_OF THE ARROW_
The arrow is perhaps the most important of all the implements of the
archer, and requires the greatest nicety of make and excellence of
materials; for, though he may get on without absolute failure with an
inferior bow or other tackle, unless the arrow be of the best Robin Hood
himself would have aimed in vain. Two things are essential to a good
arrow, namely, perfect straightness, and a stiffness or rigidity
sufficient to stand in the bow, i.e. to receive the force of the bow as
delivered by the string without flirting or gadding; for a weak or
supple is even worse than a crooked arrow--and it need hardly be said
how little conducive to shooting straight is the latter. The
straightness of the arrow is easily tested by the following simple
process. Place the extremities of the nails of the thumb and middle
finger of the left hand so as just to touch each other, and with the
thumb and same finger of the right hand spin the arrow upon the nails at
about the arrow's balancing-point; if it revolve truly and steadily,
keeping in close and smooth contact with the nails, it is straight; but
if it jump in the very least the contrary is the case. In order to test
its strength or stiffness the arrow must be held by the nock, with its
pile placed on some solid substance. The hand at liberty should now be
pressed downwards on the middle of the arrow. A very little experience
as to whether the arrow offer efficient resistance to this pressure will
suffice to satisfy the archer about its stiffness. An arrow that is
weaker on one side than on the other should also be rejected.
Arrows are either _selfs_ or _footed_; the former being made of a single
piece of wood (these are now seldom in use, except for children), and
the latter have a piece of different and harder wood joined on to them
at the pile end. 'A shaft,' says old Roger Ascham,' hath three principal
parts--the _stele_, the _feather_, and the _head_.' The stele, or wooden
body of the arrow, used to be, and still is occasionally, made of
different sorts of wood; but for target use, and indeed for any other
description of modern shooting, all may be now discarded save one--red
deal, which when clean, straight of grain, and well seasoned, whether
for selfs or footed shafts, is incomparably superior to all others. For
the footing any hard wood will do; and if this be solid for one inch
below the pile it will be amply sufficient. Lance and Washaba are
perhaps the best woods for this purpose; the latter is the toughest, but
the former Mr. Ford preferred, as he thought the darkness of the Washaba
had a tendency to attract the eye. The darker woods, however, are now
mostly in use. This footing has three recommendations: the first, that
it enables the arrow to fly more steadily and get through the wind
better; the second, that, being of a substance harder than deal, it is
not so easily worn by the friction it unavoidably meets with on entering
the target or the ground; and the third, that this same hardness saves
the point from being broken off should it happen to strike against any
hard substance--such, for instance, as a stone in the ground or the iron
leg of a target-stand. Before the shooting is commenced, and after it is
finished, the arrows should be rubbed with a piece of oiled flannel.
This will prevent the paint of the target from adhering to them. If in
spite of this precaution any paint should adhere to them, sandpaper
should on no account be used to clean them: this is most objectionable,
as it will wear away the wood of the footing. Turpentine should be
applied, or the blunt back of a knife.
Before entering upon the subject of the best shape for the 'stele' of
the arrow for practical use, it is necessary to say a few words upon a
point where the theory and practice of archery apparently clash.
If the arrow be placed on the bowstring as if for shooting, the bow
drawn, and an aim taken at an object, and if the bow be then slowly
relaxed, the arrow being held until it returns to the position of
rest--i.e. if the passage of the arrow over the bow be slow and
gradual--it will be found, if the bow be held quite firmly during this
action, that the arrow does not finally point to the object aimed at,
but in a direction deviating considerably to the left of it--in fact,
that its direction has been constantly deviating more and more from the
point of aim at each point during its return to the position of rest.
This is, of course, due to the half-breadth of the bow, the nock of the
arrow being carried on the string, in a plane passing through the string
and the axis of the bow's length; and this deviation will be greater if
the arrow be chested (i.e. slighter at the pile than at the nock), and
less if it be bobtailed (i.e. slighter at the nock than at the pile)
than if the arrow be cylindrical throughout. If the same arrow, when
drawn to the head, be loosed at the object aimed at--i.e. if the passage
of the arrow over the bow be impulsive and instantaneous--it will go
straight to the object aimed at, the shooting being in all respects
perfect.
How, then, is the difference of the final direction of the arrow in the
two cases to be explained?
It must be observed that the nock of the arrow being constrained to
move, as it does move in the last case, causes a pressure of the arrow
upon the bow (owing to its slanting position on the bow, and its
simultaneous rapidity of passage), and therefore a reacting pressure of
the bow upon the arrow. This makes the bow have quite a different effect
upon the deviation from what it had in the first case, when the arrow
moved slowly and gradually upon the bow (being held by the nock), the
obstacle presented by the half-breadth of the bow then causing a
deviation _wholly_ to the left. The pressure now considered, however,
has a tendency to cause deviation to the left only during the first part
of the arrow's passage upon the bow, whilst during the second part it
causes a deviation to the right; or, more correctly speaking, the
pressure of the bow upon the arrow has a tendency to cause a deviation
to the left _so long as the centre of gravity of the arrow is within the
bow, and vice versâ_. So that, if this were the only force acting upon
the arrow, its centre of gravity (this is, of course, the point upon
which the arrow, balanced horizontally, will poise) should lie midway in
that part of the arrow which is in contact with the bow during the bow's
recoil. There is another force which contributes towards this acting and
reacting pressure between the arrow and the bow at the loose if the
nocking-place of the string be properly fitted to the arrow, but not
otherwise. As the fingers are disengaged from the string they
communicate a tendency to spin to the string, and this spin immediately
applies the arrow to the bow if it should happen to be off the bow
through side-wind or that troublesome failing of beginners and others of
a crooked pinch between the fingers upon the nock of the arrow. It will
be observed that if the nocking-place be too small to fill the nock of
the arrow this tendency to spin in the string will not affect the
replacement of the arrow; but if the nocking-place be a good fit to the
nock, the former must be a trifle flattened, and so communicate the spin
of the string to the arrow in the shape of a blow upon the bow. It is
not pretended that no arrow will fly straight unless the nocking-place
fit the arrow. If the string be home in the nock the shot will still be
correctly delivered, because the very close and violent pressure of the
string on the nock will arrest the spin and so apply the arrow; but if
the string be not home in the nock at the delivery of the loose, there
is great danger that the nock will be broken, either from the
nocking-place being too small, or from the other fault of its being too
big. It is this spin given to the string as the arrow is loosed that
necessitates the delivery of the arrow from the other side of the bow
when the thumb-loose of the Oriental archer is employed, because this
loose communicates the same spin, but reversed, to the string.
The struggle of these forces is clearly indicated by the appearance of
the arrow where it comes in contact with the bow when it leaves the
string. It is here that the arrow always shows most wear. It is also
shown by the deep groove that gets worn by the arrow in a bow that has
seen much service.
The nature of the dynamical action may be thus briefly explained. The
first impulse given to the arrow, being instantaneous and very great
(sufficient, as has been seen, to break the arrow if the string be not
home in the nock) in proportion to any other forces which act upon it,
impresses a very high initial velocity in the direction of the aim, and
this direction the arrow recovers notwithstanding the slight deviations
caused by the mutual action between the arrow and bow before
explained--these in fact, as has been shown, counteracting each other.
[Illustration: FIG. 8.--BOBTAILED ARROW.
A, section of bow. B, string in nock. C, arrow nocked but not drawn. D,
arrow drawn 27 inches.]
[Illustration: FIG. 9.--CHESTED ARROW.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10.--STRAIGHT CYLINDRICAL ARROW.]
The recoil of the bow, besides the motion in the direction of aim,
impresses a rotary motion upon the arrow about its centre of gravity.
This tendency to rotate, however, about an axis through its centre of
gravity is counteracted by the feathers. For, suppose the arrow to be
shot off with a slight rotary motion about a vertical axis, in a short
time its point will deviate to the left of the plane of projection, and
the centre of gravity will be the only point which continues in that
plane. The feathers of the arrow will now be turned to the right of the
same plane, and, through the velocity of the arrow, will cause a
considerable resistance of the air against them. This resistance will
twist the arrow until its point comes to the right of the plane of
projection, when it will begin to turn the arrow the contrary way. Thus,
through the agency of the feathers, the deviation of the point of the
arrow from the plane of projection is confined within very narrow
limits. Any rotation of the arrow about a horizontal axis will be
counteracted in the same way by the action of the feathers. Both these
tendencies may be distinctly observed in the actual initial motion of
the arrow. In the discussion of these rotations of the arrow about
vertical and horizontal axes the bow is supposed to be held in a
vertical position.
If the foregoing reasoning be carefully considered, it will be seen how
prejudicial to the correct flight of the arrow in the direction of the
aim any variation in the shape of that part of it which is in contact
with the bow must necessarily be; for by this means an additional force
is introduced into the elements of its flight. Take for example the
chested arrow, which is smallest at the point and largest at the
feathers: here there is during its whole passage over the bow a constant
and increasing deviation to the left of the direction of aim, caused by
the arrow's shape, independent of, and in addition to, a deviation in
the like direction caused by the retention of the nock upon the string.
Thus this description of arrow has greater difficulty in recovering its
initial direction, the forces opposed to its doing so being so much
increased. Accordingly, in practice, the chested arrow has always a
tendency to fly to the left. These chested arrows are mostly
_flight-arrows_, made very light, for long-distance shooting, and they
are made of this shape to prevent their being too weak-waisted to bear
steadily the recoil of very strong bows.
As regards the _bobtailed arrow_, which is largest at the point and
smallest at the feathers, the converse is true to the extent that this
description of arrow will deviate towards the left less than either the
straight or chested arrow; moreover, any considerable bobtailedness
would render an arrow so weak-waisted that it would be useless.
There is another arrow, known as the _barrelled arrow_, which is largest
in the middle, and tapers thence towards each end. The quickest flight
may be obtained with this sort of arrow, as to it may be applied a
lighter pile without bringing on either the fault of a chested arrow or
the weak-waistedness of a bobtailed arrow.
If the tapering be of equal amount at each end of the arrow, the
pressure will act and react in precisely the same manner as in the case
of the cylindrical arrow, with the result that this arrow will fly
straight in the direction in which it is aimed. The cylindrical and
the barrelled shapes are therefore recommended as the best for
target-shooting. And as the barrelled is necessarily stronger in the
waist and less likely to flirt, even if a light arrow be used with a
strong bow, this shape is perhaps better than the cylindrical.
[Illustration: FIG. 11. _a_, different balancing points of thin arrows.
bobtail chested barrelled straight]
The _feathering_ of the arrow is about the most delicate part of the
fletcher's craft, and it requires the utmost care and experience to
effect it thoroughly well. It seems difficult now to realise why the
feathering of the arrow came to have grown to the size in use during Mr.
Ford's time, when the feather occupied the whole distance between the
archer's fingers and the place on the bow where the arrow lies when it
is nocked previous to shooting--i.e. the length of the feather was
upwards of five inches. Mr. H. Elliott was the first archer who, about
fifteen years ago, reduced the dimensions of the feathers of his arrows
by cutting off the three inches of each feather furthest from the nock.
He found this reduction enabled the arrow to fly further. Others soon
followed his example, and in the course of about twelve months all the
arrow-makers had supplied their customers with arrows of the new
pattern, which, however, cannot be called a new pattern, as Oriental
arrows, and many flight-arrows, were much less heavily feathered. The
long feathering is now scarcely ever seen, except occasionally when it
is erroneously used to diminish the difficulty of shooting at sixty
yards. Mr. Ford recommended rather full-sized feathers 'as giving a
steadiness to the flight.' With the reduced feathers arrows fly as
steadily, and certainly more keenly towards the mark. A fair amount of
rib should be left on the feather, for if the rib be pared too fine the
lasting quality of the feather will be diminished. The three feathers of
an arrow should be from the same wing, right or left; and as none but a
raw beginner will find any difficulty in nocking his arrow the right
way--i.e. with what is known as the cock feather upwards, or at right
angles to the line of the nock--without having this cock feather of a
different colour, it is advisable to have the three feathers all alike.
Perhaps the brown feathers of the peacock's wing are the best of all,
but the black turkey-feathers are also highly satisfactory. The white
turkey-feathers are also equally good, but had better be avoided, as
they too readily get soiled, and are not to be easily distinguished from
white goose-feathers. These last, as well as those of the grey goose,
though highly thought of by our forefathers, are now in no repute, and
it is probable that our ancestors, if they had had the same plentiful
supply of peafowls and turkeys as ourselves, would have had less respect
for the wings of geese. The reason why the three feathers must be from
the same wing is that every feather is outwardly convex and inwardly
concave. When the feathers are correctly applied, all three alike, this
their peculiarity of form rifles the arrow or causes it to rotate on its
own axis. This may be tested by shooting an arrow through a pane of
glass, when it will be found that the scraping against the arrow of the
sharp edges of the fracture passes along the arrow spirally. Some years
ago a very unnecessary patent was taken out for rifling an arrow by
putting on the feathers spirally, over-doing what was already
sufficient. As regards the position of the feather, it should be brought
as near as possible to the nock. Some consider an inch in length of
feather quite sufficient. It is certain that any length between two
inches and one inch will do; so each individual may please himself and
suit the length of the feathering to the length and weight of his
arrows. The two shapes in use are the triangular and the parabolic or
balloon-shaped. Of these both are good--the former having the advantage
of carrying the steerage further back, whilst the latter is a trifle
stiffer.
[Illustration: FIG. 12, FIG. 13.]
The feathers are preserved from damp by a coat of oil paint laid on
between them and for one-eighth of an inch above and below them. This
should afterwards be varnished, and the rib of the feather should be
carefully covered, but care must be taken to avoid injuring the
suppleness of the feather with the varnish. Feathers laid down or
ruffled by wet may be restored by spinning the arrow before a warm fire
carefully.
[Illustration: FIG. 14.]
The _pile_, or point, is an important part of the arrow. Of the
different shapes that have been used, the best for target-shooting--now
almost the only survivor--is the square-shouldered parallel pile. Its
greatest advantage is, that if the arrow be overdrawn so that the pile
be brought on to the bow, the aim will not be injured, as must be the
case with all conical piles so drawn. (Very light flight-arrows, for
which the piles provided for ladies are considered too heavy, must still
be furnished with the conical piles used for children's arrows.) This
parallel pile is mostly made in two pieces--a pointed cone for its
point, which is soldered on to the cylindrical part, which itself is
made of a flat piece of metal soldered into this form. This same-shaped
pile has occasionally been made turned out of solid metal; but this pile
is liable to be so heavy as to be unsuitable for any but the heaviest
arrows, and the fletchers aver that it is difficult to fix it on firmly
owing to the grease used in its manufacture. Great care should be taken,
in the manufacture of arrows, that the footing exactly fits the pile,
so as to fill entirely the inside of it; unless the footing of the arrow
reach the bottom of the pile, the pile will either crumple up or be
driven down the stele when the pile comes in contact with a hard
substance. It is, of course, fixed on with glue; and to prevent its
coming off from damp, a blow, or the adhesiveness of stiff clay, it is
well to indent it on each side with a sharp hard-pointed punch fitted
for the purpose with a groove, in which the arrow is placed whilst the
necessary pressure is applied. This instrument may be procured of Hill &
Son, cutlers, 4 Haymarket.
The _nock_ should be strong, and very carefully finished, so that no
injury may be done by the string or to the string. Of course the nock
must be of the same size in section as the stele of the arrow; and this
furnishes an additional argument against the bobtailed arrow, which is
smallest at this end. The notch or groove in which the string acts
should be about one-eighth of an inch wide and about three-sixteenths of
an inch deep. The bottom of this notch will be much improved by the
application of a round file of the right gauge, i.e. quite a trifle more
than the eighth of an inch in diameter; but great care must be taken to
apply this uniformly, and the nock must not be unduly weakened. This
application will enable the archer to put thicker, and therefore safer,
lapping to the nocking-place of the string, and the danger of the string
being loose in the nock will be lessened. It is possible that this
additional grooving of the nock may to a very trifling extent impede the
escape of the arrow from the string. Mr. Ford recommended the
application of a copper rivet through the nock near to the bottom of the
notch to provide against the danger of splitting the nock. But it is so
doubtful whether any rivet fine enough for safe application would be
strong enough to guard against this danger, that the better plan will be
to avoid the different sorts of carelessness that lead towards this
accident.
As regards the _length_ of the arrow no arbitrary rule can be laid
down. The arrow most generally in use is twenty-eight inches in length
from the point of the pile to the bottom of the groove of the nock. This
arrow may be easily drawn up by any man of average height--the
twenty-seven inches, or the clothyard length of the old English archer,
leaving the inch of pile undrawn. A taller man may venture to draw the
pile. An arrow of twenty-nine inches may be adopted by those who have
very long arms or are unusually tall. Those who are short of stature or
short in limb may adopt the shorter arrow of twenty-seven inches.
Shorter arrows than this will be found to fly unsteadily, and the longer
arrows, if thoroughly drawn up, are very trying to the bows. The shorter
arrows of twenty-seven inches in length have been in much more frequent
use since about 1862, when the late T. L. Coulson adopted them, and
advocated that it was better to draw up a shorter arrow than to leave a
longer one undrawn. The fault of drawing not far enough is so much more
frequent than that of overdrawing, that archers are strongly recommended
to avoid shortening their arrow unadvisedly, and rather to draw the
longer ones as far as they reasonably can. The fault of overdrawing is
so dangerous to the archer, his tackle, and others, that, though an
unfrequent fault, a caution against it must not be omitted. Whatever be
the length of the arrow, it should always be drawn up to exactly the
same point.
The _weight_ of the arrow must to a certain extent be regulated by its
length and by the strength of the bow with which it is to be used; for
if an arrow be a long one it must have bulk sufficient to ensure its
stiffness, and stiffness also in proportion to the strength of the bow.
4_s._ for the lowest, and 5_s._ 6_d._ for the highest weight, are the
two extremes within which every length of arrow and strength of bow may
be properly fitted, so far as gentlemen are concerned. For ladies, 2_s._
6_d._ and 3_s._ 6_d._ should be about the limits. It should be borne in
mind that light arrows, unless dictated by physical weakness, are a
mistake in target-shooting. For flight-shooting very light-chested
arrows may be procured stiff enough for any strength of bow; but in this
style of shooting distance to be covered is of more importance than
accuracy of aim. It would be much better if the arrow-makers, instead of
selling their arrows in sets, progressing by three silver pennyweights,
would sell them also weighed to the intermediate pennyweights. As the
matter stands now, supposing the archer's favourite weight to be 4_s._
9_d._, he may have at one time a set weighing rather less than 4_s._
8_d._, and at another time rather more than 4_s._ 10_d._ As all the
intermediate weights of arrows are manufactured, there can be no
sufficient reason why the lighter set should not be marked and sold as
4_s._ 8_d._, and the heavier as 4_s._ 10_d._ A careful archer should
attend also to the balance of his arrows. By this is meant that the same
centre of gravity should pervade the whole set. Longer or shorter,
lighter or heavier footing will vary this balancing-point, as also any
variation in the weight of the piles.
As the variation of elevation, or distance to be shot, should not be
managed by a change of weight in arrows, it is decidedly advisable to
keep arrows all of the same weight, &c. Indeed it is a great mistake to
change any part of the tackle, bow or arrow, during the shooting, except
in unavoidable cases. The scoring will seldom be bettered by such means.
Formerly only two arrows were shot at each end, and three were carried,
and called an 'archer's pair,' including the spare one. Now it is the
almost universal custom to shoot three arrows at each end. Some spare
ones should, of course, be at hand in case of accidents. It must be
remembered that if the slightest variation in shape or weight occurs
amongst those in use, the line or elevation is sure to be affected, to
the serious detriment of accurate hitting; therefore too much care
cannot be taken in their choice.
Whether it be for store or for daily use, the arrow should be kept in a
quiver or case made on such a plan that each shall have its separate
cell, and they should be kept upright when possible, and so be insured
from warping, or from having their feathers crushed. It is too much the
custom to squeeze a quantity of arrows into a small quiver. Let not any
archer who values his tackle be guilty of this folly. An arrow that has
had one of its feathers crumpled from this cause will, maybe, wobble and
stagger all the rest of its life, though in all other respects it be in
perfect repair. Arrows will be found to wear out quite speedily enough
without being subjected to ill-usage or neglect to hurry them through
their short lives.
It appears to be well authenticated that if a light-chested flight-arrow
be feathered at each end, with the feathers trimmed lower at the nock
than at the pile end, when shot against the wind it will return back
again like a boomerang. And if the same-shaped arrow be feathered in the
middle only, it will in its flight make a right angle, and no power of
bow can send it any considerable distance.
Mr. R. Hely-Hutchinson, already mentioned as having made experiments in
modern times with steel bows, had another peculiarity. On the back of
his bow he had a flat piece of hard wood or metal fixed at right angles
to the length of his bow. An upright piece of the same material was
fitted into a groove in this, whose outside distance was about an inch
from the place where the arrow usually touches the bow above the handle.
He used always to shoot with his arrow resting, not on the bow, or on
his hand, but in the outside angle between this projection and the
upright piece of it. He aimed as other archers do, and has been seen to
make excellent hitting at the distance of one hundred yards, even when
far advanced in years. In this case the axis of the arrow, or the line
of aim, was distant from the plane through the string and the axis of
the bow an inch in addition to the usual half-width of the arrow and
half-width of the bow. Yet the arrow appeared to fly quite steadily and
truly. It is not known why he adopted this peculiarity, and it is
unnecessary to inquire; but it will serve as a useful peg whereon to
hang a further consideration of the difficulties an arrow has to contend
with in getting straight to the point of aim, and its determined
resolution to overcome these difficulties. In addition to the forces
already discussed as acting upon the arrow, there is also the force of
gravity, the resistance of the air, and the interference of the wind;
but these forces affect in the same way all arrows, however shot. The
same may be said of all the other forces implicated, until there is an
artificially increased impediment interposed in addition to the natural
one of the half-bow and half-arrow. Now, supposing the distance of the
nock from the centre of the bow be such when the arrow is drawn that a
perpendicular let fall from the centre of the bow to the line of aim
will mark off twenty-seven inches of draw, the resolution of the force
acting in the line from the nock to the centre of the bow will be
correctly represented by twenty-seven in the direction of the point of
aim and three-eighths at right angles to that direction; or the relation
between the straight part of the whole force and its remainder will be
as 216 to 5.
But when Mr. Hutchinson's peculiar method of shooting is compared with
this natural way, it will appear that the relation between these same
resolved forces will be as 216 to 13; showing that the obstruction in
this latter case has been considerably more than doubled--the keenness
of flight will be diminished, and increased _friction_ will be shown
between the arrow and its resting-place at the instant of the loose.
Besides the spin given to the string at the loose, there is also a push,
at right angles to the direction delivered, by the more or less
unavoidable obstruction of the fingers as they liberate the string; but
this push, occurring before the liberation of the string, is the final
difficulty of the aim and loose.
Immediately the string is loosed the arrow has, as it were, the
nocking-place between its teeth in the nock, and contributes to the
direction of its course to the point of rest; and it is highly probable
that the path of the nocking-place from the loose to rest is not
confined to the plane of the string and axis of the bow.
Greater or diminished friction between the bow and arrow would be
another way of representing greater or less obstruction to the aim of
the arrow. As the arrow deepens the groove made by its passage over the
bow the obstruction will be diminished, but the surface exposed to this
friction will be increased.
If a bow could be so constructed that an arrow could be shot through it
just above the handle, the opening must be large enough to admit free
passage for the feathering as well, and the opening must be contrived so
that the 'stele,' true to the point of aim throughout its passage
through the bow, shall never swerve from the right side of the opening.