+149.+ The present and the past participles are each single words; but
we may also have participle phrases; that is, two or more words used as
a participle, as for example:
His _having joined_ the strikers caused him to lose his job.
The man, _having been discharged_, left the mill.
In these sentences we have the participle phrases, _having joined_ and
_having been discharged_. _Having joined_ is a participle phrase used as
a noun, the subject of the verb _caused_. _Having been discharged_ is a
participle phrase used as an adjective to modify the noun _man_. Notice
that _having joined_ is an active participle describing the action
performed by the man who is referred to by the pronoun _his_. _Having
been discharged_ is a passive participle expressing an action of which
the subject of the sentence, _man_, is the receiver.
These are both perfect participles, expressing actions which are
complete at the present time.
+150.+ We have also progressive participles expressing action which is
continuing or progressing. These progressive participles are also used
in both the active and the passive forms. The progressive active
participle is formed by using _having been_ with the present participle,
as _having been working_. The progressive passive participle is formed
by using _being_ with the past participle, as for example, _being
watched_, _being driven_, _being gone_, etc. So we have six participles,
three active and three passive.
Note the following table:
+Active+
_Present._ Sending.
_Perfect._ Having sent.
_Progressive._ Having been sending.
+Passive+
_Past._ Sent.
_Perfect._ Having been sent.
_Progressive._ Being sent.
+These participle phrases may be used either as nouns or as
adjectives.+