=Names:=
Index under the Christian name or forename:
(_a_) Sovereigns, popes, queens, princes and princesses. _Exceptions_:
Greek or Roman sovereigns, princes of the French Empire.
(_b_) Persons canonized: e.g., _Thomas a Becket, Saint_.
Also make cross-reference: e.g., _Becket, Thomas a._ See _Thomas a
Becket_.
(_c_) Friars required by the constitution of their order to relinquish
their surname: e.g., _Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.
Also make cross-reference under family name: e.g., _Wesdin, J.P._ See
_Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.
(_d_) Persons known only by their first names, whether or not their
profession, rank or native place be added: e.g., _Michelangelo
Buonarroti_, _Rembrandt van Rhijn_.
Cross-reference under family name is optional, dependent upon closeness
of indexing.
(_e_) Oriental authors, including Jewish rabbis: e.g., _Abu Bakr ibn
Badr_.
This rule has many exceptions. Some Oriental writers are known and
should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as
"_Abu-l-Kasim, Khalaf ibn Abbas_," _Firdusi, Abul Kasim_, etc., _known
as_, or under some appellation as "_al-Masudi_," "_at-Tabari_."
In Arabic names, the words of relationship _Abu_ (father), _Umm_
(mother), _Ibn_, _Bin_ (son), _Ahu_ (brother), though not to be treated
as names by themselves, are yet not to be disregarded. They form a
name in conjunction with the word following (e.g., _Abu Bakr_), and
determine the alphabetical place of the entry. But the article _al_
(changed by assonance to _ad_-, _ar_-, _as_-, _at_-, _az_-, according
to the letter it precedes) is neglected (al- _Masudi_).
In all Oriental names, the indexer must be careful not to take titles,
as _Emir, Bey, Pasha, Sri, Babu, Pundit_, for names.
In regard to East Indian names, Dr. Feigl gives the rule: If there are
two names, enter under the first, which is the individual name, with
a cross-reference from the second; if there are three or more, enter
under the third, which is the family name, with a cross-reference under
the first or individual name; the second may be neglected.
Index under the surname:
(_a_) In general, all persons not included under previous rules.
In a few cases, chiefly of artists, a universally-used sobriquet
is to be taken in place of the family or forename, as _Tintoretto_
(whose real name was Giacomo _Robusti_). Similar cases are _Canaletto_
(Antonio _Canale_ and also B. _Belotto_), _Correggio_ (Ant. _Allegri_),
_Garofalo_ (Benvenuto Piero _Tisi_), Il _Sodoma_ (Giov. Ant. _Bazzi_),
_Spagnoletto_ (Jusepe _Ribera_, now however oftener called _Ribera_),
_Uccello_ (Paolo _Doni_). Always cross-reference from the family name.
(_b_) In particular, ecclesiastical dignitaries: e.g., _Kaye_, John,
Bishop of Lincoln. _Lincoln_, John, Bishop of. See _Kaye_.
Bishops usually omit their family name, canons their forename: e.g.,
_Canon Liddon_, _Bishop of Ripon, Henry Edward_, _Archbishop of
Westminster_, i.e., _H. E. Manning_. Care must be taken not to treat
Canon as a forename or Edward as a family name.
(_c_) Married women, using the known form:
Wives often continue writing, and are known in literature only under
their maiden names (as _Miss Freer_ or _Fanny Lewald_), or after a
second marriage retain for literary purposes the first husband's name.
Enclose the maiden name in parenthesis: e.g., _Ward, Mrs. Elizabeth
(Phelps)_. Use the form _White, Mrs. Julia Charlotte, wife of J. C._,
when the husband's name is used: e.g., _Hopkins, Mrs Sarah (Drake)
Garretson_. _Stowe, Mrs. Emily Howard (Jennings)_. _Soyaux, Frau Frieda
(Schanz)_. _Gasparin, Valérie (Boissier) Comtesse de_.
Women known under their husbands' names are to be entered as follows:
_Hinkson, Mrs. Katherine (Tynan), Mrs. H. A. Hinkson_. Cross-reference
to be made from the latter form.
Index under the highest title:
British and foreign noblemen, with cross-reference from earlier titles
by which they have been known, and, in the case of British noblemen,
from the family name: e.g., _Chesterfield, 4th Earl of (Philip
Dormer Stanhope)_. _Chesterfield, 5th Earl of (Philip Stanhope)_.
Cross-reference from _Stanhope_. _Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi, Duc
de_.
Authors should be put under their names. The definition of a name is
"that by which a person or thing is known." Noblemen are known by their
titles, not by their family names.
In the few cases in which the family name[50] or a lower title is
decidedly better known, index under that and cross-reference from
the title: e.g., _Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam_; _Robert Curzon,
14th Baron Zouche_; _John Napier, Baron of Merchiston_; _Horace
Walpole, 4th Earl of Oxford_; likewise the military nobles and
princes of the French Empire: e.g., _Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de
Canino_; _McMahon, Duc de Magenta_.
Englishwomen's titles-of-honor are to be treated by the following
rules. In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has
everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her
own rank she takes her husband's title in exchange for her own,
if below her own rank she keeps her own title.
(_a_) The wife of a peer takes her husband's style.
That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In indexing,
say _Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness_; not _Brassey, Annie
(Allnutt), Lady_.
(_b_) The wife of a knight or baronet is _Lady_. Whether this title
precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title
before her marriage.
That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or
baronet), she is _Lady Mary Brown_, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries
Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is _Lady Mary Brown_; but if
Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes
_Mary, Lady Brown_.
(_c_) A maid of honor retains her _Hon._ after marriage, unless, of
course, it is merged into a higher title.
Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the _Honᵇˡᵉ Lady Brown_; if a
peer, the _Lady So and So_. In either case as though she had been a
peer's daughter.
(_d_) The wife of an earl's (or higher peer's) younger son is never the
_Honᵇˡᵉ Lady_; if she used the _Lady_ before marriage in her own right
she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife
of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is _Honᵇˡᵉ Mrs._ (not
_Lady_)--the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family
name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank.
(_e_) If the lady to whom the title _Hon._ belongs in virtue of her
father's rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming
_Hon. Lady_ if she marries a knight or baronet, and _Hon. Mrs._ if her
husband has no title.
None of these courtesy titles is inherited by the children of those who
bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply
commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.
(_f_) The title _Lady_ belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower
than earl.
(_g_) The title _Hon._ belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons;
also to an untitled woman who becomes a maid-of-honor to the Queen,
and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who
has the title _Lady_ becomes maid-of-honor she does not acquire the
title _Hon._
Index compound names according to the usage of the author's
fatherland, though if it is known that his practice differs from
this usage, his preference should be followed. Compound names
then go:
(_a_) If English, under the last part of the name, when the first has
not been used alone by the author: e.g., _Gould, Sabine Baring-_;
but _Halliwell (afterwards Halliwell-Phillipps), J. O._, and _Locker
(afterwards Locker-Lampson)_, because they are well-known under the
first names.
(_b_) If foreign, under the first part.
Both such compound names as _Gentil-Bernard_ and such as _Gentil de
Chavagnac_. There are various exceptions, when a name has been more
known under the last part, as _Fénelon_, not _Salignac de Lamothe
Fénelon_; _Voltaire_, not _Arouet de Voltaire_; _Sternberg_, not
_Ungern-Sternberg_. Moreover, it is not always easy to determine
what is a compound surname in French. Cross-references are necessary
whichever way one decides each case, especially when the second part
of a foreign compound name has been used alone, as _Merle d'Aubigné_
(index under _Merle_ with a cross-reference from _Aubigné_).
In French, a forename is sometimes joined to a surname by a hyphen. In
such cases make the entry under the family name, with a cross-reference
from the forename: e.g., entry, _Rochette, Désiré Raoul_;
cross-reference, _Raoul-Rochette, Désiré_. See _Rochette_.
(_c_) In foreign compound names of women also, although the first part
is usually the maiden name and the second the husband's name, the entry
should generally be under the first, with a cross-reference from the
second[51]: e.g., _Rivé-King_, with cross-reference from _King, born
Rivé_.
Index surnames preceded by prefixes:
(_a_) In French and Belgian, under the prefix when it is or contains
an article, _Le, La, L', Du, Des_; under the word following when the
prefix is a preposition, _de, d'_: e.g., _Des Essarts, Du Cange,
La Fontaine, Le Sage, L'Estoille_; but _Charlevoix, P. F. X. de_;
_Estrées, Mme d'_.
_La_ and _Le_ are often, _Des_ is usually, and _Les_ is almost without
exception printed as one word with the name following, as _Lafontaine,
Lesage, Lesdiguières_; _de_ and _d'_ are sometimes so printed; when
they are, enter under the _D_: e.g., _Debucourt, Decamps, Delisle_; but
_Bucourt, A. de_, _Camps, C. de_, _Lisle, J. de_.
(_b_) In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the
name is derived, with cross-references when necessary: e.g., _De
Quincey_, _Van Buren_.
(_c_) In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, with
cross-references whenever the name has been commonly used in English
with the prefix, as _Del Rio_, _Vandyck, Van Ess_: e.g. _Gama, Vasco
da_, _Goethe, J. W. von_.
But when the name is printed as one word, entry is made under the
prefix, as _Vanderhaeghen_.
(_d_) Naturalized names with prefixes are to be treated by the rules of
the nation adopting them.
Thus German names preceded by _von_, when belonging to Russians, are to
be entered under _Von_, as this is the Russian custom. So when Dutch
names compounded with _van_ are adopted into French or English (as _Van
Laun_) the _Van_ is treated as part of the family name.
Prefixes are _d', de, de La_ (the name goes under _La_ not _de_),
_Des, Du, L', La, Le, Les, St, Ste_ (to be arranged as if written
_Saint, Sainte_), _da, dal, dalla, dalle, dai, dagli, del, della,
delle, dei_ (_dé_ or _de_), _degli, da, dos_, _das, ten, ter, thor,
Van, vander, van't, ver, am, auf, auf'm, aus, aus'm, in, im, von, vom,
zu, zum, zur, A', Ap, O', Fitz, Mac_ (which is to be printed as it is
in the title, whether _M'_, or _Mc_, or _Mac_, but to be arranged as if
written _Mac_).
Index names of capes, lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, etc.,
beginning with _Cape_, _Lake_, _Mt._, etc., under the word
following the prefix, but when the name is itself used as a
prefix, do not transpose _Cape_, etc., nor in such names as _Isle
of the Woods_, _Isles of Shoals_; but there is more reason for
writing _France, Isle de_; _Man, Isle of_; _Wight, Isle of_:
e.g., _Cod, Cape_; _George, Lake_; _Washington, Mt._; _Moultrie,
Fort_; but _Cape Breton Island_. When the name of a fort becomes
the name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as
_Fort Wayne_.
Forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners,
however unusual, as _Will Carleton, Sally (Pratt) McLean, Hans
Droysen, Fritz Reuter_.
Give names of places in the English form. (Cross-reference from
the vernacular, if necessary): e.g., _Munich_ not _Muenchen_ or
_München_, _Vienna_ not _Wien_, _Austria_ not _Oesterreich_.
But if both the English and the foreign forms are used by English
writers, prefer the foreign form: e.g., _Dauphiné_ rather than
_Dauphiny_.
Use the modern name of a city and cross-reference to it from the
ancient, provided its existence has been continuous and there is
no doubt as to the identity.
Distinctive epithets are to be in the same language as the name:
e.g.,
_Kniaz, fürst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln,
évêque de Meaux_; but _Emperor of Germany, King of France_, not
_kaiser_ and _roi_, when names of sovereign princes are given in
English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a
person's name; as, _Clemens Alexandrinus_.
Prefixes (i.e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as
_Hon., Mrs., Rev._, etc., should in the heading be placed before
the Christian name (as _Smith, Capt. John_), and suffixes as
_Jr., D.D., LL.D._, after it (as _Channing, James Ellery, D.D._).
Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as _Derby,
Thomas Stanley, 1st earl of_; but British courtesy titles (i.e.,
those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede,
as _Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington)_. In
other languages than English, French, and German the title usually
precedes the forename; as, _Alfieri, Conte Vittorio_. Occasionally a
French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as,
_Gasparin, Comte Agénor de_.
_Lord_ should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English
noblemen: e.g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as _Macaulay, 1st
baron_. _Lord_ in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name;
as, _Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord_.