[1] Lincoln's birthday is a legal holiday in California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North
Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia
and Wyoming.
[2] Samuel Lincoln (c. 1619-1690), the president's first American
ancestor, son of Edward Lincoln, gent., of Hingham, Norfolk,
emigrated to Massachusetts in 1637 as apprentice to a weaver and
settled with two older brothers in Hingham, Mass. His son and
grandson were iron founders; the grandson Mordecai (1686-1736) moved
to Chester county, Pennsylvania. Mordecai's son John (1711-c. 1773),
a weaver, settled in what is now Rockingham county, Va., and was the
president's great-grandfather.
[3] Douglas and Lincoln first met in public debate (four on a side)
in Springfield in December 1839. They met repeatedly in the campaign
of 1840. In 1852 Lincoln attempted with little success to reply to a
speech made by Douglas in Richmond. On the 4th of October 1854 in
Springfield, in reply to a speech on the Nebraska question by Douglas
delivered the day before, Lincoln made a remarkable speech four hours
long, to which Douglas replied on the next day; and in the fortnight
immediately following Lincoln attacked Douglas's record again at
Bloomington and at Peoria. On the 26th of June 1857 Lincoln in a
speech at Springfield answered Douglas's speech of the 12th in which
he made over his doctrine of popular sovereignty to suit the Dred
Scott decision. Before the actual debate in 1858 Douglas made a
speech in Chicago on the 9th of July, to which Lincoln replied the
next day; Douglas spoke at Bloomington on the 16th of July and
Lincoln answered him in Springfield on the 17th.
[4] Without Lincoln's knowledge or consent, the managers of his
candidacy before the convention bargained for Cameron's votes by
promising to Cameron a place in Lincoln's cabinet, should Lincoln be
elected. Cameron became Lincoln's first secretary of war.
[5] In November 1861 the president drafted a bill providing (1) that
all slaves more than thirty-five years old in the state of Delaware
should immediately become free; (2) that all children of slave
parentage born after the passage of the act should be free; (3) that
all others should be free on attaining the age of thirty-five or
after the 1st of January 1893, except for terms of apprenticeship;
and (4) that the national government should pay to the state of
Delaware $23,200 a year for twenty-one years. But this bill, which
Lincoln had hoped would introduce a system of "compensated
emancipation," was not approved by the legislature of Delaware, which
considered it in February 1862.
[6] It is to be noted that slavery in the border slave states was not
affected by the proclamation. The parts of Virginia and Louisiana not
affected were those then considered to be under Federal jurisdiction;
in Virginia 55 counties were excepted (including the 48 which became
the separate state of West Virginia), and in Louisiana 13 parishes
(including the parish of Orleans). As the Federal Government did not,
at the time, actually have jurisdiction over the rest of the
territory of the Confederate States, that really affected, some
writers have questioned whether the proclamation really emancipated
any slaves when it was issued. The proclamation had the most
important political effect in the North of rallying more than ever to
the support of the administration the large anti-slavery element. The
adoption of the 13th amendment to the Federal Constitution in 1865
rendered unnecessary any decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upon the
validity of the proclamation.
LINCOLN, a city and county of a city, municipal, county and
parliamentary borough, and the county town of Lincolnshire, England.
Pop. (1901) 48,784. It is picturesquely situated on the summit and south
slope of the limestone ridge of the Cliff range of hills, which rises
from the north bank of the river Witham, at its confluence with the Foss
Dyke, to an altitude of 200 ft. above the river. The cathedral rises
majestically from the crown of the hill, and is a landmark for many
miles. Lincoln is 130 m. N. by W. from London by the Great Northern
railway; it is also served by branches of the Great Eastern, Great
Central and Midland railways.
Lincoln is one of the most interesting cities in England. The ancient
British town occupied the crown of the hill beyond the Newport or North
Gate. The Roman town consisted of two parallelograms of unequal length,
the first extending west from the Newport gate to a point a little west
of the castle keep. The second parallelogram, added as the town
increased in size and importance, extended due south from this point
down the hill towards the Witham as far as Newland, and thence in a
direction due east as far as Broad Street. Returning thence due north,
it joined the south-east corner of the first and oldest parallelogram in
what was afterwards known as the Minster yard, and terminated its east
side upon its junction with the north wall in a line with the Newport
gate. This is the oldest part of the town, and is named "above hill."
After the departure of the Romans, the city walls were extended still
farther in a south direction across the Witham as far as the great bar
gate, the south entrance to the High Street of the city; the junction of
these walls with the later Roman one was effected immediately behind
Broad Street. The "above hill" portion of the city consists of narrow
irregular streets, some of which are too steep to admit of being
ascended by carriages. The south portion, which is named "below hill,"
is much more commodious, and contains the principal business premises.
Here also are the railway stations.
The glory of Lincoln is the noble cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
commonly known as the Minster. As a study to the architect and antiquary
this stands unrivalled, not only as embodying the earliest purely Gothic
work extant, but as containing within its compass every variety of style
from the simple massive Norman of the central west front, and the later
and more ornate examples of that style in the west doorways and towers;
onward through all the Gothic styles, of each of which both early and
late examples appear. The building material is the oolite and calcareous
stone of Lincoln Heath and Haydor, which has the peculiarity of becoming
hardened on the surface when tooled. Formerly the cathedral had three
spires, all of wood or leaded timber. The spire on the central tower,
which would appear to have been the highest in the world, was blown down
in 1547. Those on the two western towers were removed in 1808.
The ground plan of the first church, adopted from that of Rouen, was
laid by Bishop Remigius in 1086, and the church was consecrated three
days after his death, on the 6th of May 1092. The west front consists
of an Early English screen (c. 1225) thrown over the Norman front, the
west towers rising behind it. The earliest Norman work is part of that
of Remigius; the great portals and the west towers up to the third
storey are Norman c. 1148. The upper parts of them date from 1365.
Perpendicular windows (c. 1450) are inserted. The nave and aisles were
completed c. 1220. The transepts mainly built between 1186 and 1235
have two fine rose windows, that in the N. is Early English, and that
in the S. Decorated. The first has beautiful contemporary stained
glass. These are called respectively the Dean's Eye and Bishop's Eye.
A Galilee of rich Early English work forms the entrance of the S.
transept. Of the choir the western portion known as St Hugh's
(1186-1204) is the famous first example of pointed work; the eastern,
called the Angel Choir, is a magnificently ornate work completed in
1280. Fine Perpendicular canopied stalls fill the western part. The
great east window, 57 ft. in height, is an example of transition from
Early English to Decorated c. 1288. Other noteworthy features of the
interior are the Easter sepulchre (c. 1300), the foliage ornamentation
of which is beautifully natural; and the organ screen of a somewhat
earlier date. The great central tower is Early English as far as the
first storey, the continuation dates from 1307. The total height is
271 ft.; and the tower contains the bell, Great Tom of Lincoln,
weighing over 5 tons. The dimensions of the cathedral internally
are--nave, 252 × 79.6 × 80 ft.; choir, 158 × 82 × 72 ft.; angel choir,
which includes presbytery and lady chapel, 166 × 44 × 72 ft.; main
transept, 220 × 63 × 74 ft.; choir transept, 166 × 44 × 72 ft. The
west towers are 206 ft. high.
The buildings of the close that call for notice are the chapter-house
of ten sides, 60 ft. diameter, 42 ft. high, with a fine vestibule of
the same height, built c. 1225, and therefore the earliest of English
polygonal chapter-houses, and the library, a building of 1675, which
contains a small museum. The picturesque episcopal palace contains
work of the date of St Hugh, and the great hall is mainly Early
English. There is some Decorated work, and much Perpendicular,
including the gateway. It fell into disuse after the Reformation, but
by extensive restoration was brought back to its proper use at the end
of the 19th century. Among the most famous bishops were St Hugh of
Avalon (1186-1200); Robert Grosseteste (1235-1253); Richard Flemming
(1420-1431), founder of Lincoln College, Oxford; William Smith
(1495-1514), founder of Brasenose College, Oxford; William Wake
(1705-1716); and Edmund Gibson (1716-1723). Every stall has produced a
prelate or cardinal. The see covers almost the whole of the county,
with very small portions of Norfolk and Yorkshire, and it included
Nottinghamshire until the formation of the bishopric of Southwell in
1884. At its earliest formation, when Remigius, almoner of the abbey
of Fécamp, removed the seat of the bishopric here from Dorchester in
Oxfordshire shortly after the Conquest, it extended from the Humber to
the Thames, eastward beyond Cambridge, and westward beyond Leicester.
It was reduced, however, by the formation of the sees of Ely,
Peterborough and Oxford, and by the rearrangement of diocesan
boundaries in 1837.
The remains of Roman Lincoln are of the highest interest. The Newport
Arch or northern gate of _Lindum_ is one of the most perfect specimens
of Roman architecture in England. It consists of a great arch flanked by
two smaller arches, of which one remains. The Roman Ermine Street runs
through it, leading northward almost in a straight line to the Humber.
Fragments of the town wall remain at various points; a large quantity of
coins and other relics have been discovered; and remains of a
burial-place and buildings unearthed. Of these last the most important
is the series of column-bases, probably belonging to a Basilica, beneath
a house in the street called Bail Gate, adjacent to the Newport Arch. A
villa in Greetwell; a tesselated pavement, a milestone and other relics
in the cloister; an altar unearthed at the church of St Swithin, are
among many other discoveries. Among churches, apart from the minster,
two of outstanding interest are those of St Mary-le-Wigford and St
Peter-at-Gowts (i.e. sluice-gates), both in the lower part of High
Street. Their towers, closely similar, are fine examples of perhaps very
early Norman work, though they actually possess the characteristics of
pre-Conquest workmanship. Bracebridge church shows similar early work;
but as a whole the churches of Lincoln show plainly the results of the
siege of 1644, and such buildings as St Botolph's, St Peter's-at-Arches
and St Martin's are of the period 1720-1740. Several churches are modern
buildings on ancient sites. There were formerly three small priories,
five friaries and four hospitals in or near Lincoln. The preponderance
of friaries over priories of monks is explained by the fact that the
cathedral was served by secular canons. Bishop Grosseteste was the
devoted patron of the friars, particularly the Franciscans, who were
always in their day the town missionaries. The Greyfriars, near St
Swithin's church, is a picturesque two-storied building of the 13th
century. Lincoln is rich in early domestic architecture. The building
known as John of Gaunt's stables, actually St Mary's Guild Hall, is of
two storeys, with rich Norman doorway and moulding. The Jews' House is
another fine example of 12th-century building; and Norman remains appear
in several other houses, such as Deloraine Court and the House of Aaron
the Jew. Lincoln Castle, lying W. of the cathedral, was newly founded by
William the Conqueror when Remigius decided to found his minster under
its protection. The site, with its artificial mounds, is of much
earlier, probably British, date. There are Norman remains in the Gateway
Tower; parts of the walls are of this period, and the keep dates from
the middle of the 12th century. Among medieval gateways, the Exchequer
Gate, serving as the finance-office of the chapter, is a fine specimen
of 13th-century work. Pottergate is of the 14th century, and Stonebow in
High Street of the 15th, with the Guildhall above it. St Dunstan's Lock
is the name, corrupted from Dunestall, now applied to the entrance to
the street where a Jewish quarter was situated; here lived the Christian
boy afterwards known as "little St Hugh," who was asserted to have been
crucified by the Jews in 1255. His shrine remains in the S. choir aisle
of the minster. Other antiquities are the Perpendicular conduit of St
Mary in High Street and the High Bridge, carrying High Street over the
Witham, which is almost unique in England as retaining some of the old
houses upon it.
Among modern public buildings are the county hall, old and new corn
exchanges and public library. Educational establishments include a
grammar school, a girls' high school, a science and art school and a
theological college. The arboretum in Monks Road is the principal
pleasure-ground; and there is a race-course. The principal industry is
the manufacture of agricultural machinery and implements; there are also
iron foundries and maltings, and a large trade in corn and agricultural
produce. The parliamentary borough, returning one member, falls between
the Gainsborough division of the county on the N., and that of Sleaford
on the S. Area, 3755 acres.
_History._--The British Lindun, which, according to the geography of
Claudius Ptolemaeus, was the chief town of the Coritani, was probably
the nucleus of the Roman town of Lindum. This was at first a Roman
legionary fortress, and on the removal of the troops northward was
converted into a municipality with the title of _colonia_. Such
important structural remains as have been described attest the rank and
importance of the place, which, however, did not attain a very great
size. Its bishop attended the council of Arles in 314, and Lincoln
(_Lindocolina_, _Lincolle_, _Nicole_) is mentioned in the Itinerary of
Antoninus written about 320. Although said to have been captured by
Hengest in 475 and recovered by Ambrosius in the following year, the
next authentic mention of the city is Bede's record that Paulinus
preached in Lindsey in 628 and built a stone church at Lincoln in which
he consecrated Honorius archbishop of Canterbury. During their inroads
into Mercia, the Danes in 877 established themselves at Lincoln, which
was one of the five boroughs recovered by King Edmund in 941. A mint
established here in the reign of Alfred was maintained until the reign
of Edward I. (Mint Street turning from High Street near the Stonebow
recalls its existence.) At the time of the Domesday Survey Lincoln was
governed by twelve Lawmen, relics of Danish rule, each with hereditable
franchises of sac and soc. Whereas it had rendered £20 annually to King
Edward, and £10 to the earl, it then rendered £100. There had been 1150
houses, but 240 had been destroyed since the time of King Edward. Of
these 166 had suffered by the raising of the castle by William I. in
1068 partly on the site of the Roman camp. The strength of the position
of the castle brought much fighting on Lincoln. In 1141 King Stephen
regained both castle and city from the empress Maud, but was attacked
and captured in the same year at the "Joust of Lincoln." In 1144 he
besieged the castle, held by the earl of Chester, and recovered it as a
pledge in 1146. In 1101 it was held by Gerard de Camville for Prince
John and was besieged by William Longchamp, Richard's chancellor, in
vain; in 1210 it stood a siege by the partisans of the French prince
Louis, who were defeated at the battle called Lincoln Fair on the 19th
of May 1217. Granted by Henry III. to William Longepée, earl of
Salisbury, in 1224, the castle descended by the marriage of his
descendant Alice to Thomas Plantagenet, and became part of the duchy of
Lancaster.
In 1157 Henry II. gave the citizens their first charter, granting them
the city at a fee-farm rent and all the liberties which they had had
under William II., with their gild merchant for themselves and the men
of the county as they had then. In 1200 the citizens obtained release
from all but pleas of the Crown without the walls, and pleas of external
tenure, and were given the pleas of the Crown within the city according
to the customs of the city of London, on which those of Lincoln were
modelled. The charter also gave them quittance of toll and lastage
throughout the kingdom, and of certain other dues. In 1210 the citizens
owed the exchequer £100 for the privilege of having a mayor, but the
office was abolished by Henry III. and by Edward I. in 1290, though
restored by the charter of 1300. In 1275 the citizens claimed the return
of writs, assize of bread and ale and other royal rights, and in 1301
Edward I., when confirming the previous charters, gave them quittance of
murage, pannage, pontage and other dues. The mayor and citizens were
given criminal jurisdiction in 1327, when the burghmanmot held weekly in
the gildhall since 1272 by the mayor and bailiffs was ordered to hear
all local pleas which led to friction with the judges of assize. The
city became a separate county by charter of 1409, when it was decreed
that the bailiffs should henceforth be sheriffs and the mayor the king's
escheator, and the mayor and sheriffs with four others justices of the
peace with defined jurisdiction. As the result of numerous complaints of
inability to pay the fee-farm rent of £180 Edward IV. enlarged the
bounds of the city in 1466, while Henry VIII. in 1546 gave the citizens
four advowsons, and possibly also in consequence of declining trade the
city markets were made free of tolls in 1554. Incorporated by Charles I.
in 1628 under a common council with 13 aldermen, 4 coroners and other
officers, Lincoln surrendered its charters in 1684, but the first
charter was restored after the Revolution, and was in force till 1834.
Parliaments were held at Lincoln in 1301, 1316 and 1327, and the city
returned two burgesses from 1295 to 1885, when it lost one member. After
the 13th century the chief interests of Lincoln were ecclesiastical and
commercial. As early as 1103 Odericus declared that a rich citizen of
Lincoln kept the treasure of King Magnus of Norway, supplying him with
all he required, and there is other evidence of intercourse with
Scandinavia. There was an important Jewish colony, Aaron of Lincoln
being one of the most influential financiers in the kingdom between 1166
and 1186. It was probably jealousy of their wealth that brought the
charge of the crucifixion of "little St Hugh" in 1255 upon the Jewish
community. Made a staple of wool, leather and skins in 1291, famous for
its scarlet cloth in the 13th century, Lincoln had a few years of great
prosperity, but with the transference of the staple to Boston early in
the reign of Edward III., its trade began to decrease. The craft gilds
remained important until after the Reformation, a pageant still being
held in 1566. The fair now held during the last whole week of April
would seem to be identical with that granted by Charles II. in 1684.
Edward III. authorized a fair from St Botolph's day to the feast of SS
Peter and Paul in 1327, and William III. gave one for the first
Wednesday in September in 1696, while the present November fair is,
perhaps, a survival of that granted by Henry IV. in 1409 for fifteen
days before the feast of the Deposition of St Hugh.
See _Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report_, xiv., appendix pt. 8;
John Ross, _Civitas Lincolina, from its municipal and other Records_
(London, 1870); J. G. Williams, "Lincoln Civic Insignia,"
_Lincolnshire Notes and Queries_, vols. vi.-viii. (Horncastle,
1901-1905); _Victoria County History, Lincolnshire_.
LINCOLN, a city and the county-seat of Logan county, Illinois, U.S.A.,
in the N. central part of the state, 156 m. S.W. of Chicago, and about
28 m. N.E. of Springfield. Pop. (1900) 8962, of whom 940 were
foreign-born; (1910 census) 10,892. It is served by the Illinois Central
and the Chicago & Alton railways and by the Illinois Traction Interurban
Electric line. The city is the seat of the state asylum for
feeble-minded children (established at Jacksonville in 1865 and removed
to Lincoln in 1878), and of Lincoln College (Presbyterian) founded in
1865. There are also an orphans' home, supported by the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows, and a Carnegie library. The old court-house in
which Abraham Lincoln often practised is still standing. Lincoln is
situated in a productive grain region, and has valuable coal mines. The
value of the factory products increased from $375,167 in 1900 to
$784,248 in 1905, or 109%. The first settlement on the site of Lincoln
was made in 1835, and the city was first chartered in 1857.
LINCOLN, a city of S.E. Nebraska, U.S.A., county-seat of Lancaster
county and capital of the state. Pop. (1900) 40,169 (5297 being
foreign-born); (1910 census) 43,973. It is served by the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Union
Pacific, the Missouri Pacific and the Chicago & North-Western railways.
Lincoln is one of the most attractive residential cities of the Middle
West. Salt Creek, an affluent of the Platte river, skirts the city. On
this side the city has repeatedly suffered from floods. The principal
buildings include a state capitol (built 1883-1889); a city-hall,
formerly the U.S. government building (1874-1879); a county court-house;
a federal building (1904-1906); a Carnegie library (1902); a hospital
for crippled children (1905) and a home for the friendless, both
supported by the state; a state penitentiary and asylum for the insane,
both in the suburbs; and the university of Nebraska. In the suburbs
there are three denominational schools, the Nebraska Wesleyan University
(Methodist Episcopal, 1888) at University Place; Union College (Seventh
Day Adventists, 1891) at College View; and Cotner University (Disciples
of Christ, 1889, incorporated as the Nebraska Christian University) at
Bethany. Just outside the city limits are the state fair grounds, where
a state fair is held annually. Lincoln is the see of a Roman Catholic
bishopric. The surrounding country is a beautiful farming region, but
its immediate W. environs are predominantly bare and desolate
salt-basins. Lincoln's "factory" product increased from $2,763,484 in
1900 to $5,222,620 in 1905, or 89%, the product for 1905 being 3.4% of
the total for the state. The municipality owns and operates its
electric-lighting plant and water-works.
The salt-springs attracted the first permanent settlers to the site of
Lincoln in 1856, and settlers and freighters came long distances to
reduce the brine or to scrape up the dry-weather surface deposits. In
1886-1887 the state sank a test-well 2463 ft. deep, which discredited
any hope of a great underground flow or deposit. Scarcely any use is
made of the salt waters locally. Lancaster county was organized
extra-legally in 1859, and under legislative act in 1864; Lancaster
village was platted and became the county-seat in 1864 (never being
incorporated); and in 1867, when it contained five or six houses, its
site was selected for the state capital after a hard-fought struggle
between different sections of the state (see NEBRASKA).[1] The new city
was incorporated as Lincoln (and formally declared the county-seat by
the legislature) in 1869, and was chartered for the first time as a city
of the second class in 1871; since then its charter has been repeatedly
altered. After 1887 it was a city of the first class, and after 1889 the
only member of the highest subdivision in that class. After a "reform"
political campaign, the ousting in 1887 of a corrupt police judge by the
mayor and city council, in defiance of an injunction of a federal court,
led to a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, favourable to the city
authorities and important in questions of American municipal government.