of the

few real scientific flying men in the U.S.A. The original machine with

slight changes was still flying at end of 1912 with only 5 h.p. B.H.P.

The flying speed is 20 m.p.h.

[Illustration]

SLOANE. Sloane Aeroplane Co., 1733, Broadway, New York. Established

1911. Agents for _Caudrons_ and _Deperdussins_. Run a school for these.

~T-V~

THOMAS Biplanes. Thomas Bros., Bath, N.Y., O.W., and W.T. Thomas began

experimenting and flying in 1908 with a machine on the order of a

_Curtiss_. In the winter of 1909-10, a type of their own was produced

and was flown during 1911 by Walter Johnson in exhibitions. In 1912 they

continued the same type, with refinements. In 1913 they adopted the

overhanging top plane type, but of the same general high order of

construction.

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

| ~1912.~ | | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------

~Length~ ft.(m.)| ... | 30 (9.15) | ... | 25 (7.62) | ...

~Span~ ft.(m.)| 37 (11.27) | 32 (9.75) | 37 (11.27) | 33 (10) | 33 (10)

| 27 (8.23) | ... | 27 (8.23) | 23 (7) | 23 (7)

~Area~ sq. ft.(m squared.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ...

{total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) | 750 (340) | 900 (408) | 850 (385) | ...

~Weight~ { | | | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 400 (181) | ...

~Speed~ m.p.h.(km)| 58 (94) | ... | 58 (94) | 60 (97) | ...

~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 | ... | 2 | 2-1/4 | ...

Number built during 1912 | 1 | _building_ | ... | ... | _building_

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------

Remarks. Control in all: Ailerons, 4 rudders. Elevator operated by

rocking post on which wheel is mounted. The 1912 tractor was given up as

less efficient than the Standard 1913. Special: full description

_Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

The move was evolved 1912, but not built till well into 1913.

[Illustration: 1913 Standard biplane. UAS.]

~W~

WASHINGTON. Washington Aeroplane Co., Washington, D.C. In 1913 built a

flying boat to private order. ~Length~, 29 feet (8.83 m.) ~Maximum

span~, 38 feet (11.85 m.) ~Motor~, 80 h.p. Gyro. Boat with eight

compartments and one 3 inch step.

[Illustration: Miss Columbia. UAS.]

[Illustration: Latest Thomas.]

WITTEMAN. Witteman Bros., 17, Ocean Terrace and Little Clare Road,

Staton Island, N.Y. These people do a considerable business building

Curtiss type machines or machines to special designs for others. They

built the _Baldwin_ biplanes for Captain Baldwin, to his design, using

steel tubing throughout. See _Aeronautics_, December, 1911, for a

_Witteman_ of special design shown by them at the Aero Show.

[Illustration: Witteman. 1912-13.]

WRIGHT BROS. Biplanes. The Wright Co., Dayton, Ohio. The original type

of _Wright_ machine was mounted on skids only, and started along a rail.

Its special features were a biplane elevator forward, main planes with

warpable tips to trailing edge, small keel in gap, 2 propellers, chain

driven in rear of planes, double rudder in rear and no tail. Wilbur

Wright flew a machine of this type for 2 h. 20 m. 23-1/2 s. in 1908.

(Details of early _Wrights_ see previous editions of this book.)

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Model and date. | ~B.~ | ~C.~ | ~EX.~ | ~E.~

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.45) | 29-3/4 (9) | ... | ...

~Span~ feet (m.)| 39 (11.90) | 38 (11.58) | 32 (9.75) | 32 (9.75)

~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 500 (47) | 500 (47) | ... | ...

{total lbs. (kgs.)| 1250 (567) | ... | ... | ...

~Weight~ { | | | |

{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ...

~Motor~ h.p.| 30-35 Wright | 30-35 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright

~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (75) | 45 (75) | ... | ...

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

| | 1913 standard. | For exhibition | 1913

| | This machine as | work only. | for exhibition

| | a hydro is fitted| Single seater | work only.

| | with two 3 step | small duplicate | Single seater

| | floats. | of B. | duplicate of EX

| | Mea magneto. | |except fitted with

| | | |a single propeller

| | | | only.

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

[Illustration: Wright. Model B. UAS]

[Illustration: Wright. Model C. _From "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS.]

U.S.A. DIRIGIBLES.

There are a few small dirigibles in the U.S.A., but they are in no way

to be compared to French and German productions. Up-to-date, they have

only been used as attractions at fairs about the country. In the past

several larger ones of poor design have been built and found failures.

~Military.~

BALDWIN (1908) 20,000 c. feet (560 m cubed)

Part B.

HISTORICAL AIRCRAFT.

In the following pages an attempt has been made to include photographs

of all aeroplanes of the past six years, which, for one reason or

another, "made history" in their own day.

While many are merely freak machines, which in the light of present

knowledge seem ridiculous, the germ of modern practice is to be found in

many other aircraft illustrated in this cemetery of dead ideals; and it

is worth noting that at least one constructor, who is one of the first

in the field to-day, commenced operations with machines which were

entirely "freaks."

~AUSTRIAN.~

[Illustration: WELS & ETRICH (1908). Original form of the modern

_Etrich_ (q.v.).]

[Illustration: HIPSSICH (1908). Tandem mono. with one propeller before

and another in rear of rear plane.]

[Illustration: NEMETHY (1908). The first "Aviette."]

[Illustration: SOLTAU (1910). An ornithopter based on the earlier ideas

of _Adehmar de la Hault_ (see Belgium).]

~BELGIAN.~

[Illustration: DE LA HAULT (1907). One of the earliest attempts at an

ornithopter. No flights.]

[Illustration: DE LA HAULT II. (1910-11). The ornithopter principle

applied to a monoplane. No success met with.]

[Illustration: D'HESPEL (1909-10). Single plane and suspended body.

Early example of enclosed body. No flights.]

~BRAZIL.~

[Illustration: SANTOS-DUMONT XIX. This little machine, surface only 9

m squared. made an extraordinary sensation in France in 1909. It flew at the

then incredible speed of 65 m.p.h. (100 k.p.h.) Santos-Dumont presented

all rights to the world soon afterwards, and a large number were built

before it was realised that only an extremely light weight pilot could

fly in one. Few of the copies ever left the ground.]

~BRITISH.~

[Illustration: AVRO (1906). This 24 h.p. biplane, designed by A. V. Roe,

was the first British machine to leave the ground.]

[Illustration: AVRO (1907). Tractor triplane of only 9 h.p. This flew in

Lea Marshes--the lowest horse power yet flown in Europe to the present

day.]

[Illustration: CODY (1909). Development of a much earlier machine. This

one was a general laughing stock for a long time; but it was the direct

predecessor of the machine (not very materially different) which was an

easy first in the British Army aeroplane trials, 1912.]

[Illustration: DE HAVILLAND (1909). The performances of this machine

secured a Government appointment for its aviator-designer.]

[Illustration: HOWARD WRIGHT (1908-09). The first machine in the world

in which special attention was paid to securing a stream line body and

minimised wind resistance.]

[Illustration: HUMPHREY (1908-09). Earliest British attempt at a

hydro-aeroplane; possibly the earliest design ever produced anywhere.]

[Illustration: HUNTINGDON (DUNNE II) (1910). One of the earliest

aeroplanes in existence--designed by Captain Dunne about 1905-06,

previous to the secret experiments of the British War Office in

Scotland, on the Duke of Atholl's estate. Assigned to Prof. Huntingdon

in 1910. Made a few short flights.]

[Illustration: PORTE (1908). Designed by Lieut. Porte, R.N., in

conjunction with Lieut. Pirrie, R.N. This machine, on which the former

well known aviator commenced his flying career, was smashed up in

preliminary trials as a glider on Portsdown Hill, Portsmouth. Its design

apparently preceded the _Goupy_ in the use of staggered planes.]

[Illustration: "SAFETY" (1909-10).]

[Illustration: SEDDON. (1910). Designed by Lieut. Seddon, R.N.]

[Illustration: SHORT (1910). The first machine to Short's own design.

(The tail here shown is a specially large one fitted by

Moore-Brabazon).]

[Illustration: VALKYRIE (1910). This was one of the first "tail first"

machines to be designed. The experimental machine (also known as the

_A.S.L._), was completed in Feb., 1910.]

~DANISH.~

[Illustration: ELLEHAMMER (1905). On 12th September, 1906, this machine

made the first free flight in Europe. On 28th June, 1908, it won the

prize at Kiel for the first flight in Germany (distance, 47 m.) It was a

tractor biplane with a revolving Ellehammer motor. It also had a

pendulum seat as a stabilising device.]

~FRENCH.~

[Illustration: ANTOINETTE IV (1909). In this machine Latham made the

first attempt to fly the Channel, 19th July, 1909.]

[Illustration: BLERIOT IV (1907-8).]

In 1909 the famous _Bleriot XI_ was built. This did very well at Reims,

1909. On 25th July, 1909, Bleriot made the first Cross-Channel flight in

the machine illustrated below.

[Illustration: Bleriot XI.]

This machine had ~length~, 23 feet (7 m.) ~Span~, 25-3/4 feet (7.80 m.)

~Area~, 167 sq. feet (15-1/2 m squared.) Aspect ratio 4-1/2 to 1. ~Motor~,

22-25, 3 cylinder Anzani. ~Speed~, _about_ 45 m.p.h. (73 k.m.) _Special

features_: Fixed wings with rounded edges. Twin elevator and fixed

surface tail.

[Illustration: BOUSSON-BORGNIS (1907-08).]

[Illustration: BREGUET (1906). The first Breguet, known as _Breguet

Gyroplane I_. Made a flight in October, 1906, being the first helicopter

to leave the ground.]

[Illustration: BREGUET-RICHET II bis. (1909). A large and unsuccessful

development of the gyroplane.]

[Illustration: BREGUET IV (1910). On its appearance, this machine was

generally laughed at and nicknamed the "Coffee Pot," till in Aug., 1910,

it made a world's record by carrying six, and later proved itself

superior in stability to anything then existing.]

[Illustration: CHAUVIERE (1909-10). Attempt to develop a monoplane with

propellers in rear. The idea has been resuscitated for some 1913

military monoplanes.]

[Illustration: COLLOMB (1907-09). Ornithopter, from which great things

were once expected.]

[Illustration: CORNU (1908). An early helicopter for which flights were

claimed, but have also been denied.]

[Illustration: D'EQUIVELLY (1907-08). Interesting example of the strange

machines devised by pioneers.]

[Illustration: H. FARMAN (1907). This famous machine is the first

_Voisin_, and the one on which H. Farman taught himself to fly. It was

the first machine to make a turn in the air. Won the Deutsh-Archdeacon

Grand Prix, 13th January, 1908, with a flight of 1 minute, 28 seconds.

The extra third plane was added later. An Austrian Syndicate

subsequently bought the machine.]

[Illustration: H. FARMAN (1908). Farman's first idea of a monoplane. It

proved too heavy to fly with the power provided. Was eventually sold to

a German officer. Three sets of wings and entirely enclosed body.]

[Illustration: GABARDINI (1909-10). Very early hydro-aeroplane,

antedating the _Fabre_.]

[Illustration: GIVAUDIN (1908-09). Built by the Vermorel Co. The first

conception of an idea which has since attracted a certain class of

inventor in Germany, Italy and the U.S.A.]

[Illustration: MILITARY (1909). The first special military aeroplane

ever built. It was specially designed by Capt. Dorand, for what were

then held to be the aerial necessities of the French Army. The planes

were placed well above the body, giving the pilot a very clear

uninterrupted view.]

[Illustration: PISCHOFF-KOECHLIN (1906 or earlier). Dates from the days

when a box-kite was the elementary idea in design, and the accepted

position of the aviator lying prone.]

[Illustration: PISCHOFF-KOECHLIN (1908). Very early example of a tractor

biplane. The extra span of the upper plane is also of interest. The

machine had twin mono-elevators aft and also twin rudders.]

[Illustration: R.E.P. (1908). Early example of enclosed stream line

body. Apparently the first machine in which steel construction

appeared.]

[Illustration: VOISIN (1908). The first European aeroplanes to fly with

any real success.]

[Illustration: VUITTON-HUBER (1908). Early helicopter.]

[Illustration: VUIA (1908). Earliest known machine with folding wings.]

[Illustration: WITZIG-LIORE-DUTILLUEL (1908-09). First or one of the

first appearances of the idea of a series of staggered planes, with

which Sellers has ever since experimented in the U.S.A.]

~GERMAN.~

[Illustration: BEILHARZ. (1909). First design in which a completely

closed in body figured.]

[Illustration: GEISLER (1908).]

[Illustration: GRADE (1908). The first German built machine to fly.]

[Illustration: LORENZEN (1908-09).]

[Illustration: PARSEVAL (1909). Early hydro-aeroplane. Specially

designed for military purposes by Major Parseval.]

[Illustration: SCHOLTZ (1908). Never left the ground.]

~ITALIAN.~

[Illustration: MILLER (1908-09). First aeroplane to be designed and

constructed by Italians.]

~SWISS.~

[Illustration: DUFAUX (1908-09). First Swiss machine.]

~U.S.A.~

[Illustration: BOKOR (1909). The third American machine to leave the

ground; the second purely U.S. one.]

[Illustration: CALL II (1909).]

[Illustration: CYGNET II (1908). Designed by Dr. Graham Bell, of the

Aeronautical Society of America. Bell (Canadian), Glen Curtis (U.S.),

Herring (U.S.), and Burgess (Canadian). It made short flights.]

[Illustration: ENGLISH (1909). In 1909 extraordinary claims were made

for this machine and great things expected. On a full power trial in its

shed it broke loose, and smashed itself against the roof. No recorded

outdoor results.]

[Illustration: HERRING-BURGESS (1910).]

[Illustration: HULBERT (1910). This strange machine built in Switzerland

by Dr. Dane Hulbert, achieved several flights. The planes were placed

longitudinally instead of in the usual way.]

[Illustration: JUNE BUG (1908-09). Famous machine of its era. Built by

the Aeronautical Society of America (see _Cygnet II_). Second machine to

fly in the U.S.A. Did 2000 miles before being broken up.]

[Illustration: KIMBALL (1909). First machine in which a large number of

propellers was attempted. Failed.]

[Illustration: LOOSE (1910).]

[Illustration: LUYTIES OTTO (1908).]

[Illustration: MOISSANT (1910). Built entirely of aluminium. Designed by

the late John Moissant. Failed.]

[Illustration: RICKMAN (1908).]

[Illustration: ROSHON (1908).]

[Illustration: WILLIAMS (1908).]

[Illustration: ZERBE (1909).]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: WRIGHT (1908). Two views of the machine with which Wilbur

Wright startled all Europe from August, 1908 to April, 1909. First U.S.

machine to fly.]

~Motors.~--300 h.p. made up of two 150 h.p. Daimler motors, placed one